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1 

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OF  THE 

U  N  I  VERS  ITY 
Of  ILL!  N  O 1 5 

PRESENTED  5Y 

Miss  Ethel  Ricker 
from  the 

Library  of  her  Father 
Nathan  Clifford  Ricker 
Head  of  the  Department  of 
Architecture,  1873-1911 


q,912.73 

^  Xv  5d 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/descriptiveatlasOOunse 


A 


DESCRIPTIVE  ATLAS 

OF  THE 


FOR  REFERENCE  AND  GENERAL  INFORMATION 


COPYRIGHT,  1884,  BY 

IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR,  AND  COMPANY 


NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO 


.NOTE. 

ppHIS  DESCRIPTIVE  ATLAS  has  been  prepared  and  arranged  to  serve 
i  a  very  definite  purpose  in  the  home  and  family  library.  It  claims  to  be 
something  different  from  a  geography ,  and  something  more  than  a  reference 
atlas;  yet  it  partakes  of  the  nature  of  both.  As  a  text-book,  it  will  serve 
very  excellently  the  purposes  of  home  instruction,  and  will  become,  in  the 
family,  one  of  the  most  useful  adjuncts  to  the  lessons  learned  in  the 
academy,  the  grammar  school,  or  the  common  school.  In  addition  to  this 
use,  however,  it  meets  the  need  of  a  comprehensive  atlas,  for  reference 
and  information. 

No  other  work  now  before  the  public  fully  answers  these  very  important 
ends ;  but  it  is  confidently  believed  that  the  Descriptive  Atlas  will  fill  the 
requirements  of  all  who,  either  as  private  students  or  general  readers,  desire 
to  have  a  genuine  modern  authority  at  hand,  in  the  library,  or  upon  the  study- 
table. 

This  work  is  the  outgrowth  and  result  of  many  years  of  experience  in 
geographical  authorship  and  publication.  As  publishers  of  the  admirable 
geographical  text-books  of  Professor  William  Swinton,  the  publishers  of  the 
Descriptive  Atlas  have  gathered  together  a  mass  of  material,  covering  the 
whole  range  of  the  special  geography  of  the  United  States.  This  has  been 
carefully  corrected  from  time  to  time,  and  kept  up  to  date,  by  the  aid  of  the 
best  special  students,  and  the  most  reliable  official  and  professional  authorities, 
in  every  part  of  the  country.  This  matter  has  now  been  thoroughly  sifted  and 
re-arranged,  with  much  additional  material,  and  appears  in  its  present  form 
representing  the  labor  of  more  than  fifteen  years  on  the  part  of  authors  and 
publishers,  and  an  outlay  of  fully  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

The  publishers  believe  the  work  to  be  substantially  correct,  as  accurate, 
indeed,  and  reliable,  as  any  such  work  can  easily  be  made  ;  and,  as  such,  they 
confidently  commend  it  to  the  reading-public,  with  the  hope  that  it  may  prove 
of  lasting  service  to  readers  and  students  everywhere. 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 

New  York,  July  i,  1884. 


MAY  2  1  1953  SLOCUM 


3  912..  "73 

Iv  -i>cL 


CONTENTS. 


\ 


REFERENCE-LIST  OF  MAPS . 

GENERAL  VIEW  OF  THE  WORLD 
COMMERCIAL  CENTERS  AND  THEIR  EXPORTS 
PHYSICAL  NORTH  AMERICA  .... 

POLITICAL  NORTH  AMERICA . 

Danish  America . 

Arctic  America . 

Dominion  of  Canada,  with  Newfoundland 

Mexico . 

Central  America . 

West  Indies . 

PHYSICAL  UNITED  STATES  ..... 
POLITICAL  UNITED  STATES . 


Eastern  States,  or  New  England 

Middle  States  . 

Southern  States:  Eastern  Division  . 
Southern  States  :  Western  Division 
Central  States  :  Eastern  Division  . 
Central  States  :  Western  Division 
Pacific  States  and  Territories  . 

STANDARD  TIME . 

STATES  AND  TERRITORIES:  In  Detail  . 


Maine 

New  Hampshire 
Vermont. 
Massachusetts  . 
Connecticut  . 

Rhode  Island  . 

New  York 
New  Jersey 
Pennsylvania 
Maryland  . 
Delaware 

District  of  Columbia 
Virginia  . 

West  Virginia  . 
North  Carolina  . 


PAGE. 

iv 

3 

4 
6 

9 

10 
i  i 
12 
15 
15 
15 
17 
19 
22 

25 

29 

33 

35 

38 

4i 

45 

47 

5° 

56 

59 

64 

69 

75 

82 

89 

94 

103 

105 

107 

hi 

1 13 

ii5 


South  Carolina . 

Georgia . 

Alabama . 

Florida . 

Mississippi . 

Louisiana . 

Arkansas . 

Texas  . 

Kentucky  . 

Tennessee . 

Ohio . 

Indiana . 

Illinois . 

Michigan  .  . . 

Wisconsin . 

Minnesota . 

Iowa . 

Missouri . 

Kansas . 

Nebraska . 

Dakota  . 

Montana . 

Idaho  . 

Wyoming . 

Colorado  . 

Utah . 

New  Mexico . 

Arizona . 

California . 

Nevada . 

Oregon  . 

Washington . 

Alaska  . 

Indian  Territory . 

TOWNSHIP  SYSTEM  OF  LAND-SURVEYS 

GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES  . 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX  .... 

iii 


PAGE. 

1 1 7 
1 19 

123 

125 

128 

131 

133 

137 

141 

143 

147 

153 

157 

166 

170 

178 

182 

189 

195 

201 

207 

213 

218 

220 

224 

228 

231 

235 

237 

243 

245 

249 

252 

254 

256 

258 

275 


V 


REFERENCE-LIST  OF  MAPS 


ALABAMA  . 

ALASKA  . 

ARCTIC  REGIONS . 

ARIZONA . 

ARKANSAS  . 

BALTIMORE  AND  VICINITY  .... 

BOSTON  AND  VICINITY . 

BUFFALO  AND  VICINITY  .... 

CALIFORNIA . 

CANADA,  DOMINION  OF . 

CENTRAL  AMERICA . 

CENTRAL  STATES:  EASTERN  DIVISION 
CENTRAL  STATES:  WESTERN  DIVISION  . 
CHARLESTON  (S.C.)  AND  VICINITY  . 

CHICAGO  AND  VICINITY . 

CINCINNATI  AND  VICINITY. 

COLORADO . 

CONNECTICUT . 

DAKOTA  . 

DELAWARE . 

DETROIT  (MICH.)  AND  VICINITY  . 
DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA  ..... 

FLORIDA . 

GALVESTON  (TEX.)  AND  VICINITY  . 

GEORGIA . 

IDAHO  . 

ILLINOIS . 

INDIANA . 

INDIAN  TERRITORY . 

IOWA . 

KANSAS  . 

KENTUCKY  . 

LEAVENWORTH  (KAN.)  AND  VICINITY. 

LOUISIANA . 

LOUISVILLE  (KY.)  AND  VICINITY  . 

MAINE . 

MARYLAND  . 

MASSACHUSETTS  . 

MEMPHIS  (TENN.)  AND  VICINITY  . 

MEXICO . 

MICHIGAN . 

MIDDLE  STATES . 

MILWAUKEE  (WIS.)  AND  VICINITY 

MINNESOTA  . 

MISSISSIPPI . 

MISSOURI . 

MONTANA  . 

NASHVILLE  (TENN.)  AND  VICINITY  . 
NEBRASKA . 


PAGE. 

.  120 
254 
I  I 
232 
.  129 
100,  IOI 

62 

.  80 

238, 239 

14 

36 

•  39 
114 

•  159 
140 

222,  223 
70,  71 
208,  209 
100,  101 
.  165 

108 
.  126 

136 
.  120 

214,  215 
158,  159 
152 
.  254 

184,  185 
196,  197 
140 
.  197 

129 
.  140 

48,  49 

IOO,  IOI 

62,  63 
.  140 

14 

164,  165 
26 
.  164 

176,  1 77 
.  129 

190,  191 
214,  215 
140 
202,  203 


NEVADA  . 

NEW-ENGLAND  STATES . 

NEWFOUNDLAND  . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

NEW  ORLEANS  AND  VICINITY  . 

NEW  YORK  . 

NEW-YORK  CITY  AND  VICINITY 
NORFOLK  (VA.)  AND  VICINITY  . 

NORTH  AMERICA,  PHYSICAL 

NORTH  AMERICA,  POLITICAL  .  .  .  . 

NORTH  CAROLINA . 

OHIO . 

OMAHA  (NEB.)  AND  VICINITY 

OREGON  . 

PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

PENNSYLVANIA  COAL-REGIONS  . 
PHILADELPHIA  AND  VICINITY 
PORTLAND  (ME.)  AND  VICINITY  . 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

RICHMOND  AND  VICINITY  .... 
SAN  FRANCISCO  AND  VICINITY  . 
SAVANNAH  AND  VICINITY  .... 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

SOUTHERN  STATES:  EASTERN  DIVISION 
SOUTHERN  STATES:  WESTERN  DIVISION 
ST.  LOUIS  AND  VICINITY  .... 

ST.  PAUL  AND  VICINITY . 

TENNESSEE . 

TEXAS  . 

UNITED  STATES,  PHYSICAL  .... 
UNITED  STATES,  POLITICAL  .  .  .  . 

UNITED  STATES:  STANDARD  TIME 

UTAH . 

VERMONT  . 

VICKSBURG  (MISS.)  AND  VICINITY. 

VIRGINIA . .  . 

WASHINGTON  TERRITORY  .  .  .  . 

WEST  INDIES . 

WEST  VIRGINIA . 

WILMINGTON  (N.C.)  AND  VICINITY  . 

WISCONSIN . 

WORLD:  COMMERCIAL  CHART  . 

WORLD:  GLOBULAR  MAP  . 

WORLD  IN  HEMISPHERES  .... 
WYOMING . 


PAGE. 

238,  239 

•  23 

13 
54,  55 

88 
.  232 

129 
80,  81 
86 
.  1 10 

7 

.  10 

1 14 
.  146 

203 
.  246 
42 
92,  93 
95 
.  98 

49 
.  76 

1 10 

•  239 
1 14 

.  1 14 

28 

•  32 
191 

•  .1 77 

140 
.  136 

16 
20,  21 
46 

222,  223 

54,  55 
.  129 

1 10 
.  246 

14 

.  1 10 

114 
164,  165 

4,  5 
.  1 

2 

214,  215 


IV 


Descriptive  Atlas 


O  F 

THE  UNITED  STATES. 


THE  WORLD  IN  HEMISPHERES,  ETC. 


PHYSICAL  VIEW  OF  LAND  AND  WATER.  MERCATOR’S  MAP. 


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Honolulu  to  Hong  Kong  48i 


PHILIPPINE 
^  ISLANDS 


CHINA 


MARSHALL  IS. 


CeleKei 
.  Sea 


GILBERT  IS. 


GALAPAG0S4S. 


Guayaquil 


SOLOMON  IS 


SAMOA  or 
<*#•..  NAVIGATOR  IS. 
Apia 


Callao  fA' : 


*,  Kandavaujp 

VNEW 

■^CALEDONIA 
X  oilmen 


/ Denison  V. 
RocWiani])tiiii^- 


Tropic  of  Cap 


Antofagasta  j 


ricorn 


EASTER  i, 


Sydney  to  Valpai 


Valparaiso^ 


King  Georges 
Sound 


$ci4i$ tig  ho  ft  teSyd  >* f:  y 


C  AUCKLAND-  U 


urnetn  I 


rJ>ool  J3; 


Longitude  West  150  from  Greenwich.  120 


180 


120  Longitude  East  150  from  Greenwich. 


B  A  F  F  I  A 


l8fer  SOU  tv 


40 


.BERMUDA 


La  v 


AXJD 


m  Liverpool  329 


East  180  West 


1 C3 


Longitude 


133 


from  Washington.  103 


Longitude 


from  Washington. 


1 3  West 


Last 


/ 


Acapulco 
Adelaide  . 
Aden  .  . 
Alexandria 
Algiers 
Amsterdam 
Archangel 
Astrakhan 
Auckland 
Azore  Isles 
Bahia  .  . 
Baltimore 
Bankok  . 
Barcelona 
Batavia  . 
Bergen 
Bombay  . 
Bordeaux 
Boston 
Bremen  . 


COMMERCIAL  CENTER 


SILVER,  COPPER,  SKINS,  COCOA,  INDIGO,  MAHOGANY,  DRUGS. 
WOOL,  WHEAT,  COPPER. 

COFFEE,  DATES,  DRUGS,  PEARLS. 

GRAIN,  COTTON,  DATES,  DRUGS. 

GRAIN,  CATTLE,  CORK,  COPPER,  DATES. 

BUTTER,  CHEESE,  SILK  MANUFACTURES,  SPICES. 

FLAX,  HEMP,  SKINS,  FOREST-PRODUCTS,  TALLOW. 

FISH,  OIL,  LAMB-SKINS. 

WOOL,  GOLD,  LUMBER,  FLAX,  CATTLE-PRODUCTS. 

WINE,  ORANGES,  LEMONS. 

SUGAR,  TOBACCO,  DIAMONDS,  NUTS. 

TOBACCO,  WHEAT,  PETROLEUM,  OYSTERS,  COAL. 

RICE,  SPICES,  SUGAR. 

WINES,  CORK,  IRON,  COPPER,  QUICKSILVER,  DRIED  FRUITS. 
SUGAR,  COFFEE,  RICE,  INDIGO,  TOBACCO. 

LUMBER,  FISH,  ICE. 

COTTON,  OPIUM,  COFFEE,  SPICES,  SUGAR,  INDIGO. 

WINES,  BRANDIES,  PRESERVED  FRUITS  AND  MEATS. 

VARIED  MANUFACTURES,  PREPARED  FOODS,  ICE. 

LINEN  AND  WOOLEN  GOODS,  GLASS,  WINE,  BEER,  GRAIN. 


Buenos  Ayres .  .  .  wool,  cattle-products. 

Bushire . silk,  shawls,  carpets,  wool,  drugs,  dried  fruits. 

Calcutta . COTTON,  OPIUM,  RICE,  TEA,  JUTE,  INDIGO,  SUGAR. 

Callao . GUANO,  SALTPETER,  CINCHONA-BARK,  WOOL,  SUGAR. 

Canary  Isles  .  .  .  cochineal,  fruits,  vegetables,  soda. 

Canton . tea,  silk,  Chinese  wares. 

Cape  Town  ....  wool,  hides,  ostrich  plumes,  wine,  copper,  diamonds. 
Cartagena  ....  cinchona-bark,  coffee,  cotton,  tobacco. 

i  Cayenne . sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  pepper,  and  other  spices. 

Charleston  ....  cotton,  rice. 

Chicago . grain,  pork,  lumber. 

Cincinnati  ....  grain,  pork,  flax,  tobacco. 

Constantinople  .  .  grain,  tobacco,  drugs,  fruits,  carpets,  silks. 

Dantzic . grain,  lumber,  beer,  woolens,  linens. 

Galveston  ....  cotton,  grain,  wool. 

Genoa . silks,  olive-oil,  wine  and  spirits,  fruits. 

Georgetown  .  .  .  sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  indigo,  spices. 

Glasgow . IRON  and  cotton  manufactures,  iron  ships,  chemicals. 

Guayaquil  ....  cocoa,  cinchona-bark,  dye-stuffs. 

!  Halifax . dried  fish,  coal,  gypsum,  grindstones,  lumber. 


Hamburg  .  .  . 

LINEN  AND  WO< 

Havana  .... 

SUGAR,  COFFEE, 

Havre . 

ARTICLES  OF  T .' 

Hong  Kong.  .  . 

TEA,  RAW  SILK 

Honolulu  .  .  . 

SUGAR,  COCOANi 

Irkutsk  .... 

(from  china  t 

Jamaica  .... 

SUGAR,  RUM,  Ml 

La  Guayra  .  .  . 

COFFEE,  COCOA, 

Lisbon  .... 

WINE,  OLIVE-OI I 

Liverpool  .  .  . 

IRON, CUTLERY, 

London  .... 

BRITISH  MANUF 

Madeira  Isles  .  . 

WINES,  FRUITS, 

Malaga  .... 

ORANGES,  WINE 

Manila  .... 

SUGAR,  TOBACO 

Marseilles  .  .  . 

WINE,  BRANDY, 

Mauritius  Island 

SUGAR,  VANILLA 

Melbourne  .  .  . 

GOLD,  WOOL,  W 

Mobile  .... 

COTTON,  FORES 

Monrovia  .  .  . 

PALM-OIL,  WAX 

Montevideo.  .  . 

CATTLE-PRODUC 

AND  THEIR  EXPORTS. 

I  GOODS,  GLASS,  WINE,  BEER,  GRAIN. 
BACCO,  CIGARS. 

.  AND  FASHION,  WINE,  BRANDY,  OIL. 
INESE  WARES. 

IL. 

JSSIA)  TEA,  FRUITS,  PORCELAIN,  SILK. 
ISES,  COFFEE,  ALLSPICE. 

31GO,  CATTLE-PRODUCTS. 

JUITS,  SALT. 

THEN-WARE,  COTTONS,  CHEMICALS,  COAL. 
IRES,  FOREIGN  PRODUCTS. 

rs. 

ISINS. 

IGARS,  HEMP,  COFFEE,  INDIGO. 

IDINES,  SILK,  FRUITS. 


ODUCTS. 

PPER,  GROUND-NUTS. 


Montreal .  . 
Morocco  .  . 
New  Orleans 
New  York  . 
Odessa 
Okhotsk 
Oporto  . 
Panama 
Para 
Paris 
Pernambuco 
Philadelphia 
Portland,  Me. 
Portland,  Ore. 
Quebec 
Rangoon  . 
Reykjavik 
Riga  .  . 

Rio  Janeiro 
Rome  .  . 


BREADSTUFFS,  FOREST  PRODUCTS,  DAIRY-PRODUCTS. 
GOAT-SKINS,  WOOL,  BEANS,  MAIZE,  OLIVE-OIL. 

COTTON,  SUGAR,  TOBACCO. 

GRAIN,  VARIED  MANUFACTURES,  PETROLEUM,  PROVISIONS. 
WHEAT,  fALLOW,  SALT,  TIMBER. 

FURS,  FISH-OILS. 

WINE,  OLIVE-OIL,  FRUITS,  CORK. 

COTTON,  COFFEE,  CINCHONA-BARK,  TOBACCO. 
CAOUTCHOUC,  CACAO,  RICE,  SUGAR,  TAPIOCA,  DRUGS. 
VARIED  FRENCH  MANUFACTURES  AND  PRODUCTS. 

COTTON,  COFFEE,  SUGAR. 

IRON,  COAL,  PETROLEUM,  MACHINERY. 

LUMBER,  STAVES,  CASKS,  ETC. 

WHEAT,  FLOUR,  SALMON,  LUMBER. 

SHIPS,  LUMBER,  GRAIN,  FISH. 

RICE,  TEAK-WOOD,  BAMBOO,  COTTON. 

OIL,  FISH,  EIDER-DOWN,  FEATHERS. 

GRAIN,  HEMP,  FLAX,  LUMBER. 

COFFEE,  GOLD,  DIAMONDS,  TOBACCO,  HIDES. 

PICTURES,  STATUES,  AND  OTHER  OBJECTS  OF  ART. 


San  Francisco 
Savannah  . 
Shanghai  .  . 

Sierra  Leone  . 
Singapore  .  . 
Smyrna  .  .  . 

Stettin  .  .  . 

St.  Johns,  N.F 
St.  Louis  .  . 

St.  Paul  de  Loanda, 
St.  Petersburg 
Sydney 
Tamatave 
Trieste 
Valparaiso 
Vera  Cruz 
Victoria  . 

Vienna 
Yakutsk  . 
Yokohama 


WHEAT,  WOOL,  WINES,  PRECIOUS  METALS. 

COTTON,  LUMBER. 

TEA,  SILK,  COTTON,  CHINESE  WARES. 

PALM-OIL,  TIMBER,  GINGER,  PEPPER,  BEESWAX,  IVORY. 
TIN,  SPICES,  RATTANS,  GUTTA-PERCHA. 

FIGS,  SPONGES,  RAW  SILK,  CARPETS,  DRUGS. 

GRAIN,  OIL-CAKE,  WOOL,  BEER. 

COD-FISH,  SEAL-SKINS,  COD  AND  SEAL  OIL. 

GRAIN,  MACHINERY,  MANUFACTURES. 

WAX,  IVORY. 

TALLOW,  FLAX,  HEMP,  LEATHER,  FURS,  SKINS. 

WOOL,  CATTLE-PRODUCTS,  TIN,  COPPER,  GOLD. 
CAOUTCHOUC,  CATTLE,  HIDES,  WAX,  EBONY-WOOD. 
GRAIN,  FLOUR,  LUMBER,  WINE,  OIL. 

GRAIN,  COPPER,  SILVER,  WOOL,  HIDES. 

COFFEE,  VANILLA,  HIDES,  TOBACCO,  COCHINEAL,  INDIGO. 
FURS,  LUMBER,  COAL. 

LEATHER  GOODS,  GLASS-WARE,  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS. 
FURS. 

SILK,  TEA,  RICE,  JAPANESE  GOODS. 


6 


PHYSICAL  NORTH  AMERICA. 


WHALING  IN  BAFFIN’S  BAY. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  9,348,000  square  miles.  Population,  71,900,000 .] 

I.  SITUATION,  EXTENT,  AND  OUTLINE. 

1.  Situation  and  Extent.  —  North  America  is  the  northern 
grand  division  of  the  Western  Continent.  It  extends  from  the 
Arctic  Ocean  almost  to  the  equator  (nearly  5,ooo  miles),  and 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  more  than  twice 
as  large  as  Europe,  but  less  than  half  as  large  as  Asia. 

2.  Outline.  — This  grand  division  is  broadest  in  the  northern 
part ;  but  it  becomes  narrower  toward  the  south,  and  terminates 
in  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Its  outline  is  irregular,  the  coast 
being  indented  by  numerous  seas,  gulfs,  and  bays. 

II.  SURFACE. 

3.  Natural  Divisions. — The  surface  of  North  America  is 
naturally  divided  into  four  parts,  —  the  Pacific  Highland,  the 
Atlantic  Highland,  the  Atlantic  Plain,  and  the  Central  Plain. 

4.  The  Pacific  Highland  occupies  almost  all  the  western 
half  of  North  America,  and  extends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  It  is  divided  by  the  Rocky  Mountains 
into  two  nearly  equal  parts. 

I.  The  Rocky  Mountains  form  the  backbone  of  North  America.  The 
massive  chains  of  this  system  rise  from  a  plateau  which  gradually 
ascends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean,  where  it  is  quite  low,  to  about 
8,000  feet  in  Mexico. 

II.  The  Sierra  Nevada,  Cascade,  and  Coast  mountains  form  the  western 
border  of  the  Pacific  Highland.  The  loftiest  peak  in  North  America 
is  St.  Elias  (19,283  feet  high),  in  the  northern  Coast  Mountains. 

5.  The  Atlantic  Highland  extends  from  the  northern  coast 
of  Labrador  nearly  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  mountains  are 
the  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  system. 

The  Atlantic  Highland  consists  of  the  plateau  of  Labrador  with  the 
Laurentide  Mountains,  on  the  north  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the 
Appalachian  mountain-system,  on  the  south.  The  Appalachian 
Mountains,  consisting  of  low  parallel  ranges,  are  only  about  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  in  structure  are  far 
less  massive  than  that  system.  The  highest  peaks  reach  an  eleva¬ 
tion  of  less  than  8,000  feet. 


6.  The  Atlantic  Plain  is  the  slope  and  tide-water  region  be¬ 
tween  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

7.  The  Central  Plain  is  between  the  two  highland  regions, 
and  extends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

I.  The  Central  Plain  is  formed  by  the  long  gentle  slope  descending  east¬ 
ward  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  western  slope  of  the 
Atlantic  Highland. 

II.  The  Central  Plain  consists  of  two  opposite  slopes  divided  from  each 
other  by  a  slight  elevation  near  the  center,  called  the  Height  of 
Land.  The  northern  slope  is  called  the  Arctic  Plain ;  the  southern 
slope  is  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

III.  CLIMATE. 

8.  Cold  Zone. — The  northern  third  of  North  America  has 
a  very  cold  climate  ;  and  even  that  part  of  the  Arctic  Plain 
which  lies  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone  has  a  semi-arctic 
climate. 

The  Central  Plain  is  exposed  to  the  cold  winds  from  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
while  most  of  it  is  cut  off  by  the  coast  mountain-ranges  from  the 
equalizing  influences  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  ;  but  the 
western  coast  from  Alaska  to  the  Columbia  River,  being  open  to 
the  effect  of  the  warm  ocean-currents  and  counter  trade-winds  of  the 
Pacific,  has  a  much  milder  climate  than  the  rest  of  North  America 
in  the  same  latitude. 

9.  Hot  Zone. — The  West  Indies,  Central  America,  and  the 
lowlands  of  Mexico  have  a  tropical,  or  constantly  warm,  cli¬ 
mate. 

10.  The  temperate  region  includes  the  United  States,  the 
basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Great  Lakes,  and  the  plateau 
of  Mexico.  Owing  to  latitude  and  local  causes,  there  are,  how¬ 
ever,  important  differences  of  climate  in  this  extensive  region. 

IV.  VEGETATION  AND  ANIMALS. 

1 1.  Vegetation.  —  North  America  is  especially  distinguished, 
in  the  temperate  region  for  the  great  variety  of  its  forest  trees, 
and  in  the  warm  region  for  the  number  of  its  large  flowering 
trees,  such  as  the  tulip-tree,  the  magnolias,  the  catalpas,  and 
the  locusts.  The  plateaus  of  the  warm  region  are  rich  in 
plants  of  the  cactus  family,  the  yucca,  and  the  agave  or  Amer- 


Cape  Columbia/ 
Mt.  IW 
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NORTH  AMERICA 

PHYSICAL  MAP 


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SCALE  OF  MILES 


.Lowlands,  Green 


Highlands,  Buff 


3  "West  it  East 


Local  Time  A.  M. 


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8 


PHYSICAL  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ican  aloe.  The  low  coast  plains  of  Mexico  and  Central  Amer¬ 
ica  and  the  West  Indies  have  the  luxuriant  vegetation  of  the 
tropics,  —  palms,  bananas,  sugar-cane,  etc. 

Most  of  the  cereals,  as  wheat,  oats,  barley,  and  rye,  are  not  indigenous 
to  the  New  World,  but  were  introduced  from  Europe.  The  most 
characteristic  native  cereal  of  North  America  is  maize,  or  In- 
dian-corn,  which  is  extensively  cultivated  from  Central  America 
and  the  West  Indies  to  high  latitudes  in  this  grand  division. 

12.  Animals. — The  following  animals  are  peculiar 
to  North  America :  the  puma,  or  panther,  the  most 
powerful  animal  of  the  cat  tribe  belonging  to  this  conti¬ 
nent,  and  which  replaces  the  lion  and  tiger  of  Asia  ;  the 
grizzly  bear,  the  largest  and  most  ferocious  of  its  kind,  found 
in  the  Rocky  and  Sierra  Nevada  mountains  ;  the  musk-ox,  of 
the  arctic  regions  ;  the  bison,  roaming  over  “  The  Plains 
immense  herds  ;  the  raccoon,  turkey,  passage-pigeon, 
and  rattlesnake.  Among  other  wild  animals 
are  the  polar  bear,  the  wolf,  the  fox,  the 
otter,  the  deer,  the  elk,  and  the 
beaver.  These  North  Amer¬ 
ica  has  in  common 
with  the  Eastern 
Continent. 


are  represented,  —  the  Indians,  the  aborigines,  who  formerly 
occupied  the  whole  of  the  continent,  but  who  are  now  confined 
i  1 1 y  ,  to  the  western  and  northern  parts  ;  the 
A/  Esquimaux,  a  Mongol  race  dwelling 
in  the  northern  parts,  together 
VC "A-  with  the  Chinese  of  the  Pa¬ 
cific  coast  and  the  West 
Indies ;  the  whites,  or 
Caucasians,  descendants 
of  colonists  from  the  vari¬ 
ous  countries  of  Europe  ; 
and  the  negroes,  of  the 
Ethiopian  race,  the  descend- 


m 


V.  MINERALS. 

13.  North  America  in  the  eastern 
half  is  exceedingly  rich  in  the  useful  min¬ 
erals,  coal,  iron,  copper,  and  lead. 

The  coal-fields  of  North  America  are  more  extensive  than 
those  of  all  other  countries  taken  together. 

In  the  western  half  the  precious  metals  abound,  — 
gold,  especially  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  silver 
in  the  plateau  region  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 
and  both  gold  and  silver  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

VI.  INHABITANTS. 

14.  The  number  of  inhabitants  of  North  America 
is  about  72,000,000,  or  one-fifth  of  the  population 
of  Europe.  Four  of  the  five  races  of  men 


ants  of  slaves  introduced  into  Spanish 
North  America  and  the  United  States, 
chiefly  from  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 


The  Caucasians  are  the  most  numerous, 
numbering  more  than  56,000,000.  The 
negroes  number  about  10,000,000 ;  the 
Indians,  about  5,000,000. 

The  Caucasians  are  increasing  most  rap¬ 
idly,  there  being  very  large  gains  by 
immigration  from  Europe.  The  ne¬ 
groes  are  also  increasing  steadily  in 
numbers ;  while  the  Indians  are  de¬ 
creasing  gradually  in  all  parts  of  the 
continent. 


\  » 


PLANTS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


POLITICAL  NORTH  AMERICA 


9 


ANIMALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

VII.  NATURAL  ADVANTAGES. 

15.  Among  the  natural  advantages  of  North  America  are:  (1)  it  lies  mainly  in  the 
Temperate  Zone  ;  (2)  it  has  not,  like  other  graftd  divisions,  impassable  mountain  bar¬ 
riers  or  deserts  ;  (3)  it  possesses  a  vast  area  of  fertile  soil,  and  is  rich  in  the  most 
valuable  metals  and  minerals  ;  (4)  it  has  numerous  navigable  rivers  and  lakes,  2nd  fine 
harbors,  which  afford  excellent  facilities  for  commerce. 


POLITICAL 

NORTH  AMERICA. 


DESCRIPTI  ON. 

POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

North  America  comprises  six  political  divisions,  —  Danish  America,  the  Dominion 
of  Canada,  and  Newfoundland,  the  United  States,  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the 
West  Indies. 

DANISH  AMERICA. 

1.  Danish  America  includes  Greenland  and  Iceland.  They  belong  to  the  kingdom 
of  Denmark. 

2.  Greenland. — The  population  (about  10,000)  consists  of  Esquimaux  and  a  few 
Danes  and  Norwegians  who  have  small  trading  and  shipping  settlements  at  New 
Herrnhut,  Upernavik,  and  other  points.  The  chief  exports  are  eider-down,  whale  and 
seal  oil,  and  furs. 

Greenland  is  a  very  large  island,  or  perhaps  a  cluster  of  islands  joined  by  ice.  The  interior  has 
never  been  explored.  The  mountain  valleys  are  filled  with  glaciers,  which,  moving  slowly  to  the 
sea,  become  undermined  on  reaching  the  ocean,  and  immense  fragments  are  broken  off,  forming 
the  floating  mountains  of  ice  called  icebergs. 

3.  Iceland.  —  The  inhabitants  of  Iceland  are  mostly  of  Norwegian  descent.  The 
small  but  intelligent  population  of  the  island  (72,500)  is  engaged  in  farming,  fishing, 
and  sheep-raising.  Reykjavik  is  the  capital. 


ARCTIC  AMERICA. 


I  1 


WRANGEL'S 
|  LAND 

Ji diet  Zand 


Zena'Zi. 


C. North  East 
or 

C. Chelyuskin 


NORTH 

POLE 


JCAliA 


'jtejjUr  /n 

Ipate'A'e"  / 

■Jb^i  N  T  f  c 


ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

1.  Early  Discoveries.  —  It  is  quite  certain,  that,  as  early  as 
the  tenth  century  A.D.,  settlements  were  made  by  the  Norsemen 
in  high  latitudes  on  the  coast  of  Greenland.  But  our  knowl¬ 
edge  of  what  was  accomplished  by  these  voyagers  is  vague, 
and  our  interest  in  arctic  exploration  begins  with  the  series 
of  expeditions  for  the  discovery  of  a  “  north-west  passage,” 
undertaken  soon  after  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus. 

2.  North-west 
Passage.  —  The  ob¬ 
ject  of  those  who 
undertook  the  search 
for  a  north-west  pas¬ 
sage  was  the  discov¬ 
ery  of  a  route  on 
‘which,  sailing  west 
ward  around  the 
northern  extremity 
of  the  American  con¬ 
tinent,  they  might 
reach  the  East  In¬ 
dies.  The  first  of 
these  attempts  was 
made  by  Cabot  in 
1498 ;  and  this  was 
followed  during  the 
next  three  hundred 
and  fifty  years  by  a 
long  series  of  baffled 
efforts,  till  at  last,  in 
1854,  Capt.  McClure 
established  the  fact 
of  a  continuous  pas¬ 
sage  by  water  from 
Baffin  Bay  to  Behr¬ 
ing  Strait. 

Explorations.  —  In 
1498  Sebastian  Cabot 
(who,  with  his  father,  had 
in  the  preceding  year 
discovered  the  mainland 
of  North  America)  under¬ 
took  a  voyage  expressly  to 
find  “  that  hidden  secret 
of  nature,”  the  direct  pas¬ 
sage  to  Asia.  He  pro¬ 
ceeded  northward  from 
Labrador,  about  half-way  up  Davis  Strait,  till  icebergs  compelled  him  to 
change  his  course,  and  give  up  the  attempt. 

In  1576  Frobisher  made  three  voyages  to  the  north-west,  exploring,  among 
other  waters,  the  channel  now  known  as  Frobisher  Strait.  In  1585-87  Davis 
explored  portions  of  the  coast  of  Greenland,  and  the  strait  which  bears  his 
name.  In  1610  Hudson  sailed  up  the  strait  named  after  him,  into  Hudson 
Bay;  but  his  crew  mutinied,  and  set  him  adrift  to  perish.  In  [616  Baffin 
explored  the  bay  bearing  his  name,  and  entered  the  mouth  of  Lancaster 
Sound.  In  1789  Mackenzie,  in  a  land  expedition,  discovered  and  traced  to 
its  mouth  the  river  called  after  him.  In  [819  Parry  traversed  Barrow  Strait, 
and  penetrated  as  far  north  as  the  Parry  Islands. 

In  May,  1845,  the  ill-fated  expedition  of  Sir  John  Franklin  set  sail  in  search 
of  the  north-west  passage,  in  the  ships  “Erebus”  and  “Terror.”  These 
vessels  were  last  seen  in  July  of  that  year,  by  a  whaling-ship,  about  the  mid¬ 
dle  of  Ihiffin  Bay.  Several  years  having  elapsed  with  no  tidings  of  this  expe¬ 


dition,  numerous  parties  were  despatched  during  the  next  ten  years  in  search 
of  Sir  John  Franklin  and  his  associates.  Among  these  expeditions  may  be 
mentioned  those  of  Kane,  De  Haven,  Ross,  Belcher,  Englefield,  McClin- 
tock,  and  McClure ;  the  latter  officer,  in  command  of  the  ship  “  Investigator,” 
being  the  first  explorer  who  traversed  the  entire  region  from  Behring  Strait 
to  Baffin  Bay.  (See  map.)  In  1855  McClintock  discovered  proofs  that  all 
of  Sir  John  Franklin’s  party  had  perished  from  hunger  and  exposure,  and 
documents  showing  that  Sir  John  was  the  first  discoverer  of  the  north-west 
passage. 

3.  Polar  Expeditions.  —  Among  the  aims  of  arctic  explora¬ 
tion,  that  of  reaching 
the  north  pole  has 
long  been  a  leading 
one  ;  but  it  is  only 
in  recent  times  that 
well-equipped  expedi¬ 
tions  having  that  ob¬ 
ject  in  view  have  been 
sent  out.  The  prin¬ 
cipal  of  these  are  the 
American  expeditions 
under  Kane,  Hayes, 
and  Hall,  and  the 
English  expedition 
under  Capt.  Nares. 

Details.  —  In  1853  Dr. 
Kane,  who  had  formed  the 
opinion  that  around  the 
north  pole  was  a  great 
open  sea,  headed  an  expe¬ 
dition  to  verify  his  theory. 
The  expedition  wintered 
in  lat.  78°  37k  During  the 
following  spring  various 
sledging  tours  to  the  north 
were  made.  On  one  of 
these  Kennedy  Channel 
was  discovered,  and  the 
party  penetrated  as  far 
as  Cape  Constitution  (in 
Washington  Land),  in  lat. 
81 0  27'.  The  open  chan¬ 
nel  abounded  with  animal 
life,  such  as  bears,  birds, 
and  seals. 

In  1 860  Dr.  Hayes,  who 
had  accompanied  Kane, 
organized  an  expedition 
under  his  own  command. 
The  vessel  was  nipped  in 
the  ice  about  lat.  78°  ;  but 
from  there  various  journeys  were  made  northward  by  way  of  Grinnell  Land. 
Hayes,  with  one  companion,  reached  lat.  81 0  35',  the  most  northerly  land  reached 
up  to  that  time.  Further  progress  was  impossible  on  account  of  rotten  ice. 

In  1871  Capt.  Hall,  in  the  “Polaris,”  pushed  northward  up  the  western 
shore  of  Smith  Sound,  reaching  82°  16'  in  Robeson  Channel,  where  the 
vessel  was  beset  with  ice.  Hall  started  with  a  traveling  party  ;  but  little  was 
accomplished,  and  he  died  on  his  return  from  the  sledging  expedition. 

In  1875  Capt.  Nares,  in  the  vessels  “Alert”  and  “Discovery,”  left  Eng¬ 
land,  commissioned  to  attain  the  highest  possible  northern  latitude.  Passing 
through  Smith  Sound  and  Kennedy  and  Robeson  channels,  they  reached  a 
broad  ice-covered  sea,  where  the  expedition  wintered  in  lat.  82°  27'.  The 
men  were  in  total  or  partial  darkness  for  a  hundred  and  forty-two  days. 
Numerous  well-equipped  exploring  parties  were  sent  out;  and  one  of  these, 
under  Commander  Markham,  reached  the  latitude  of  83°  20'  30",  the  most 
northerly  point  thus  far  attained. 


MAP  OF  THE  ARCTIC  REGION. 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA,  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND 


1  2 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA,  WITH  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


VICTORIA  TUBULAR  BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE  AT  MONTREAL. 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

1.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  occupies  all  the  northern  part 
of  the  American  continent,  except  Alaska  and  a  part  of  Lab¬ 
rador.  Its  area  is  nearly  as  great  as  that  of  the  United  States 
(3,205,000  square  miles). 

The  Dominion  of  Canada  consists  of  the  provinces  of  Ontario,  Quebec, 
New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Manitoba,  and 
British  Columbia,  together  with  the  North-east  Territory,  the  District 
of  Iveewatin,  and  several  other  territorial  districts. 

2.  Government.  —  “  The  Dominion  ”  is  a  semi-independent 
federation  of  British  provinces.  The  chief  executive  officer  is 


VIEW  OF  QUEBEC. 


the  governor-general,  who  is  appointed  by  the  sovereign  of 
Gieat  Britain.  I  he  Legislature,  called  the  Parliament,  consists 


of  the  House  of  Commons,  the  members  of  which  are  elected  by 
the  people  ;  and  the  Senate,  whose  members  are  appointed 
by  the  governor-general. 

Ottawa,  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  is  the  capital  of  the 
Dominion. 

While  the  Dominion  government  regulates  all  federal  matters  (as  is 
the  case  with  the  general  government  in  our  own  country),  each 
province  has  its  own  local  government,  consisting  of  a  Legislature, 
elected  by  the  people,  and  a  lieutenant-governor,  appointed  by  the 
Dominion  government. 

3.  Commerce.  —  Canada  carries  on  an  extensive  trade  with 
the  United  States  and  England.  With  the  exception  of  these 
nations,  it  has  a  larger  commercial  marine  than  any  other 
country. 

The  leading  imports  are  cloths,  cutlery,  and  other  manufac¬ 
tured  articles  from  great  Britain,  and  pork,  tobacco,  and  vari¬ 
ous  manufactured  articles  from  the  United  States.  The  ex¬ 
ports  are  lumber,  wheat,  potash,  fish,  and  furs,  to  England  ; 
and  lumber,  barley,  dairy-products,  and  live-stock,  to  the  United 
States. 

The  great  natural  highway  of  Canadian  commerce  is  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  and  the  Great  Lakes.  The  St.  Lawrence,  navigable  for  large 
ships  to  Montreal,  affords  direct  communication  between  the  Great 
West  and  the  Atlantic.  The  river  is  closed  by  ice  for  five  months 
of  the  year.  During  this  period  the  ocean  outlet  for  Canadian 
produce  is  by  way  of  Portland,  Me. 

4.  Civilization.  —  In  civilization  the  Dominion  ranks  with 
the  United  States  :  the  people  are  educated,  prosperous,  and 
progressive. 

5.  Cities. — r  Montreal  is  the  largest  city  in  the  Dominion. 
Quebec  is  the  capital  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  ;  Toronto,  of 
the  Province  of  Ontario.  St.  John  is  the  principal  city  of 
New  Brunswick,  and  Fredericton  its  capital.  Halifax  is  the 
capital  and  largest  city  of  Nova  Scotia;  and  Charlottetown,  of 
Prince  Edward  Island.  Winnipeg  is  the  capital  of  Manitoba  ; 
and  Victoria,  of  British  Columbia. 


DOMINION  OF 


CANADA,  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


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VALLEY  OF  THE  CITY  OF  MEXICO 

Scale  j - 1 - 1  20  Miles 


longitude  West  from  Washington 


MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  AND  WEST  INDIES. 


MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  AND  WEST  INDIES. 


MEXICO. 

1.  Area.  —  The  area  of  Mexico  (751,000  square  miles)  is 
nearly  double  that  of  all  the  Atlantic  States. 

2.  Surface.  —  The  Pacific  Highland  of  North  America 
reaches  its  greatest  elevation  in  Mexico.  Two  mountain-ranges, 
situated  near  the  opposite  coasts,  extend  from  north-west  to 
south-east,  and  are  the  margins  of  a  great  mountain-plateau 
(from  4,000  to  8,000  feet  in  altitude)  which  forms  the  greater 
part  of  the  country. 

Between  the  mountains  and  the  coast  on  each  side  is  a  belt  of  low¬ 
land,  varying  from  a  few  miles  to  one  hundred  miles  in  width.  The 
coast-belt  is  called  the  tierra  caliente,  or  hot  country :  the  tableland 
is  called  the  tierra  templada ,  or  temperate  country. 

3.  Climate.  —  Climate  in  Mexico  depends  very  much  upon 
the  degree  of  elevation  of  the  surface.  The  coast  plains  are 
hot,  moist,  and  unhealthful  ;  the  tableland  is  a  region  of  per¬ 
petual  spring  ;  the  high  mountains  have  a  cold  climate. 

4.  Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  consist  of  Mexican  Indi¬ 
ans,  who  form  the  majority  ;  of  Creoles,  who  are  descendants 
of  the  early  Spanish  settlers  ;  and  of  mixed  races. 

At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  America  Mexico  was  inhabited  by  a 
superior  race  of  Indians  called  Aztecs.  They  had  fixed  homes,  good 
laws,  large  cities,  and  well-drilled  armies.  They  were  conquered  by 
Cortez,  who,  with  a  small  army  of  Spaniards,  aided  by  a  large  army 
of  Indians  hostile  to  the  Aztecs,  captured  the  city  of  Mexico,  the 
Aztec  capital.  Mexico  became  a  republic,  independent  of  Spain,  in 
1821.  It  at  one  time  included  California  and  Texas,  now  a  part  of 
our  own  country.  Texas  became  independent  of  Mexico  in  1836, 
rfncl  Mexico  lost  California  in  1848.  The  population  of  Mexico  is 
now  about  10,000,000. 

5.  Commerce.  —  The  foreign  commerce  is  mostly  with  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain.  The  principal  exports  are  sil¬ 
ver,  lead,  vanilla,  Sarsaparilla,  coffee,  cochineal,  and  mahogany. 

6.  Government.  —  Mexico  is  a  federal  republic,  consisting 
of  twenty-seven  states,  one  territory,  and  one  federal  district. 

7.  Cities.  —  The  City  of  Mexico,  the  capital  and  metropolis, 
is  a  picturesque  city,  situated  in  a  valley  overlooked  by  lofty 
snow-coverecl  mountains.  Guadalaxara,  Guanaxuato,  and  Pueblo 
are  important  cities  of  the  tableland.  Vera  Cruz  and  Acapulco 
are  the  chief  seaports. 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


REPUBLICS. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

REPUBLICS. 

Area  in 

Sq  Miles. 

Population. 

Guatemala .  .  . 
San  Salvador.  . 
Honduras  .  .  . 

46,800 

7.3°° 

46,500 

1,252,000 

554,000 

350,000 

Nicaragua  .  .  . 

Costa  Rica  .  . 

Balize  ( Colony )  . 

51,600 

19,980 

7.562 

300,000 

185,000 

24,700 

1.  Situation  and  States.  —  Central  America  occupies  a  long 
isthmus  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans,  and  as  a  ter¬ 
ritorial  division  includes  five  independent  republics  ;  namely, 
Guatemala,  San  Salvador,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa 
Rica,  together  with  Balize,  a  British  dependency. 


2.  Description.  —  The  surface,  climate,  productions,  and  pop¬ 
ulation  of  Central  America  are  similar  to  those  of  Mexico. 

3.  Commerce.  —  The  small  foreign  commerce  consists  prin¬ 
cipally  in  the  exportation  of  coffee,  cochineal,  mahogany,  rose¬ 
wood,  and  dye-woods. 

4.  Cities.  —  The  capitals  of  the  republics,  in  the  order  given 
above,  are,  Guatemala,  San  Salvador,  Tegucigalpa,  Managua, 
and  San  Jose. 

Balize.  —  Balize,  or  British  Honduras,  is  attached  to  the  government 
of  Jamaica.  The  town  of  Balize  is  the  principal  place. 


WEST  INDIES. 


DIVISIONS. 

Area  in 
Sq.  M  iles 

Population. 

DIVISIONS. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

Spanish  Colonies, 

49,500 

2,180,000 

Danish  Colonies . 

I40 

34,000 

British  Colonies. 

13,300 

1,245,000 

REPUBLICS. 

French  Colonies, 

1,100 

358,000 

Hayti  .... 

9,250 

550,000 

Dutch  Colonies  . 

43° 

43, OOO 

San  Domingo^.  . 

20,600 

300,000 

1.  Situation.  —  The  West  Indies  form  an  archipelago  which 
extends  from  Florida  to  South  America. 


The  West  Indies  include  not  less  than  a  thousand  islands,  varying 
greatly  in  size.  The  land  surface  of  the  archipelago  is  about  twice 
that  of  New  York  State. 

2.  Divisions.  —  These  islands  are  divided  into  the  Greater 
Antilles,  the  Lesser  Antilles,  and  the  Bahamas. 

3.  Climate.  —  The  climate  of  the  West  Indies  is  tropical; 
but  the  influence  of  the  surrounding  seas  and  of  the  trade- 
winds  moderates  the  intense  heat  of  the  Torrid  Zone.  The 
only  change  of  seasons  is  that  from  dry  to  rainy  weather. 

4.  Productions.  —  The  chief  articles  of  commercial  produce 
are  sugar,  rum,  and  molasses,  from  the  sugar-cane  ;  tobacco, 
which  makes  the  finest  of  cigars  ;  cotton,  coffee,  and  cacao  ; 
indigo  and  dye-stuffs  ;  ginger  and  allspice  ;  together  with 
oranges,  bananas,  pine-apples,  and  many  other  delicious  fruits. 

5.  Population.  —  The  population  of  the  West  Indies  num¬ 
bers  about  four  millions,  three-fourths  being  negroes. 

The  early  Spanish  conquerors  enslaved  the  native  Indians,  and  worked 
them  so  hard  that  they  eventually  died  out.  Then  the  Spaniards 
brought  great  numbers  of  African  slaves  to  these  islands,  and  the 
blacks  of  the  West  Indies  are  their  descendants. 

6.  Government.  —  Most  of  the  islands  of  the  West  Indies 
are  in  the  possession  of  European  nations,  principally  Spain 
(which  owns  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico),  Great  Britain  (which  owns 
Jamaica,  the  Bahamas,  and  most  of  the  Lesser  Antilles),  and 
France.  Hayti  consists  of  two  independent  negro  republics, — 
Hayti  and  San  Domingo. 

7.  Cities.  —  The  principal  cities  are  Havana,  the  greatest 
sugar-market  in  the  world,  Matanzas,  and  Santiago  (all  three  in 
Cuba),  Kingston,  the  largest  city  in  Jamaica,  and  San  Juan  in 
Porto  Rico. 


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PHYSICAL  UNITED  STATES 


*7 


PHYSICAL  UNITED  STATES. 

DESCRIPTION. 


GENERAL  VIEW. 

1.  Position.  —  The  United  States  occupies  the  central  and 
most  valuable  part  of  North  America,  being  (Alaska  excepted) 
wholly  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone,  and  extending  from 
Canada  on  the  north  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south. 

2.  The  area  of  the  United  States  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
Europe.  The  average  length  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean  is  about  2,500  miles,  and 

the  average  breadth  from  north 
to  south  about  1,300  miles. 

3.  The  surface  presents  three 
natural  divisions,  —  the  Pacific 
Highland ,  the  Atlantic  Highland 
and  Plain ,  and  the  Central  Plain , 
or  Mississippi  valley. 

I.  THE  PACIFIC  HIGHLAND. 

4.  The  western  half  of  the 
United  States  is  included  within 
the  Pacific  Highland  of  North 
America.  The  Pacific  Highland 
presents  the  following  surface 
features  :  — 

I.  The  Rocky  Mountains, 
which,  extending  from  north  to 
to  south,  divide  the  Highland 
into  two  nearly  equal  sections. 

The  Rocky  Mountains  form  the 
chief  watershed  of  the  United 
States ;  and  five  of  the  largest 
rivers  —  the  Missouri,  the  Rio 
Grande,  the  Colorado,  the  Co¬ 
lumbia,  and  the  Yukon  —  have 
their  head  streams  in  this  re- 


II.  “  The  Plains,”  which  ex¬ 
tend  eastward  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  descending  in  a  long 
gentle  slope  to  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi. 

III.  The  Great  Plateau,  bor¬ 
dered  on  the  east  by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  lofty  chains  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  mountains. 
It  includes  the  Colorado  Plateau  in  the  south-eastern  part,  the 
Utah  Basin  in  the  central  part,  and  the  Plain  of  the  Columbia 
in  the  northern  part. 

1.  The  Colorado  Plateau  is  from  6,000  to  7,000  feet  above  the  ocean 
level;  the  Utah  Basin,  from  3,000  to  4,000  feet;  the  Plain  of  the 
Columbia,  about  2,000  feet. 

II.  The  Great  Plateau  is  drained  by  three  great  rivers,  —  the  Columbia, 


which,  after  bursting  the  barrier  of  the  Cascade  Range,  flows  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean ;  the  Rio  Grande,  which  flows  southward  from 
the  Rocky  Mountains  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  and  the  Colorado, 
which,  forcing  its  way  through  stupendous  chasms  and  canons, 
reaches  the  Gulf  of  California. 

IV.  The  Pacific  Slope,  which  extends  from  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  Cascade  ranges  westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Between 
these  chains  and  the  lower  elevations  of  the  coast  ranges  are  in¬ 
closed  the  great  California  Val¬ 
ley  and  the  valleys  of  Oregon. 

5.  Climate.  —  The  Pacific 
Highland  has,  in  general,  a  very 
dry  climate,  with  but  little  rain 
in  summer,  and  little  snow  in 
winter.  The  Pacific  Slope  has  a 
climate  unlike  that  of  any  other 
part  of  the  United  States  :  there 
are  but  two  seasons,  the  rainy 
season  (winter)  and  the  dry  sea¬ 
son  (summer). 

6.  Natural  Advantages.  — 

This  section  is  the  richest  met¬ 
alliferous  region  on  the  globe. 
Gold,  silver,  quicksilver,  coal, 
and  many  other  minerals  abound. 
The  forests  of  California,  Ore¬ 
gon,  and  Washington  afford  an 
exhaustless  supply  of  the  finest 
timber.  The  river  valleys,  espe¬ 
cially  in  California  and  Oregon, 
are  of  great  fertility,  and  excel¬ 
lent  pasturage  is  found. 

II.  THE  ATLANTIC  HIGHLAND 
AND  PLAIN. 

7.  The  Atlantic  Highland 

consists  of  the  several  parallel 
ranges  of  the  Appalachian  sys¬ 
tem,  and  extends  from  Canada 
nearly  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


MONUMENT  ROCK.  ECHO  CANON,  UTAH 


The  Appalachian  system  is  inter¬ 
sected  by  the  valleys  of  the 
Hudson  and  Mohawk  rivers,  thus  forming  a  northern  section,  com¬ 
prising  New  England  and  a  part  of  New  York;  and  a  southern 
section,  including  all  the  rest  of  the  Atlantic  Highland. 

8.  The  Atlantic  Plain  is  the  slope  from  the  Appalachian 
system  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  Atlantic  Plain  varies  in  width  according  as  the  mountains  approach 
or  recede  from  the  coast.  In  New  England  it  is  about  fifty  miles  in 
width,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  it  narrows  to  a  mere  strip  of 
coast ;  but  it  broadens  southward  to  a  width  of  three  hundred  miles. 


i8 


PHYSICAL  UNITED  STATES 


PHYSICAL  VIEW  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


9.  Rivers.  —  The  Atlantic  Plain  is  drained  by  numerous 
navigable  rivers,  which  flow  at  right  angles  with  the  Appa¬ 
lachian  system  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  larger  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  Plain  are  navigable  to  the  head  of 
tide-water,  the  limits  of  which  are  marked  by  falls  or  rapids,  as  those 
of  the  Schuylkill  at  Philadelphia,  of  the  Potomac  at  Georgetown, 
and  of  the  James  at  Richmond.  These  falls  and  rapids  furnish 
water-power. 

10.  Climate.  —  The  Atlantic  Highland  and  Plain,  though 
wholly  in  the  Temperate  Zone,  have  a  variety  of  climates. 
The  North  Atlantic  section  is  naturally  colder  than  the  South 
Atlantic  section.  The  winters  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  are, 
owing  to  local  causes,  much  colder  than  those  of  the  Pacific 
coast  ;  and  the  Atlantic  Highland  and  Plain  differ  from  the 
Pacific  Highland  in  having  abundant  rains,  and  being  well 
watered  throughout. 

The  rains  of  this  section  are  supplied  by  the  moist  winds  from  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

1 1.  Natural  Advantages.  —  The  principal  natural  advantages 
of  the  Atlantic  Highland  and  Plain  are  their  rich  deposits  of  coal 
and  iron,  their  extensive  forests,  generally  fertile  soil,  abundant 
water-power,  and  situation  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 


Ml.  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY. 

12.  Extent.  — -  The  Mississippi  Valley  extends  between  the 
Atlantic  Highland  and  the  Pacific  Highland,  and  occupies 
nearly  one-half  the  area  of  the  United  States. 

Much  of  this  region  is  undulating,  parts  are  hilly,  and  there  are  a  few 
detached  mountain  districts ;  but  on  the  whole  the  surface  is  that  of 
a  plain,  with  slopes  toward  the  center  from  each  of  the  two  highland 
regions,  and  a  general  slope  from  the  Height  of  Land  southward  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

13.  Drainage.  —  The  Mississippi  and  its  many  tributaries, 
forming,  next  to  the  Amazon  system,  the  most  extensive  river 
system  in  the  world,  furnish  the  principal  drainage  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley. 

14.  Climate.  —  The  southern  part  has  a  semi-tropical  climate, 
with  mild  winters  ;  the  northern  has  hot  and  sultry  summers, 
and  cold  winters,  with  heavy  snows.  The  whole  section  has 
abundant  rains  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

15.  Natural  Advantages.  —  The  principal  natural  advantages 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley  are  its  rich  mines  of  coal,  iron,  cop¬ 
per,  and  lead,  its  vast  forests,  its  great  extent  of  fertile  soil,  and 
its  numerous  navigable  rivers  and  lakes. 


POLITICAL  UNITED  STATES. 


19 


POLITICAL  UNITED  STATES. 


INTERIOR  OF  THE  SENATE  CHAMBER  IN  THE  CAPITOL  AT  WASHINGTON. 


DESCRIPTION. 


1.  Rank. — The  United  States  is  the  leading  republic  in  the 
world,  and  ranks  as  one  of  the  five  most  populous,  powerful, 
wealthy,  and  progressive  nations. 

In  extent  of  territory  the  United  States  ranks  fourth  among  the  great 
powers,  being  surpassed  only  by  the  Chinese,  British,  and  Russian 
empires. 

2.  The  population  by  the  census  of  1880  was  over  fifty 
millions  (50,155,783). 

3.  General  Government.  —  The  general  or  federal  govern¬ 
ment  of  the  United  States  is  republican  in  form  (representative 
democracy).  It  has  three  departments,  —  the  legislative,  ex¬ 
ecutive,  and  judicial. 


I.  The  legislative  department,  or  Congress,  is  composed  of  two  bodies, 
or  houses,  —  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives. 

II.  The  executive  function  is  vested  in  a  President,  who  is  chosen  for  a 
term  of  four  years. 

III.  The  judicial  function  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  consisting  of  a 
chief  justice  and  eight  associate  judges,  who  hold  a  session  once 
a  year  in  Washington  City. 

4.  National  Capital.  — Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United 
States,  is  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

5.  Political  Divisions.  —  The  United  States  consists  of 
thirty-eight  states,  nine  territories,  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  Alaska.  For  convenience,  these  are  in  this  book  divided 
into  the  following  sections  :  — 


New-England 

States. 

Middle  States. 

Southern  States  • 
Eastern  Division. 

Southern  States: 
Western  Division. 

Central  States : 
Eastern  Division. 

Central  States  : 
Western  Division. 

Pacific  Highland 
States : 

Mountain  and  Pla¬ 
teau  Divisions. 

Pacific  Highland 
States : 

Coast  Division. 

1.  Maine. 

i.  New  York.. 

1.  Virginia. 

1.  Louisiana. 

1.  Ohio. 

1.  Minnesota. 

1.  Alontana  Ter. 

1.  California. 

2.  New  Hampshire. 

2.  New  Jersey. 

2.  West  Virginia. 

2.  Arkansas. 

2.  Indiana. 

2.  Iowa. 

2.  Wyoming  Ter. 

2.  Oregon. 

3.  Vermont. 

3.  Pennsylvania. 

3.  North  Carolina. 

3.  Texas. 

3.  Illinois. 

3.  Missouri. 

3.  Colorado. 

3.  Washington  Ter- 

4  Massachusetts. 

4.  Maryland. 

4.  South  Carolina. 

4.  Indian  Terri- 

4.  Wisconsin. 

4.  Kansas. 

4.  Arew  Mexico  Ter. 

ritory. 

5.  Rhode  Island. 

6.  Connecticut. 

\District  of  Co¬ 
lumbia.] 

5.  Delaware. 

5.  Georgia. 

6.  Florida. 

7.  Kentucky. 

8.  Tennessee. 

9.  Alabama. 

10.  Mississippi. 

tory. 

5.  Michigan. 

5.  Nebraska. 

6.  Dakota  Terri¬ 

tory. 

5.  Idaho  Territory. 

6.  Nevada. 

7.  Utah  Territory. 

8.  Arizona  Terri¬ 

tory. 

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EASTERN  STATES,  OR  NEW  ENGLAND. 


2  2 


EASTERN  STATES,  OR  NEW  ENGLAND. 


VIEW  OF  BOSTON. 


DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Situation  and  Area.  —  The  New  England  States  are  situ¬ 
ated  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  state  of  New  York. 
Their  area  is  about  one-fourth  of  that  of  Texas,  and  about  one 
and  a  half  times  that  of  New  York. 

2.  Surface.  —  New  England  occupies  the  northern  section 
of  the  Appalachian  system  ;  and,  as  the  foot-hills  extend 
nearly  to  the  coast,  the  surface  is  generally  broken  or  moun¬ 
tainous. 

I.  The  longest  and  best  defined  range  extends  on  the  western  side  of  the 
Connecticut  River:  it  includes  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont,  and 
the  Hoosac  Mountains  of  Massachusetts. 

II.  On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Connecticut  River  is  an  irregular  chain  of 
mountain-groups  extending  from  Massachusetts  into  Maine,  and 
of  which  the  loftiest  are  the  White  Mountains.  Mount  Washington, 
the  highest  peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  is  6,288  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

3.  Coast.  —  The  coast,  southward  to  Massachusetts  Bay,  is 
bold  and  rocky :  the  rest  is  low  and  sandy.  It  has  numerous 
excellent  harbors.  The  Atlantic  Plain,  in  New  England,  is 
only  from  40  to  60  miles  wide. 

4.  Drainage.  —  Most  of  the  numerous  rivers  belong  to  the 
Atlantic  system.  They  are  navigable  only  in  the  coast  plain, 
but  the  many  rapids  and  falls  afford  abundant  water-power. 

5.  Climate.  —  The  summers  are  hot,  but  short  ;  the  winters, 
long  and  severe. 

6.  Productions  and  Pursuits. — The  leading  pursuits  are 
manufactures  and  commerce  ;  but  other  industries,  especially 
agriculture,  the  fisheries,  and  lumbering,  are  extensively  carried 
on  in  different  sections. 


Agriculture.  —  Not  enough  grain  is  grown  to  supply  the  wants  of  the 
people;  but  great  attention  is  given  to  the  cultivation  of  vegetables  and 
fruits,  and  to  dairying,  wool-growing,  and  stock-raising. 

Manufactures.  —  The  principal  manufactures  are  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  boots  and  shoes,  machinery,  and  cutlery.  Manufacturing  is  greatly 
facilitated  by  abundant  water-power,  and  cheap  access  to  the  coal-fields  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Fishing.  —  The  catching  of  cod  and  mackerel  off  the  coast  and  on  the 
Banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  their  preparation  for  market,  are  important 
industries  in  most  of  the  maritime  towns. 

Lumbering. —  In  the  three  northern  states  are  extensive  forests  of  pine 
and  hemlock,  and  the  preparation  of  lumber  is  a  leading  pursuit. 

Commerce.  —  New  England  has  an  immense  foreign  and  domestic  com¬ 
merce,  favored  by  its  many  fine  harbors  and  its  facilities  for  ship-building, 
and  developed  by  an  extensive  railroad  system.  The  chief  exports  are 
manufactured  articles,  dairy-products,  lumber,  granite,  and  ice.  The  chief 
imports  are  breadstuffs  and  provisions,  coal,  and  raw  materials,  especially 
iron,  cotton,  and  wool. 


THE  STATES. 

REFERENCE  TABLE. 


STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

Maine  .... 

33.040 

648,936 

Massachusetts  . 

8,315 

1,783,085 

New  Hampshire . 

9.305 

34G991 

Rhode  Island.  . 

1,250 

276,531 

Vermont  .  .  . 

9.565 

332,286 

Connecticut  .  . 

4,990 

622,700 

1.  Maine  is  noted  for  its  extensive  lumber  manufacture,  its 
ship-building,  in  which  it  ranks  as  the  first  state  in  the  Union, 
and  its  fishing  industry,  in  which  it  ranks  next  to  Massachu¬ 
setts. 

2.  Chief  Cities.  —  Portland  is  the  largest  city  and  chief 
seaport,  and  is  the  main  winter  outlet  for  the  St.  Lawrence 


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24 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES  ON  NEW  ENGLAND. 


valley.  Bangor  is  one  of  the  greatest  lumber-marts  in  the 
world.  Augusta  is  the  capital. 

3.  New  Hampshire,  sometimes  called  the  Switzerland  of 
America,  on  account  of  the  grandeur  of  its  White  Mountain 
scenery,  is  a  manufacturing  and  farming  state. 

4.  Chief  Cities.  —  Manchester,  the  metropolis,  and  Nashua, 
are  great  manufacturing  places.  Portsmouth  is  the  only  sea¬ 
port.  Concord  is  the  capital. 

5.  Vermont  is  principally  devoted  to  stock-raising  and 
dairying. 

6.  Chief  Cities.  —  Burlington,  on  Lake  Champlain,  is  the 
largest  city.  Montpelier  is  the  capital. 

7.  Massachusetts  ranks  as  the  leading  state  in  manufac¬ 
turing  and  the  fisheries,  and  as  next  to  New  York  in  commerce. 
It  is  noted  for  its  many  large  cities. 

8.  Chief  Cities.  —  Boston,  the  capital,  is  next  to  New  York 
in  foreign  commerce,  and  is  the  business  and  literary  metropolis 
of  New  England.  Lowell,  Lawrence,  and  Fall  River  are  noted 


for  their  cotton  manufactures.  Lynn  is  famous  for  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  ladies’  shoes.  Worcester  is  a  great  manufacturing 
city,  and  Springfield  contains  the  principal  arsenal  of  the 
United  States.  Cambridge  is  the  seat  of  Harvard  College. 

9.  Rhode  Island,  the  smallest  but  one  of  the  most  thickly- 
settled  and  prosperous  states,  is  remarkable  for  its  manufac¬ 
tures  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  hardware,  jewelry,  and  plated 
ware. 

10.  Chief  Cities.  —  Providence,  the  metropolis,  is  the  second 
city  in  New  England.  Newport  is  a  famous  watering-place. 
These  cities  are  both  capitals. 

11.  Connecticut  is  noted  for  the  extent  and  variety  of  its 
manufactures.  It  is  also  a  fine  agricultural  state,  and  has  an 
extensive  coasting-trade. 

12.  Chief  Cities.  —  New  Haven,  the  seat  of  Yale  College, 
is  the  largest  city.  Hartford,  a  manufacturing  center  at  the 
head  of  ship-navigation  on  the  Connecticut  River,  is  the 
capital. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


y  ew  England  ”  was  given  in  1614,  by  Capt.  John 

Smith,  who  examined  the  shore  from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod,  and  drew  the 
eailiest  map  of  the  region.  The  first  settlement  in  New  England  was  made 
by  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  in  1620.  The  first  settlers  in 
Maine  were  fishermen,  who  built  huts  along  the  coast  soon  after  the  landing 
of  the  Pilgrims.  Maine  continued  a  part  of  Massachusetts  till  1S20.  The 
first  settlements  in  New  Hampshire  were  made  in  1623,  near  Portsmouth 
and  at  Hover.  Y  ermont  was  a  part  of  New  Y^ork  and  New  Hampshire  till 
1 79T ,  when  it  came  into  the  Union  as  a  separate  state.  The  first  settle¬ 
ment  in  Rhode  Island  was  made  in  1636,  at  Providence,  by  Roger  Wil¬ 
liams  and  some  friends.  The  first  settlement  in  Connecticut  was  made  in 
1635,  at  Windsor. 

Names.  — The  name  “Maine”  comes  from  the  word  “main,”  this  part 
of  New  England  having  early  been  called  the  “mayne  land”  in  distinction 
from  the  islands.  “New  Hampshire”  was  so  called  by  the  first  English 
proprietor,  Capt.  John  Mason,  who  had  previously  been  governor  of  Ports¬ 
mouth  in  Hampshire ,  England.  “  Vermont  ”  is  derived  from  the  French  ver 
(green)  and  mont  (mountain).  “  Massachusetts  ”  is  the  native  Indian  name. 
“  Rhode  Island  ”  is  from  the  Dutch  name  of  the  island,  —  Roodt  Eylandt  (red 
island).  “  Connecticut  ”  is  the  Indian  name  of  the  river,  meaning  long  river. 

Scenery.  —  The  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  present  the  grand¬ 
est  scenery  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  are  the  resort  of  thousands  of 
tourists  every  summer.  From  the  top  of  Mount  Washington,  up  whose 
steep  sides  a  railroad  of  novel  construction  carries  the  traveler,  a  glimpse 
of  the  Atlantic,  beyond  Portland,  is  obtained.  New  England  abounds  in 
lakes,  many  of  which  are  exceedingly  beautiful.  Moosehead  in  Maine  is 
the  largest,  and  Winnipesaukee  in  New  Hampshire  one  of  the  most  lovely. 
Other  noted  points  are  Mount  Holyoke,  Mass.,  from  the  summit  of  which 
a  superb  view  of  the  picturesque  Connecticut  valley  is  obtained,  the  wave- 
worn  promontory  of  Nahant,  and  Newport,  the  most  fashionable  watering- 
place  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Specialties  of  Manufacture.  —  There  is  scarcely  any  article,  from  an 
anchor  or  a  steam-engine  to  a  pin,  that  is  not  made  bv  the  ingenious  and 
industrious  New-Englanders.  The  boots  and  shoes,  the  cutlery  and  fire¬ 
arms,  of  New  England,  are  distributed  to  almost  every  part  of  the  world. 

The  sewing-machine,  one  of  the  greatest  of  labor-saving  contrivances, 


was  invented  by  Elias  Howe  of  Massachusetts  in  1846.  It  has  cheapened 
the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  clothing:  boots  and  shoes  are  now  sewed 
by  it.  1  he  construction  of  these  machines  is  an  important  branch  of  New 
England  manufacture. 

The  process  of  vulcanizing  India-rubber  was  discovered  about  the  same 
time  by  Charles  Goodyear  of  Massachusetts.  Since  this  discovery,  India- 
rubber  has  been  turned  to  account  in  the  fabrication  of  an  endless  number 
of  useful  articles.  Rubber  goods  are  extensively  manufactured  in  Massa¬ 
chusetts  and  Connecticut. 

Among  the  thousand  articles  of  New  England  workmanship  may  be  men¬ 
tioned  paper,  pianos,  and  pins  (most  of  the  pins  used  in  the  United  States 
are  manufactured  at  Waterbury  and  Birmingham,  Conn.);  combs,  carriages, 
and  clocks  ;  buttons,  buckles,  and  buckets  ;  watches,  wire,  and  wooden-ware ; 
rifles,  revolvers,  and  ribbons;  screws,  soap,  and  silver-ware;  German-silver 
ware  and  Britannia-ware  ;  locks  and  jewelry  ;  hooks  and  eyes  ;  together  with 
innumerable  other  small  articles  known  under  the  name  of  “  Yankee  notions.” 

The  great  national  armory  of  the  United  States  is  situated  at  Springfield,  - 
Mass.  It  is  capable  of  turning  out  fifteen  thousand  rifles  a  month.  All 
the  parts  of  the  Springfield  rifle  are  made  by  machinery,  and  each  rifle 
requires  five  hundred  distinct  operations  before  it  is  completed. 

Peculiar  Productions.  —  Nature  has  been  niggardly  in  her  gifts  to  New 
England,  and  it  has  been  said  that  Massachusetts  exports  none  of  her 
natural  productions  except  her  rocks  and  her  ice.  Y'et  the  “  rocks  ”  are 
valuable;  for  the  granite  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire,  the  lime 
and  slate  of  Maine,  the  marbles  of  Vermont,  and  the  brownstone  of  Con¬ 
necticut,  are  important  exports.  In  the  winter,  ice  is  cut  and  stored  in 
immense  quantities,  especially  in  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  and  is  shipped 
to  the  East  Indies,  the  West  Indies,  and  other  iceless  climes. 

The  vast  forests  of  pine  and  hemlock  in  northern  New  England  are 
another  natural  source  of  wealth.  The  lumbermen  go  into  the  woods  in 
the  fall,  and  remain  all  winter,  felling  the  trees,  and  cutting  them  into  logs. 
These  they  draw  over  the  snow-covered  ground  to  some  stream;  and,  when 
it  thaws  in  spring,  the  logs  float  down  to  the  saw-mills. 

\  ermont  has  a  peculiar  gift  of  nature  in  the  sugar-maple,  a  deciduous 
tree  which  yields  a  sap  that  is  boiled  into  sugar.  Several  thousand  tons  of 
maple-sugar  are  made  in  that  state  every  year. 


THE  MIDDLE  STATES 


25 


MIDDLE  STATES. 


VIEW  OF  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Names  and  Area.  —  The  Middle  States  are  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Maryland.  In  this 
section  also  is  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  area  of  the 
Middle  States  is  about  twice  that  of  New  England. 

2.  Surface.  —  The  greater  part  of  this  section  is  in  the  At¬ 
lantic  Highland,  but  the  western  part  is  in  the  Central  Plain  ; 
and  hence  it  includes  three  natural  divisions,  —  the  Atlantic 
Plain,  rising  westward  through  foot-hills  into  the  ridges  of 
the  Appalachian  system,  west  of  which  is  a  low  plateau  de¬ 
scending  to  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  and  the  Ohio  River. 

The  mountains  are  chains  and  ridges  of  the  Appalachian 
system,  the  principal  being  the  Adirondack  and  Catskill  moun¬ 
tains  in  New  York,  and  the  Blue,  Tuscarora,  and  Alleghany 
mountains  in  Pennsylvania. 

I.  The  Appalachian  system  is  intersected  by  a  low  depression  formed  by 
the  valley  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  rivers  :  this  separates  the 
Adirondack  Mountains  from  the  rest  of  the  system,  and  forms  a 
natural  highway  of  communication  between  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
and  the  Mississippi  valley.  The  Erie  Canal,  which  follows  the 
valley  of  the  Mohawk,  connects  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  at  Buffalo 
with  the  Hudson  at  Albany. 

II.  Mount  Marcy  (5,402  feet  in  height),  in  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  is 
the  loftiest  summit  of  the  Appalachian  system  in  the  Middle  States. 
The  wilderness  of  the  Adirondacks  is  still  the  haunt  of  bears,  deer, 
and  other  wild  animals. 


3.  The  Atlantic  Plain  is  very  narrow  in  New  York,  but  it 
increases  in  width  to  over  100  miles  in  southern  Pennsyl¬ 
vania. 

4.  Rivers.  —  The  rivers  of  the  Middle  States  belong  to  the 
Atlantic  system,  except  those  of  the  western  slope,  which 
belong  to  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence  systems. 

5.  The  Climate  presents  marked  contrasts,  the  winters  being 
long  and  severe  in  northern  New  York,  and  comparatively  short 
and  mild  in  southern  Maryland. 

6.  Productions  and  Pursuits.  —  The  leading  occupations 
are  manufacturing  and  commerce  ;  but  agriculture,  grazing,  and 
mining  are  all  great  and  important  industries. 

Manufactures.  —  Manufacturing  in  the  Middle  States  is  facilitated  by 
abundant  water-power  and  by  the  coal  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland.  The 
principal  manufactures  are  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  iron  and  steel,  boots 
and  shoes,  flour  and  meal,  and  spirituous  and  malt  liquors. 

Commerce.  —  This  section  has  avast  foreign  and  domestic  commerce, 
which  is  favored  by  its  central  position,  its  fine  harbors,  and  its  extensive 
system  of  lake,  river,  canal,  and  railroad  communication. 

Agriculture.  —  The  climate  and  soil  are  favorable  to  agriculture,  and  all 
the  grains  except  rice  are  largely  raised.  The  crop  of  hay  and  potatoes 
is  immense.  The  raising  of  fruit  and  vegetables  for  the  markets  of  the 
great  seaboard  cities,  and  stock-raising  and  dairying,  are  extensively  car¬ 
ried  on. 

Minerals.  —  New  York  yields  salt ;  New  Jersey,  iron  and  zinc  ;  Pennsyl¬ 
vania,  coal  and  iron  ;  and  Maryland,  coal.  The  petroleum  of  Pennsylvania 
is  a  product  of  great  value,  and  is  largely  exported. 


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THE  MIDDLE  STATES. 


27 


THE  STATES. 


REFERENCE  TABLE. 


STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

New  York .  .  . 

New  Jersey  .  . 

Pennsylvania  .  . 

49,17° 

7»8i5 

45.215 

5,082.871 

M31.116 

4,282,891 

Delaware  .  .  . 
Maryland  .  .  . 

[  Dist.  of  Col  urn  bia.] 

2,050 

12,210 

70 

146,608 

934.943 

177,624 

1.  New  York  is  the  foremost  of  the  states  in  population, 
wealth,  and  commerce,  and  hence  is  often  called  the  “  Empire 
State.” 

New  York  has  more  than  one-tenth  of  the  population,  and  one-seventh 
of  the  wealth,  of  the  United  States. 

2.  Chief  Cities.  —  New  York  City,  the  largest  city  in  the 
United  States,  and,  next  to  London  and  Paris,  the  largest  in 
the  world,  is  the  commercial  and  financial  metropolis  of  the 
Western  Continent.  Brooklyn,  in  population  the  third  city  of 
the  United  States,  is  closely  connected  with  New  York  by 
numerous  steam-ferries. 

New  York  City,  Brooklyn,  and  Jersey  City  (N.J.),  though  separate 
cities,  yet  form  one  compact  business  center,  with  a  population  of 
over  2,000,000. 

Among  the  other  important  cities  of  New  York  the  four 
largest  are  Buffalo,  on  Lake  Erie,  noted  for  its  manufactures, 
and  its  lake  and  canal  trade  ;  Rochester,  on  the  upper  falls  of 
Genesee  River,  noted  for  its  water-power  and  its  large  manu¬ 
facturing  and  milling  interests  ;  Troy,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  noted  for  its  iron  and  steel  works  ;  and  Syracuse,  for 
its  varied  manufactures  and  its  immense  salt-works.  Albany, 
on  the  Hudson,  is  the  capital. 

3.  New  Jersey  is  principally  engaged  in  raising  vegetables 
and  fruit  for  the  markets  of  New  York  City  on  the  north,  and 
Philadelphia  on  the  south.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state 
are  many  large  manufacturing  cities,  and  the  mining  of  iron 
and  zinc  are  important  industries. 


4.  Chief  Cities.  —  Newark,  the  largest  city,  is  noted  for 
its  manufacture  of  India-rubber  and  leather  goods.  Jersey 
City,  on  the  west  shore  of  New  York  Bay,  is  an  important 
manufacturing  and  shipping  place.  Trenton,  the  capital,  is 
noted  for  its  iron-works,  rolling-mills,  and  porcelain-kilns. 

5.  Pennsylvania  is  the  greatest  mining  state  in  the  Union, 
and  rivals  New  York  in  agriculture,  manufacturing,  and  com¬ 
merce. 

In  coal,  the  most  useful  mineral,  and  iron,  the  most  useful  metal, 
Pennsylvania  is  one  of  the  richest  regions  in  the  world.  The  annual 
value  of  the  products  of  the  mines  is  about  $100,000,000,  or  fully 
one-half  the  total  value  of  all  our  mining  products,  including  gold 
and  silver. 

6.  Chief  Cities.  —  Philadelphia  is  the  second  city  of  the 
United  States  in  population,  and  the  first  in  manufactures. 
Pittsburg,  in  the  bituminous  coal  region,  is  noted  for  its  iron¬ 
works,  rolling-mills,  and  founderies.  Allegheny  City,  the  third 
in  size,  is  near  Pittsburg,  and  carries  on  the  same  industries. 
Scranton  and  Wilkesbarre  in  the  northern  anthracite  coal-field, 
and  Pottsville  in  the  southern,  are  centers  of  the  coal  trade. 
Harrisburg  is  the  capital. 

7.  Delaware  is  principally  engaged  in  fruit-growing  and 
market-gardening ;  but  it  has  also  considerable  manufactures. 

8.  Chief  Cities.  —  Wilmington,  the  only  large  city  in  the 
state,  builds  iron  steamships,  and  manufactures  railroad-cars, 
carriages,  paper,  and  gunpowder.  Dover  is  the  capital. 

9.  Maryland  is  a  fine  agricultural  state,  and  exports  wheat, 
flour,  and  tobacco.  In  the  mountainous  western  region  are  rich 
mines  of  coal  and  iron. 

10.  Chief  Cities.  —  Baltimore,  the  eastern  terminus  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  which  connects  it  with  the  cities 
of  the  Mississippi  valley,  is  the  largest  city,  and  ranks  as  the 
third  seaport  of  the  United  States.  Annapolis,  the  capital,  is 
the  seat  of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy. 

11.  The  District  of  Columbia  is  an  irregular  area  of  70 
square  miles  on  the  Maryland  side  of  the  Potomac.  It  contains 
Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


History.  —  The  name  “  Middle  States  ”  was  originally  given  to  those  states 
situated  between  New  England  and  the  Southern  States,  at  the  time  our 
country  was  confined  to  the  narrow  strip  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

The  settlement  of  this  section  was  very  different  from  the  settlement  of 
New  England.  The  New  England  Colonies  were  all  settled  by  men  of  the 
same  nationality  (English)  and  of  the  same  sect  (the  Puritan);  but  the  Mid¬ 
dle  Colonies  were  established  by  people  of  very  diverse  origin  and  creed,  — 
by  English  Episcopalians,  English  Quakers,  and  English  Catholics ;  by 
Swedes,  by  Germans,  and  by  Hollanders. 

The  territory  which  is  now  the  state  of  New  York  was  discovered  in 
1609,  by  Henry  Hudson  (an  Englishman  in  the  employment  of  the  Dutch 
East  India  Company)  on  the  Hudson  River  side,  and  by  Champlain  (the 
French  governor  of  Canada)  on  the  Lake  Champlain  side.  The  first  settle¬ 
ment  was  made  by  some  Dutch  (Hollandish)  traders,  on  Manhattan  (or 
New  York)  Island,  which  they  bought  from  the  Indians  for  sixty  guilders 
($25).  The  first  settlement  in  New  Jersey  was  made  in  1620,  at  Bergen. 
The  first  English  settlement  in  Pennsylvania  was  made  in  1 68 r ,  by  a  party 
of  Quakers  sent  out  by  William  Penn.  The  first  settlement  of  Delaware 
was  made  in  1638,  by  a  company  of  Swedes  and  Finns  conducted  by  Peter 


Minuit,  who  had  been  Dutch  governor  of  New  Netherlands  (New  York). 
The  first  settlement  of  Maryland  was  made  in  1634,  by  a  colony  of  English 
Catholics,  then  pers’ecuted  in  England. 

Names.  —  The  name  “  New  York  ”  was  given  to  New  Netherlands  after  it 
was  taken  from  the  Dutch  by  the  English  in  1664.  It  was  so  named  in  honor 
of  the  Duke  of  York  and  Albany  (afterwards  the  English  King  James  II.),  to 
whom  his  brother,  King  Charles  II.,  granted  the  territory.  The  name  “  New 
Jersey”  was  given  by  Sir  George  Carteret,  to  whom  (with  Lord  Berkeley) 
the  province  was  ceded  by  Charles  II.,  and  who  had  been  governor  of  the 
little  island  of  Jersey ,  England.  The  name  “  Pennsylvania”  signifies  Penn's 
Woodland  (Latin  sylva ,  a  wood),  in  honor  of  William  Penn,  to  whom  the 
province  was  granted  by  the  English  Government  in  payment  of  a  debt  due 
his  father,  Admiral  Penn.  Delaware  takes  its  name  from  Lord  De  la 
Ware,  governor  of  Virginia,  who  in  1610  entered  the  bay  bearing  his  name. 
The  name  “  Maryland  ”  commemorates  the  fact  that  in  the  charter  of  King 
Charles  I.,  assigning  the  territory  to  Lord  Baltimore,  the  region  was  called 
Terra  Maria  (Mary’s  Land),  in  honor  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria,  wife  of 
Charles  I.  As  New  York  is  called  the  “Empire  State,”  so  Pennsylvania  is 
called  the  “  Keystone  State,”  and  New  Jersey,  the  “  Garden  State.” 


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SOUTHERN  STATES:  EASTERN  DIVISION. 


29 


SOUTHERN  STATES :  EASTERN  DIVISION. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Position  and  Area.  —  The  Eastern  Division  of  the  South¬ 
ern  States  is  south  of  the  Middle  States  and  the  Ohio  River, 
and  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  area  of  these  states 
is  twice  that  of  New  England  and  the  Middle  States  to¬ 
gether. 

2.  Surface. — This  section  belongs  to  the  Atlantic  High¬ 
land  and  Plain,  and  to  the  Central  Plain,  or  Mississippi  valley. 

3.  The  Atlantic 
Plain  includes  a  low 
sandy  or  swampy  coast 
region,  west  of  which 
is  a  sandy  belt  called 
the  “Pine  Barrens;” 
and  still  farther  west, 
and  reaching  to  the 
ridges  of  the  Appa¬ 
lachian  system,  is  a 
fertile  “  upland  ”  dis¬ 
trict. 


I.  Along  the  coast  there 
is  a  series  of 
swamps  and  marsh¬ 
es,  extending  from 
the  Dismal  Swamp 
of  Virginia  to  the 
Everglades  of  Flor¬ 
ida,  and  along  the 
Gulf  coast  to  Tex¬ 
as.  These  are 
covered  with  cy¬ 
press,  magnolias, 
and  yellow  jessa¬ 
mine. 

II.  South  of  Virginia  the  shores  of  the  Southern  States  are  curtained  with 
a  chain  of  long,  narrow,  and  sandy  islands.  Between  these  are 
navigable  inlets;  but,  as  they  are  mostly  obstructed  with  sand-bars, 
there  are  not  many  southern  harbors  into  which  the  largest  vessels 
can  enter. 

111.  The  coast  region  and  the  Pine  Barrens  form  the  tide-water  section  of 
the  South  Atlantic  States.  On  or  near  the  “  Ridge  ”  which  separates 
this  section  from  the  upland  region  are  the  most  important  inland 
cities  of  these  states,  —  Richmond,  Petersburg,  Raleigh,  Columbia, 
Augusta,  Milledgeville,  and  Montgomery. 

4.  The  Appalachian  mountain-system  extends  in  a  south¬ 
westerly  direction  from  Virginia  into  central  Alabama. 

5.  Central  Plain.  —  The  Central  Plain,  or  Mississippi  valley, 
includes  the  greater  part  of  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Ten¬ 
nessee,  Alabama,  and  the  whole  of  Mississippi.  The  general 
slope  is  toward  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

6.  Climate. — The  northern  part  of  the  south-eastern  states 
has  a  warm-temperate,  and  the  southern  a  semi-tropical,  climate. 
The  summers  are  long  and  hot,  and  in  the  far  South  there  is 
scarcely  any  winter.  Abundant  rain,  from  the  moist  winds 


PICKING  COTTON. 


of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  falls  in  this 
section. 

7.  Vegetation.  —  The  magnolias,  the  palmetto,  and  the  cy¬ 
press,  with  pendent  moss,  characterize  the  coast  belt  ;  farther 
inland  is  the  zone  of  the  pine  ;  this  is  succeeded  by  forests  of 
oak  and  the  deciduous  trees.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  coast 
region  are  forests  of  live-oak,  the  most  valuable  timber  for 
ship-building. 

8.  Rivers.  —  The  rivers  of  this  section  belong  to  three  sys¬ 

tems,  —  the  Atlantic 
system,  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  system,  and  the 
Gulf  system. 

9.  Natural  Advan¬ 
tages.  —  The  soil  is 
admirably  adapted  for 
the  growth  of  cotton 
and  the  cereals,  and, 
in  the  southern  part, 
of  semi-tropical  fruits. 
The  forests  supply 
ship-timber  and  naval 
stores.  Coal  and  iron, 
salt,  marble,  and  gyp¬ 
sum,  are  among  the 
mineral  riches  of  this 
section. 

10.  Agriculture.  — 
The  fertile  soil,  abun¬ 
dant  moisture*  and 
warm  temperature,  of 
this  section,  give  rise 
to  its  great  industry, 

—  agriculture.  The  chief  products  are  cotton,  tobacco,  corn, 
rice,  and  sweet-potatoes. 

Cotton :  Mississippi,  Georgia,  and  Alabama.  Tobacco :  Kentucky, 
Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina.  Corn:  Kentucky,  Ten¬ 
nessee,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia.  Rice  :  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  and  North  Carolina.  Sweet-potatoes :  North  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi. 

11.  Other  industries  pursued  in  the  Southern  States  are 
manufacturing,  mining,  lumbering,  and  commerce. 

Manufactures. —  The  principal  manufacturing  establishments  are  iron¬ 
works,  rolling-mills,  cotton  and  woolen  mills,  hemp-factories,  lumber-mills, 
and  tobacco-factories. 

Mining.  —  Coal  and  iron  abound  in  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Tennessee, 
and  Alabama,  and  the  mining  interest  is  developing  rapidly. 

Lumbering  is  largely  carried  on  in  the  pine-forests  of  the  coast  region. 
From' the  long-leaved  pitch-pine  (a  different  tree  from  the  northern  pine) 
are  obtained  naval  stores  ;  that  is,  pitch,  tar,  and  turpentine. 

Commerce.  —  The  chief  exports  are  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  lumber,  and 
naval  stores,  shipped  from  Norfolk,  Charleston,  Savannah,  and  Mobile, 
which  are  the  principal  seaports. 


SOUTHERN  STATES:  EASTERN  DIVISION. 


3° 


THE  STATES. 


STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
In  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

Virginia  .  .  . 

West  Virginia  . 
North  Carolina  . 
South  Carolina  . 
Georgia .... 

42,450 

24,780 

52C50 

30.570 

59.475 

1,512,565 
618,457 
1,399,75° 
995,577 
1,542,  tSo 

Florida  .... 
Kentucky  .  .  . 

Tennessee  .  .  . 
Alabama  .  .  . 

Mississippi  .  . 

58,680 

40,400 

42,050 

52,250 

46,810 

269,493 

1,648,690 

1 ,542,359 
1,262,505 

M31, 597 

1.  Virginia  is  principally  engaged  in  agriculture,  the  leading- 
staples  being  tobacco,  wheat,  and  corn.  Secondary  interests 
are  mining,  market-gardening,  and  oystering. 

2.  Chief  Cities.  —  Richmond,  at  the  head  of  tide-water  on 
the  James  River,  is  the  capital  and  largest  city,  and  is  noted 
for  its  tobacco-factories,  flour-mills,  and  iron-works.  Norfolk 
is  the  principal  seaport  of  Virginia.  Petersburg,  at  the  head 
of  tide-water  on  the  Appomattox,  has  a  large  trade  in  grain 
and  tobacco. 

3.  West  Virginia  is  rich  in  coal,  iron,  salt,  and  petroleum  ; 
and  the  development  of  these  resources,  together  with  agricul¬ 
ture,  constitutes  her  principal  industries. 

4.  Chief  Cities. — Wheeling,  on  the  Ohio  River,  is  the  cap¬ 
ital  and  largest  city,  and  contains  numerous  iron-works  and 
manufactories.  Parkersburg  is  next  in  importance. 

5.  North  Carolina  is  chiefly  engaged  in  raising  tobacco,  cot¬ 
ton,  corn,  and  sweet-potatoes.  Lumbering  is  important,  and  in 
this  and  the  production  of  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  and  rosin,  she 
is  the  leading  state. 

6.  Chief  Cities.  —  Wilmington  is  the  largest  city  and  chief 
seaport.  Raleigh  is  the  capital. 

7.  South  Carolina  is  noted  for  the  production  of  cotton  of 
the  finest  quality,  and  of  rice,  in  the  growing  of  which  she  is 
the  leading  state. 

8.  Chief  Cities.  —  Charleston,  the  largest  city,  is  a  leading 
cotton  port.  Columbia  is  the  capital. 

9.  Georgia  ranks  as  the  first  of  the  Southern  States  in  manu¬ 
factures,  and  the  second  in  the  production  of  cotton,  rice,  and 
sweet-potatoes. 


10.  Chief  Cities.  —  Savannah  is  an  important  city  and  the 
principal  seaport.  Atlanta,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  a 
railroad,  manufacturing,  and  business  center.  Augusta,  Macon, 
and  Columbus  are  cotton-manufacturing  cities. 

11.  Florida  is  noted  for  its  production  of  oranges,  lemons, 
figs,  and  other  semi-tropical  fruits. 

12.  Chief  Cities.  —  Key  West  and  Jacksonville  are  the 
largest  cities.  Pensacola  is  an  important  seaport.  Tallahassee 
is  the  capital. 

13.  Kentucky  ranks  as  the  first  of  the  Southern  States  in 
population  and  in  the  production  of  tobacco  and  hemp. 

14.  Chief  Cities.  —  Louisville,  on  the  Ohio  River,  is  the 
largest  city  and  the  commercial  center  of  the  state.  Covington 
and  Newport,  connected  by  bridges  with  Cincinnati,  are  manu¬ 
facturing  points.  Frankfort  is  the  capital. 

15.  Tennessee  is  divided  into  East  Tennessee,  Middle  Ten¬ 
nessee,  and  West  Tennessee.  The  leading  occupations  are 
mining  and  grazing  in  the  eastern,  the  raising  of  cotton,  corn, 
and  wheat  in  the  middle,  and  cotton  and  tobacco  growing  in 
the  western  section. 

16.  Chief  Cities.  —  Memphis,  on  the  Mississippi,  is  the 
principal  cotton  and  grain  mart  between  St.  Louis  and  New 
Orleans.  Nashville,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  the  business 
center  of  Middle  Tennessee.  Knoxville  and  Chattanooga  are 
the  chief  cities  of  East  Tennessee. 

17.  Alabama  is  principally  engaged  in  raising  cotton  and 
corn  ;  but  manufacturing  and  the  working  of  her  coal  and  iron 
mines  are  growing  industries. 

18.  Chief  Cities.  —  Mobile,  the  largest  city,  is  a  leading- 
cotton  port.  Montgomery  the  capital,  Selma,  and  Tuscaloosa, 
are  important  depots  of  the  cotton  business. 

19.  Mississippi  is  distinguished  as  the  leading  state  in  the 
culture  of  cotton.  Over  half  a  million  bales  of  this  staple  are 
produced  in  the  state  every  year. 

20.  Chief  Cities.  —  Vicksburg,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
Natchez,  a  river  town  one  hundred  miles  farther  south,  are  the 
most  important  places.  Jackson  is  the  capital.  Mississippi  has 
no  large  seaport. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


History.  —  “Virginia”  was  the  name  given  by  the  English  to  nearly  the 
whole  Atlantic  coast,  after  the  explorations  and  attempted  settlements  made 
under  the  patronage  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1584-87.  The  first  settle¬ 
ment  within  the  limits  of  the  state  was  made  by  an  English  colony  at  James¬ 
town,  in  1607.  West  Virginia  formed  a  part  of  the  state  of  Virginia  till 
1862,  when  it  was  organized  as  a  separate  state.  The  first  settlements  in 
North  Carolina  were  made  between  1640  and  1650,  by  emigrants  from  Vir¬ 
ginia.  The  first  settlement  in  South  Carolina  was  made  by  English  set¬ 
tlers  in  1670,  at  Old  Charleston.  The  Carolinas,  North  and  South,  formed 
one  province  till  1 729. 

The  first  settlement  in  Georgia  was  made  in  1  733,  at  Savannah,  by  an 
English  colony,  led  by  Gen.  James  Oglethorpe. 

The  first  European  settlement  in  Florida  was  made  on  the  River  St. 
John's  in  1564,  by  a  colony  of  French  Huguenots  ;  but  the  Spaniards,  claim¬ 
ing  the  whole  country,  massacred  the  settlers,  and  in  1565  founded  St. 
Augustine,  the  oldest  town  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  In  1819 


Florida  was  purchased  from  Spain  by  the  United  States  for  five  million 
dollars. 

Kentucky  is  the  oldest  of  the  states  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains. 
The  way  for  the  settlement  of  both  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  was  prepared 
by  the  explorations  of  the  bold  North  Carolina  hunter,  Daniel  Boone.  In 
1775  lasting  settlement  in  Kentucky  was  made  by  Boone  and  some  friends. 
Kentucky  came  into  the  Union  as  a  state  in  1792. 

The  first  settlement  in  Tennessee  (originally  a  part  of  North  Carolina) 
was  made  in  1778  by  a  party  of  refugees  from  British  tyranny  in  Carolina. 
Tennessee  entered  the  Union  in  1796. 

The  territory  now  occupied  by  Alabama  and  Mississippi  belonged  to  the 
state  of  Georgia,  and  by  that  state  was  in  1800  ceded  to  the  United  States. 
The  region  was  then  organized  as  the  “  Territory  of  Mississippi.”  In  1817 
the  state  of  Mississippi  was  carved  out  of  this  territory,  and  in  1819,  the 
state  of  Alabama. 

Names.  —  Virginia  (a  name  which,  as  before  said,  was  at  first  given  to  the 


SOUTHERN  STATES  :  EASTERN  DIVISION. 


3i 


are  a  large 


whole  Atlantic  coast  claimed  by  the  English)  was  so  called  in  honor  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  “the  Virgin  Queen.”  West  Virginia  was  so  called  when  formed 
into  a  state,  in  1862.  The  Carolinas  were  so  named  in  honor  of  the  English 


king,  Charles  II.  (Latin,  Carolus). 


The  name  “  Georgia 


was  given  in  honor 


of  the  English  king,  George  II.,  who  granted  the  territory  to  Oglethorpe  and 
other  “  trustees.”  Florida  was  so  named  by  the  Spanish  explorer,  Ponce  de 
Leon,  because  the  region  was  discovered  on  Easter  Sunday,  called  in  Span¬ 
ish,  pascua Jlorida.  Kentucky  is  a  native  Indian  name,  signifying  “the  dark 
and  bloody  ground,”  because  in  aboriginal  times  it  was  the  battle-field  of  the 
northern  and  southern  Indians.  Tennessee  is  named  after  the  river  of  the 

same  name,  signifying  “  the  river  of  the  big 
bend.”  (Notice  on  the  map  the  great  curve 
made  by  the  Tennessee  River.)  Alabama 
is  called  after  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
signifying  “here  we  rest.”  Mississippi 
is  named  after  the  Mississippi,  signifying 
“  the  father  of  waters.” 

Scenery  and  Curiosities.  —  The  pas¬ 
sage  of  the  Potomac  at  Harper’s  Ferry, 
Va.,  where  the  Shenandoah  and  Potomac 
rivers  force  their  united  streams  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  was  called  by  Thomas 
Jefferson  “  one  of  the  most  stupendous 
scenes  in  nature,  and  well  worth  a  voyage 
across  the  Atlantic  to  witness.”  In  Vir¬ 
ginia,  also,  is  the  famous  Natural  Bridge 
over  Cedar  Creek.  It  is  sixty  feet  long, 
and  spans  a  chasm  two  hundred  feet  in 
depth.  On  the  abutments  of  the  bridge 
there  are  many  names  carved  in  the  rock, 
of  persons  who  climbed  as  high  as  they 
dared  on  the  precipice.  Highest  of  all, 
for  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  century,  was 
that  of  George  Washington,  who,  when  a 
youth,  ascended  to  a  point  never  before 
reached.  However,  in  1818  this  feat  was 
surpassed  by  a  student  of  Washington 
College,  named  James  Piper,  who  actually 
climbed  from  the  foot  to  the  top  of  the 
rock.  In  Georgia  there  are  many  inter¬ 
esting  waterfalls,  among  which  the  most 
famous  are  the  falls  of  Tallulah,  536  feet 
high. 

One  of  the  greatest  natural  curiosities 
in  the  world  is  the  Mammoth  Cave  of 
Kentucky,  discovered  in  1809.  It  is  the 
largest  cave  known.  It  extends  nine 
miles,  and  contains  a  succession  of  mar¬ 
velous  chambers,  grottos,  domes,  bottom¬ 
less  pits,  lakes,  rivers,  and  cataracts.  The 
vaulted  roofs  are  studded  with  stalactites 
of  gigantic  size,  and  in  the  lakes  are  found 
eyeless  fish  and  crawfish. 


% 


The  southern  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida  is  of  coral  formation  ; 
and  the  Florida  Keys  —  so  called  from  the  Spanish  word  cay  os,  “  rocky 
islets”  —  are  coral  islands,  formed  during  unnumbered  ages  by  the  stony 
secretions  of  an  animal  called  the  coral  polyp.  Key  West,  the  most  im- 
i  portant  of  the  keys,  was  for  generations  the  haunt  of  pirates  and  smugglers, 

;  but  is  now  an  important  naval  station,  and  the  dwelling-place  of  a  band  of 
I  “  wreckers,”  whose  business  it  is  to  assist  vessels  in  distress.  The  sreat 
;  swamps  are  a  peculiar  feature  of  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States.  The 
most  noted  is  the  Great  Dismal  Sw’amp  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina, 
seventy-five  miles  in  length  by  twenty-five  miles  in  width.  The  soil  is  satu¬ 
rated  with  water,  and  the  surface  is  dotted  in  many  places  with  lakes  and 
standing  pools ;  but  the  swamp  is  for  the  most  part  covered  with  a  dense 
growth  of  cypress,  juniper,  gum,  and  cedar  trees.  Among  other  extensive 
morasses  are  Alligator  Swamp  of  North  Carolina,  Okefinokee  Swamp  of 
Georgia,  and  the  Everglades  of  Florida.  The  last  named  is  an  immense 
grassy  swamp  overgrown  with  cypress  and  water-oaks. 

Southern  Products.  —  The  cultivation  of  tobacco,  a  plant  indigenous  to 
America,  first  began  in  Virginia  about  1616,  soon  after  the  planting  of  the 
first  English  settlement  at  Jamestown.  In  the  early  days,  tobacco  was  not 
only  the  principal  article  of  export  from  Virginia,  but  was  the  chief  currency 
of  the  colony. 

Cotton  began  to  be  largely  cultivated  in  the  Southern  States  at  the  com¬ 
mencement  of  the  present  century.  The  rapid  growth  in  the  culture  of  this 
plant  was  largely  owing  to  the  invention  of  the  cotton-gin  by  Eli  Whitney, 
and  the  invention  of  new  machinery  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  into  cloth. 
The  demand  for  hands  to  cultivate  and  pick  cotton  on  the  great  plantations 
was  the  principal  cause  of  the  extension  of  slavery,  which  was  abolished 
during  the  war  of  secession. 

Rice  is  not  a  grain  indigenous  to  this  country.  Its  culture  in  the  South 
began  about  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  captain  of  a  ship 
from  Madagascar  brought  a  bag  of  seed-rice  to  Charleston,  and  gave  it 
to  the  governor,  who  distributed  it  among  his  friends.  They  planted  the 
seed :  it  increased  greatly,  and  so  rice  became  a  main  staple  of  South 
Carolina. 

North  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida  have  in  their  forests  an  important 
source  of  wealth.  From  the  yellow  pitch-pine  are  obtained  turpentine,  tar, 
and  pitch,  —  articles  so  important  in  the  arts  and  manufactures.  Turpentine 
is  the  sap  or  juice  of  the  pine-tree,  and  tar  is  obtained  by  the  combustion  of 
pine  billets.  Pitch  is  the  result  of  boiling  down  tar;  and  rosin,  of  distilling 
turpentine.  Many  of  the  pines  are  very  tall  and  straight,  and  these  are 
greatly  valued  for  masts  and  spars ;  while  the  live-oak,  the  hardest  and 
most  durable  of  woods,  furnishes  the  finest  material  for  ship-building. 

Last  of  all  to  be  mentioned  is  that 
useful  article,  the  sponge.  Sponges  ( 

were  long  regarded  as  plants ;  but 
naturalists  now  agree  that  they  belong 
to  the  animal  kingdom.  The  sponge 
is  found  in  great  quantities,  and  of 
an  excellent  quality,  off  the  coast  of 
Florida ;  and  the  sponge  fisheries 
and  growing  branch 
of  industry  in  that  part  of  the 
country. 


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SOUTHERN  STATES:  WESTERN  DIVISION. 


SOUTHERN  STATES:  WESTERN  DIVISION. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 


kansas,  Texas,  and 


Indian  Territory,  has  an  area  more  than  double  that  of  the 
New  England  and  the  Middle  States. 

2.  Surface.  —  The  south-eastern  portion  is  in  the  low  plain 
of  the  Mississippi  valley,  whence  the  surface  rises  westward 
into  the  Plains,  which  occupy  a  large  part  of  this  section. 

Along  the  coast  are  extensive  swamps  and  marshes.  North-western 
Texas  is  a  tableland,  rising  to  a  height  of  4,000  feet,  and  forming 
the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  some  outlying  ridges  of 
which  extend  into  this  state. 

3.  Drainage.  —  The  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  form  the 
principal  drainage  of  the  eastern  portion.  Most  of  the  rivers 
of  Texas  rise  in  the  western  plateau,  and  flow  south-east  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  southern  part  of  Louisiana  is  almost  on  the  river-level,  and  is 
liable  to  inundation  in  the  spring,  when  the  Mississippi  is  swollen. 
To  confine  it  within  its  banks,  levees ,  which  are  broad  walls  of 
earth,  have  been  constructed. 

4.  Climate.  —  The  climate  of  this  section  is  warm,  and  along 
the  Gulf  coast  semi-tropical.  The  eastern  part  has  abundant 
rains  ;  the  western  part  is  nearly  rainless. 

5.  Occupations.  —  The  principal  occupation  is  agriculture, 
the  chief  staples  being  corn,  cotton,  sugar,  and  tobacco.  The 
prairies  of  Texas  are  the  grazing-grounds  of  millions  of  cattle. 

THE  STATES. 


REFERENCE  TABLE. 


STATES 

1 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880 

Population 
in  1880. 

STATES. 

Area  'n 

Sq  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

Louisiana  . 
Arkansas  .  .  . 

48,720 

53.^50 

939.946 

802,525 

Texas  .... 
Indian  I'erritory, 

265,780 

64,690 

I>59T>749 

76,895 

1.  Louisiana  is  an  important  state  on  account  of  its  valua¬ 
ble  staple  products,  and  its  commanding  commercial  position. 
The  principal  occupations  are  agriculture  and  commerce. 

1.  The  staple  products  are  the  sugar-cane,  cotton,  and  rice.  The  state 

produces  nine-tenths  of  all  the  sugar  raised  in  the  United  States, 
and  great  crops  of  cotton  and  rice. 

II.  The  commercial  facilities  of  the  state  arise  from  its  situation  at  the 
lower  part  of  the  Mississippi  valley  and  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  This  gives  it  the  control  both  of  the  foreign  and  the 
domestic  trade  of  this  rich  section. 

2.  Chief  Cities.  —  New  Orleans  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
Gulf  States,  and  the  greatest  cotton-market  in  the  world. 
Baton  Rouge,  the  capital,  and  Shreveport,  are  next  in  size. 

3.  Arkansas.  —  The  staple  products  of  this  state  are  cotton 
and  corn.  Stock-raising  is  extensive,  and  the  mineral  wealth  is 
great. 

4.  Cities.  —  Little  Rock  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 
Other  important  places  are  Fort  Smith,  Pine  Bluff,  and  Hot 
Springs. 

5.  Texas.  —  Texas,  the  largest  state  in  the  Union,  is  engaged 
in  stock-raising  and  agriculture.  The  chief  staples  are  corn, 
cotton,  cattle,  and  wool. 

6.  Chief  Cities.  —  Galveston,  the  largest  city,  has  an  ex¬ 
tensive  cotton-trade,  and  is  the  port  through  which  nearly  all 
the  exports  and  imports  of  the  state  pass.  Houston  is  a  hour- 


CATTLE  RANCHING  IN  TEXAS. 


ishing  city  and  important  railroad  center,  with  a  large  internal 
trade.  Austin  is  the  capital. 

7.  Indian  Territory.  —  Indian  Territory  is  a  section  of  coun¬ 
try  set  apart  by  the  government  of  the  United  States  for  the 
home  of  various  peaceable  tribes  of  Indians.  It  has  no  organ¬ 
ized  government. 

8.  Tahlequah,  the  capital  of  the  Cherokee  nation,  is  the  chit, 
town  of  the  territory. 


SOUTHERN  STATES  :  WESTERN  DIVISION. 


54 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


History.  —  “  Louisiana,”  in  the  last  century,  was  the  name  applied  to  an 
extensive  territory  including  the  whole  country  westward  from  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  not  occupied  by  Spain,  and  northward  to  the  southern  boundary  of 
British  America,  —  a  vast  region  then  in  possession  of  France.  In  the  year 
1803.  during  the  administration  of  Jefferson,  this  domain  was  purchased 
from  France  for  fifteen  millions  of 
dollars.  The  state  of  Louisiana  was 
organized  in  1 8 r  2,  and  all  the  rest  of 
Louisiana  took  the  name  of  “  Mis¬ 
souri.” 

Arkansas  was  a  portion  of  the 
territory  of  Louisiana.  In  1819  it 
was  set  off  as  a  distinct  territory, 
and  in  1836  it  was  admitted  as  a 
state. 

Texas,  originally  a  part  of  the 
Spanish  American  Possessions,  be¬ 
came  a  province  of  Mexico  in  1821. 

A  large  American  immigration  then 
took  place,  a  few  years  later  the 
people  declared  their  independence, 
and  in  1836  Texas  became  an  inde¬ 
pendent  republic.  Subsequently,  in 
1845,  Texas,  on  application,  was  ad¬ 
mitted  into  the  Union. 

Indian  Territory  was  originally  a 
part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase,  and 
embraced  the  whole  territory  of  Mis¬ 
souri.  It  has  been  reduced  to  its 
present  limits  by  the  successive 
formation  of  states  and  territories. 

Names.  —  Louisiana  was  so 
named  after  die  French  king,  Louis 
XIV.  The  state  of  Arkansas  is 
called  after  the  river  of  the  same 
name.  Texas  is  called  after  an  Indian  tribe  of  that  name.  Indian  Territory 
is  so  called  because  tribes  of  Indians  are  settled  there. 

Texas.  —  From  its  size  alone,  Texas  is  noteworthy  above  all  the  other 
states  of  the  Union.  It  extends  through  more  than  ten  degrees  of  latitude, 
and  twelve  degrees  of  longitude,  exceeding  in  area  either  France  or  the 
German  Empire.  In  fact,  both  as  regards  extent  of  territory  and  abundance 
and  variety  of  resources,  Texas  is  an  empire  in  itself.  It  has  the  finest 
facilities  for  agriculture,  producing  all  the  cereals,  together  with  cotton, 
sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  and  semi-tropical  fruits.  It  raises  more  beef-cattle 
than  am  other  state,  having,  by  the  census  of  1870,  over  three  million 
head.  Immense  stock-ranches,  having  herds  of  several  thousand  cattle  and 
horses,  are  common  in  this  state.  Great  attention  is  given  to  sheep-raising. 


In  addition  to  the  interests  already  developed,  Texas  has  many  other 
resources,  and  vast  capabilities  of  future  growth.  There  is  an  abundance 
of  most  valuable  timber,  and  great  deposits  of  coal,  iron,  salt,  and  other 
useful  minerals.  These  attractions  draw  a  superior  class  cf  emigrants  from 
other  states,  as  also  from  Germany  and  other  European  countries. 

Indian  Territory.  —  Indian  Terri/ 
tory  is  divided  into  various  reserva¬ 
tions,  the  most  important  of  which 
are  (see  map,  p.  42)  those  of  the 
Cherokees,  Chickasaws,  Choctaws, 
Creeks,  Seminoles,  and  Wachitas. 
Most  of  these  and  the  other  tribes 
have  at  various  periods  been  removed 
from  different  parts  of  the  Union  to 
their  present  locations  in  Indian  Ter¬ 
ritory.  The  Indian  population  (about 
60,000)  is  nearly  equally  divided  be¬ 
tween  those  that  are  settled  on  the 
reservations,  or  at  agencies,  and 
nomadic  tribes.  It  has  been  the  aim 
of  the  United  States  to  settle  the 
various  tribes  upon  separate  reser¬ 
vations,  where  they  may  be  free  from 
the  encroachments  of  the  whites, 
and  under  the  general  superintend¬ 
ence  and  protection  of  the  govern¬ 
ment.  Agents  are  appointed  by  the 
President  to  represent  the  United 
States  ;  but  each  tribe  has  its  own 
internal  government.  Several  of  the 
tribes,  as  the  Cherokees,  Choctaws, 
and  Creeks,  have  made  considerable 
progress  in  civilization  :  they  till  the 
soil,  raise  cattle  and  horses,  have 
schools,  and  have  also  books  and 
newspapers  printed  in  their  own  language. 

The  American  Bison.  —  The  American  bison,  commonly  but  wrongly 
called  the  buffalo,  ranges  from  northern  Texas  and  Indian  Territory  north¬ 
ward  through  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  Dakota.  These  animals  migrate  from 
north  to  south,  and  from  south  to  north,  according  to  the  season.  When 
traveling,  they  move  in  vast,  solid  columns  of  thousands  and  tens  of 
thousands.  Many  tribes  of  Indians  are  almost  entirely  dependent  on  the 
bison  for  food,  clothing,  and  dwellings.  The  use  of  the  dressed  hides  of 
the  bison  as  robes  has  caused  a  prodigious  slaughter  of  these  animals,  so 
that  they  are  rapidly  diminishing  in  number.  Originally  they  ranged  over 
nearly  the  whole  of  North  America;  but  they  are  now  confined  to  The 
Plains. 


NOMADIC  INDIANS. 


HERDS  OF  BISON. 


CENTRAL  STATES:  EASTERN  DIVISION. 


CENTRAL  STATES:  EASTERN  DIVISION. 


VIEW  OF  CHICAGO. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Situation.  —  This  group  of  states  is  situated  north  of  the 
Ohio  River,  and  east  of  the  Mississippi.  It  lies  wholly  in  the 
Central  Plain,  or  Mississippi  valley. 

2.  Surface.  —  The  surface  is  generally  level  or  rolling  prairie- 
land  ;  but  there  are  two  hilly  regions,  —  the  one  towards  the 
Ohio,  the  other  towards  Lake  Superior. 

The  larger  part  of  Ohio  consists  of  a  low  and  broken  tableland,  form¬ 
ing  the  western  slope  and  foot-hills  of  the  Appalachian  system. 
The  highlands  of  northern  Wisconsin,  and  the  upper  peninsula  of 
Michigan,  are  an  extension  of  the  Height  of  Land.  Wisconsin 
and  Michigan  possess  extensive  white-pine  forests. 

3.  Drainage.  —  The  rivers  in  these  states  belong  to  the 
Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence  systems.  Four  of  the  five  Great 
Lakes,  namely,  Erie,  Huron,  Michigan,  and  Superior,  lie  in  the 
northern  part  of  this  section. 

Lake  Superior  is  six  hundred  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and  nine  hun¬ 
dred  feet  deep  :  it  has  an  area  of  thirty-two  thousand  square  miles, 
being  large  enough  to  take  in  the  whole  of  the  state  of  Maine  or 
the  island  of  Ireland.  Lake  Michigan,  about  fifty  feet  lower  than 
Lake  Superior,  is  three-fourths  as  large,  and  not  quite  so  deep. 
Lake  Huron  is  two-thirds  as  large  as  Lake  Superior,  and  nearly 
twice  as  deep.  Lake  Erie  is  one-third  as  large  as  Lake  Superior, 
and  is  very  shallow,  being  less  than  one  hundred  feet  deep. 

4.  Climate.  —  The  climate  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Atlantic 
States  in  the  same  latitude,  — the  summers  are  hot,  the  winters 
mild  in  the  southern,  and  cold  in  the  northern  part. 

5.  Productions  and  Pursuits.  —  The  leading  pursuits  are 
agriculture  and  grazing  ;  but  manufacturing,  mining,  and  com¬ 
merce  are  all  great  and  important  industries. 

Agriculture.  —  The  broad  and  fertile  prairies  are  admirably  adapted  both 
for  tillage  and  grazing.  Of  wheat,  corn,  wool,  and  live-stock,  the  quantity- 
produced  is  greater  than  in  any  other  part  of  our  country  of  equal  extent. 


Manufacturing.  —  Manufacturing,  though  in  importance  secondary  to 
agriculture,  is  pursued  on  a  great  and  growing  scale.  The  principal  articles 
produced  are  flour,  agricultural  implements,  machinery,  and  cotton  and 
woolen  goods. 

Mining. —  Coal  is  very  widely  distributed  throughout  this  section,  and  in 
inexhaustible  quantities.  There  are  valuable  iron  ores  in  Ohio  and  Michi¬ 
gan.  The  salt  deposits  of  Michigan  are  of  unsurpassed  richness ;  lead  is 
mined  in  north-western  Illinois  and  southern  Wisconsin ;  and  the  Lake 
Superior  copper-mines  are  the  richest  in  the  world. 

Commerce.  —  The  means  of  communication  afforded  by  nature  are  the 
numerous  large  navigable  streams,  especially  the  Mississippi  and  its  tribu¬ 
taries,  which  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Great  Lakes,  which,  with 
the  St.  Lawrence,  give  communication  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  These 
splendid  natural  commercial  facilities  are  further  increased  by  a  network  of 
railroads  built  by  the  enterprise  of  the  Western  people.  The  principal 
exports  are  wheat,  flour,  corn,  pork,  bacon,  beef,  cheese,  wool,  and  copper. 

THE  STATES. 


REFERENCE  TABLE. 


STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880: 

Population 
in  1880. 

Ohio . 

41,060 

3,198,062 

Wisconsin  .  . 

.  I  56,040 

I.31 5,497 

Indiana  .... 

36.350 

1,978,301 

Michigan  .  . 

•  58.91 5 

1,636,937 

Illinois  .... 

56,650 

3.077,871 

1.  Ohio  is  one  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  progressive  of  the 
Central  States,  and,  in  the  amount  and  variety  of  its  manufac¬ 
tures,  is  the  first  state  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 

2.  Chief  Cities.  —  Cincinnati  the  metropolis,  and  the  largest 
city  of  the  Ohio  valley,  is  a  great  manufacturing  and  commer¬ 
cial  point.  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  and  Toledo,  all  lake  ports,  are 

1  important  manufacturing  and  commercial  centers.  Columbus 
is  the  capital. 

3.  Indiana.  —  The  natural  advantages  of  Indiana  consist  in 
I  its  fertile  soil,  its  extensive  deposits  of  coal  and  iron,  and  the 


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K  AS  LX  T  V-  <-  > 

VICINITY  OF 

CINCINNATI  4' 

Scale ....  t  ,  5  Miles 


CENTRAL  STATES  :  EASTERN  DIVISION. 


■5  *7 

57 


WISCONSIN  SCENES. 


facilities  for  communication  afforded  by  its  rivers.  The  pros¬ 
perity  of  the  state  is  based  on  its  agricultural,  mining,  and 
manufacturing  interests. 

4.  Chief  Cities.  —  Indianapolis,  the  capital  and  largest  city, 
is  the  center  of  numerous  railroads,  and  is  an  active  manufac¬ 
turing  and  commercial  point.  Evansville,  Fort  Wayne,  and 
Terre  Haute,  rank  next  in  population,  and  are  important  manu¬ 
facturing  and  trading  cities. 

5.  Illinois.  —  Illinois  is  one  of  the  most  populous  and  wealthy 
of  the  Central  States,  leading  all  others  in  the  value  of  its  agri¬ 
cultural  productions,  and  commanding  the  trade  both  of  the 
Mississippi  River  and  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

6.  Chief  Cities.  —  Chicago  is  the  commercial  metropolis,  and 
the  largest  city  on  the  northern  lakes.  It  has  an  extensive  lake 
commerce,  is  the  center  of  the  railroad  system  of  the  surround¬ 
ing  states,  and  ranks  as  the  greatest  wheat,  corn,  and  live-stock 
market  in  the  Union. 

In  commercial  importance  Chicago  ranks  next  to  New  York.  More 
than  10,000  miles  of  railroad  are  directly  tributary  to  Chicago,  and 
350  trains  enter  and  leave  daily,  giving  700  arrivals  and  departures. 
Its  commerce  exceeds  $500,000,000  annually.  It  is  the  greatest 
grain-market  in  the  world.  The  grain  is  received  and  shipped  in 
bulk.  It  is  lifted  into  elevators  from  railroad-cars  by  buckets  run¬ 
ning  on  an  endless  chain,  and  operated  by  powerful  steam-machinery, 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN  AND  PICTURED  ROCKS. 


and  is  emptied  through  spouts  into  the  holds  of  vessels.  There  are 
twenty-four  of  these  immense  elevator-warehouses,  the  total  capacity 
of  all  being  over  20,000,000  bushels. 

Among  other  important  cities  are  Ouincy,  Peoria,  and  Bloom¬ 
ington.  Springfield  is  the  capital. 

7.  Wisconsin.  —  Extensive  forests  in  the  north,  rich  deposits 
of  lead  and  iron,  a  fertile  soil,  and  great  facilities  for  commerce, 
form  the  principal  natural  advantages  of  this  state.  The  lead¬ 
ing  industries  are  agriculture,  mining,  lumbering,  and  manufac¬ 
turing. 

8.  Chief  Cities.  —  Milwaukee  is  the  commercial  metropolis. 
It  is  a  great  wheat-market,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
flourishing  cities  of  the  North-west.  Fond  du  Lac,  Oshkosh, 
and  Racine  come  next  in  importance.  Madison  is  the  capital. 

9.  Michigan.  —  Michigan  consists  of  two  peninsulas.  The 
upper  peninsula  is  rugged,  and  in  parts  mountainous,  with  a 
generally  sterile  soil  ;  but  it  is  valuable  on  account  of  its  rich 
veins  of  copper  and  iron,  and  its  heavy  pine-forests.  The 
lower  peninsula  has  a  generally  level  surface,  a  fine  climate, 
and  a  fertile  soil.  The  leading  industries  are  lumbering,  salt¬ 
making,  farming,  fruit-raising,  and  manufacturing,  in  the  lower 
peninsula ;  and  copper  and  iron  mining  in  the  upper  peninsula. 

10.  Chief  Cities. —  Detroit  has  the  best  harbor  on  the  Great 
Lakes,  and  is  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  in  foreign  and  do¬ 
mestic  commerce.  Grand  Rapids,  and  Blast  Saginaw,  and  Sag¬ 
inaw  City,  rank  next  in  importance.  Lansing  is  the  capital. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


History. —  In  1787  Congress  organized  the  vast  uninhabited  region  north 
of  the  Ohio  into  a  territory  called  the  North-west  Territory,  and  decreed 
that  a  certain  number  of  states  should  be  formed  from  it  when  each  should 
have  a  population  of  60,000. 

The  first  state  carved  out  of  the  North-west  Territory  was  Ohio,  admitted 
into  the  Union  in  1802.  Its  first  white  population  consisted  of  a  company 
of  New-England  pioneers  under  the  guidance  of  Gen.  Rufus  Putnam;  and 
the  first  settlement  was  made  at  Marietta,  so  named  after  Marie  Antoinette. 

Indiana  was  originally  a  part  of  the  North-west  Territory.  When  Ohio 
became  a  state,  all  the  remainder  of  the  North-west  Territory  received  the 
name  of  Indiana  Territory;  and  from  a  part  of  this  territory  the  state  of 
Indiana  was  created,  in  1816.  Illinois  was  first  a  part  of  the  North-west 
Territory,  afterwards  of  Indiana  Territory,  and  was  admitted  into  the 


Union  in  1818.  Wisconsin  was  penetrated  by  the  early  French  missiona¬ 
ries,  traders,  and  trappers,  over  two  hundred  years  ago.  The  first  perma¬ 
nent  settlement  was  made  at  Green  Bay,  in  1745.  Wisconsin  was  first 
part  of  the  North-west  Territory,  then  part  of  Indiana  Territory,  then  of 
Illinois  Territory,  and  afterwards  of  Michigan  Territory,  In  1836  it  became 
a  separate  territory,  and  in  1848  was  admitted  as  a  state.  Michigan  was  first 
a  part  of  the  North-west  Territory,  and  afterwards  of  Indiana  Territory. 
In  1805  it  became  a  separate  territory,  and  in  1837  was  admitted  as  a  state. 

Names.  —  Ohio  was  named  from  the  Ohio  River,  which  in  the  Indian 
language  signifies  “  river  of  blood.”  Indiana  is  a  name  formed  from  the 
word  “  Indian.”  Illinois  took  its  name  from  the  Illinois  River  and  tribe  of 
Indians.  Wisconsin  took  its  name  from  the  Wisconsin  River.  Michigan 
took  its  name  from  Lake  Michigan. 


1 


CENTRAL  STATES:  WESTERN  DIVISION 


CENTRAL  STATES:  WESTERN  DIVISION. 


VIEW  Or  ST.  LOU  S. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

1.  Situation. — This  group  includes  the  states  of  Minnesota, 
Iowa,  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska,  with  Dakota  Territory. 

The  boundary  separating  this  section  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada 
is  formed  by  the  49th  parallel,  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Rainy  River, 
Rainy  Lake,  Crooked  Lake,  and  Pigeon  River. 

2.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  The  western  part  is  in 
the  Plains  ;  the  eastern,  in  the  low  plain  of  the  Mississippi,  to 
which  the  ground  falls  by  a  slight  slope  from  the  foot-hills  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

I 

The  only  considerable  elevations  are  the  short  ranges  and  knobs  of  the 
Ozark  Mountains  in  Missouri,  and  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota. 

3.  Drainage.  —  Most  of  the  rivers  of  this  section  are  tribu¬ 
taries  of  the  Mississippi. 

I  he  Mississippi  rises  in  Lake  Itasca  in  northern  Minnesota,  on  the 
Height  of  Land.  Issuing  from  Lake  Itasca  as  a  slender  rivulet 
(from  ten  to  twelve  feet  in  width),  it  receives  the  waters  of  various 
lakes  and  small  streams,  and  is  swelled  by  the  two  main  tributaries, 
—  the  Minnesota  and  St.  Croix.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats 
below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

4.  Climate.  —  The  climate  of  this  region  presents  great 
extremes  :  the  summers  are  warm  ;  the  winters,  exceedingly 
severe,  especially  in  the  northern  part. 

5.  Productions  and  Pursuits.  —  The  principal  pursuits  are 
agriculture,  stock-raising,  and  mining. 


Agriculture. — The  soil  of  the  river-valleys  is  exceedingly  fertile.  The 
staple  products  are  corn,  wheat,  hay,  oats,  hemp,  and  potatoes.  Stock-raising 
is  largely  carried  on. 

Mining. —  In  the  number,  extent,  and  value  of  its  mineral  deposits, 
Missouri  surpasses  every  other  state.  Those  most  largely  mined  are  iron, 
lead,  and  coal.  Iowa  has  inexhaustible  fields  of  bituminous  coal,  and  is 
rich  in  lead.  Kansas  has  abundant  deposits  of  coal,  iron,  and  salt.  Dakota 
has  very  rich  and  productive  gold-mines. 

Commerce.  —  These  states  are  crossed  by  many  navigable  rivers  and  by 
numerous  railroads,  which  connect  with  trunk  lines  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

THE  STATES. 


REFERENCE  TABLE. 


STATES. 

Area  in 
Sa.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

Minnesota  .  .  . 

8.3-365 

780,773 

Kansas  .... 

82,080 

996,096 

Iowa . 

56,025 

1,624,615 

Nebraska  .  .  . 

77.505 

452,402 

Missouri  .  .  . 

69,415 

2,168,380 

Dakota  Territory, 

148,450 

I35-I77 

1.  Minnesota.  —  Minnesota  occupies  the  central  part  of 
North  America,  and  includes  the  Height  of  Land,  which 
divides  the  Arctic  Plain  from  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 
The  leading  industries  are  agriculture  (the  chief  products  being 
wheat  and  oats),  lumbering,  and  manufacturing,  the  principal 
articles  being  sawed  lumber  and  flour. 

Minnesota,  together  with  Wisconsin  and  the  upper  peninsula  of 
Michigan,  forms  an  extensive  undulating  tableland,  with  an  average 
height  of  about  1,000  feet.  In  north-western  Minnesota  the  sur- 


North  3  Latitude 


40 


CENTRAL  STATES:  WESTERN  DIVISION. 


MISSOURI  SCENES.  ^ 


face  reaches  a  height  of  1,700  feet.  This  elevation,  known  as  the 
“Height  of  Land”  (the  highest  region  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  Hudson  Bay),  forms  a  watershed  which  sends  out  streams  to  all 
points  of  the  compass. 

2.  Chief  Cities.  —  St.  Paul  is  the  capital.  Minneapolis,  the 
largest  city,  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  possesses  unlimited 
water-power,  and  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  flour  and 
lumber. 

3.  Iowa.  —  Iowa  possesses  a  fertile  prairie  soil,  and  rich 
deposits  of  coal  and  lead.  Agriculture  is  the  leading  indus¬ 
try  ;  but  lead  and  coal  mining  are  extensively  carried  on. 

The  coal-field  of  Iowa  embraces  an  area  of  several  thousand  square 
miles,  and  is  practically  inexhaustible.  The  coal  is  bituminous  and 
of  excellent  quality.  The  lead-mines  in  the  Galena  limestone  have 
been  worked  for  many  years. 

4.  Chief  Cities.  —  Dubuque  and  Davenport,  Burlington  and 
Keokuk,  all  on  the  Mississippi,  are  important  cities.  Des 
Moines  is  the  capital. 

5.  Missouri.  —  Missouri  is  the  most  populous  state  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  has  an  area  nearly  equal  to  that  of  New 
England. 

Extensive  iron-mining  is  carried  on  in  the  section  south  of 
St.  Louis,  and  the  mining  of  lead  and  coal  is  an  important 
industry.  Agriculture  is  a  leading  occupation  ;  and  great  crops 
of  corn,  wheat,  rye,  tobacco,  hemp,  and  grapes  are  raised  in 
the  prairie  section.  The  manufacturing  interest  is  large  and 
increasing. 

1  his  state  possesses  the  navigation  of  the  two  greatest  rivers  in  the 
United  States.  By  means  of  the  Mississippi,  which  forms  the 
entire  eastern  boundary,  the  state  has  water  communication  with 
the  most  northern  part  of  the  Union;  by  means  of  the  Missouri 
River,  internal  communication  is  extended  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
1  Iiese  two  great  channels  are  the  final  reservoirs  of  all  the  streams 
of  the  state. 

6.  Chief  Cities.  —  St.  Louis,  the  largest  city  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  occupies  a  commanding  position  for  domes¬ 
tic  and  foreign  commerce,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  iron-manu¬ 
factures.  A  magnificent  steel  bridge  crosses  the  Mississippi 
River  at  this  point.  Kansas  City  and  St.  Joseph  are  the  places 
next  in  importance.  Jefferson  City  is  the  capital. 


7.  Kansas.  —  The  natural  wealth  of  Kansas  consists  of  a 
fertile  soil,  abundant  pasturage  for  stock,  rich  deposits  of  coal, 
and  ready  means  of  communication.  The  leading  industries 
are  agriculture  in  the  eastern  section,  and  stock-raising  on  the 
great  grassy  prairies  to  the  west. 

The  prairies  are  covered  with  a  variety  of  nutritious  grasses,  which 
last  all  winter,  drying  into  hay  on  the  ground,  and  supporting  vast 
herds  of  beef-cattle,  which  require  no  housing. 

8.  Chief  Cities.  —  Leavenworth  is  the  largest  city  in  Kansas. 
The  places  next  in  importance  are  Lawrence,  and  Topeka  the 
capital. 

9.  Nebraska  resembles  Kansas  in  its  natural  wealth,  and  in 
the  occupations  of  the  people. 

The  raising  of  corn,  wheat,  and  other  cereals,  and  fruit-growing,  are 
carried  on  with  great  success  in  the  eastern  section.  Beef-cattle  and 
other  live-stock  are  raised  in  great  numbers  in  the  western  crazing: 
regions.  Its  cheap  and  fertile  lands,  together  with  the  ready  means 
of  communication,  are  rapidly  making  Nebraska  a  great  and  popu¬ 
lous  state. 

€ 

10.  Chief  Cities.  —  Omaha  is  the  largest  city.  Lincoln  is 
the  capital. 

1 1.  Dakota.  —  Agriculture,  stock-raising,  and  mining  are  the 
chief  occupations  of  the  people  of  Dakota  Territory. 

This  territory  is  the  home  of  the  Sioux,  or  Dakota,  and  the  Mandan 
tribes  of  Indians.  Vast  herds  of  buffalo,  elk,  deer,  and  antelope 
range  over  the  western  portion.  The  “  Bad  Lands  ”  are  an  exten¬ 
sive  arid  tract  in  the  south-west.  But  the  river  bottoms  are  exceed¬ 
ingly  fertile,  and  the  most  extensive  wheat  farms  in  the  world  are 
in  Northern  Dakota. 

12.  Capital.  —  Yankton  is  the  capital  and  largest  place. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 

History.  —  Minnesota  was  first  explored  by  the  Jesuit  missionaries,  two 
hundred  years  ago,  and  was  a  part  of  the  great  Louisiana  purchase.  It  was 
organized  as  a  territory  in  1849,  and  became  a  state  in  1858. 

Iowa  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase.  It  was  organized 
as  a  separate  territory  in  1838,  and  admitted  as  a  state  in  1846. 

Missouri  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase,  and,  when  the 
present  state  of  Louisiana  was  admitted,  the  remainder  of  the  extensive 
domain  was  erected  into  the  territory  of  Missouri.  The  state  was  formed 
from  a  part  of  this  territory,  and  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1820. 

Kansas  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase.  It  first  came 
prominently  into  notice  in  1854,  when  a  law  was  passed  organizing  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  Territory,  and  leaving  to  “  popular  sovereignty  ”  the 
question  whether  it  should  be  a  free  or  a  slave  state.  The  friends  of  both 
sides  poured  into  this  territory,  and  for  several  years  its  soil  was  the  scene 
of  lawlessness  and  bloodshed;  but  the  rfnti-slavery  party  triumphed,  and 
Kansas  was  admitted  as  a  free  state,  Jan.  30,  1861. 

Nebraska,  originally  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase,  was,  jointly  with 
Kansas,  organized  into  a  territory  in  1854.  When  Kansas  became  a  state, 
in  1 861,  Nebraska  remained  for  some  years  a  territory,  but  finally  was 
admitted  into  the  Union  in  1867. 

Dakota,  originally  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase,  became  a  part  of 
Minnesota  Territory,  which  was  organized  in  1849.  B  was  organized  as 
a  territory  in  1861,  but  it  then  included  the  present  territories  of  Montana 
and  Wyoming.  The  first  permanent  settlements  of  whites  were  made 
in  1859. 

Names. —  Minnesota  is  called  after  the  river  of  the  same  name,  si<rni- 
fying  “  cloudy  river.”  Iowa  is  called  after  the  river  of  the  same  name  :  it 
is  the  French  form  of  an  Indian  word  signifying  “the  sleepy  ones,”  the 
name  of  an  Indian  tribe.  Missouri  takes  its  name  from  its  chief  river,  siv- 
nifying  “muddy  water.”  Kansas,  meaning  “smoky  water;”  Nebraska, 
meaning  “  water  valley  ;  ”  and  Dakota,  signifying  “  leagued,”  the  common 
name  of  the  confederated  Sioux  tribes,  —  are  all  named  from  Indian  tribes 
identified  with  their  history. 


THE  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES 


4 1 


PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES 


VIEW  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

I.  —  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  AND  PLATEAU  DIVISION. 

1.  Situation.  —  This  group  includes  the  states  and  terri¬ 
tories  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  of  the  Great  Plateau. 

Colorado  and  Nevada  are  states;  Montana,  Wyoming,  New  Mexico, 
Idaho,  Utah,  and  Arizona  are  territories. 

2.  Surface. — The  great  natural  feature  of  this  region  is 
the  Rocky  Mountain  system,  the  main  axis  of  which  traverses 
it  in  a  general  south-easterly  direction.  The  Rocky  Mountains 
within  this  section  comprise  several  chains  more  or  less  parallel, 
and  connected  by  numerous  cross  ranges. 

I.  Some  of  the  grandest  scenery  in  the  world  is  found  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Among  the  most  remarkable  localities  are  the  moun¬ 
tain  scenery  and  “parks”  of  Colorado,  the  Fire  Hole  Basin,  and 
the  Canon  of  the  Yellowstone.  The  Fire  Hole  Basin  is  in  the  val¬ 
ley  of  the  Madison  River,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Missouri. 
It  contains  many  hundreds  of  boiling  springs  and  spouting  geysers, 
far  exceeding  those  of  Iceland  in  size  and  grandeur.  The  Grand 
Geyser,  the  most  magnificent  in  the  world,  throws  a  stream  of  hot 
water  to  a  height  of  300  feet.  The  Canon  of  the  Yellowstone  is  a 
great  mountain-rent,  with  perpendicular  basaltic  walls  from  1,000  to 
2,000  feet  high.  For  a  distance  of  twenty-five  miles  along  this 
mighty  chasm  the  river  rushes  with  fearful  velocity,  making  in  one 
place  a  leap  of  450  feet,  forming  one  of  the  grandest  of  waterfalls. 

1 1.  A  section  of  this  magnificent  mountain-region,  nearly  the  size  of  Con¬ 
necticut,  has  been  set  apart  by  Congress  as  a  great  “  National 
Park.”  Within  its  limits  are  not  less  than  ten  thousand  boiling 


springs  and  geysers,  and  many  grand  waterfalls,  deep  canons,  beau¬ 
tiful  lakes,  and  rugged  mountain-peaks. 

3.  Climate.  —  This  section  has  a  cool  climate,  owing  to  its 
elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  also  noted  for  its 
dryness.  This  is  due  to  its  great  distance  from  the  ocean,  the 
rain-clouds  from  which  are  deprived  of  their  moisture  by  the 
intervening  mountains. 

4.  Industries.  —  This  section  is  rich  in  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  and  coal  ;  and  the  vast  grassy  plains  afford  fine 
pasturage  :  hence  mining  and  stock-raising  form  the  leading 
industries  of  the  inhabitants. 

» 

THE  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


REFERENCE  TABLE. 


ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  DIVISION. 

GREAT  PLATEAU  DIVISION. 

STATES  OR  TERRI¬ 
TORIES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

STATES  OR  TERRI¬ 
TORIES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

Montana  Ter. 
Wyoming  Ter.  . 
Colorado  .  .  . 

New  Mexico  Ter. 

146,080 

97,890 

103,925 

122,580 

39U59 

20,789 

I94,327 

II9.S65 

Idaho  Territory  . 
Nevada  .... 
Utah  Territory  . 
Arizona  Ter.  .  . 

84,800 

1 10,700 
84,970 
x  13,020 

32,610 

62,266 

143.963 

40,440 

5.  Montana.  —  The  gold  and  silver  mines  of  Montana  are 
extensively  worked,  and  the  mountain  pastures  afford  great 
advantages  for  stock-raising. 


4 


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THE  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


43 


GREAT  SALT  LAKE. 


6.  Chief  Places.  —  Helena  is  the  capital  and  largest  town. 
Virginia  City  is  next  in  importance. 

7.  Wyoming.  —  The  principal  industries  oi  this  territory 
are  stock-raising  and  the  mining  of  coal  and  gold. 

8.  Chief  Places.  —  Cheyenne,  the  capital,  is  an  important 
railroad  center,  and  a  distributing  point  for  goods  to  all  parts  of 
the  highland  region  north  and  south.  Sherman  Station  (8,000 
feet)  is  the  highest  point  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  crossed  by 
the  Pacific  Railroad. 

9.  Colorado  is  divided  by  the  Rocky  Mountains  into  the 
eastern  section,  which  resembles  Kansas,  and  the  western  sec¬ 
tion,  which  is  a  mountain-plateau  region. 

The  leading  industries  are  gold  and  silver  mining,  largely 
carried  on  in  the  mountains,  and  grazing  and  agriculture  in  the 
eastern  section. 

10.  Chief  Places.  —  Denver  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 
The  many  important  railroad  lines  centering  here  make  it  the 
metropolis  of  an  extensive  region  of  country.  Leadville  ranks 
next  in  population. 

11.  New  Mexico  has  rich  mines,  which  are  being  rapidly 
opened  and  developed.  Stock-raising  is  also  extensively  carried 
on  in  the  valleys.  Santa  Fe  was  first  visited  by  the  Spaniards 
about  1542,  at  which  time  it  was  an  important  Indian  settlement. 

12.  Santa  F6  is  the  capital  and  largest  place. 

13.  Idaho  is  rich  in  gold  and  silver,  and  has  also  extensive 
deposits  of  salt,  coal,  and  iron. 

14.  The  capital  is  Boise  City. 

15.  Nevada.  —  Nevada  is  noted  for  its  silver-mines,  which 
for  a  number  of  years  yielded  more  than  one-half  of  all  the 
silver  annually  produced  in  the  United  States. 

16.  Chief  Places.  —  Virginia  City,  famous  for  its  rich  silver- 
mines,  is  the  largest  place.  Carson  City  is  the  capital. 

1 7.  Utah,  remarkable  as  the  home  of  the  Mormons,  is  rich 
in  silver-mines,  which  are  extensively  worked.  Agriculture  is 
carried  on  principally  by  means  of  irrigation. 

18.  Salt-Lake  City  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 

19.  Arizona.  —  Arizona  includes  the  hottest  and  dryest  por¬ 
tion  of  the  United  States.  The  northern  part  is  a  high  plateau, 
cut  through  by  the  stupendous  canon  of  the  Colorado  River. 


The  Colorado  River  has  worn  through  the  soft  strata  of  sandstone  a 
narrow  channel,  that  in  many  places  is  from  2,000  to  3,000  feet  deep. 
The  passage  through  this  deep  and  gloomy  canon  is  exceedingly 
dangerous. 

This  territory  is  rich  in  mines  of  silver,  copper,  and  other 
minerals,  which  are  being  extensively  developed.  The  Apaches, 
a  hostile  Indian  tribe,  have  until  recently  kept  every  thing  in  a 
backward  state. 

20.  The  capital  is  Prescott. 

II. —  PACIFIC  COAST  DIVISION. 

1.  Situation.  —  This  group  includes  the  states  of  California 
and  Oregon,  with  Washington  Territory  and  Alaska. 

2.  Seacoast.  —  Exclusive  of  Alaska,  this  section  has  a  coast 
line  of  about  one  thousand  miles.  Good  harbors,  however,  are 
not  numerous. 

3.  Surface.  — The  lofty  chain  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  extends 
through  California  into  Oregon  and  Washington,  where  it  is 
called  the  Cascade  Range.  The  Coast  Range  is  a  series  of  low 
chains  near  the  Pacific  coast. 

4.  The  climate  of  the  Pacific  Coast  is  unlike  that  of  any  other 
part  of  the  United  States.  In  California  and  Oregon  it  is  mild 
and  equable  throughout  the  year  ;  but  it  presents  great  extremes 
of  moisture,  the  rains  being  confined  to  the  period  from  Novem¬ 
ber  to  April,  and  no  rain  falling  during  the  other  months. 

THE  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


REFERENCE  TABLE. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

Area  in 
Square  Miles 
in  1880. 

Population 
in  1880. 

California . 

158,360 

864,694 

Oregon  . 

56,030 

174,768 

Washington  Territory  .  . 

69,180 

75»  ”6 

Alaska  Territory  .... 

53 1  >409 

33.426 

1.  California  ranks  as  the  wealthiest  and  most  populous  of 
the  Pacific  States.  It  is,  next  to  Texas,  the  largest  state  in 
the  Union. 

2.  Physical  Features.  — This  state  may  be  divided  into  four 


44 


THE  PACIFIC  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


sections  :  (i)  the  mountain-region  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  (2)  the 
desert  plateau-region  east  of  that  range,  (3)  the  fertile  valley- 
region  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coast  Range  moun¬ 
tains,  and  (4)  the  narrow  coast-belt  bordering  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

California  is  famed  for  its  grand  and  striking  natural  features.  Among 
these  are  the  Yosemite  Valley  and  Falls,  the  Big-Tree  Groves,  Lake 
Tahoe,  and  the  Geysers. 

3.  In  natural  wealth  this  state  is  highly  favored, 
in  gold,  quicksilver,  coal,  and 
other  minerals.  Its  fertile  soil 
and  favorable  climate  adapt  it 
to  the  production  of  the  grains 
and  fruits  both  of  the  temper¬ 
ate  and  semi-tropical  climes. 

Its  situation  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean  gives  it  command  of 
the  trade  with  the  Orient. 

4.  The  chief  industries  are 
agriculture,  stock-raising,  min¬ 
ing,  and  manufacturing.  Cali¬ 
fornia  is  the  leading  state  in  the 
export  of  wheat,  gold,  quick¬ 
silver,  wool,  and  wine.  The 
orange,  lemon,  fig,  olive,  and 
almond  are  cultivated  in  the 
central  and  the  southern  parts. 

5.  Chief  Cities.  —  San  Fran¬ 
cisco  is  the  commercial  empo¬ 
rium  of  the  whole  western 
coast  of  North  America,  and 


has  a  large  trade  with  China,  Japan,  India,  Australia,  the  Sand¬ 
wich  Islands,  and  other  islands  of  the  Pacific.  Oakland  ranks 
next  in  population.  Sacramento  is  the  capital. 

6.  Oregon  is  as  large  as  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  but  is 
thinly  populated.  The  leading  industries  are  agriculture,  to 
which  the  fertile  river-valleys  are  finely  adapted  ;  stock-raising, 
which  is  largely  engaged  in  ;  and  cutting  timber  from  the  im¬ 
mense  pine-forests  that  cover  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains.  The  salmon-fisheries  also  are  important. 

7.  Chief  Cities.  —  Portland, 
on  the  Willamette,  is  the  lar¬ 
gest  city.  Salem  is  the  capital. 

8.  Washington  Territory 
has  a  great  extent  of  seacoast, 
valuable  coal-fields,  and  exten¬ 
sive  forests  of  pine  and  cedar. 

9.  The  capital  is  Olympia, 
on  Puget  Sound. 

10.  Alaska.  —  This  great 
isolated  possession  (purchased 
from  Russia  in  1867)  is  unor¬ 
ganized,  but  is  governed  as  a 
county  of  Washington  Terri¬ 
tory. 

Its  forests,  fur-bearing  ani¬ 
mals,  and  seal-fisheries,  consti¬ 
tute  the  wealth  of  Alaska  ;  and 
its  small  population  of  Aleuts, 
half-breeds,  and  Indians  are 
engaged  in  hunting  and  the 
fisheries. 


It  is  rich 


NEVADA  SCENES. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  NOTES. 


History.  —  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  part  of  Montana  belong  to 
the  United  States  by  right  of  exploration  and  settlement  confirmed  by  treaty 
with  Spain  in  1819.  Utah,  Nevada,  and  California  were  included  in  the 
territory  ceded  by  Mexico  in  1848.  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  in  their  pres¬ 
ent  limits,  were  partly  in  the  Louisiana  purchase,  and  partly  in  the  cession 
of  1848.  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  were  partly  in  the  cession  of  1848,  and 


partly  in  the  Gadsden  purchase  from  Mexico  in  1853.  Montana  was  organ¬ 
ized  as  a  territory  in  1864,  and  Idaho  in  1863.  Oregon  was  organized  as  a 
territory  In  1848,  and  admitted  as  a  state  in  1859.  Washington  was  organ¬ 
ized  as  a  territory  in  1853,  and  Utah  in  1850.  Nevada  was  admitted  as  a 
state  in  1864;  California,  in  1850;  and  Colorado,  in  1876.  Wyoming  was  or¬ 
ganized  as  a  territory  in  1868;  New  Mexico,  in  1850;  and  Arizona,  in  1863. 


STANDARD  TIME. 


45 


STANDARD  TIME. 


1.  — On  the  1 8th  of  November,  1883,  the  principal  railway 
lines  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  adopted  a  new  method 
of  computing  and  recording  time,  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
a  uniform  time  standard  which  should  simplify  the  business 
of  transportation,  and  add  to  the  convenience  of  travelers.  It 
is  almost  wholly  for  purposes  of  travel  and  transportation  that 
the  majority  of  people  have  need  of  accurate  time  ;  and  every¬ 
where,  except  in  very  large  cities,  business  has  always  been 
regulated  by  railroad  time. 

2.  — The  defects  of  the  old  system  of  time  standards  were 
mainly  as  follows  :  — 

1.  There  were  formerly  more  than  fifty  standards  of  railway  time  in  the 
United  States.  Now  there  are  but  four. 

2.  The  old  standards  differed  from  each  other,  where  they  intersected, 
by  all  sorts  of  variations,  errors,  and  odd  minutes.  Now  the  differ¬ 
ences  between  the  standards  are  an  exact  hour,  and  the  minutes  and 
seconds  are  the  same  in  all  four  divisions. 

3.  Formerly  there  were  almost  innumerable  places  at  which  standards 
changed.  Now  the  points  of  change  are  few  in  number,  and  always 
at  prominent  points  of  railway  departure. 

4.  Formerly  almost  every  railway  center  had  two  or  three  standards  of 
time.  Chicago  used  three ;  Kansas  City  had  five ;  and  St.  Louis, 
where  fourteen  roads  center,  used  six  different  standards. 

3.  —  In  the  plan  which  has  now  been  adopted,  it  was  pro¬ 
posed  — 

1.  That  the  same  standard  should  govern  as  many  railroads  as  possible. 

2.  That  the  standards  should  not  extend  over  so  large  an  area  of  terri¬ 
tory  as  to  cause  standard  time  to  differ  at  any  point  by  more  than 
about  thirty  minutes  from  local  time  (mean  solar  time).1 

3.  That  each  standard  should  vary  from  the  adjacent  standards  by  the 
most  readily  calculated  difference,  that  of  an  even  hour. 

4.  That  changes  from  one  standard  to  another  should  be  made  at  well- 
known  points  of  departure. 

5.  That  these  changes  should  be  made  at  the  termini  of  roads  where 
changes  naturally  occur,  except  on  the  transcontinental  lines,  and  in 
a  few  other  unavoidable  cases,  where  they  should  be  made  at  the  ends 
of  divisions. 

6.  That,  the  seventy-fifth  meridian  west  from  Greenwich  being  almost 
precisely  the  central  meridian  for  the  system  of  roads  using  standards 
based  upon  the  time  of  Eastern  cities,  and  the  ninetieth  meridian 
being  equally  central  for  the  roads  running  by  the  time  of  Western 
cities,  the  time  of  those  meridians  should  be  adopted  for  the  territory 
which  includes  nearly  ninety  per  cent  of  our  whole  railway  system. 
The  hour  meridians  east  and  west  of  those  named  (the  60th  on  the 


1  Time  is  measured  in  nature  by  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  The  great  natural 
measures  are  three  in  number,  —  the  year,  the  lunar  month,  and  the  day.  All  other  divis¬ 
ions  of  time,  as  the  civil  month,  the  week,  the  hour,  the  minute,  and  the  second,  are  arbitrary 
and  conventional. 

A  day,  then,  is  the  shortest  measure  of  time  afforded  by  nature.  It  is  denoted  by  the 
revolution  of  the  earth  ;  and,  although  the  motion  of  the  earth  is  perfectly  uniform,  we  have 
three  kinds  of  natural  days,  all  varying  in  length,  —  the  solar,  the  lunar,  and  the  sidereal. 

A  solar  day  is  the  period  occupied  by  a  single  revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis  in 
relation  to  the  sun. 

A  lunar  day  is  the  interval  of  time  occupied  by  a  revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis  in 
relation  to  the  moon. 

A  sidereal  day  is  the  period  required  for  a  complete  revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis  in 
relation  to  the  fixed  stars.  4 

The  sidereal  day,  being  perfectly  independent  of  the  sun,  is  not  employed  for  civil  pur-  j 
poses.  The  lunar  day,  on  account  of  the  complicated  motion  of  the  moon  in  the  heavens, 
is  never  employed  as  a  measure  of  time.  It  has  been  found  convenient,  therefore,  to  estab¬ 
lish  an  artificial  day,  uniform  in  length,  designated  the  mean  solar  day.  The  mean  solar 
day  is  the  average  length  of  all  the  natural  solar  days  in  a  year,  and  is  the  time  intended  to  \ 
be  indicated  by  ordinary  clocks  and  watches. 


east,  and  the  105th  and  120th  on  the  west)  were  found  to  be  equally 
well  adapted  as  central  meridians  for  the  roads  in  the  section  of  country 
adjacent  thereto. 

4.  — The  problem  in  this  country  presented  a  feature  nowhere 
else  encountered.  Standard  time  was  introduced  throughout 
the  Island  of  Great  Britain  as  long  ago  as  the  year  1848.  There 
the  railways  demanded  uniform  time,  and  Greenwich  time  was 
adopted.  France  also  has  a  uniform  standard.  But  the  con¬ 
tinent  of  North  America  covers  too  many  degrees  of  longitude 
to  permit  of  the  use  of  any  one  meridian  as  a  single  hour 
standard  for  all  points  between  the  two  oceans.  Under  such  a 
system,  there  would  be  points  where  local  time  would  differ 
from  standard  time  by  about  two  hours. 

5.  — The  new  system  divides  the  United  States  into  four 
sections.  At  all  places  in  the  same  section,  time  is  the  same. 

The  first  section,  which  is  governed  by  the  time  of  the  75th 
meridian  west  from  Greenwich,  embraces  all  the  territory  be¬ 
tween  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Detroit,  Pittsburg,  Wheeling, 
Parkersburg,  Huntington,  Bristol,  Augusta,  and  Charleston,  as 
indicated  on  the  accompanying  map  (see  next  page).  'Phis 
is  called  Eastern  time.  At  12  mid-day,  on  the  75th  meridian, 
every  clock  and  time-ball,  from  Calais  to  Pittsburg,  and  from 
Quebec  to  Charleston,  indicates  the  hour  of  noon. 

The  second  section  is  governed  by  the  time  of  the  90th  me¬ 
ridian,  called  Central  time.  It  includes  all  the  territory  from 
the  western  limits  of  the  Eastern  time  (that  is,  from  Detroit, 
Pittsburg,  Augusta,  etc.)  to  Bismarck,  North  Platte,  Dodge 
City,  etc.  Time  in  this  section  is  one  hour  slower  than  East¬ 
ern  time. 

The  third  section  extends  from  the  last-named  places  west¬ 
ward  to  Heron  (Montana),  Ogden  (Utah),  The  Needles  (Ari¬ 
zona),  etc.  Time  in  this  section  is  that  of  the  105th  meridian 
(one  hour  slower  than  central  time),  and  is  denominated  Moun¬ 
tain  time. 

Between  the  western  limits  of  mountain  time  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  the  standard  is  Pacific  time,  governed  by  the  120th  me¬ 
ridian,  one  hour  slower  than  mountain  time. 

6.  — At  12  noon  in  New-York  City  the  time  at  Chicago  is 
11  a.m.  ;  at  Denver,  10  a.m.  ;  and  at  Portland  (Oregon),  9  a.m. 
By  the  old  system,  at  12  noon  in  New  York  it  was  11.05  in 
Chicago,  9.56  in  Denver,  and  8.46  in  Portland. 

7.  —  The  adoption  of  a  uniform  standard  of  time  by  the  rail¬ 
way  lines  has  led  to  the  abandonment  of  local  time  in  nearly 
all  the  cities  of  the  United  States.  The  time  of  the  75th 
meridian  was  selected  as  the  standard  for  the  District  of 
Columbia  by  Act  of  Congress,  approved  March  13,  1884. 

g. — The  fact  that  standard  time  in  this  country  is  reckoned 
from  meridians  exactly  five,  six,  seven,  and  eight  hours  west  of 
Greenwich,  makes  it  not  improbable  that  the  system  may  ulti¬ 
mately  be  adopted  by  other  nations.  An  international  Congress 
was  held  in  Venice,  in  1881,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
common  prime  meridian,  to  be  used  in  the  reckoning  of  longi¬ 
tude  and  the  regulation  of  time  throughout  the  world.  Another 
convention  was  held  in  Rome  in  1883  ;  and  still  another  will 
meet  in  Washington  during  the  present  year  (1884). 


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MAINE, 


MAINE. 


I.  SITUATION,  EXTENT,  AND  COAST. 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  Maine,  one  of  the  New-England  States,  and 
the  most  easterly  state  in  the  Union,  is  situated  between  420  57'  and 
470  32'  north  latitude,  and  between  66°  52'  and  71 0  6'  west  longitude. 

Its  greatest  length  (from  north  to  south)  is  303  miles  ;  its  greatest 
width,  212  miles.  Its  area  is  greater  than  that  of  the  other  five  New- 
England  States  together. 

As  established  by  the  treaty  of  1842,  the  boundary  on  the  east  is  the  St.  Croix 
River  and  a  line  running  due  north  from  a  monument  at  its  source  to  St.  John 
River;  on  the  north,  the  line  follows  the  St.  John  and  St.  Francis  rivers  to  a 
monument  on  Lake  Pohenagamook ;  on  the  north-west  the  line  extends  from  this 
lake  in  a  south-westerly  direction  to  a  point  on  a  branch  of  St.  John  River, 
which  it  follows  to  a  monument  point,  whence  it  extends  along  the  crest  of. 
the  mountain-range  to  the  north-east  corner  of  New  Hampshire. 

Coast.  —  The  bold  and  rocky  coast  is  deeply  indented  by  numerous 
bays  and  inlets,  and  fringed  with  many  islands.  From  Ivittery  Point 
to  Quoddy  Head  the  coast  extends  218  miles  in  a  right  line;  but  follow¬ 
ing  its  exact  contour,  and  including  the  islands,  the  shore-line  is  about 
2,500  miles  in  length.  Many  of  the  bays  and  inlets  afford  excellent 
harbors. 

Off  the  coast  are  numerous  islands,  the  largest  of  which,  Mount 
Desert  (100  square  miles),  is  famous  for  its  striking  and  picturesque 
scenery. 


58 


the  literary  digest 


[July  10, 


> 


sins  both  of  omission  and  of  commission.  Possibly,  as  a  matter 
of  mere  individual  opinion,  fortified  by  large  wisdom  and  ripe 
knowledge,  his  work  will  have  weight;  but  it  will  be  far  from 
conclusive.  It  is  a  parlous  job  which  Dr.  Eliot  has  tackled.” 

'I  he  same  pill,  tho  not  without  sugaring,  is  administered  by  the 
New  York  World: 

“Dr.  Eliot’s  list  will  arouse  interest  as  the  most  authoritative 
selection  of  the  kind  since  Lubbock’s  and  Frederic  Harrison’s, 
compiled  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  In  its  completed  form  it 
will  inevitably  illustrate  the  inability  of  individual  taste,  however 
cultivated,  to  prescribe  a  rigid  course  in  the  world’s  best  literature 
which  will  serve  all  readers.” 


ol  f  rench  literature,  another  mighty  authoritv  would  have  found 

?£,te1as  easy  to  CIU  out  a11  the  Germans — or  even  all  the  English. 
Looks,  books— and  still  we  have  with  us 


Die  bookful  blockhead,  ignorantly  read. 
With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head 


.  .u  UOUkS  10  De  1,acb  perchance,  save  one  or  two— and  we  have 
an  Abraham  Lincoln  ;  nothing  but  the  Old  Farmer’s  Almanack 
available,  and  we  have  an  Elihu  Burritt  developed  from  its  fireside 
ar  ^  ,  ^uman  equation  is  insoluble  in  terms  of  literature. 

Alter  all,  books  are  good  only  as  they  express  the  human  heart  • 

and  the  record  of  that  not  all  the  libraries  in  the  world  could 
contain. 


The  list  of  course  excites  interest,  tho  as  yet  it  is  but  a  partial 
one.  It  is  still  open  to  Dr.  Eliot  to  supply  any  work  whose  omis¬ 
sion  is  ci  iticized.  1  he  books  at  present  recommended  are  : 

“Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin.” 

“Journal  of  John  Woolman.” 

“  Fruits  of  Solitude,”  by  William  Penn. 

Bacon’s  “Essays”  and  “New  Atlantis.” 

Milton’s  "Afeopagitica”  and  “Tractate  on  Education.” 

Sir  Thomas  Browne’s  “Religio  Medici.” 

Plato’s  “Apology,”  “Phaedo,”  and  “Crito.” 

“Golden  Sayings  ”  of  Epictetus. 

“Meditations  of  Marcus  Aurelius.” 

Emerson’s  “Essays.” 

Emerson’s  “English  Traits.” 

The  complete  Poems  of  Milton. 

Jonson’s  “Volpone.” 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher’s  “The  Maids’  Tragedy.” 

Webster’s  “Duchess  of  Malfi.” 

Middleton’s  “The  Changeling.” 

Dryden’s  “All  for  Love.” 

Shelley’s  “  Cenei.” 

Browning’s  “Blot  in  the  ’Scutcheon.’ 

Tennyson’s  “Becket.” 

Goethe’s  “  Faust.” 

Marlowe’s  “  Dr.  Faustus.” 

Adam  Smith’s  “Wealth  of  Nations.” 

“  Letters  ”  of  Cicero  and  Pliny. 

Bunyan’s  “Pilgrim’s  Progress.” 

Burns’s  “Tam  O’Shanter.” 

Walton’s  “  Compleat  Angler  ”  and  “  Lives”  of  Donne  and  Herbert. 
“Autobiography  of  St.  Augustine.” 

Plutarch’s  “  Lives.” 

Dryden’s  “Aineid.” 

“Canterbury  Tales.” 

Imitation  of  Christ,”  by  lhomas  a  Kempis. 

Dante's  “Divine  Comedy.” 

Darwin’s  “Origin  of  Species.” 

“Arabian  Nights.” 


I  he  one  book  of  the  list  whose  inclusion  has  occasioned  the 
most  surprize  is  the  “Journal  of  John  Woolman.”  To  offer  it  “as 
a  part  of  a  liberal  education,”  says  the  New  York  Times,  “  is 
strongly  to  exaggerate  its  value.”  It  adds  : 


camming  all  that  was  said  about  the  beauty  of  its  style,  the 
elevation  of  its  sentiments,  and  the  excellence  of  the  author’.s  in- 


g in  a  very 


tentions,  one  still  gravely  doubts  the  wisdom  of  includin 
restricted  library  a  book  chiefly  devoted  to  teaching  the  long- 
learned  lesson  that  slavery  is  wrong.  Discussion  of  that  topic  7s 
indeed  beating  of  dead  bones,  and  will  strike  most  critics  as  lx-im- 
a  waste  of  time  for  a  man  who  is  to  read  but  little  and  get  a  lot 
out  of  what  he  reads.” 


On  the  other  hand  several  writers  to  the  daily  journals  have 
strongly  supported  Dr.  Eliot  in  his  choice.  One  of  these,  Emma 
Winner  Rogers,  writes  to  the  New  York  Evening  Post: 

“Dr.  Eliot’s  library,  on  a  five-foot  shelf,  would  be  well  worth 
while,  if  only  for  calling  attention  to  a  little  book,  the  wisdom  and 
charm  of  helpfulness  of  which  are  known,  perhaps,  to  but  a  limited 
number.  It  is  a  book  to  live  with.  William  Ellery  Channino- 
pronounced  it  ‘beyond  comparison,  the  sweetest  and  purest  auto¬ 
biography  in  the  language,’  and  Charles  Lamb  forestalled  Dr. 
Eliot  by  saying,  ‘Get  the  writings  of  John  Woolman  by  heart.’ 

I  came  to  know  of  Woolman’s  journal  some  eight  years  ago 
and  have  been  reading  it  ever  since  over  and  over,  in  part  and&as 
WIth  a  conll'nually  increasing  appreciation  and  joy  in  it 
With  all  its  other  excellencies,  it  strikes  a  distinctly  modern  note, 
and  fits  into  our  deepest  thoughts  and  questionings  of  to-day.' 
John  Woolman  had  the  keen  sense  for  truth,  the  broad  and  tender 
sympathy  with  suffering  humankind,  and  the  sensitive  social  con¬ 
science  of  the  highest  type  of  twentieth-century  men  and  women 
He  was  a  forerunner  of  Tolstoy  and  of  all  who,  by  self-surrender 
recognize  the  brotherhood  of  man  as  the  method  of  harmony  with 
the  divine  will.” 


The  comment  excited  by  Dr.  Eliot’s  list  has  drawn  from  him  a 
few  words  of  explanation  which  we  reproduce  from  a  Boston  dis¬ 
patch  to  the  New  York  Times  (July  2).  He  says  : 


The  New  York  Times  confesses  that  “with  all  our  charity  we 
can  not  deny  that  the  list  as  presented  seems  to  us  most  mysteri¬ 
ously  made  up.”  The  majority  of  these  books,  it  declares,  “are 
dead,  and  have  no  relation,  not  historic,  with  modern  conditions, 
necessities,  or  purposes.”  It  would  not,  it  confesses,  have  im¬ 
posed  on  a  hated  enemy  the  task  of  reading  either  “The  Canter¬ 
bury  I  ales  or  the  “  Compleat  Angler  ”  or  of  wading  through  all 
the  deep  waters  of  Milton.  The  Springfield  Republican  has  its 
breath  taken  away  by  the  omission  of  the  Bible  and  Shakespeare, 
while  the  New  York  Mail  is  quite  lost  to  patience,  saying  : 

“  Vain  as  chaff  are  all  these  lists  of  ‘essential  ’  books.  No  other 
scholar  would  have  made  the  same  list  as  Eliot’s.  No  two  scholars 
in  the  whole  world  would  have  agreed  upon  a  list.  If  Eliot  could 
put  in  the  ‘Arabian  Nights  ’  and  leave  out  the  book  of  Job  and  the 
tragedy  of  ‘Hamlet,’  another  college  president  would  have  found 
a  place  for  ‘  The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks’  and  the  ‘Adventures  of 
Tom  Sawyer.’  If  Eliot  has  not  discovered  that  the  political  and 
social  economy  of  Adam  Smith’s  ‘Wealth  of  Nations’  is  obsolete, 
another  greaf  scholar  can  prove  to  his  own  satisfaction  that  Karl 
Marx’s  ‘Das  Kapital  ’  is  absolutely  necessary  to  the  modern  man’s 
cultivation.  Where  Eliot  finds  it  easy  to  exclude  the  whole  body 


I  he  list  of  books  as  mentioned  is  very  incomplete.  I  expect 
when  the  task  is  finished  to  issue  twenty  more  titles.  I  will  try  to 
confine  the  list  to  sixty  books.  When  the  publishers  asked  me  to 
select  the  books  lor  a  proposition  of  this  kind  I  was  rlad  to  do  it. 
because  I  felt  if  my  name  as  compiler  of  the  list  induced  people 
to  read  the  books  a  great  educational  work  would  have  been  done. 
My  position  in  this  matter  is  thoroughly  understood  by  all  who- 
know  me. 

I  do  not  consider  that  my  course  in  acting  as  editor  could  be 
considered  as  lending  my  name  or  what  prestige  I  might  have  for 
advertising  purposes,  as  has  been  insinuated.  It  is  a  strict  busi¬ 
ness  proposition,  and  naturally,  the  publisher  will  advertise  largely. 

“The  Bible  and  Shakespeare  were  omitted  from  the  list  at  t lie 
suggestion  of  the  publisher.  The  reason,  of  course,  is  that  most 
people  have  read  the  Bible  and  Shakespeare.  The  list  was  origin¬ 
ally  intended  to  be  a  fifty-book  list.  Now,  any  good  edition  of 
Shakespeare  would  take  five  volumes.  The  Bible  would  take 
three  volumes,  and  there  will  be  eight  gone  out  of  the  fifty.” 


Friends  of  the  late  Dr.  Lowell  Mason,  who  have  letters  from  him,  or  any 
memorabilia,  are  earnestly  requested  to  communicate  with  Henry  L.  Mason. 
188  Bay  State  Road,  Boston.  Mr,  Mason  is  the  grandson  of  Dr  Lowell 
Mason,  and  is  at  work  writing  a  “  Life  of  Lowell  Mason.” 


1 909] 


THE  LITERARY  DIGEST 


57 


MAX  MEYER-OLBERSLEBEN. 

Kaiser  Prize  Judge. 


New  York  Sun  is  even 
goaded  to  this  revision  ol  its 
earlier  estimate  of  him  : 

“\Ye  swear  by  the  ‘Jungle 
Books.’  Terence  Mulvaney 
and  his  friends  can  never 
lose  us.  But  did  Mr.  Kip¬ 
ling  ever  write  any  poetry  ? 

The  ‘Recessional’  is  the 
cheapest  semi-religious  pa¬ 
triotic  commonplace.  The 
‘Barrack-Room Ballads’  and 
‘Departmental  Ditties’  are 
mighty  fine  in  their  way,  but 
they  are  only  excellent  good 
music-hall  warbles.  As  for 
the  so  much  admired  celebrations  of  machineiy,  the\  aie  mightily 
■clever ;  but  they  lack  the  passion,  the  beauty,  the  supreme  form 
■of  poetry,  fit  so  to  be  called.  In  vain  does 
that  quivering  mound  of  paradoxes  and  of 
■sentimentalities,  Mr.  Gilbert  Keith  Ches¬ 
terton,  invite  us  to  consider  the  poetry  of  let¬ 
ter-boxes  and  fire  alarms,  and  tell  us,  as  Mr. 

Charles  Eliot  Norton  told  us  years  before, 
that  Mr.  Kipling  has  seen  and  sung  the 
beauty  and  the  tragedy  of  things  common  and 
•despised.  Let  it  go  at  this  for  this  time  :  Mr. 

Kipling’s  poetry  at  its  best  is  a  tour  de  force ; 
at  its  worst,  as  in  the 'City  of  Brass,’  fall  - 
ing  on  us  in  these  days  of  molten  brass,  it 
as  an  international  outrage.” 


GUSTAV  WOHLGEMUTH. 

Kaiser  Prize  Judge. 


DR.  CORNELIUS  RUBNER 

Kaiser  Prize  Judge. 


ette  that  the  Kaiser  gave  in 
1900  and  then  turn  it  over 
to  the  J  linger  Mannerchor  of 
Philadelphia  for  the  other 

year  and  a  half . 

“  Concordia  wouldn’t  have 
minded  so  much  if  it  were 
not  that  they  felt  so  sure  of 
winning  again  this  year. 

Since  their  rendition  of 
‘  YVarnung  vor  clem  Rhein  ’ 
and  ‘ Altdeutsches  Liebes- 
1  i ed, ’  the  two  songs  in  the 
Kaiser  prize  contest  on 
Tuesday  night  at  the  Garden, 
even  some  of  their  compet¬ 
itors  said  that  the  prize  was 
theirs.  To  a  man  everybody  else  said  so.  But  the  judges  of  the 
contest.  Gustav  Wohlgemuth,  who  wrote  the  second  of  the  prize 

songs;  Prof.  Jl.  Meyer-Olbersleben,  both 
from  Germany ;  Dr.  Riibner,  of  Columbia 
University,  and  Arthur  Mees  and  Max 

Spicker,  had  different  notions . 

“Not  only  did  Concordia  lose  first  place, 
but  they  did  not  even  come  next  to  the  two 
singing-societies  for  first  place.  The  Ger¬ 
mania  Society  of  Newark  scored  54  points 
to  the  winner’s  56.  Concordia  came  next  to 
Germania  with  53  points,  and  the  Arions  of 
Baltimore  were  last,  with  52  points.” 


MAX  SPICKER. 

Kaiser  Prize  Judge. 


WINNING  THE  KAISER 
PRIZE 

\\  7  IDLE  Americans  are  struggling  to 
»  V  produce  a  national  form  of  music, 

German-Americans  are  seen  to  hold  fast  to 
the  ideals  of  the  Fatherland.  New  York 
has  lately  entertained  the  singing-societies 
of  this  country  in  their  twenty-second  na¬ 
tional  sangerfest,  and  Madison  Square 
Garden  was  filled  daily  for  four  days  listen¬ 
ing  to  the  competing  societies  whose  strug¬ 
gles  at  the  climax  of  the  series  of  concerts 
to  win  the  Kaiser  prize  showed  how  many 
ways  there  were  of  rendering  “Warnung  vor 
dem  Rhein”  and  “  Altdeutsches  Liebeslied,” 

•the  two  songs  that  are  set  for  the  contest. 

The  prize,  a  silver  statuette,  was  brought  to 
the  assembly  by  the  Concordia  Singing-so¬ 
ciety  of  Wilkesbarre,  Penn.,  who  won  the 
prize  three  years  ago  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and 
who  would  have  kept  it  permanently  had  they  won  it  for  the 
second  time  at  this  contest.  Fate  ordained  differently,  as  the 

New  York  Sun's  account 
of  the  award  tells  us 


DR.  ELIOTS  “FIVE  FEET 
OF  BOOKS” 


Pictures  by  courtesy  of  u  Musical  America.” 

THE  KAISER  PRIZE 


Won  by  the  Kreutzer  Quartet  Clubof  Manhattan 
and  the  J unger  Mannerchor  of  Philadelphia. 


T  can  not  be  said  that  Dr.  Eliot’s  sug¬ 
gestion  for  a  “five-foot  shelf  of  books  ” 
is  warmly  received  by  a  welcoming  press. 
O11  the  contrary,  there  is  a  rather  wide¬ 
spread  feeling  of  boredom  that  the  subject 
must  be  entertained  at  all ;  but  entertained 
it  must  be  since  the  proposition  to  supply 
“the  essentials  of  a  liberal  education”  in 
this  way  comes  from  so  distinguished  a 
source.  Dr.  Eliot  proposes  to  name  books 
that  will  fit  into  a  shelf  five  feet  long,  and 

T 

expresses  his  “belief  that  the  faithful  and 
considerate  reading  of  these  books,  with  such 
rereadings  and  memorizings  as  individual 
taste  may  prescribe,  will  give  any  man  the 
essentials  of  a  liberal  education  even  if  he 
can  devote  to  them  but  fifteen  minutes  a 
day.”  Thus  far  the  literary  critics  have 
refrained  from  comment,  but  the  lay  press, 
who  represent  the  element  for  which  the 
list  is  designed,  are  openly  skeptical.  The  Dayton  Journal 
saysTJoldly  that  “it  can  not  be  done.”  This  statement  of  course 
admits  of  qualification,  and 
The  Journal  follows  up 
with  these  words : 


ARTHUR  MEES. 
Kaiser  Prize  Judge. 


“The  prize  will  be  divided 
from  now  until  the  sanger¬ 
fest  takes  place  three  years 
from  now  in  Philadelphia 
between  the  Kreutzer  Quar¬ 
tet  Club  of  Manhattan  and 
the  Junger  Mannerchor  of 
Philadelphia.  Each  scored 
56  points  out  of  a  possible 
60 — 30  points  for  each  of 
the  songs  in  the  contest— 
and  therefore  the  Kreutzer 
singers  will  keep  for  a  year 
and  a  half  the  silver  statu- 


“  Dr.  Eliot  is  doubtless  as 
well  qualified  as  any  modern 
scholar  to  essay  a  selection 
of  the  most  valuable  and  en¬ 
during  English  literature : 
but  neither  he  nor  any  dozen 
of  the  most  able  scholars  are 
competent  to  do  it.  When 
he  has  finished,  he  will  in¬ 
evitably  have  invited  the 
adverse  judgment  of  his 
peers  in  the  world  of  letters  ; 
he  will  be  criticized  for  his 


MATTHIEU  NEUMANN. 

Composer  of  the  Prize  Song 


MAINE. 


51 


II.  SURFACE. 

General  Character.  — A  broken  chain  of  detached  mountain- 
groups,  belonging  to  the  Appalachian  system  (and  connected 
more  or  less  directly  with  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hamp¬ 
shire),  crosses  the  state  from  south-west  to  north-east,  terminat¬ 
ing  in  Mars  Hill,  on  the  borders  of  New  Brunswick.  1  he 
greater  slope  is  southward  to  the  coast ;  the  lesser  slope,  north¬ 
eastward  to  St.  John  River. 

Details.  — The  northern  section  is  somewhat  rugged,  and  is  covered 
with  primeval  forest. 

The  central  mountain-chain  (which  consists  of  scattered  groups  with 
no  appearance  of  regular  ranges)  presents  various  lofty  summits, 
among  which  may  be  named  Mount  Katahdin  (5.3S5  feet),  the  highest 
elevation,  Mount  Abraham,  Mount  Blue,  Sugarloaf,  and  Mounts 
Saddleback,  Bigelow,  Bald,  Kineo,  North  and  South  Russell,  Hay¬ 
stack,  etc. 

In  the  coast  region  the  surface  is  comparatively  level. 

Scenery. — Among  the  objects  of  interest  to  tourists  in 
Maine  are  its  bold  and  rocky  seacoast,  with  its  thousand  bays 
and  its  picturesque  islands,  its  myriad  beautiful  lakes  and 
waterfalls,  its  majestic  mountains,  and  the  solemn  grandeur 
of  its  primeval  forests. 

“What  is  most  striking  in  the  Maine  wilderness  is  the  continuousness 
of  the  forest,  with  fewer  open  intervals  or  glades  than  you  had 
imagined.  Except  the  few  burnt  lands,  the  narrow  intervals  on  the 
rivers,  the  bare  tops  of  the  high  mountains,  and  the  lakes  and 
streams,  the  forest  is  uninterrupted.  The  aspect  of  the  country, 
indeed,  is  universally  stern  and  savage,  excepting  the  distant  views 
of  the  forest  from  hills,  and  the  lake  prospects,  which  are  mild  and 
civilizing  in  a  degree.  The  lakes  are  something  which  you  are  un¬ 
prepared  for:  they  lie  up  so  high,  exposed  to  the  light,  and  the 
forest  is  diminished  to  a  fine  fringe  on  their  edges,  with  here  and 
there  a  blue  mountain,  like  amethyst  jewels  set  around  some  jewel 
of  the  first  water.  Who  shall  describe  the  inexpressible  tenderness 
and  immortal  life  of  the  grim  forest,  where  Nature,  though  it  be 
mid-winter,  is  ever  in  her  spring,  where  the  moss-grown  and  decay¬ 
ing  trees  are  not  old,  but  seem  to  enjoy  a  perpetual  youth,  and 
blissful,  innocent  Nature,  like  a  serene  infant,  is  too  happy  to  make 
a  noise,  except  by  a  few  tinkling,  lisping  birds,  and  trickling  rills?  ” 
—  Thoreau  :  Maine  Woods. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

Rivers.  —  The  small  northern  slope  is  drained  by  the  tribu¬ 
taries  of  St.  John  River,  of  which  the  most  important  are 
Walloostook  and  Aroostook  rivers. 

The  southerly  slope  is  drained  by  numerous  streams,  of 
which  the  most  important  are  St.  Croix,  Penobscot,  Kennebec, 
Androscoggin,  and  Saco  rivers. 

St.  Croix  River  (called  also  the  Passamaquoddy  or  Schoodic)  forms 
for  its  whole  course  a  boundary  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada. 

The  Penobscot,  the  largest  river  of  the  state,  flows  from  its  source  in 
Somerset  County,  near  the  frontier  of  Canada,  into  Penobscot  Bay, 
a  course  of  300  miles.  With  its  tributaries  and  connecting  lakes  it 
drains  the  central  region  of  the  state.  The  tide  ascends  (about  55 
miles)  to  Bangor,  to  which  point  the  Penobscot  is  navigable  for  the 
largest  vessels. 

The  Kennebec,  which  rises  in  Moosehead  Lake,  and  has  a  course  of 
about  200  miles,  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Bath  (12  miles),  for  steam¬ 
ers  to  Augusta  (50  miles),  and  for  small  craft  to  Waterville.  The 
navigation  is  closed  by  ice  for  three  or  four  months  in  the  year. 

The  Androscoggin  (formed  by  the  junction  of  Magalloway  River  and 
the  outlet  of  Umbagog  Lake)  has  a  course  of  about  160  miles,  and 
enters  the  Kennebec  about  five  miles  above  Bath.  1  he  total  fall 
of  the  Androscoggin  proper  is  about  1,250  feet. 


Saco  River,  which  rises  in  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire, 
lias  a  course  of  about  175  miles,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  six  miles 
below  Biddeford.  It  has  a  fall  of  72  feet  near  the  southern  extremity 
of  Oxford  County. 

Water-power.  —  In  the  extent  of  its  water-power  Maine  is 
unrivaled.  The  water-power  of  the  principal  streams  is  con¬ 
stant,  and  is  extensively  employed  by  manufacturers,  though  as 
yet  only  a  small  part  of  it  is  utilized. 

In  this  state  water-power  is  used  to  an  extent  seven  times  as  great  as 
steam-power. 

Lakes.  —  The  fresh  waters  of  Maine  cover  one-tenth  of  her 
area,  the  surface  of  the  state  being  dotted  with  hundreds  of 
lakes,  great  and  small.  The  largest  are  in  the  central  and 
northern  sections,  and  form  the  feeders  of  the  great  rivers. 

Moosehead,  the  largest  lake,  is  35  miles  long  and  from  four  to  twelve 
miles  wide.  Among  others  are  Chesuncook,  Chamberlain,  Heron, 
Long,  Pamedumcook,  Millinoket,  Grand,  Schoodic,  Sebago,  Umba¬ 
gog,  and  the  Rangeley  lakes. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

General  Character.  —  The  climate  of  Maine  is  marked  by 
great  extremes,  —  short,  warm  summers,  and  long,  cold  winters. 

Details.  —  In  the  year  the  temperature  varies  from  20°  or  30°  below 
zero  (and  in  the  extreme  northern  part  50  to  io°  lower)  to  ioo°  above 
zero.  The  snow  lies  on  the  ground  for  four  or  five  months. 

A  leading  authority  says,  “  The  great  drawback  to  agriculture  in  Maine 
is  the  shortness  of  its  summers;  but  the  deep  snows  prevent  the 
ground  from  freezing  deeply,  and  in  the  spring  vegetation  advances 
with  exceedingly  rapid  steps.” 

V.  INDUSTRIES. 

Lumbering.  —  The  forests  of  Maine  cover  about  one  half 
the  entire  area  of  the  state.  The  most  useful  timber  trees  are 
the  noble  white-pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  cedar,  beech,  birch,  hard- 
maple,  and  black  and  white  ash.  The  felling  of  trees,  and  their 
floating  and  rafting  to  the  points  of  manufacture,  employ  large 
numbers  of  lumbermen. 

At  the  mills  the  logs  are  cut  and  sawed  into  planks,  deals,  boards, 
scantlings,  palings,  laths,  clapboards,  shingles,  shooks,  headings, 
ship-timber,  etc. 

The  forest  products  include  potash,  charcoal,  firewood,  tanners’  bark, 
and  maple-sugar. 

Fisheries  and  Other  Maritime  Pursuits.  —  The  waters  off 
the  coast  abound  with  fish  ;  and  this  fact,  in  connection  with  the 
fine  harbor  facilities,  makes  fishing  an  important  industry. 

Immense  quantities  of  cod,  herring,  mackerel,  etc.,  are  put  up  for  ex¬ 
port  ;  salmon,  trout,  pickerel,  are  found  in  great  abundance  in  the 
lakes  and  rivers;  and  various  oil-producing  fishes  (especially  the 
menhaden)  are  taken,  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of  oil  and  guano. 
The  lobster  catch  is  very  important,  and  canned  lobster  is  exten¬ 
sively  prepared  for  the  general  market. 

Ship-building,  though  not  so  flourishing  as  it  was  before  the 
war,  is  still  a  leading  pursuit  in  the  coast  towns.  Maine  owns 
many  schooners  and  other  vessels  engaged  in  the  carrying- 
trade  of  other  states. 

Manufactures.  —  Manufacturing  is  the  leading  industry  of 
the  state.  In  addition  to  the  important  manufactures  of  lumber, 
ship-building,  etc.,  the  leading  articles  of  production  are  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  boots  and  shoes,  grist-mill  products,  leather, 
machinery,  and  paper. 


LIBRARY 

nkm.'rnpnV  OL  ll  8  IhlftlS 


MAINE. 


52 


Agriculture.  —  Agriculture,  owing  to  the  climate  and  nature 
of  the  soil,  is  a  secondary  industry  in  this  state.  The  leading 
farm  products  are  oats,  corn,  barley,  hay,  and  potatoes,  and  of 
the  last  two  there  is  a  large  surplus  for  export. 

The  breeding  of  horses  and  cattle  for  the  Massachusetts 
market  is  important  ;  the  wool  clip  is  large ;  and  the  dairy 
products  are  of  great  value. 

Other  Pursuits.  —  The  quarrying  of  roofing-slate,  granite,  and  lime¬ 
stone,  is  extensively  carried  on;  large  quantities  of  lime  of  excellent 
quality  are  burned ;  and  a  fine  iron  ore  is  mined  and  smelted  near 
Mount  Katahdin.  It  is  known  that  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  state 
is  very  considerable  ;  but  as  yet  it  is  not  largely  developed. 

Ice  is  gathered  on  a  very  large  scale,  and  its  collection,  storage,  and 
export  form  an  important  industry. 

Commerce.  —  Maine  has  a  large  and  growing  commerce, 
domestic,  interstate,  and  foreign.  The  chief  articles  of  export 
are  cotton  goods,  lumber  and  its  varied  manufactures,  canned 
fruit,  fish,  and  vegetables,  granite,  slate,  and  lime,  and  hay, 
butter,  potatoes,  wool,  and  ice. 

Transportation.  —  The  extensive  sea-board  and  numerous 
harbors  gave  Maine  unrivaled  facilities  for  water  transporta¬ 
tion.  The  state  has  also  an  extensive  system  of  railroads, 
which  connect  with  the  trunk  lines  of  other  states,  and  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada. 

In  1841  Maine  had  only  11  miles  of  railroad  :  she  has  now  over  1,000 
miles. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  government  of  Maine  is  founded  on  the  Constitution  of 
1820. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  a  governor,  with  a 
“  council  of  seven,”  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  attorney- 
general,  adjutant-general,  and  superintendent  of  schools. 

The  governor  is  elected  biennially  by  the  people  ;  the  superintendent  of 
schools  is  appointed  by  the  governor  and  council ;  the  other  execu¬ 
tive  officers  are  chosen  by  the  Legislature. 

The  legislature  is  composed  of  a  Senate  of  31  members, 
and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  15 1  members,  all  elected 
biennially  by  the  people. 

The  general  election  is  held  on  the  second  Monday  in  September,  and 
the  Legislature  meets  in  Augusta  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  January 
biennially. 

The  judiciary  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court  (of  eight  judges 
appointed  for  seven  years),  the  Superior  Court  of  Cumberland 
and  Kennebec  counties,  probate  courts  in  each  county,  munici¬ 
pal  and  police  courts,  and  trial-justices. 

National  Representation.  —  Maine  is  represented  in  Con¬ 
gress  by  two  senators  and  four  representatives,  and  has  there¬ 
fore  six  votes  in  the  electoral  college. 

VII.  EDUCATION.1 

Public. — The  state  has  a  superior  system  of  public  schools, 
the  supervision  of  which  is  intrusted  to  the  state  superintend¬ 
ent  and  local  superintendents  and  committees.  The  cities  and 
large  villages  have  graded  schools,  and  most  of  the  large  towns 
have  high  schools. 

There  are  three  State  Normal  Schools,  —  the  “Western” 
at  Farmington,  the  “Eastern”  at  Castine,  and  a  third  at 
Gorham. 


The  public  schools  are  supported  by  the  income  of  a  permanent 
school  fund,  by  state  appropriations,  and  by  general,  special,  and 
local  taxation,  assisted,  in  many  cases,  by  voluntary  contributions  of 
citizens. 

Colleges  and  Academies.  —  For  higher  instruction  there 
are  several  institutions  of  superior  rank,  among  which  may  be 
named  Bowdoin  College  (opened  in  1802)  at  Brunswick,  Colby 
University  (organized  in  1820)  at  Waterville,  Bates  College  at 
Lewiston,  the  State  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts 
at  Orono,  the  Maine  Wesleyan  Seminary  and  Female  College 
at  Kent’s  Hill,  the  Westbrook  Seminary  at  Deering,  etc. 

There  are  also  many  academies,  and  denominational  schools 
and  seminaries  of  excellent  reputation. 

VIII.  HISTORY. 

Maine  formed  a  part  of  the  grant  made  by  James  I.  to  the 
Plymouth  Company ;  and  a  permanent  settlement  was  made  by 
the  English  in  1622,  near  the  mouth  of  Piscataqua  River.  In 
1635  the  Plymouth  Company,  having  resolved  to  give  up  its 
charter  to  the  government,  divided  the  territory  among  its 
members,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  taking  the  whole  region 
between  the  Piscataqua  and  the  Kennebec,  of  which  he  subse¬ 
quently  (1639)  received  a  formal  charter  from  Charles  I.,  under 
the  title  of  “the  Province  of  Maine.”  After  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges  died  (1647),  Maine  became  (1651)  a  part  of  Massachu¬ 
setts  ;  and  the  jurisdiction  of  that  colony  was  confirmed  by  the 
provincial  charter  of  1691,  and  again  by  the  treaty  of  1783. 
Maine,  under  the  name  of  the  “  District  of  Maine,”  thus  be¬ 
came  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  and  so  continued  till  1820,  when 
it  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state.  Ever 
since  the  treaty  of  1783,  a  dispute  had  existed  between  the 
government  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  as  to 
the  boundary  between  Maine  and  the  British  Possessions. 
The  controversy  was  finally  settled  in  1842  by  the  Webster- 
Ashburton  treaty. 

IX.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  sixteen  counties; 
namely,  Androscoggin,  Aroostook,  Cumberland,  P'ranklin,  Han¬ 
cock,  Kennebec,  Knox,  Lincoln,  Oxford,  Penobscot,  Piscataquis, 
Sagadahoc,  Somerset,  Waldo,  Washington,  and  York. 

Subdivisions.  —  These  counties  include  fourteen  cities  and 
numerous  towns.  The  cities  are  Portland,  Lewiston,  Bangor, 
Biddeford,  Augusta,  Bath,  Rockland,  Auburn,  Calais,  Saco, 
Belfast,  Ellsworth,  Gardiner,  and  Llallowell. 

Augusta,  in  Kennebec  County,  on  Kennebec  River,  at  the 
head  of  navigation  from  the  sea,  is  the  capital.  Abundant 
water-power  is  obtained  by  a  dam  (1,000  feet  long)  in  the 
river  just  above  the  city,  and  is  utilized  in  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  goods,  lumber,  etc.  The  facilities  for  water  and  rail 
transportation  make  Augusta  an  important  center  of  trade.  It 
is  the  seat  of  an  asylum  for  the  insane  and  of  a  United-States 
arsenal.  The  state-house  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  light-gray 
granite. 

Portland  (population,  33,810),  a  port  of  entry,  and  county  seat 
of  Cumberland  County,  is  the  metropolis  of  the  state.  It  is 
finely  situated  on  a  peninsula  extending  into  an  arm  of  Casco 
Bay,  of  which  the  elevated  situation  of  the  city  affords  beauti¬ 
ful  views.  The  harbor  is  deep,  capacious,  and  well  sheltered. 


MAINE. 


53 


The  city  is  for  the  most  part  regularly  laid  out,  and  hand¬ 
somely  built.  Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  splendid  city- 
hall  of  colored  sandstone,  a  spacious  granite  custom-house,  a 
post-office  of  marble,  the  Maine  General  Hospital,  and  a  granite 
Mechanics’  Hall. 

The  manufactures  of  Portland  are  varied  and  extensive. 

The  principal  articles  of  manufacture  are  boots  and  shoes,  rolling-mill 
and  foundry  products,  machinery,  locomotives,  engines  and  boilers, 
kerosene,  matches,  hydraulic  cement  pipes,  chemicals,  paints,  soap, 
leather,  varnish,  edge  tools,  carriages,  sleighs,  refined  sugar,  etc. 

The  city  has  an  extensive  foreign  and  domestic  commerce. 
There  are  excellent  facilities  for  the  transfer  of  freight,  such  as 
the  marginal  railroad,  and  large  warehouses  and  grain-elevators. 
Lines  of  steamers  ply  regularly  between  Portland  and  the 


right  bank  of  the  Kennebec,  twelve  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  city  enjoys 
superior  advantages  for  navigation,  as  the  river  here  is  seldom  frozen  in 
winter.  The  chief  business  is  ship-building,  the  tonnage  of  wooden  vessels 
built  here  exceeding  that  of  any  other  port  in  the  United  States.  The  man¬ 
ufactures  are  chiefly  such  as  relate  to  the  construction  of  ships,  such  as 
cordage,  ship-blocks,  etc.  The  schools  are  among  the  best  in  the  state. 

Rockland,  county  seat  of  Knox  County,  is  situated  on  the  west  shore  of 
Penobscot  Bay,  about  ten  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  harbor  is  broad  and 
deep.  On  islands  near  Rockland  are  large  quarries  of  excellent  granite, 
which  have  suplied  material  for  the  custom-house  of  St.  Louis,  the  post- 
offices  of  New  York  and  Cincinnati,  and  other  public  edifices.  The  manu¬ 
facture  of  lime  is  a  leading  industry;  and  ship-building  and  the  manufacture 
of  shoes,  castings,  carriages,  etc.,  are  largely  carried  on. 

Auburn,  county  seat  of  Androscoggin  County,  is  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Androscoggin.  This  river,  which  here  falls  60  feet,  separates 
the  city  from  Lewiston.  Auburn  ranks  as  the  first  city  of  the  state  in  the 
manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes.  Among  its  other  manufactures  are  cotton 


various  cities  of  the  United  States  and  Canada;  and  the  exten¬ 
sive  trade  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley  finds  here  its  winter 
outlet  by  steamship  lines  to  Liverpool  and  Glasgow. 

The  culture  of  the  people  is  manifested  in  the  various  literary 
and  scientific  institutions,  among  which  are  the  Society  of 
Natural  History,  the  Athenaeum,  the  Institute,  and  Public 
Library,  etc.  The  educational  facilities  are  unsurpassed. 

Portland,  the  Indian  name  of  which  was  Machigonne,  was  settled  by 
an  English  colony  in  1632.  During  the  French  and  Indian  wars 
and  the  Revolution,  the  town  was  three  times  entirely  destroyed. 
The  city  charter  was  granted  in  1832.  In  1866  about  one-third  of 
the  city  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  but  it  was  soon  rebuilt  by  its  energetic 
inhabitants. 

Lewiston,  in  Androscoggin  County,  at  the  falls  of  Androscoggin  River,  is 
the  second  city  in  population,  and  an  important  railroad  center.  The  river 
is  here  crossed  by  two  iron  railroad-bridges,  and  two  other  bridges.  The 
falls  (about  60  feet)  afford  abundant  water-power;  and  a  system  of  dams  has 
been  constructed,  the  water  being  conveyed  to  the  mills  by  a  canal. 

The  most  important  manufactures  are  those  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
of  which  more  than  forty  million  yards  are  produced  here  annually.  Among 
the  other  articles  made  are  brushes,  files,  looms,  trunks,  brooms,  machinery 
for  cotton-mills,  ticking,  seersucker,  duck,  burlaps,  checks,  jute  bags,  and 
grain  bags.  Lewiston  is  the  seat  of  Bates  College  and  other  institutions 
of  learning. 

Bangor,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Penobscot  County,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Penobscot  River,  about  60  miles  from  the 
ocean,  and  at  the  head  of  navigation.  A  bridge  (about  1,300  feet  long) 
crossing  the  Penobscot  connects  Bangor  with  Brewer.  A  dam  across  the 
river  just  above  the  city  supplies  great  motive-power;  and  Kenduskeag  River, 
which  here  joins  the  Penobscot,  also  affords  abundant  water-power. 

The  Penobscot  and  its  tributaries  traverse  the  great  northern  forests, 
and  are  used  in  the  flotation  of  immense  quantities  of  lumber,  which  passes 
into  the  mills  of  Bangor.  Next  to  Chicago,  Bangor  is  the  greatest  lumber 
port  in  the  world,  the  average  quantity  annually  exported  being  about  two 
hundred  million  feet.  It  also  carries  on  a  variety  of  manufactures,  and 
is  engaged  in  the  coast-trade,  foreign  commerce,  and  ship-building.  Its 
facilities  for  transportation  make  it  the  business-center  of  a  large  agricul¬ 
tural  and  lumbering  region.  The  city  has  a  good  school  system,  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  Bangor  Theological  Seminary. 

Biddeford,  a  city  of  York  County,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Saco  River, 
which  separates  it  from  the  city  of  Saco,  and  six  miles  from  the  ocean. 
The  falls  of  the  Saco  (about  40  feet)  afford  abundant  water-power.  The 
prosperity  of  the  city  is  derived  chiefly  from  trade,  and  manufactures  of 
cotton  and  woolen  goods,  machinery,  and  lumber.  The  quarrying  of  granite 
is  largely  carried  on  in  the  vicinity. 

Bath,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  in  Sagadahoc  County,  is  situated  on  the 


goods,  furniture,  castings,  and  leather. 

Calais,  in  Washington  County,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  St. 
Croix  River,  about  twelve  miles  from  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  It  has  excellent 
water-power;  and  the  sawing  of  lumber  and  ship-building  are  leading  indus¬ 
tries.  Its  situation  makes  it  the  business-center  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Saco,  a  port  of  entry  in  York  County,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Saco 
River,  opposite  Biddeford,  with  which  city  it  is  connected  by  bridges.  The 
falls  (about  40  feet)  afford  excellent  water-power,  which  is  largely  utilized  in 
the  numerous  cotton-factories,  machine-shops,  shoe-factories,  saw-mills,  etc. 
The  coasting-trade  is  of  considerable  importance. 

Belfast,  a  port  of  entry,  and  county  seat  of  Waldo  County,  is  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  about  thirty  miles  from  the  ocean.  The 
harbor  is  deep  and  capacious.  The  leading  industries  are  manufacturing 
(boots  and  shoes,  bricks,  carriages,  machinery,  sawed  lumber,  paper,  axes, 
sashes,  blinds,  etc.),  the  fisheries,  and  ship-building.  Hay,  granite,  and 
potatoes  are  the  chief  articles  of  export. 

Ellsworth,  a  port  of  entry,  and  county  seat  of  Hancock  County,  is  sit¬ 
uated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Union  River,  a  few  miles  from  the 
ocean.  Its  leading  interests  are  lumber  manufactures,  the  fisheries,  and 
ship-building. 

Gardiner,  in  Kennebec  County,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Kennebec,  at  the 
mouth  of  Cobbossecontee  River,  is  six  miles  below  Augusta.  Large  vessels 
can  ascend  to  this  place,  which  has  a  bridge  across  the  Kennebec,  and  is 
liberally  supplied  with  water-power.  It  has  manufactures  of  paper,  lumber, 
flour,  earthenware,  carriages,  furniture,  etc.  Lumber  and  ice  are  the  chief 
articles  of  export. 

Hallowell,  in  Kennebec  County,  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  Kenne¬ 
bec  River,  two  miles  below  Augusta.  Granite  and  ice  are  largely  exported, 
and  the  city  carries  on  varied  manufactures. 


Boothbay  —  in  Lincoln  County,  near  mouth  of 
the  Kennebec.  Superior  harbor;  coasting- 
trade,  fisheries,  manufacture  of  fish-oil  and 
guano. 

Brunswick  —  a  village  of  Cumberland  County, 
on  right  bank  of  Androscoggin  River,  at 
head  of  navigation,  and  six  miles  north  of 
Casco  Bay.  The  falls,  or  rapids,  of  the 
river,  afford  abundant  water-power.  Man¬ 
ufacturing,  ship-building.  Seat  of  Bowdoin 
College. 

Bucksport  —  a  village  of  Hancock  County,  on 
east  bank  of  the  Penobscot.  Good  harbor. 
Ship-building,  manufactures. 

Cape  Elizabeth  —  a  town  in  Cumberland  Coun¬ 
ty,  adjoining  Portland,  of  which  it  is  one  of 
the  suburbs.  Manufacturing,  market-gar¬ 
dening,  fisheries,  navigation,  etc. 

Eastport  —  a  port  of  entry  in  Washington  Coun¬ 
ty,  is  situated  on  Moose  Island,  in  Passa¬ 
maquoddy  Bay.  On  eastern  frontier  of 
United  States.  Fine  open  harbor.  Indus¬ 
tries,  —  fisheries,  lumber-business,  coast- 
trade. 


Farmington  —  county  seat  of  Franklin  County, 
on  Sandy  River.  Agriculture,  trade,  and 
manufactures.  Popular  summer  resort. 
Educational  center.  Seat  of  Western  State 
Normal  School. 

Houlton — county  seat  of  Aroostook  County, 
on  New  Brunswick  and  Canada  Railroad. 
Varied  manufactures.  Center  of  fine  farm¬ 
ing-country,  and  trading  depot  for  the 
lumbering  region. 

Old  Town  —  in  Penobscot  County,  and  on  river 
of  same  name,  twelve  miles  north  of  Ban¬ 
gor.  Lumber  manufactures,  barrels,  boats, 
oars,  etc. 

Sko  whegan  —  in  Somerset  County,  on  Kennebec 
River.  Fine  water-power.  Varied  manu¬ 
factures,  —  paper,  axes,  lumber,  marbleized 
slate,  etc.  Center  of  trade  for  a  fertile 
farming-country. 

Waterville — a  town  of  Kennebec  County,  on 
river  of  same  name.  Water-power.  Man¬ 
ufactures, —  cotton  goods,  carriages,  cars, 
etc.  Center  of  fertile  farm-region.  Seat 
of  Colby  University. 


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56 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


miles  at  the  northern  to  about  90  miles  near  the  southern  boundary.  It  is  the 
second  in  size  of  the  New-England  States  ;  but  its  area  is  only  about  one-fourth 
that  of  Maine. 

Coast.  The  restricted  coast  (about  18  miles)  is  in  most  places  a  sandy  beach, 
bordered  with  salt-marshes,  and  with  several  creeks  and  coves  which  form  harbors 

for  small  craft.  The  only  harbor  for  large  ships,  that  of  Portsmouth,  is  shared 
with  Kittery,  Me. 

The  Isles  of  Shoals  belong  in  part  to  New  Hampshire,  and  in  part  to  Maine.  At  Rye  and 
Hampton  are  fine  sea-beaches  that  form  delightful  summer  resorts. 

II.  SURFACE. 

General  Divisions.  —  The  state  belongs  almost  wholly  to  the  Atlantic  High¬ 
land,  only  the  south-eastern  section  (extending  from  20  to  30  miles  from  the 
coast)  forming  part  of  the  Atlantic  Plain. 

Highlands.  The  great  surface  feature  of  New  Hampshire  is  a  mountain-chain 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  9,305  square  miles.  Population,  346,991.] 

I.  AREA,  EXTENT,  AND  COAST. 

Area.  —  New  Hampshire,  one  of  the  New- 
England  States,  and  one  of  the  thirteen 
original  states  of  the  Union,  is  situated  be¬ 
tween  420  40'  and  450  18'  north  latitude,  and 
yo°  37'  and  7 20  37'  west  longitude. 

Extent.  —  Its  length  (from  north  to  south) 
is  about  180  miles  :  its  width  varies  from  20 


which  extends  through  the  state  in  a  direction  nearly  parallel  to  the  Connecticut. 
This  chain  (to  which  no  collective  name  is  given)  forms  the  divide  between  the 
tributaries  of  Connecticut  River  and  the  streams  flowing  directly  into  the  Atlantic. 
These  Highlands  comprise  three  divisions,  —  the  central  plateau,  the  hill  country 
to  the  south,  and  the  hill  country  to  the  north. 

Central  Plateau.  The  Central  I  lateau  (from  1,600  to  1,800  feet  in  height)  is 
thirty  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  about  forty-five  miles  broad.  It  extends 
nearly  acioss  the  state,  and  is  bounded  southward  by  the  Merrimac  River,  and 
Squam,  Winnepesaukee,  and  Ossipee  lakes. 

From  the  Central  I  lateau  rise  more  than  two  hundred  peaks,  which  are  clus¬ 
tered  in  two  groups,— the  White  Mountains  proper,  and  the  Franconia  Range, 
separated  by  a  table-land  from  ten  to  fifteen  miles  wide. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


57 


White  Mountains.  —  The  principal  summits  o£  the  White  Mountains 
proper  are  (beginning  at  the  Notch,  and  passing  around  to  Gorham) 
Mounts  Webster,  Jackson,  Clinton,  Pleasant,  Franklin,  Monroe, 
Washington,  Clay,  Jefferson,  Adams,  and  Madison. 

Mount  Washington  (6,288  feet  above  sea-level)  is,  next  to  Mounts 
Mitchell  and  Clingman  (N.C.),the  loftiest  summit  of  the  Appalachian 
system.  There  is  a  railroad  to  the  top  of  Mount  Washington  on 
the  west  side,  and  a  carriage-road  on  the  east  side. 

Northern  Section.  —  The  section  north  of  the  Central 
Plateau  is  a  rugged  region,  covered,  for  the  most  part,  with 
primeval  forest.  The  Stratford  peaks  are  the  loftiest  summits 
in  this  part  of  the  state. 

South-western  Section. — The  south-western  section,  situ¬ 
ated  south  of  the  Central  Plateau,  and  between  the  Merrimac 
and  Connecticut  rivers,  is  a  region  traversed  by  ranges  of  high 
hills,  from  which  rise  numerous  peaks,  among  the  loftiest  of 
which  are  Mounts  Monadnock,  Kearsarge,  and  Cardigan. 

There  are  in  the  state  two  Mounts  Kearsarge  and  two  Monadnocks, 
all  widely  remote  from  one  another. 

Scenery.  —  The  scenery  of  the  mountains,  with  their  tower¬ 
ing  summits,  their  ravines  and  precipices,  their  lakes  and  cas¬ 
cades,  is  unrivaled  for  beauty  and  sublimity. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

Rivers.  —  The  slopes  west  of  the  central  mountain-chain 
are  drained  by  the  Connecticut  and  its  tributaries  ;  the  eastern 
slopes  are  drained  principally  by  the  Androscoggin,  Saco,  and 
Piscataqua,  with  their  tributaries  ;  and  the  central  part  of  the 
state  is  drained  by  the  Merrimac  and  its  tributaries. 

Water-power.  —  The  streams  of  New  Hampshire  afford 
immense  water-power,  which  is  largely  utilized. 

Lakes.  —  The  state  abounds  in  beautiful  lakes,  among  which 
the  most  important  are  Lake  Winnepesaukee  (about  twenty-five 
miles  long,  and  from  one  mile  to  ten  miles  wide,  and  containing 
over  250  islands),  Umbagog  Lake  (about  ten  miles  long  by 
five  wide,  and  on  the  boundary  between  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine),  and  Sunapee,  Newfound,  Squam,  Ossipee,  and  Mascoma 
lakes. 

IV.  CLIIV1ATE. 

General  Character. — The  climate  is  marked  by  long  and 
severe  winters,  and  short,  hot  summers  ;  but  all  parts  of  the 
state  are  exceedingly  healthful. 

Details.  —  In  summer  the  heat  sometimes  rises  to  ioo°,  and  in  winter 
the  cold  has  been  known  to  freeze  the  mercury  in  the  thermometer. 
Snow  lies  on  the  ground  about  five  months  in  the  year,  and  the 
peaks  of  the  White  Mountains  are  covered  more  or  less  with  snow 
for  eight  months  in  the  year.  (Hence  the  name  ]\rhite  Mountains.) 

V.  INDUSTRIES. 

Manufactures.  —  Manufacturing  is  the  leading  industry  of 
the  state.  The  cities  of  Manchester,  Dover,  and  Nashua,  are 
the  great  manufacturing  centers  ;  but  there  is  scarcely  a  town 
of  any  considerable  size  that  is  not  engaged  more  or  less  in  this 
form  of  industry.  The  immense  water-power  favors  manufac¬ 
turing  ;  but  steam-power  is  also  largely  employed. 

The  principal  articles  of  manufacture  are  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  boots  and  shoes,  machinery,  and  other  iron  and  metallic 
wares  ;  but  paper,  carriages,  furniture,  hosiery,  leather,  lumber, 
wooden-ware,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  goods  are  also  exten¬ 
sively  made. 


Agriculture.  —  Except  in  the  intervales  along  the  Merrimac, 
Connecticut,  and  other  rivers,  where  the  soil  is  very  fertile,  the 
land  is  for  the  most  part  thin  and  gravelly,  and  is  more  profit¬ 
able  as  woodland  and  for  pasturage  than  as  farm-land.  The 
chief  staples  are  hay,  oats,  Indian-corn,  orchard-products,  pota¬ 
toes,  and  other  vegetables.  But  the  state  has  to  import  the 
greater  part  of  its  food-supplies. 

Grazing  is  an  important  industry ;  and  live-stock,  butter, 
cheese,  milk,  and  wool  are  exported  to  a  considerable  extent. 

Mining.  —  Fine  building-granite  is  extensively  quarried  at 
several  places,  as  Concord,  Plymouth,  Hooksett,  Milford, 
Pelham,  etc.  Quarries  of  superior  soapstone  are  worked  in 
Francestown,  Canterbury,  Orford,  and  other  towns.  The  most 
important  metallic  ores  are  the  iron  ores,  wrought  principally 
at  Franconia,  but  abundant  also  at  Piermont,  Landaff,  Gilford, 
and  Bartlett. 

Deposits  of  lead,  zinc,  copper,  tin,  gold,  and  silver  are  found,  but  are 
as  yet  little  developed.  Deposits  of  mica,  slate,  limestone,  and 
graphite  have  been  worked  to  a  considerable  extent. 

Lumbering.  —  The  state  is  everywhere  well  wooded  ,  but  the 
chief  forests  are  in  the  northern  section.  Pine,  spruce,  and 
hemlock  logs  are  floated  down  the  principal  streams  to  be 
sawn  into  lumber.  Much  hard-wood  is  cut  for  furniture  and 
wooden-ware  makers’  use. 

Maple-sugar,  tanners’  bark,  and  charcoal  are  other  important  forest- 
products. 

Commerce.  —  The  commerce  of  New  Hampshire  is  almost 
wholly  interstate,  and  consists  in  the  exchange  of  her  manufac¬ 
tures  for  raw  material  and  food-supplies,  b  oreign  goods  are 
imported  principally  through  Boston  ;  but  Portsmouth  has  a 
considerable  coasting-trade. 

New  Hampshire  has  about  one  thousand  miles  of  railroad. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  a  governor,  and  coun¬ 
cil  of  five,  elected  biennially  by  the  people,  and  a  secretary  of 
state,  and  treasurer,  chosen  by  the  Legislature. 

The  legislature  consists  of  a  senate  of  twenty-four  mem¬ 
bers,  and  a  house  of  representatives,  the  number  of  members 

of  which  varies  with  the  population. 

The  judiciary  consists  of  the  Supreme  Court  (consisting  of  a 
chief  and  six  associate  justices),  and  a  probate  court  in  each 
county.  The  officers  of  the  judiciary  are  appointed  by  the 
governor  and  council. 

National  Representation.  —  The  state  is  represented  by  two 
senators  and  two  representatives,  and  has  four  electoral  votes. 

VOI.  EDUCATION. 

Public.  —  An  effective  system  of  public  instruction  is  main¬ 
tained  in  the  state,  under  the  general  supervision  of  a  state 
superintendent,  and  the  immediate  control  of  district  and  town 
committees.  In  the  larger  towns,  graded  and  high  schools  are 
supported.  The  State  Normal  School  is  at  Plymouth,  and  the 
State  Agricultural  College  at  Hanover. 

Colleges,  etc.  — The  chief  seat  of  the  higher  learning  is 
Dartmouth  College  at  Hanover,  chartered  in  1769.  Connected 
with  it  are  various  scientific  and  professional  schools.  Among 
the  most  celebrated  academies  and  seminaries  are  Phillips 


58 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


Academy,  Exeter  ;  Kimball  Union  Academy,  Meriden  ;  Literary 
and  Biblical  Institute,  New  Hampton  ;  Colby  Academy,  New 
London ;  Tilden  F'emale  Seminary,  West  Lebanon  ;  New 
Hampshire  Conference  Seminary,  Tilton  ;  Robinson  Female 
Seminary,  Exeter;  Appleton  Academy,  New  Ipswich;  Adams 
Female  Academy,  East  Derry;  Colebrook  Academy  ;  Pembroke 
Academy  ;  Stevens  High  School,  at  Claremont,  etc. 


manufacture  sheeting,  drillings,  delaines,  seamless  bags,  etc. 
In  the  value  of  its  cotton  and  woolen  fabrics  Manchester  ranks 
as  the  fourth  city  in  the  Union.  It  is  also  largely  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  steam-engines,  locomotives,  linen  goods, 
hosiery,  paper,  edge-tools,  carriages,  leather,  shoes,  soap,  etc. 
It  is  the  seat  of  various  benevolent  institutions,  and  has  fine 
schools,  a  large  public  library,  and  various  literary  societies. 


VIII.  HISTORY. 

In  1622  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  and  Capt.  John  Mason 
obtained  from  the  council  for  New  England  a  grant  of  a 
tract  of  land  “bounded  by  the  Merrimac,  the  Kennebec,  the 
ocean,  and  the  ‘river  of  Canada.’”  The  following  year,  a 
small  party  in  the  service  of  the  proprietors  made  little  settle¬ 
ments  on  the  Piscataqua.  Among  these  were  Portsmouth 
and  Dover.  These  were  very  feeble  for  a  long  time.  In  1629 
Gorges  and  Mason  dissolved  partnership.  Mason  then  obtained 
a  new  grant  for  the  territory  between  the  Merrimac  and  the 
Piscataqua.  He  named  his  province  New  Hampshire. 

During  the  next  few  years  the  region  was  divided  up  among 
many  proprietors.  This  fact  led  to  numerous  disputes,  and 
these  troubles  led  the  people  (in  1641)  to  put  themselves  under 
the  protection  of  Massachusetts.  New  Hampshire  continued  a 
part  of  Massachusetts  for  thirty-nine  years  ;  that  is,  till  1680. 

In  1680  the  King  of  England  made  New  Hampshire  a  sepa¬ 
rate  royal  province.  During  Andros’s  two  years’  despotic  rule 
over  New  England  (1686-1688),  New  Hampshire,  like  her 
sister  colonies,  lost  her  independence.  But,  when  Andros  was 
overthrown,  the  people  took  the  government  into  their  own 
hands,  and  in  1690  placed  themselves  again  under  the  protec¬ 
tion  of  Massachusetts.  From  this  time  till  1741  New  Hamp¬ 
shire  was  sometimes  separate  from,  and  at  other  times  united 
with,  Massachusetts.  In  1741  it  was  finally  separated,  and 
remained  a  distinct  royal  colony. 

Though  circumstances  were  not  favorable  to  the  rapid  growth 
of  New  Hampshire,  owing  to  Indian  wars  and  the  conflicting 
claims  to  the  lands,  the  colony  nurtured  a  hardy,  courageous, 
and  liberty-loving  people.  Both  in  the  Revolutionary  struggle 
and  in  the  war  for  the  Union,  New  Hampshire  won  a  dis¬ 
tinguished  reputation. 

IX.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  ten  counties  ;  namely, 
Belknap,  Carroll,  Cheshire,  Cobs,  Grafton,  Hillsborough,  Merri¬ 
mack,  Rockingham,  Strafford,  and  Sullivan. 

Subdivisions.  —  These  counties  include  six  cities,  and  nu¬ 
merous  towns. 

Concord  (population,  13,838),  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire 
and  of  Merrimack  County,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Merri¬ 
mac  River,  in  the  south-central  part  of  the  state.  It  is  the 
second  city  in  population.  It  has  abundant  water-power,  and 
extensive  manufactures  of  carriages,  machinery,  leather  belt¬ 
ing,  wooden-ware,  organs,  etc.  It  has  excellent  educational 
facilities. 

Manchester  (population,  32,630)  is  the  metropolis  of  the  state. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  centers  in  New 
England.  The  river,  which  here  falls  54  feet  (Amoskeag  Falls), 
supplies  extensive  water-power,  utilized  in  vast  mills  which 


Nashua,  a  city  of  Hillsborough  County,  is  situated  on  Nashua  River, 
near  its  union  with  the  Merrimac.  Manufacturing  is  the  principal  industrial 
interest,  and  includes  the  production  of  cotton  goods,  steam-engines,  edge- 
tools,  locks,  prepared  paper,  carpets,  etc.  A  canal  three  miles  long,  sixty 
feet  wide,  and  eight  feet  deep,  cut  from  Nashua  River  to  the  Merrimac, 
supplies  motive-power  for  the  numerous  mills  and  factories.  Various  lines 
of  railroad  afford  large  railroad  facilities. 

Dover,  a  beautiful  city,  is  advantageously  situated  for  manufacturing, 
being  abundantly  supplied  with  water-power  from  the  Cocheco,  which  has 
here  a  direct  fall  of  thirty-two  feet.  It  has  several  extensive  cotton-mills 
and  print-works,  and  also  manufactures  woolen  goods,  boots  and  shoes, 
carriages,  etc.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  having  been  settled  in  1623. 

Portsmouth,  a  city  of  Rockingham  County,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Piscataqua  River,  about  three  miles  from  the  ocean,  is  the  commercial 
metropolis  and  only  seaport  of  the  state.  The  harbor  (between  the  city  and 
the  mouth  of  the  river)  is  deep  and  capacious,  and,  owing  to  the  rapid  tides, 
is  never  obstructed  with  ice.  It  is  much  frequented  by  vessels  in  stormy 
weather,  and  it  is  estimated  that  two  thousand  ships  could  easily  find 
anchorage  here.  Porstmouth  Navy  Yard  is  opposite  the  city. 

Manufacturing  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  leading  products 
being  cotton  cloth,  hosiery,  iron-castings,  malt  liquors,  shoes,  etc.  Ports¬ 
mouth  has  a  large  amount  of  capital  invested  in  railroads,  navigation,  manu¬ 
factures,  etc.,  in  other  places ;  and  the  city  ranks  as  the  second  in  wealth  in 
the  state.  The  commerce,  both  foreign  and  coastwise,  is  extensive.  The 
city  is  built  on  a  gentle  acclivity  overlooking  the  harbor,  and  is  remarkable 
for  its  healthy  atmosphere,  beautiful  gardens,  fine  public  buildings,  educa¬ 
tional  and  literary  advantages,  and  its  cultured  inhabitants. 

Keene  is  situated  on  Ashuelot  River,  at  the  junction  of  several  railroads. 
It  is  a  beautiful  city,  with  wide,  shaded  streets.  It  has  varied  manufactures 
(furniture,  leather,  pottery,  chairs,  woolen  goods,  bricks,  carriages,  etc.),  and 
is  the  business-center  of  a  fertile  agricultural  region. 

o  o 


Claremont  —  a  beautiful  town  of  Sullivan 
County,  on  Sugar  River,  and  bounded 
west  by  Connecticut.  Extensive  water¬ 
power.  Varied  manufactures,  —  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  paper,  etc.  Contains  post¬ 
village  of  Claremont,  seat  of  the  Stevens 
High  School. 

Colebrook  —  town  of  Cods  County,  on  the  Con¬ 
necticut.  Summer  resort.  Manufactures  of 
lumber  and  starch. 

Exeter  —  town  of  Rockingham  County,  on 
Squamscot  River.  Rich  agricultural  re¬ 
sources.  Varied  manufactures.  Seat  of 
Phillips  Academy  and  Robinson  Female 
Seminary. 

Franklin  —  a  town  of  Merrimack  County.  Man¬ 
ufactures.  Seat  of  the  State  Orphans’ 
Home,  and  noted  as  the  birthplace  of 
Daniel  Webster. 

Gilford  Village  — town  of  Belknap  County. 
Varied  manufactures.  Fine  scenery.  Fa¬ 
vorite  summer  resort. 

Hinsdale  —  town  of  Cheshire  County,  on 
the  Connecticut.  Manufactures  of  iron, 
leather,  woolen  goods,  mowing-machines, 
etc. 

Laconia  —  county  seat  of  Belknap  County,  on 
Winnepesaukee  River.  Center  of  exten¬ 
sive  local  trade.  Manufacture  of  hosiery, 
yarn,  woolen  goods,  sashes  and  blinds, 
railroad-cars,  etc. 

Lebanon  —  town  of  Grafton  County,  on  Mas- 
coma  River.  Superior  water-power.  Man¬ 
ufactures  of  machinery,  farm-implements, 
furniture,  edge-tools,  musical  instru¬ 


ments,  etc.  Seat  of  Tilden  Female  Semi¬ 
nary. 

Littleton  —  a  town  of  Grafton  County,  on 
Connecticut  River.  Abundant  water¬ 
power  afforded  by  the  Fifteen  Mile  Falls. 
Varied  manufactures.  Contains  post-vil¬ 
lage  of  Littleton. 

Milford  —  town  of  Hillsborough  County,  on  Sou- 
hegan  River.  Granite  quarries.  Varied 
manufactures. 

Peterborough  — town  of  Hillsborough  County. 
Manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
and  thermometers. 

Plymouth  —  one  of  the  county  seats  of  Grafton 
County.  Attractive  scenery.  Seat  of  a 
state  normal  school.  Extensive  manufac- 
facture  of  buckskin  gloves. 

Rochester  —  a  town  of  Strafford  County,  on 
Cocheco  River.  Railroad  facilities  and 
water-power.  Contains  villages  of  Roch¬ 
ester,  East  Rochester,  and  Gonic.  Ex¬ 
tensive  manufacture  of  flannel,  blankets, 
shoes,  etc. 

Somersworth  —  a  town  of  Strafford  County, 
on  Salmon  Falls  River.  Varied  manu¬ 
factures.  Principal  village  Great  Falls, 
with  large  manufactories  of  cotton  and 
woolen  goods. 

White  Mountain  Resorts  :  among  the  towns 
and  villages  of  the  White  Mountain  region 
most  noted  as  summer  resorts  are  Alton 
Bay,  Bethlehem,  Campton,  Center  Harbor, 
Gilford,  Gorham,  Jefferson,  Lancaster, 
Littleton,  North  Conway,  Plymouth, 
Sandwich,  Wolfeborough,  etc. 


VERMONT 


59 


VERMONT. 


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Extent.  —  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  157  miles;  its  breadth 
on  the  northern  boundary  90  miles,  and  on  the  southern  40  miles. 

The  eastern  boundary  is  the  west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River.  The  western 
boundary  is  formed  by  New  York,  Lake  Champlain,  and  Poultney  River  di¬ 
viding  from  New  York  in  part.  In  Lake  Champlain  there  are  within  the 
limits  of  the  state  the  islands  of  North  and  South  Hero,  Isle  La  Motte, 
Hog,  Wood,  Butler’s,  Potter’s,  Providence,  Straw,  Gull,  and  other  islands, 
the  most  important  of  which,  with  a  peninsula  extending  into  the  lake  from 
Canada,  constitute  the  county  of  Grand  Isle. 

The  land  area  of  Vermont  is  9,135  square  miles. 

II.  SURFACE. 

General  Character.  —  The  surface  is  greatly  diversified  by  hills  and 
valleys,  gentle  acclivities,  elevated  plateaus,  and  mountains  of  consider¬ 
able  height. 

The  Green  Mountains,  which  form  the  most  striking  surface  feature, 
are  a  range  of  the  Appalachian  system,  —  the  most  continuous  range 
of  that  system  in  New  England.  They  traverse  the  state  from  south 
to  north,  mainly  in  two  ridges,  of  which  the  eastern  (called  the  “  East 
Range  ”)  is  the  more  continuous,  and  the  western  (the  “West  Range  ) 
is  the  more  elevated  and  precipitous. 

The  branching  of  the  Green  Mountains  into  the  West  Range  and  the  East 
Range  occurs  at  about  latitude  440  (somewhat  south-west  of  the  center  of 
the  state).  The  former,  continuing  in  a  northerly  direction,  sinks  gradually, 
till  it  terminates  near  the  northern  boundary:  the  latter  extends  north-east, 
and,  passing  into  Canada,  is  lost  on  the  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

The  loftiest  summits  of  the  Green  Mountains  are  Mount  Mansfield  the  highest 
(4,389  feet),  Killington  Peak,  Camel’s  Hump,  and  Jay  Peak. 


DESCRIPTION. 

|  Area,  9,565  square  miles.  Population,  332,286 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation. — Vermont,  the  only  inland  state  of 
New  England,  is  situated  between  42  0  44r  and  45° 
north  latitude,  and  between  71 0  33'  and  730  25'  west 
longitude. 


III.  DRAINAGE. 

Rivers. — The  Connecticut  River,  forming  the  entire  boundary  between 
Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  belongs  wholly  to  the  latter  state. 

The  eastern  section  of  the  state  is  drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the 
Connecticut,  and  the  western  section  chiefly  by  affluents  of  Lake  Cham¬ 
plain  ;  the  Green  Mountains  (the  main  ridge  and  the  East  Range)  forming 
the  watershed  between  them. 


6o 


VERMONT. 


Into  the  Connecticut  flow,  in  this  state,  Nulhegan,  Passumpsic,  Wells, 
Wait’s,  White,  Ouechee,  Black,  Williams,  Saxton’s,  West,  Green, 
North,  and  Deerfield  rivers.  The  chief  affluents  of  Lake  Champlain 
are  Otter  Creek  (navigable  eight  miles,  to  Vergennes)  and  Poultney, 
Pawlet,  Winooski,  Lamoille  (the  two  latter  breaking  through  the 
Green  Mountains),  and  Missisquoi  rivers. 

Lakes.  —  Lake  Champlain,  nearly  two-thirds  of  which  is 
situated  within  the  state,  is  120  miles  in  length,  with  an  aver¬ 
age  width  of  about  four  miles  and  a  half.  It  affords  important 
steam  navigation,  and  is  much  visited  for  its  beauty  and  historic 
associations.  There  is  a  good  harbor  at  Burlington. 

Of  Lake  Memphremagog  (30  miles  long),  the  southern  third 
is  in  the  state  :  it  is  drained  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

There  are  numerous  smaller  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are 
lakes  Willoughby,  Maidstone,  Seymour,  Dunmore,  Austin,  and 
Bombazine. 

Scenery.  —  Among  the  objects  interesting  to  the  tourist  may 
be  mentioned  the  rounded  summits  of  the  Green  Mountains, 
clothed  with  evergreen  forests  or  rich  grass,  the  aspect  of  which 
led  the  early  French  explorers  to  call  them  monts  verts  (green 
mountains,  whence  the  name  “Vermont  ”) ;  the  many  striking 
cataracts,  as  Bellows  Falls  on  the  Connecticut,  the  Great  Falls 
of  the  Lamoille,  the  Falls  of  the  Missisquoi  at  Troy,  Winooski 
Falls,  Passumpsic  Falls,  etc. ;  and  the  picturesque  scenery  of 
lakes  Champlain,  Memphremagog,  Willoughby,  etc. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

General  Character. — The  winters  are  long  and  severe,  the 
snow  lying  on  the  ground  during  five  months  :  the  summers 
are  exceedingly  pleasant.  The  weather  is  free  from  sudden 
changes,  and  the  state  is  remarkably  healthful. 

Details.  —  The  average  annual  temperature  at  Burlington  is  about  440  ; 
at  Lunenburgh,  about  420. 


Lumbering.  —  Forests  are  quite  extensive,  the  principal  trees 
being  the  spruce,  hemlock,  pine,  cedar,  and  fir,  among  conif¬ 
erous  timber-trees,  and  beech,  oak,  rock-maple,  birch,  basswood, 
etc.,  among  deciduous  trees. 

Large  quantities  of  lumber,  fire-wood,  tanners’  bark,  maple- 
sugar,  and  charcoal  are  produced  from  the  forests. 

Commerce.  —  A  considerable  foreign  commerce  is  carried 
on  with  Canada  through  Burlington,  which  is  the  port  of  entry 
of  the  United  States  customs  district  of  Vermont.  Much  of  the 
trade  of  Lake  Champlain  passes  by  the  Champlain  and  Hudson 
Canal  and  Hudson  River  to  New  York.  The  shipments  by 
railroad  between  the  West  and  the  ports  of  Boston  and  Portland 
are  also  very  large. 

Transportation.  —  In  addition  to  its  fine  water  facilities,  the 
state  is  well  equipped  with  railroads,  of  which  there  are  over 
850  miles. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

Executive. — The  principal  executive  officers  are  the  gov¬ 
ernor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  treasurer,  who  are  elected  by 
the  people  for  two  years. 

The  legislative  department,  called  the  “General  Assembly,” 
consists  of  a  Senate  of  thirty  members  chosen  from  the  coun¬ 
ties,  and  a  House  of  Representatives,  numbering  two  hundred 
and  forty  members,  —  one  from  each  town.  The  members  are 
chosen  biennially. 

The  judiciary  comprises  the  Supreme  Court,  and  county, 
probate,  and  justice  courts,  the  judges  of  which  are  elected 
biennially. 

National  Representation.  —  The  state  is  represented  in 
Congress  by  two  senators  and  two  representatives,  and  hence 
has  four  electoral  votes. 


V.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture. — Vermont  is,  in  the  main,  an  agricultural  and 
a  grazing  state.  The  intervales  and  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  uplands  have  a  rich,  fertile  soil,  producing  abundantly  hay, 
potatoes,  hops,  oats,  rye,  wheat,  Indian-corn,  grass  and  clover 
seed,  apples,  and  all  the  ordinary  farm  staples.  But,  as  a  large 
proportion  of  the  land  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  to  til¬ 
lage,  much  attention  has  been  given  to  the  raising  of  live-stock ; 
and  the  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  swine,  butter  and  cheese,  and 
wool,  are  noted  for  their  excellent  quality.  The  state  ranks 
first  in  the  production  of  maple-sugar. 

Manufactures.  —  Though  not  so  extensively  or  exclusively 
engaged  in  manufacturing  as  the  other  New-England  States, 
Vermont  has  a  large  interest  in  this  industry. 

Among  the  principal  items  of  manufacture  are  flouring  and 
grist-mill  products,  woolen  goods,  sawed  lumber,  scales  and  bal¬ 
ances,  leather,  and  boots  and  shoes. 

Special  items  of  manufacture  will  be  noted  under  the  description  of 
places. 

Quarrying  and  Mining.  —  The  mineral  wealth  of  Vermont 
is  important.  Marble  of  many  hues  (pure  white,  black,  pale 
red,  mottled,  etc.),  limestone,  soapstone,  granite,  slate,  iron, 
copper,  manganese,  kaolin,  etc.,  are  found  in  abundance,  and 
are  largely  quarried  and  mined.  The  state  has  also  numerous 
mineral  springs. 


VII.  EDUCATION. 

Public.  —  The  common  schools  are  under  the  general  super¬ 
vision  of  the  state  superintendent  of  education,  chosen  by  the 
Legislature  for  two  years;  but  each  town  sustains  and  controls 
its  own  schools,  their  immediate  direction  being  in  the  hands 
of  the  town  superintendent  and  prudential  committee,  chosen  by 
the  people  of  each  town.  It  is  required  by  law  that  all  children 
between  eight  and  fourteen  years  of  age  shall  attend  school 
three  months  each  year. 

In  the  large  towns  graded  and  high  schools  are  sustained; 
and  the  state  supports  three  normal  schools,  —  at  Randolph, 
Castleton,  and  Johnson. 

Higher  Instruction.  —  Among  the  more  important  institu¬ 
tions  for  the  higher  instruction  are  the  University  of  Vermont 
and  State  Agricultural  College  in  Burlington  (founded  in  1791), 
Middlebury  College  at  Middlebury  (opened  in  1800),  Norwich 
University  at  Northfield  (opened  in  1834),  St.  Johnsbury 
Academy  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Methodist  Seminary  and  Female 
College  at  Montpelier,  Goddard  Seminary  at  Barre,  Troy  Con¬ 
ference  Seminary  at  Poultney,  Vermont  Academy  at  Saxton’s 
River,  Burr  and  Burton  Seminary  at  Manchester,  Vermont 
Episcopal  Institute  at  Burlington,  and  Green  Mountain  Semi¬ 
nary  at  Waterbury. 

Other  institutions  of  learning  will  be  noticed  under  the  description  of 
places. 


VERMONT. 


6 1 


VIII.  HISTORY. 

Early  History.  —  The  first  white  settlement  in  what  is  now 
Vermont  was  made  in  1724  at  Fort  Dummer,  near  the  present 
site  of  Brattleborough,  though  more  than  a  century  previously 
the  region  had  been  visited  by  Champlain,  a  French  officer 
whose  name  was  given  to  the  lake. 

The  fertile  lands  along  the  upper  Connecticut,  Winooski,  and 
Otter  Creek,  began  to  attract  attention  about  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  in  1768  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
townships  had  been  granted  by  the  British  governor,  Went¬ 
worth  of  New  Hampshire,  who  claimed  the  soil.  At  this  time 
the  region  west  of  Connecticut  River  (that  is,  Vermont)  was 
known  as  the  “New  Hampshire  Grants.” 

In  1763  a  claim  to  the  territory  was  set  up  by  the  royal 
governor  of  New  York,  and  the  king  decided  in  favor  of  New 
York.  Acts  of  hostility  toward  the  New-York  authorities 
followed,  in  consequence  of  their  attempting  to  eject  the  set¬ 
tlers  from  their  lands;  and  in  1777  the  people  of  Vermont 
declared  themselves  independent,  drew  up  a  state  constitution, 
and  applied  for  admission  into  the  confederacy,  but  were 
refused.  At  last  the  troubles  with  New  York  were  settled  in 
1790  by  the  payment  to  that  state  of  thirty  thousand  dollars, 
and  on  March  4,  1791,  Vermont  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

Though  not  an  independent  commonwealth  during  the  war 
of  the  Revolution,  Vermont  took  an  earnest  part  in  the  strug¬ 
gle  for  freedom  ;  and  in  the  actions  at  Ticonderoga  and 
Crown  Point,  and  in  the  battles  of  Bennington,  Stillwater,  and 
Hubbardton,  the  “Green-Mountain  boys  ”  won  an  illustrious 
name. 

State  History. — Vermont  was  the  first  state  received  into 
the  Union  in  addition  to  the  original  thirteen.  She  at  once 
began  a  career  of  prosperity  beyond  that  of  the  other  states. 

In  the  war  of  1812  the  “  Vermont  Volunteers  ”  took  an  active 
part  in  the  battle  of  Plattsburgh  and  the  naval  conflict  on  Lake 
Champlain.  In  the  war  of  secession,  1861-65,  the  state  also 
took  a  prominent  part,  sending  to  the  field  many  thousands 
of  admirable  troops. 

The  present  state  constitution  was  amended  in  1870. 

IX.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties.  —  Vermont  contains  fourteen  counties,  namely, 
Addison,  Bennington,  Caledonia,  Chittenden,  Essex,  Franklin, 
Grand  Isle,  Lamoille,  Orange,  Orleans,  Rutland,  Washington, 
Windham,  and  Windsor. 

Subdivisions.  —  These  counties  comprise  two  cities  (Bur¬ 
lington  and  Vergennes),  238  towns,  and  four  unorganized  town¬ 
ships. 

Montpelier,  the  capital  of  the  state  and  of  Washington 
County,  is  situated  on  Winooski  or  Onion  River.  It  is  sur¬ 
rounded  by  a  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  country,  and  has 


excellent  railroad  facilities  and  good  water-power.  The  state- 
house  is  a  handsome  granite  edifice,  with  a  dome  which  is  124 
feet  high.  Montpelier  carries  on  varied  manufactures,  and  is 
the  seat  of  the  Vermont  Methodist  Seminary,  and  has  an 
excellent  system  of  public  schools. 

Burlington  (population,  11,364),  at  the  head  of  Burlington 
Bay  in  Lake  Champlain,  and  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad, 
is  the  most  populous  city  in  the  state.  It  has  an  admirable 
situation,  commanding  magnificent  views  of  lake  and  mountain 
scenery.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  protected  by  a  breakwater  ; 
and  on  Juniper  Island  is  a  lighthouse. 

Burlington  is  one  of  the  chief  lumber  markets  in  the  United 
States,  has  numerous  manufacturing  establishments,  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  University  of  Vermont  and  the  State  Agricultural 
College. 

Rutland,  county  seat  of  Rutland  County,  is  situated  on  Otter  Creek,  at 
the  junction  of  several  railroads.  It  contains  12,149  inhabitants,  and  is  the 
most  populous  town  in  the  state.  It  has  several  foundries  and  machine- 
shops,  and  the  Howe  scale  manufacture;  but  its  chief  material  interest  is 
its  numerous  and  inexhaustible  quarries  of  fine  white  marble.  The  educa¬ 
tional  facilities  are  excellent. 

St.  Albans,  county  seat  of  Franklin  County,  is  situated  on  the  Vermont 
and  Canada  Railroad.  It  contains  the  extensive  car-shops  of  the  railroad 
company,  and  is  the  depot  of  a  large  trade  in  butter  and  cheese. 

Bennington,  one  of  the  county  seats  of  Bennington  County,  is  the  most 
important  manufacturing  town  in  the  state,  containing,  among  other  estab¬ 
lishments,  iron-foundries,  knitting-mills,  a  woolen-factory,  a  pottery,  and 
manufactures  of  cast-ware,  machinery,  lumber,  and  chairs.  It  was  the 
scene  of  the  famous  battle  of  Bennington,  in  1 777. 

Brattleborough,  in  Windham  County,  is  situated  on  the  Connecticut 
River,  which  is  here  bridged.  It  has  a  large  manufactory  of  parlor  organs, 
and  manufactures  of  carriages,  furniture,  and  machinery.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  towns  in  the  state,  having  been  settled  in  1724.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  state  Insane-Asylum. 

St.  Johnsbury,  county  seat  of  Caledonia  County,  is  situated  on  the  Pas- 
sumpsic  River,  and  is  an  important  railroad  center.  Plere  is  located  the 
extensive  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  scales.  It  contains  a  fine 
town  library,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  St.  Johnsbury  Academy. 


Brandon  —  in  Rutland  County,  on  the  Rutland 
and  Burlington  Railroad.  Extensive  quar¬ 
ries  of  statuary  marble,  and  large  manufac¬ 
ture  of  mineral  paint. 

Castleton  —  in  Rutland  County.  Railroad  facil¬ 
ities.  Slate  quarries,  and  large  manufacture 
of  slate  pencils.  Seat  of  one  of  the  state 
normal  schools. 

Colchester  —  in  Chittenden  County,  on  Vermont 
and  Canada  Railroad.  The  principal  vil¬ 
lage  is  Winooski  Falls,  which  has  abundant 
water-power  from  Winooski  River.  Exten¬ 
sive  limestone  quarries.  Large  trade  in 
lumber  and  cheese. 

Middlebury. —  in  Addison  County,  on  Rutland 
and  Burlington  Railroad.  Abundant  water¬ 
power.  Fine  marble  quarries.  Seat  of 
Middlebury  College. 

Northfield  —  in  Washington  County,  on  Central 
Vermont  Railroad.  Extensive  slate  quar¬ 
ries.  Seat  of  Norwich  University. 

Poultney  — in  Rutland  County.  Manufactures, 


lumber,  agricultural  implements,  cheese, 
etc.  Center  of  the  Vermont  slate  business. 

Randolph — in  Orange  County.  Varied  manu¬ 
factures. 

Rockingham  —  in  Windham  County,  has  for  its 
principal  village  Bellows  Falls,  where,  the 
medicinal  springs  make  it  a  favorite  summer 
resort. 

Springfield  —  in  Windsor  County,  on  the  Black 
River.  Varied  manufactures,  —  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  machinery,  toys,  plows, 
churns,  etc. 

Swanton  —  in  Franklin  County,  on  Missisquoi 
River.  Railroad  facilities.  Marble  quar¬ 
ries  and  marble  manufactures,  tanneries, 
saw-mills,  etc. 

Waterbury  —  in  Washington  County,  on  Wi¬ 
nooski  River.  Manufacturing  center. 

Woodstock  —  in  Windham  County.  Fine  scen¬ 
ery.  Educational  center. 

Stowe,  Danville,  Newport,  and  Manchester, 
are  popular  summer  resorts. 


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f*T\  ^ - V,:- - _  O  v 

;  ’  Hll-< -  ^vK-Medfo 

Ariingtoll  / 


VICINITY 

OF 

BOSTON 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


>Grover‘s 

Cliff 

rop 


:  Cambridgt/* 
06*«rvatory 


tMLAubum  j 
Wy&metery  j 
ro  w  N  '-l'A 
,S.  Ar  senaLj^Sa 


Winthrop 

Head 


Apple  I.q 
^  Pt.Shirley 
Governor’s  I. 


Ft.  Winthrop\ 


j  Green  I, 


South  Boston 


Ft.Independence 


FeservgtriL', 

CheMtflirtJpjflf' 


<0 veil’s  I. 


iyu  Dorchester 
vL  Say  / 


/  Boston  L.H. 

a  °1J  s  ' (Tv/ d ^ /  .  Narrows  L.H.. 

(?  JJ.Worre)iW  ,e^ 

-?  George’s  I. 

O^&ltainsford  I.  >. 


jylston  Sta, 


13ird  Sla. 


Pt.Allerton 


■JaMaica  Fond 

0/  /.Jamaica  . 
.///  Plain 
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V  Sorest  7/i<T> 
/  ‘''pcmetery  7 


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T  — rf^TIobn  1.  ^ 


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isliudale 


Bumkin  I. 

\  SheepJ.  ^ 
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C-^/ej  Slate  1. 


Mt.Hope 
^\S\ldttHope  / 

\v  Ct  lucttr  r  ani  t  e  IBr-j 

^  \llattapan  - ^5 


rove  | 


Central 
^  Sta. 


larendon.irilhs 


Dedham! 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  What  states  border  on  Masss 
natural  boundary  on  the  east  ?  Between  what  parallels 
what  meridians  ?  Measure  by  the  scale  of  miles  the  extreme 
of  the  state. 

Coast.  —  What  are  the  two  principal  peninsulas?  Nj 
sulas.  What  bay  on  the  east?  What  two  on  the  south- 
sounds  ?  What  two  large  islands  belong  to  the  state  ?  N: 
Name  the  chief  capes. 

Surface.  —  What  mountain-ranges  in  the  western  pr 
Name  two  peaks  in  the  Taconic  Range.  What  two  peak 
cut  River  ?  What  peak  in  the  north-central  part  of  the  st;: 

Rivers. — What  is  the  principal  river?  Name  four  t 
Connecticut.  What  two  rivers  between  the  Hoosac  an 
tains  ?  What  river  drains  the  north-eastern  part  ?  Wha 
Boston  Harbor?  Into  Narragansett  Bay?  Into  Long  Isl 

Counties.  —  Which  is  the  most  western  county?  The 
The  most  easterly  ?  Which  counties  are  intersected  by  Cc 
Name  the  island  counties.  Which  counties  border  on  Rhi 
Connecticut  ?  Which  county  borders  on  New  York? 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Name  and  locate  the  most  northerl 
Name  four  cities  on  the  Merrimac.  Name  three  cities 
vicinity  of  Boston.  What  city  on  an  arm  of  Buzzard’s  Bay 
Taunton  River?  What  city  near  the  center  of  the  state  ? 
or  large  towns  in  Worcester  County  ?  What  two  cities  on 
What  other  large  town  in  Hampden  County?  Name  the  c 
Berkshire  Hills.  What  is  the  shire-town  of  the  county  in 


..  M.  when  Noon  on 
Greenwich 


the  Meridian  at  Greenwich 


-Mouth  of  Mcrrimac  It. 

I- 

13 


>*’  OBicr’s  I.  aP 
Coney  X  <$? 
arblehead 


Tinker’s  L 


70  30 


MASSACHUSETTS 


,w  po'01 
^  1 
H  S^Avery's  Ho  cV 

r  -KArvcyp  j.  y-*  t  *  1  Straits  -Mouth  L 

^  V!>^>Rt>ctyot^iCape  Ann 


-Thatcher 
L.H. 


s  I. 


EXPLANATION 

Cities  are  underlined. 
County  Towns  ■& 
Railroads  "  Canals 

light  Houses  <fce. 


MnkX 

ester 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


10 


20 


,f  <vr  b  or- 


M  A  S  S  A  CIIVSJETTS 
HAT 


?Pt.Allerfon 


'  * 

1  in'*  7»; 

E 


eat 
BIN 
HAM 

'iKlitm®'11/ 
P<L  S.H 


.-.-^Minot’s  Hedge 
Cohasset  Hocks 


;uate  Center 


^rsfield 

arsfield 


elegraph  Hill 


V 


V 


\  7?BURY 
Jnti^Duxbjr 
il  (f.  "\ 


French  Telegraph. 
\  Cable  Landing 


■fiC*! 


S<SE-feri, 

PI  ncci  -  ..^rton®  "t 

borough  Falls\  ^7?o  Cranes  Lja  A  "'E8.V  A  T  E\R  f  Af  , 
AdA.Sqh.  j,  .^Xlo/  *  Xl  Aim  >  Jo 

-ra'  -a  ®  _  C/  *V 

Raynham  ▼  HlN.Miaa&e- 
•?. 


Co"VU 


asetts  ?  What 
it?  Between 
ngth  and  width 

e  other  penin- 
t  ?  What  two 
i  other  islands. 

I  of  the  state? 

I  rear  Connecti- 
L> 

!  utaries  of  the 
[Laconic  moun- 
i  vers  flow  into 
I  1  Sound  ? 

|  ost  northerly  ? 
j  ecticut  River? 
p  Island?  On 

j  ty  in  the  state, 
j  the  immediate 
.  vVhat  cities  on 
lat  other  cities 
p  Connecticut  ? 
i  :f  towns  in  the 
ich  you  live  ? 


Harrows  V$T 
HehrouviUe  \ 


.  H  A  L  ITrA'X  / 

®  i 
^  Halifax y  .  „ 

H^Ljuipton  i 

®  ^  ITypdbuth  t 


1 


\  s 

/ Issawo; 


\  "Wier/juuc#>?  I  3UT 

4^.  **V»- 

’jN.Dighton  • 

•K  digh  „ 

ypighloni^-j,"  ahevl 

/ f  *^~‘Fre$Un\;n 

\  >  -“-4tOrr  x. 

-j  I  !  .  \  J&3*  / 

r  „  ilJre 

■Btooi  ^  T 


('borough. 


V  H.CarvcrF^0  WiHinatori*  h  7  r 

y<?  \  ' 


Gurnet  Poipt 
°uth  Bay 

Elisha's  Point 


C  3.  P  G  Cod  \»  '/  -JO  yUj 
Pro  v  ince  t  gjy  n  ^ 

rt. 


Highland  Lt. 


,  © 


ft 


C% 
loc, 

rlidtlleboroug 


Td. 

iurnace 

Pond 


led  \ 

t^South 


>Tj 


nonriet  Point 

d  a  r  j: 


jT  ellfleet 

BeachT.fr  ?  c«J  v-  ^  , 

O  --  X3f  .Fn  |  Brooh 

BILLINGSGATE  IS.„  f  «  A  jL.'  kVillage 


Smi’pal 
\Jtynd' 
..<XV.X<(ng 

v?  \  T‘f  ■ 

>!•/  Va,*  \ 
v;  -dy  S-  \  ^  ?  °~ 
jijf®  \  \  Vs 

l/Vi  *  *  V 

^irv-'o 

..  “!)! 

%  JUartaiohtho0^lHAVEN\ 
,oV^  |  Newl  ^Fairfe; 
^  2  B^dL_.r. 

§stport  o )  ^  ^ 

§ 


onument 


South  Dartmouth 


estpoTt 


Dartmouth  § 


V 


leaseet  S., 
Greenville 
3 fash  pee  Ton* 

•BirdT.  C'- ^S.Pocasset 

\ Angelica  Pt.  T&hff 
Ram  I.  "‘g  j  /’\p  Talaio' 

.West  I. 

N.  ^  M, 

/i\  ^ 


12' 


Lookout  Point 


e*n‘ 

'  T 

.  ^-Nausett 
'enns\llar. 


SANDWICH  W.  /  j 

-  ^Barc  stable-  — 

ibana>v/„-i  7  harnsla 


anH4s<%Ai£  l'  ij  !  mol) ^ 

Vfjreat  JOunHyanrds: 
syfr  A  Wl  E 


^  V/  \ 

^^Sconticut  Pj.  \ 


BTt°CvV 


ammon  Pt. 


<(»,.»  Bishop  &  Clerks  .Lt.jBhip 

°Of> 


q  Tlptfnis  ,C  H  A  ,T  H 
h.UeltalS  <■  /N  Ch  • 

«>  \,  '  " 

CY 

'  .9”  -4?s/cf 

9- 


'Gosseberry 


’sHoll 

...  ,  ,  -is  c.  —  — ^...obsque  Pt. 

Mi  shall  m  rf  ✓*  ^  s  o  ^  /^^i^Nonainesset  I. 

-pK< 


Ne:k 


>S 


Hie' 


V  M 


esve'-  Tail 

S’arragansett  Pier 


Sakonnet  Pt. 


Cuttyhunk  I, 
S< 


V‘“ 


5  Pt.  Judith 


■w  &  Pigs  ""fti  , 

Yl*Vy 

Gay  Head 
Gay  Hi 


ldletowur 


tJ 


dnomoy  Pt. 


u 


p 


/s 


/ 


r 


yiNEYARD  ISLAND 


Chappaquiddich  I. 

n-iHuskeget  L 


Great  Point 


v/ 

(?/f 

U.V 

< 

S»  <t  Tuckernuch  1. 
y/&  Gravelly  Is. 


Longitude 


East 


No  Man's  Land 
from 


Washington 


Local  Time  P.M.when  Noon  on  12  :t  the  Meridian  at  Washington 


Siasconsety 

I  S  L  A  N Q  7^ 


Sankaty 

head 


f 


MASSACHUSETTS 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


I  Area,  8,315  square  miles.  Population,  1,783,085 .] 

I.  SITUATION,  EXTENT,  AND  COAST. 

Situation.  —  Massachusetts  is  situated  between  410  io'and 
420  53'  north  latitude,  and  between  69°  50'  and  73 0  30'  west 
longitude. 

Extent.  —  Its  extreme  length  (from  north-east  to  south¬ 
west)  is  160  miles;  its  breadth,  from  47  to  90  miles.  The 
eastern  section  is  rendered  irregular  by  the  two  projectin 
arms  of  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod.  The  main  body  of  the 
state,  comprising  two-thirds  of  its  surface,  is  in  its  general 
form  a  parallelogram  about  100  miles  long  and  50  broad. 

In  area  Massachusetts  ranks  as  the  fourth  of  the  New- 
England  States. 

Coast-line.  — The  coast-line  is  very  irregular.  In  addition 
to  the  great  peninsulas  of  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  Cod  are  many 
lesser  projections  ;  and  these  with  the  islands  inclose  nu¬ 
merous  bays  and  sounds,  among  which  are  Massachusetts 
Bay  (which  once  gave  its  name  to  the  province),  Cape-Cod 
Bay,  Buzzards  Bay,  Vineyard  Sound,  Nantucket  Sound,  and 
many  minor  inbreakings  of  the  ocean.  The  state  has  many 
excellent  harbors,  the  best  of  which  are  at  Boston  and  New 
Bedford. 

Islands.  —  The  largest  islands  are  Martha’s  Vineyard  (21  miles 
long)  and  Nantucket  (15  miles  long).  The  Elizabeth  Islands  are 
a  group  of  six  between  Buzzards  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound.  Bos¬ 
ton  harbor  is  studded  with  islands.  Plum  Island  is  notable  as 
the  northernmost  of  those  sand-spits  that  characterize  the  Atlan¬ 
tic  coast  south  of  New  York. 


II.  SURFACE. 

Divisions.  —  The  surface  of  the  state  is  greatly  diversi¬ 
fied.  It  is  naturally  divided  into  four  physical  regions,  — 
the  Berkshire  Hills,  the  Connecticut  Valley,  the  Central 
Divide,  and  the  Atlantic  Slope. 


Berkshire  Hills. — The  Berkshire  Hills,  or  western  high¬ 
lands,  are  the  most  rugged  and  elevated  part  of  the  state,  and 
consist  of  the  Taconic  and  the  Hoosac  mountains.  They  aro. 
separated  by  the  Housatonic  River,  and  are  ranges  of  the 
Green  Mountains,  continuing  into  Connecticut. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


65 


The  delightfully  variegated  scenery  of  the  Berkshire  Hills  has  long 
been  celebrated.  The  loftiest  elevation  in  the  state  is  Greylock 
(3,505  feet),  a  peak  of  Saddle  Mountain.  Berkshire  County  has  at 
least  six  other  peaks  each  exceeding  2,000  feet  in  height. 

Connecticut  Valley. — The  valley  of  the  Connecticut  is  a 
beautiful,  fertile  region,  delightfully  varied  in  hill  and  dale.  In 
this  part  of  the  state  are  various  elevations  (outcroppings  of 
the  White  Mountain  system),  among  which  the  most  important 
are  Mount  Tom  (about  1,300  feet)  and  Mount  Holyoke  (about 
1,200  feet).  These,  with  other  mountains  in  this  region,  have 
steep  and  precipitous  sides. 

Central  Divide. — The  Central  Divide  is  a  highland  region, 
forming  the  watershed  between  the  streams  flowing  into  the 
Connecticut  and  those  flowing  into  arms  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

A  broken  line  from  north  to  south  through  the  central  part  of  Worces¬ 
ter  County  indicates  approximately  the  eastern  boundary  of  this 
region.  The  mountains  are  a  prolongation  of  the  White  Mountain 
system  ;  and  the  loftiest  summit  is  Mount  Wachusett  (about  2,000 
feet  high). 

Atlantic  Slope. — The  Atlantic  Slope,  extending  from  the 
Central  Divide  to  the  coast,  has  a  varied  surface  of  hill  and 
plain  ;  the  eastern  and  north-eastern  parts  being  hilly  and 
irregular,  and  the  south-eastern  section  being  generally  low 
and  broken. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

Character.  —  Every  part  of  the  state  is  well  watered;  but 
in  general  the  streams  are  more  useful  for  their  water-power 
than  as  channels  of  communication. 

The  Connecticut,  the  largest  river,  is,  owing  to  its  rapid 
descent,  navigable  in  this  state  only  by  aid  of  canals  and 
locks  ;  but  it  has  been  dammed  at  Turner’s  Falls  and  Holyoke, 
and  furnishes  immense  water-power. 

The  Merrimac,  entering  the  state  from  New  Hampshire, 
has  a  course  of  forty  miles  in  Massachusetts,  and  is  naviga¬ 
ble  to  Haverhill,  eighteen  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  supplies 
extensive  water-power  to  Lowell,  Lawrence,  and  other  manu¬ 
facturing  centers. 

Other  Rivers. — The  Housatonic,  Hoosac,  Deerfield,  Mill, 
Westfield,  Miller’s,  Chicopee,  Ware,  Swift,  Nashua,  Concord, 
Blackstone,  Assabet,  Shawsheen,  Spicket,  Powow,  Nemasket, 
and  Taunton  rivers,  with  many  smaller  streams,  afford  water¬ 
power,  which  is  very  extensively  utilized. 

Lakes.  — The  state  contains  numerous  small  but  picturesque 
lakes  and  ponds,  from  which  large  quantities  of  ice  are  ob¬ 
tained. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

General  Character.  —  The  climatic  changes  are  liable  to  be 
sudden  and  extreme.  The  summers  are  warm,  with  periods  of 
very  high  temperature  :  the  winters,  especially  in  the  moun¬ 
tainous  districts,  are  long  and  severe. 

Details.  —  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  48°;  of  spring, 
430;  of  summer,  71 0  ;  of  fall,  5 1 0  ;  of  winter,  210. 

V.  INDUSTRIES. 

Manufacturing. — Manufacturing,  in  which  Massachusetts 
holds  the  first  rank,  is  the  leading  industry.  Both  water  and 
steam  are  used  as  motors  to  a  vast  extent. 

In  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  cordage  and  twine, 


cotton  goods,  cutlery,  chairs,  lasts,  straw  goods,  woolen  goods, 
as  well  as  textiles  in  general,  and  in  bleaching  and  dyeing, 
Massachusetts  ranks  above  all  other  states. 

The  leading  specialties  of  manufacture  are  boots  and  shoes,  and 
cotton  and  woolen  goods;  and  Massachusetts  is  the  great  center 
of  these  industries  in  the  United  States. 

The  amount  of  capital  employed  in  manufactures,  and  the  value  of  the 
annual  products,  are  greater  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  ;  but,  in 
proportion  to  the  population,  the  industries  of  Massachusetts  are 
more  extensive  than  those  of  either  of  the  states  named. 

Agriculture.  —  Nature  has  not  favored  Massachusetts  with  a 
fertile  soil ;  and  so  compact  is  its  population,  and  so  great 
the  proportion  engaged  in  manufacturing,  that  the  state  does 
not  raise  food  sufficient  to  supply  home  consumption.  Still 
agriculture  is  pursued  with  great  scientific  skill  ;  and  many 
of  its  farms,  cultivated  with  the  care  of  gardens,  are  very 
productive. 

A  leading  authority  says,  “The  beautiful  and  easily  cultivated  Con¬ 
necticut  Valley  is  hardly  excelled  in  fertility  by  any  region  in  the 
world;  and  even  its  outlying,  elevated,  sandy  plains  (Westfield, 
Chicopee,  Granby,  etc.)  are  admirably  easy  of  culture,  and  give  re¬ 
munerative  crops.  In  Berkshire  much  of  the  soil  is  generous,  and 
well  adapted  to  dairying  and  general  agriculture.  Western  Franklin 
County  makes  a  specialty  of  live-stock  and  butter;  the  Connecti¬ 
cut  Valley,  of  tobacco,  broom-corn,  and  the  cereals ;  north-western 
Worcester  County,  of  cheese  and  butter;  Essex  and  Norfolk,  of 
market-garden  products;  Middlesex,  of  garden  products  and  milk. 
Hay  and  forage  crops  are  everywhere  important  productions.” 

Fisheries.  —  The  fisheries  of  Massachusetts  have  long  been 
one  of  its  leading  industries,  and  more  than  half  of  the  fishing- 
vessels  of  the  United  States  are  owned  in  this  state. 

Gloucester,  Y’armouth,  and  Provincetown  are  the  principal  fishing-ports; 
but  Newburyport,  Marblehead,  Salem,  Beverly,  Boston,  Plymouth, 
and  the  minor  ports,  do  considerable  deep-sea  fishing,  bringing  in 
fares  of  cod,  halibut,  mackerel,  herring,  sea-trout,  fish-oil,  etc.,  from 
the  banks  and  coasts  of  Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  from  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  bays  of  Fundy  and  Chaleur.  The  coast- 
fisheries  are  extensive,  taking  mainly  cod,  haddock,  hake,  pollock, 
mackerel,  blue-fish,  bass,  etc.,  besides  menhaden  and  other  fish  for 
oil  and  fish-guano.  The  river  fisheries  are  lucrative,  great  attention 
having  lately  been  given  to  the  stocking  of  the  fresh  waters  of  the 
state  with  food  fishes. 

New  Bedford  is  the  leading  market  in  the  state  for  the  products  of  the 
whale-fisheries. 

Quarrying  and  Mining.  —  Granite  is  extensively  quarried  in 
the  eastern  part  o?  the  state  (as  at  Rockport,  Graniteville,  Mon- 
son,  Quincy,  Fall  River,  etc.),  and  is  an  important  article  of 
export.  Beds  of  excellent  iron  ore  and  valuable  glass-sand  are 
found  in  the  Housatonic  Valley  ;  the  Connecticut  Valley  affords 
a  handsome  brown  sandstone  ;  and  the  marbles  and  limestones 
of  Berkshire  are  extensively  worked  for  building-stone  and 
for  lime-burners’  use. 

The  state  is  not  rich  in  minerals,  though  in  addition  to  those  already 
mentioned  may  be  named  ores  of  silver  found  at  Newburyport  and 
mined  to  some  extent,  and  lead  ores  found  at  various  points  in  Essex 
County. 

The  coal  of  Massachusetts  is  of  the  anthracite  class,  and  is  of  a  kind 
that  can  not  be  profitably  mined,  except  for  certain  special  uses. 

Ice-Trade.  —  The  ice-trade  and  the  harvesting  and  storage 
of  ice  for  commercial  purposes  is  an  important  industry  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Ship-building.  —  In  ship-building  Massachusetts  holds  the 


66 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


first  rank.  The  principal  seats  of  this  industry  are  Boston 
and  Newburyport. 

Commerce.  —  The  commerce  of  Massachusetts — domestic 
and  foreign — :is  very  large;  and  in  foreign  commerce  the 
state  is  second  only  to  New  York. 

The  chief  exports  are  the  varied  manufactures  of  the  state  and  of  New 
England,  the  breadstuffs  and  meats  of  the  Central  States,  together 
with  fish,  dairy-products,  ice,  and  granite. 

The  ports  of  entry  are  Boston,  Barnstable,  Edgartown,  Fall  River, 
Gloucester,  Marblehead,  Nantucket,  New  Bedford,  Newburyport, 
Plymouth,  and  Salem. 

Transportation.  —  In  proportion  to  its  surface,  no  other 
state  is  so  thoroughly  supplied  with  railroads  and  other  means 
of  communication  as  Massachusetts.  The  total  length  of  rail¬ 
roads  is  (exclusive  of  double  tracks,  etc.)  about  two  thousand 
miles,  crossing  the  state  in  every  direction,  and  connecting 
with  the  trunk  lines  of  the  country. 

Massachusetts  was  one  of  the  first  states  to  enter  largely  into  railroad 
construction,  and  has  always  assisted  its  railroads  liberally. 

The  celebrated  Hoosac  Tunnel,  cut  by  the  state  in  order  to  form  easy 
communication  with  the  Great  West,  is  a  noted  instance  of  its  enter¬ 
prise  and  lavish  expenditure  in  opening  direct  lines  of  travel. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  the  governor,  with  a 
council  of  eight  members,  the  lieutenant-governor,  secretary  of 
the  commonwealth,  treasurer  and  receiver-general,  auditor,  and 
attorney-general.  All  are  elected  annually  by  the  people. 

The  legislature,  called  the  “General  Court,"  consists  of  a 
Senate  of  forty  members  and  a  House  of  Representatives  of 
two  hundred  and  forty  members,  elected  annually. 

The  judiciary  comprises  the  Supreme  Court  (consisting  of  a 
chief  justice  and  six  associate  justices),  a  Superior  Court  (with 
a  chief  and  ten  associates),  courts  of  probate  and  insolvency, 
together  with  municipal  and  minor  courts. 

National  Representation.  —  The  state  sends  to  Congress 
two  senators  and  twelve  representatives,  and  hence  has  four¬ 
teen  electoral  votes. 

VII.  EDUCATION. 

History.  —  The  free  public-school  system  of  Massachusetts 
is  almost  as  old  as  the  history  of  the  state,  and  enjoys  a  well- 
deserved  fame. 

The  institution  of  common  schools  in  Massachusetts  dates  from  1647; 
that  is,  from  the  seventeenth  year  of  the  first  founding  of  the  colony. 
In  the  law  establishing  public  schools  is  the  following  clause:  “  It 
is  further  ordered,  that,  when  any  town  shall  increase  to  the  number 
of  one  hundred  families  or  householders,  they  shall  set  up  a.  gram¬ 
mar-school,  the  master  thereof  being  able  to  instruct  youth  so  far 
as  they  may  be  fitted  for  the  university.”  —  Palfrey,  History  of 
New  England. 

State  Supervision.  — The  State  Board  of  Education  (consist¬ 
ing  of  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  eight  appointed 
members)  has  a  general  supervision  of  the  public  schools  ;  and 
the  secretary  of  the  board  acts  as  state  superintendent  of 
public  instruction  ;  but  the  direct  control  of  school  affairs  is 
intrusted  by  the  people  to  local  committees  and  superintend¬ 
ents. 

The  state  board  has  the  supervision  of  the  five  state  normal 
schools, — at  Framingham,  Salem,  Worcester,  Bridgewater,  and 
Westfield,  — and  of  the  State  Normal  Art  School  at  Boston. 


Town  Schools.  —  All  the  towns  of  any  considerable  size 
have  graded  schools,  including  primary,  intermediate,  gram¬ 
mar,  and  high  schools,  supported  and  controlled  by  the  people. 
It  is  required  by  law  that  all  children  between  eight  and  four¬ 
teen  years  of  age  must  attend  school  at  least  twenty  weeks  in 
each  year. 

Private  Institutions.  —  The  higher  institutions  of  learning 
not  under  the  patronage  of  the  state  include  universities,  col¬ 
leges,  and  professional  schools  and  academies. 

For  the  higher  instruction  of  men  are  Harvard  University  at 
Cambridge  (founded  in  1638),  Williams  College  at  Williams- 
town  (founded  in  1793),  Amherst  College  at  Amherst  (founded 
in  1821),  College  of  the  Holy  Cross  at  Worcester  (founded 
in  1843),  Tufts  College  at  Medford  (founded  in  1855),  Boston 
College  (founded  in  1863)  ;  and  Boston  University  (founded  in 
1869)  for  both  sexes. 

For  the  higher  instruction  of  women  the  leading  institutions 
are  Wellesley  College  at  Wellesley,  Smith  College  at  North¬ 
ampton,  and  Mount  Holyoke  Seminary  at  South  Hadley. 

Mention  of  other  private  and  professional  schools,  academies,  and 
seminaries,  will  be  found  in  the  description  of  cities  and  towns. 

VIII.  HISTORY. 

Settlement.  —  The  first  settlement  in  Massachusetts  was 
made  on  the  Elizabeth  Islands  by  Bartholomew  Gosnold  and 
thirty  English  colonists;  but  it  was  soon  abandoned.  In  1614 
the  famous  Capt.  John  Smith  visited  the  coast  of  Massachu¬ 
setts  and  that  to  the  northward,  and  made  an  interesting  map 
of  the  region,  which  he  named  New  England. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Massachusetts  was  made 
by  a  small  band  of  persecuted  English  Puritans  known  as 
“the  Pilgrim  Fathers.”  They  sailed  from  England  in  the 
“Mayflower,”  and  landed  at  Plymouth  Dec.  21,  1620.  During 
the  first  few  years  they  suffered  many  hardships. 

In  1628  a  number  of  wealthy  and  influential  English  Puri¬ 
tans  formed  a  company  called  the  “  Company  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,”  and  having  purchased  an  extensive  tract  of  land,  and 
obtained  a  charter  from  Charles  I.,  began  to  send  out  Puritan 
emigrants.  By  these  a  settlement  was  formed  in  1629,  under 
John  Endicott,  at  Salem,  the  foundation  of  the  colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

In  1630  the  charter  and  powers  of  government  were  trans¬ 
ferred  from  the  company  in  England  to  the  colony,  —  an  act 
which  gave  the  Massachusetts  Bay  colony  self-government,  and 
determined  many  wealthy  and  influential  English  Puritans  to 
emigrate  to  America.  In  1630  a  fleet  of  thirteen  vessels, 
carrying  nearly  fifteen  hundred  settlers,  with  John  Winthrop 
as  governor,  came  to  Massachusetts  Bay  colony,  where  they 
founded  Boston,  Dorchester,  Cambridge,  and  other  places. 

Colonial  History.  —  Among  the  more  important  events  in 
the  colonial  history  of  Massachusetts  were  the  Pequod  war, 
which  involved  all  the  New-England  settlements,  and  closed, 
with  the  severe  defeat  of  the  savages,  in  1637  ;  King  Philip’s 
war,  which  broke  out  in  1675,  and  ended  with  the  death  of  that 
Indian  chief  the  following  year ;  and  the  abolition  of  the  Mas¬ 
sachusetts  charter  and  liberties  by  King  James  II.  in  1686, 
when  the  despotic  Andros  was  made  governor. 

In  1692  the  colonies  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts  Bay 
were  united  under  the  name  of  Massachusetts,  and  a  charter 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


67 


was  granted  by  King  William.  At  this  time  Massachusetts 
contained  a  population  of  about  40,000,  and,  under  the  charter 
granted  by  King  William,  continued  to  be  a  royal  province  till 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  During  the  hundred  years 
before  independence,  the  people  of  Massachusetts  were  en¬ 
gaged  in  the  various  “  French  and  Indian  wars  ;  ”  and  in  these 
contests  the  colonists  suffered  severely. 

Of  the  events  preceding  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
the  Boston  Massacre  in  1770,  the  destruction  of  the  tea  in 
1773,  and  the  port-bill  in  1774,  are  notable  incidents.  In  the 
war  of  independence,  Massachusetts,  at  Lexington  and  Con¬ 
cord, 

“  Fired  the  shot  heard  round  the  world  ;  ” 

and  the  first  great  battle  was  fought  at  Bunker  Hill  in  June, 
1775- 

State  History.  —  The  Federal  Constitution  was  adopted  by  a 
state  convention  in  January,  1788.  Previously  to  this  (in  1780) 
a  state  constitution  had  been  adopted  by  the  people.  It  was 
afterwards  amended  in  1820  and  1857.  The  patriotic  part 
taken  by  Massachusetts  in  the  war  of  secession  is  recorded  in 
history. 

IX.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties.  —  Massachusetts  is  divided  into  fourteen  coun¬ 
ties  ;  namely,  Barnstable,  Berkshire,  Bristol,  Dukes,  Essex, 
Franklin,  Hampden,  Hampshire,  Middlesex,  Nantucket,  Nor¬ 
folk,  Plymouth,  Suffolk,  and  Worcester. 

Subdivisions.  —  These  counties  comprise  twenty-one  cities 
and  numerous  towns. 

Boston  (population,  362,839)  is  the  capital  and  metropolis  of 
Massachusetts,  and  the  leading  city  of  New  England. 

The  city  includes  in  one  corporation  Boston,  Roxbury,  West  Roxbury, 
Dorchester,  Brighton,  and  Charlestown.  Including  the  inhabitants 
of  the  suburban  towns,  Boston  comprises  a  population  of  three- 
quarters  of  a  million. 

The  city  is  the  terminus  of  many  railroads  ;  and  in  the  out¬ 
skirts  runs  the  Grand  Junction  Railway,  which  connects  with 
most  of  the  other  railroad  lines,  and  facilitates  the  transfer 
of  freight.  Sixteen  bridges,  including  the  railroad-bridges, 
connect  the  suburbs  with  the  main  city  ;  while  East  Boston 
and  Chelsea  are  reached  by  steam-ferries.  The  harbor  is  excel¬ 
lent,  and  the  wharves,  warehouses,  and  other  shipping  facilities 
are  not  surpassed. 

Boston  is  the  chief  emporium  of  New-England  manufactures; 
is  the  leading  market  in  the  world  for  hides,  and  boots  and 
shoes  ;  and  is  the  center  of  trade  in  wool  and  American  dry- 
goods.  In  the  value  of  its  imports,  Boston  is  surpassed  only 
by  New  York  ;  and  in  the  value  of  exports  and  imports  it  ranks 
as  the  third  city  in  the  Union. 

The  city  has  long  been  famous  for  the  interest  taken  by  its 
citizens  in  literature,  science,  and  art.  There  are  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty  literary,  educational,  scientific,  charitable, 
musical,  and  art  associations,  many  of  them  incorporated  and 
endowed.  The  public-school  system  —  the  model  for  educa¬ 
tional  organization  in  most  of  the  larger  cities  of  the  country 
—  is  unsurpassed  in  efficiency,  and  includes  institutions  of 
every  grade,  from  the  primary  to  the  high,  normal,  and  Latin 
schools. 


The  original  town  stood  upon  a  peninsula  called  Shawmut,  and  after¬ 
wards  Tremont,  or  Tri-mountain,  from  its  three  conspicuous  hills, 
of  which  only  one  (Beacon  Hill)  now  remains.  The  name  Tri¬ 
mountain  was  in  1630  changed  to  Boston,  in  honor  of  Boston  in 
Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  several  leading  men  among  the  founders  of  the 
town  having  been  natives  of  Lincolnshire. 

Lowell,  the  second  city  in  the  state,  is  finely  situated  on  the  Merrimac 
River,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Concord.  It  is  one  of  the  shire-towns  of 
Middlesex  County,  and  is  the  most  westerly  of  the  four  cities  which  owe 
their  importance  to  the  Merrimac  River.  This  river  falls  more  than  thirty 
feet  at  Lowell,  affording  very  great  water-power,  which  is  utilized  by  means 
of  locks  and  canals.  Steam-power  is  also  very  extensively  employed. 

Lowell  is  widely  celebrated  as  one  of  the  greatest  manufacturing  cities  of 
America,  the  cotton  and  woolen  mills  alone  approaching  one  hundred  in 
number,  with  over  half  a  million  of  spindles.  Among  other  important  items 
of  manufacture  may  be  mentioned  machinery,  hardware,  chemicals,  paper, 
carriages,  and  furniture.  There  are  also  extensive  bleaching  and  dye  works. 
In  the  factories  of  this  city  sixteen  thousand  operatives  find  employment. 

Lowell  is  an  important  railroad  center,  being  the  terminus  of  no  less  than 
seven  lines  of  road. 

It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1836. 

Worcester,  pleasantly  located  at  the  head  of  the  Blackstone  River,  is  one 
of  the  county  seats  of  Worcester  County.  Its  situation  at  the  junction  of 
numerous  important  railway  lines,  and  in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  gives 
it  great  commercial  and  political  importance,  and  its  familiar  title  of  the 
“  Heart  of  the  Commonwealth.”  The  manufactures  are  varied  and  exten¬ 
sive,  the  chief  articles  being  boots  and  shoes  (about  thirty  factories),  iron 
goods  (most  extensive  wire-mills  in  the  world),  and  woolen  goods  (fourteen 
establishments).  Other  important  items  are  cotton  goods,  machinery,  car¬ 
pets,  hardware,  and  furniture. 

Worcester  has  a  well-deserved  reputation  for  the  excellence  of  its  educa¬ 
tional  institutions.  These  include,  in  addition  to  the  fine  system  of  graded 
public  schools,  a  state  normal  school,  the  Worcester  County  Free  Institute 
of  Industrial  Science,  the  Oread  Institute  (for  ladies),  the  Worcester  Acade¬ 
my,  the  Highland  Military  Academy,  and  the  Jesuit  College  of  the  Hob- 
Cross. 

The  Union  Depot  is  a  handsome  granite  structure;  and  among  the  other 
numerous  fine  buildings,  those  of  the  high-school,  the  court-house,  and 
several  of  the  church  edifices,  are  deserving  of  notice. 

Worcester  was  first  settled  in  1675,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in 
1848. 

Cambridge,  a  city  of  Middlesex  County,  occupies  a  beautiful  situation  in 
the  vicinity  of  Boston,  being  separated  from  the  metropolis  by  the  Charles 
River.  It  is  widely  celebrated  as  the  seat  of  Harvard  University,  the  oldest 
and  best-endowed  collegiate  institution  in  the  United  States.  Cambridge  is, 
next  to  Boston,  the  wealthiest  city  in  the  state,  and  its  beautiful  streets  are 
lined  with  fine  residences. 

Its  business,  though  considerable,  is  relatively  small.  The  printing 
interest  was  early  established  here,  and  the  manufacture  of  books  is  to-day 
one  of  the  chief  industries.  Iron,  glass,  soap,  steam-engines,  and  lumber 
are  important  items  of  manufacture. 

Cambridge  is  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  New  England,  having  been 
settled  in  1630.  The  city  now  comprises  East  Cambridge,  Cambridgeport, 
and  North  Cambridge,  as  well  as  “Old  Cambridge,”  the  part  first  settled. 

Fall  River,  a  city,  and  seaport  of  Bristol  County,  is  situated  on  Mount 
Hope  Bay  (an  arm  of  Narragansett  Bay),  at  the  mouth  of  Taunton  River. 
The  city  derives  its  name  from  the  outlet  of  Watuppa  Pond  (an  extensive 
sheet  of  water  to  the  east),  which  here  falls  135  feet  in  the  course  of  half  a 
mile.  The  extensive  water-power  thus  afforded,  and  its  excellent  harbor, 
accessible  to  the  largest  vessels,  have  contributed  to  the  industrial  activity 
of  Fall  River.  This  city  takes  a  leading  rank  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
fabrics,  having  forty  mills,  containing  over  a  million  spindles.  There  is, 
also,  extensive  manufacture  of  nails,  machinery,  and  iron  goods.  I  he  fish¬ 
ing  interest  is  considerable. 

Fall  River  is  on  one  of  the  main  lines  of  travel  between  Boston  and  New 
York.  Steamboats  connect  this  place  daily  with  the  latter  city  and  with 
Newport  and  Providence. 

Lawrence,  in  Essex  County,  is  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Merrimac 
River.  At  this  point  the  liver  falls  about  thirty  feet,  and  its  water-power  is 


63 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


made  available  by  a  splendid  granite  dam  nearly  a  thousand  feet  long,  and 
by  canals,  one  on  each  side  of  the  river.  Its  great  natural  advantages  have 
given  Lawrence  its  industrial  importance.  There  are  numerous  cotton  and 
woolen  mills,  besides  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  machinery, 
boilers,  etc.,  boots  and  shoes,  paper,  and  clothing.  The  high-school  building 
is  a  costly  and  imposing  edifice. 

Lynn,  a  city  of  Essex  County,  is  located  on  Massachusetts  Bay,  near  the 
foot  of  Nahant  Peninsula,  about  ten  miles  north-east  of  Boston.  Its  chief 
commercial  consequence  is  due  to  its  great  manufacture  of  ladies’  shoes,  in 
which  item  it  is  the  leading  city  in  the  Union.  Lynn  is  surrounded  by  a 
picturesque  country,  and  the  city  contains  many  handsome  villas  of  mer¬ 
chants  of  Boston.  Nahant,  at  the  extremity  of  the  point  of  land  of  that 
name,  is  a  famous  summer  resort. 

Springfield,  a  city  of  Hampden  County,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the 
Connecticut  River,  near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state.  It  has  widely 
diversified  and  flourishing  industries,  comprising  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  machinery,  paper,  cars  and  engines,  furniture,  and 
jewelry. 

The  United-States  Armory  and  Arsenal  at  this  place  are  the  most  exten¬ 
sive  in  the  country,  and  were  established  in  1795.  An  iron  railroad-bridge 
and  three  other  bridges  here  cross  the  Connecticut. 

Springfield  was  settled  in  1635,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1852. 

Salem  is  a  seaport  city  of  Essex  County,  pleasantly  situated  on  a  fine 
harbor  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  New  England, 
having  been  settled  in  1628,  and  had  formerly  an  extensive  foreign  com¬ 
merce.  The  shipping  interest  is  now  mainly  confined  to  the  coasting-trade, 
in  which  ice  and  coal  are  the  prominent  items.  Salem  has  manufactures  of 
cotton  goods,  lead  pipe,  cars,  cordage,  and  boots  and  shoes.  A  State 
Normal  School  for  Girls,  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Salem 
Athenaeum,  and  the  Essex  Institute,  are  located  at  this  place.  Salem  con¬ 
tains  many  fine  old  mansions  dating  from  the  period  of  its  greatest  mercan¬ 
tile  supremacy. 

New  Bedford,  in  Bristol  County,  on  Acushnet  River,  is  the  most  south¬ 
erly  city  in  the  state.  Its  commodious  harbor  was  once  the  seat  of 
extraordinary  activity  in  the  business  of  the  whale-fisheries.  For  a  period  of 
a  hundred  years  it  was  the  leading  whaling-port  of  the  world;  but  with  the 
growth  of  the  petroleum-trade  the  fisheries  have  greatly  fallen  off.  Here  are 
mills  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  cordage,  flour,  shoes,  glass,  soap,  and 
machinery.  The  high-school  building  and  the  public  library  are  among 
the  principal  public  buildings. 

Somerville,  a  city  of  Middlesex  County,  has  a  beautiful  and  elevated 
situation  about  three  miles  west  of  Boston.  It  is  chiefly  a  city  of  residences 
for  people  transacting  business  in  the  metropolis,  but  has  considerable 
manufactures  of  glass,  earthenware,  etc.  Pork-packing  is  an  important 
industry.  Somerville  has  historic  interest  as  the  scene  of  many  stirring 
events  in  colonial  and  Revolutionary  times. 

Holyoke  has  a  handsome  situation  on  the  Connecticut,  in  Hampden 
County.  This  city  has  extensive  cotton  and  woolen  mills,  and  other  facto¬ 
ries,  but  is  best  known  from  its  great  product  of  paper  and  paper  goods. 
There  are  about  two  thousand  operatives  in  the  cotton-factories,  and  nearly 
one  thousand  in  the  paper-mills. 

Chelsea,  a  city  of  Suffolk  County,  is  a  residential  suburb  of  Boston,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Mystic  River.  There  are  considerable  manufac¬ 
tures,  mainly  of  furniture,  stoves,  machinery,  and  rubber  goods.  A  United 
States  Naval  Hospital  and  a  Marine  Hospital  are  located  here. 

Taunton,  a  manufacturing  city,  county  seat  of  Bristol  County,  is  a  railroad 
center  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Taunton  River.  Two  streams  tributary 
to  that  river  traverse  the  place ;  and  within  the  city  limits  are  several  flour¬ 
ishing  village  centers.  The  manufactures  are  active  and  widely  diversified; 
the  leading  items  being  cotton  goods,  bricks,  a  great  variety  of  hardware, 
copper-ware,  and  locomotives.  Taunton  is  the  seat  of  a  state  lunatic- 
asylum,  and  has  a  fine  public  library. 

The  Bristol  Academy,  established  in  1792,  has  a  fine  educational  repute. 
There  are  many  beautiful  private  mansions  in  highly  ornamented  grounds. 

Gloucester,  a  seaport  city  of  Essex  County,  on  Cape  Ann,  is  a  beautiful 
and  well-known  place  of  summer  resort.  Its  fine  harbor  is  the  seat  of  ex¬ 
tensive  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries,  in  which  it  takes  the  leading  position, 
employing  over  5,000  men  and  500  vessels.  The  activity  of  this  place  in  the 


domestic  fisheries  dates  back  more  than  a  hundred  years.  There  is  a  large 
importation  of  foreign  salt  for  use  in  the  fisheries.  Ship-building  is  exten¬ 
sively  carried  on,  as  well  as  trade  in  the  fine  granite  quarried  in  the  vicinity. 

Haverhill  is  a  manufacturing  city  of  Essex  County,  on  the  Merrimac, 
about  20  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  boot-and-shoe  industry,  in  which  this 
city  is  second  only  to  Lynn,  is  the  first  in  importance,  employing  6,000  ope¬ 
ratives.  Hats,  caps,  bricks,  and  flannel  are  other  items  of  manufacture. 

Newton  is  a  suburban  city  of  Middlesex  County,  picturesquely  situated 
on  the  Charles  River,  eight  miles  from  Boston.  Numerous  thriving-  villages 
are  contained  within  the  limits  of  Newton  ;  and,  though  chiefly  known  as  a 
residential  place,  it  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  paper,  silk,  cordage,  glue, 
and  other  articles.  There  are  several  excellent  private  seminaries. 

Newburyport,  is  a  beautiful  seaport  city  at  the  mouth  of  the  Merrimac. 
The  leading  items  of  manufacture  are  cotton  goods,  machinery,  and  boots 
and  shoes.  The  coasting-trade  and  ship-building  and  fishing  interests  are 
considerable. 

Fitchburg,  on  Nashua  River,  is  one  of  the  county  seats  of  Worcester 
County.  This  city  is  an  important  railroad  and  manufacturing  center.  The 
water-powers  are  very  great;  and  the  most  important  industries  are  the 
making  of  machinery,  chairs,  and  paper.  There  are  fine  granite  quarries  in 
the  vicinity. 


Attleborough  —  in  Bristol  County,  30  miles 
south-west  of  Boston.  Township  contains 
village  of  North  Attleborough.  Manufac¬ 
tures  of  jewelry,  clocks,  and  calicoes. 

Beverly  —  in  Essex  County,  on  an  inlet  of  the 
Atlantic.  Connected  by  bridge  with  Salem. 
Good  harbor.  Considerable  fishing  interest. 
Manufactures  of  shoes,  morocco,  carriages, 
potter’s-ware,  bricks,  machinery,  and  paper- 
boxes.  Summer  resort. 

Brockton  — a  city  in  Plymouth  County.  Manu¬ 
factures  of  boots  and  shoes.  Great  wealth 
and  activity. 

Brookline  —  in  Norfolk  County,  on  Charles 
River,  four  miles  south-west  of  Boston. 
Wealthiest  suburb  of  Boston.  Elegant 
villas  with  highly-ornamented  grounds. 
Manufactory  of  philosophical  instruments 

Chicopee — in  Hampden  County,  on  the  Con¬ 
necticut,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chicopee 
River.  Fine  water-power,  extensive  cotton- 
mills;  manufactories  of  bronze  cannon, 
statuary,  cutlery,  locks,  fire-arms,  etc. 

Clinton  —  in  Worcester  County,  on  Nashua  Riv 
er.  Extensive  manufactures  of  ginghams 
and  plaids,  carpets,  combs,  wire-cloth,  ma¬ 
chinery,  etc. 

Danvers  — in  Essex  County.  Township  con¬ 
tains  Danvers  Center  and  Danversport. 
New  state  insane-asylum.  Manufactures 
of  shoes,  bricks,  carpets,  etc. 

Greenfield  —  a  beautiful  village,  county  seat  of 
Franklin  County,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Connecticut  and  Deerfield  rivers.  Fine 
water-powers.  Manufactures  of  cutlery, 
edge  tools,  etc. 

Hyde  Park  — a  flourishing  place  in  Norfolk 
County,  on  Neponset  River.  Proximity 
to  Boston.  Water-power.  Manufactures 
of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  paper,  curled- 
hair,  and  machinery. 

Malden  —  a  city  in  Middlesex  County,  five  miles 
north  of  Boston.  Contains  villages  of 
Linden  and  Maplewood.  Manufactures  of 
rubber  boots  and  shoes,  lasts  and  leather, 
cords  and  tassels,  etc. 

Marblehead  —  seaport  town  of  Essex  County, 
on  Massachusetts  Bay.  Deep  and  safe  har¬ 
bor;  important  fisheries.  Manufactures  of 
boots  and  shoes.  Summer  resort. 

Marlborough  —  in  Middlesex  County.  Manu¬ 
factures  great  quantities  of  boots  and  shoes, 
also  machinery  and  cigars. 

Medford — in  Middlesex  County,  on  Mystic 
River.  Seat  of  Tufts  College.  Manufac¬ 
tures  of  bricks,  buttons,  Medford  rum, 
crackers,  and  tinware. 

Milford  — in  Worcester  County.  Township  con¬ 
tains  the  villages  of  Hopedale  and  South 
Milford.  Manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes. 


Natick  —  in  Middlesex  County,  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  Cochituate  Lake.  Extensive 
manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes,  hats,  and 
base-balls.  Township  contains  villages  or 
Felchville  and  South  Natick. 

North  Adams  —  in  Berkshire  County,  on  Hoo- 
sic  River,  at  western  extremity  of  Hoosac 
Tunnel.  Beautiful  scenery.  Five  miles 
from  Greylock,  the  highest  mountain  in 
the  state.  Extensive  cotton,  woolen,  and 
paper  mills,  and  boot-and-shoe  factories. 

Northampton  —  county  seat  of  Hampshite 
County,  near  Connecticut  River.  Beauti¬ 
ful  situation  in  fertile  valley.  Manufactures 
of  sewing-silk,  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
cutlery,  paper,  sewing-machines,  etc.  State 
lunatic-asylum  and  Clarke  Institution  for 
Deaf-Mutes.  Fine  public  library.  Seat  of 
Smith  College  for  young  ladies,  a  flourish¬ 
ing  educational  institution. 

Peabody  —  (named  from  George  Peabody,  who 
was  born  here)  a  village  of  Essex  County. 
Manufactures  of  carriages,  leather  (very 
extensive),  glne,  etc.  Seat  of  Peabody 
Institute. 

Pittsfield  —  county  seat  of  Berkshire  County, 
on  Housatonic  and  Pontoosuc  rivers.  Lofty 
situation.  Handsome  public  and  private 
buildings.  Manufactures  of  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  flour,  lumber,  paper,  and 
machinery.  Seat  of  Maplewood  Institute 
for  young  ladies. 

Plymouth  —  seaport,  county  seat  of  Plymouth 
County.  Oldest  town  in  New  England, 
the  Pilgrims  having  landed  here  in  1620. 
Manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes,  cotton 
goods,  cordage,  stoves,  etc. 

Quincy  —  a  handsome  village  in  Norfolk  County, 
near  the  sea.  Celebrated  granite  quarries. 
Seat  of  Adams  Academy. 

Waltham  —  beautiful  town  in  Middlesex  Coun¬ 
ty,  on  Charles  River,  ten  miles  west  of 
Boston.  Cotton-factories  (long established), 
manufactory  of  fine  watches  (largest  in  the 
Union).  Seat  of  New  Church  Institute  of 
Education. 

Westfield — beautiful  town  in  Hampden  Coun¬ 
ty,  on  Westfield  River.  Manufactures  of 
cigars,  paper,  whips,  baskets,  machinery, 
etc.  Seat  of  a  state  normal  school. 

Weymouth  —  in  Norfolk  County,  near  Massa¬ 
chusetts  Bay.  Township  contains  villages 
of  North,  South,  and  East  Weymouth. 
Large  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes, 
nails,  etc.  Coal  and  lumber  trade. 

Woburn  —  in  Middlesex  County.  Township 
contains  villages  of  North  Woburn  and 
East  Woburn.  Pianos,  shoes,  leather, 
glue,  and  chemicals.  Seat  of  Warren 
Academy. 


CONNECTICUT 


69 


CONNECTICUT. 


DESCRIPTION. 


Byram  River  to  the  mouth  of  Pawcatuck  River),  100  miles;  and 
its  New-York  boundary,  82  miles.  The  average  length  of  the  state 
is  86  miles,  and  the  average  breadth,  55  miles.  It  is  the  smallest 
of  the  states,  except  Rhode  Island  and  Delaware. 

The  irregularity  of  the  northern  boundary  (in  Hartford  County)  is  the  result 
of  an  error  in  an  early  survey;  that  at  the  south-western  angle  of  the 
state  was  made  by  agreement  with  the  province  of  New  York  in  1713  in 
order  to  bring  the  English  settlement  of  Greenwich  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  Connecticut. 

Coast.  —  Connecticut  has  about  100  miles  of  sea-coast  on  Long- 
Island  Sound.  The  coast  of  the  state  is  indented  by  numerous 
bays,  which  afford  excellent  harbors,  the  chief  of  which  are  at  New 
London,  New  Haven,  Stonington,  Bridgeport,  and  Saybrook. 


II.  SURFACE. 

Highlands.  —  The  surface  is  rugged,  hilly  rather  than  mountain¬ 
ous,  and  is  beautifully  diversified.  The  Green  Mountains  of  Vermonc 
and  the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  prolonged  through 
Massachusetts,  traverse  the  state  in  hill-ranges,  and  terminate,  the 
former  in  West  Rock,  and  the  latter  in  East  Rock,  near  New  Haven. 

The  eastern  section  of  the  state  consists  of  rounded  stony  hills,  with  narrow 
valleys.  In  the  western  section  the  surface  is  rough,  with  precipitous 
hills  that  deserve  to  be  called  mountains.  Mount  Brace  in  Salisbury,  and 
the  Blue  Hills  in  Southington,  are  among  the  highest  elevations  in  the 
state. 


[Area,  4,990  square  miles.  Population,  622,700.] 

|.  SITUATION,  EXTENT,  AND  COAST. 

Situation.  —  Connecticut,  one  of  the  thirteen  original 
states  of  the  American  Union,  is  situated  between  41 0  and 
420  3'  north  latitude,  and  71 0  55'  and  730  50'  west  longi¬ 
tude. 

Extent.  —  Its  Massachusetts  boundary-line  is  about  88 
miles  in  length ;  its  Rhode-Island  boundary,  48  miles  ; 
its  Long-Island  Sound  boundary  (from  the  mouth  of 


River-Valleys.  —  Three  principal  river-valleys  constitute  the 
greater  part  of  the  surface,  extending  north  and  south  across  the 
state.  These  are  the  Valley  of  the  Thames  (with  its  tributaries, 
the  Yantic,  Quinebaug,  etc.)  in  the  east,  the  Connecticut  Valley  in 
the  center,  and  the  Valley  of  the  Housatonic  in  the  west. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

River  System.  —  The  rivers  of  Connecticut  belong  to  the  Atlan¬ 
tic  system  ;  and  of  these,  three  principal  streams  drain  the  greater 


CONNECTICUT 

EXPLANATION 

Cities  are  underlined. 

County  Towns  &  Boroughs  4 

Kailroads - 

Light  Houses  &c.  „ 

SCALE  OF  MILES 

«  =?0 


Longitude 


from  Washington 


12.n 


S' 


12.16 


Local  Time  P.  M.  when  Noon  on  the  Meridian  of  Washington 


QUESTIONS  ON  CONNECTICUT. 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  Bound  Connecti¬ 
cut.  Between  what  parallels  does  it  extend? 
Between  what  meridians  ?  Measure  by  scale 
of  miles  the  width  of  the  state.  Measure 
the  extent  of  the  coast.  j 

Surface.  1  he  highlands  of  the  western 
part  of  the  state  are  a  continuation  of  what 
mountains  ?  The  highlands  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state  are  a  continuation  of  what 
mountains  ?  What  is  the  general  slope  of 
the  surface  of  the  state? 

Rivers.  —  By  what  three  rivers  is  the 
greater  part  of  the  state  drained?  Into 
what  do  they  flow  ?  Name  and  describe 
the  largest,  in  what  direction  do  most  of 
the  rivers  of  this  state  flow?  What  is  the 
principal  branch  of  the  Connecticut  in  this 
state?  What  two  rivers  unite  to  form  the 
Thames  ?  What  is  the  chief  branch  of  the 
Housatonic?  What  river  flows  into  New 
Haven  Harbor?  Are  there  any  rivers  that 
flow  directly  into  the  Sound?  Name  the 
principal  ones.  What  river  forms  a  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Connecticut  and 
Rhode  Island? 

Islands,  Bays,  etc.  —  What  large  island 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  ?  Locate 
Plum  Island,  Mason’s  Island,  Falkner's 
Island,  Bradford’s  Island,  The  Thimbles, 
Norwalk  Islands.  Locate  Little  Narragan- 
sett  Bay,  Niantic  Bay,  Napatree  Point, 
Goshen  Point,  Sachem  Head,  Stratford 
Point,  Cedar  Point. 

Counties.  —  Name  the  counties  of  Con¬ 
necticut.  What  counties  border  upon  New 
York?  What  counties  border  upon  Massa¬ 
chusetts  ?  What  counties  border  upon 
Rhode  Island?  Upon  Long  Island  Sound. 

Cities,  etc.  —  Name  and  locate  the  capital 
of  Connecticut.  Locate  the  following  cities 
and  towns,  and  name  those  that  exceed 
10,000  inhabitants:  — 

Hartford. 


Stamford. 

South  Norwalk. 

Derby. 

Greenwich. 

Enfield. 

Stonington. 

Killingly. 

Vernon. 

Windham. 

Groton. 


New  Haven. 

Bridgeport. 

Norwich. 

Waterbury. 

Norwalk. 

Middletown. 

Meriden. 

New  London. 

New  Britain. 

Danbury. 

Name  the  shire-town  of  each  county  in  the 
state.  What  towns  border  upon  Massa¬ 
chusetts?  What  towns  border  upon  Rhode 
Island  ?  What  towns  border  upon  Long 
Island  Sound  ?  What  towns  border  upon 
the  state  of  New  York  ?  What  town  at  the 
head  of  the  Thames  River?  What  city  is 
the  chief  market  for  the  products  of  this 
state  ? 


COUNTIES,  WITH  THEIR 

Fairfield  . 

Hartford  . 

Litchfield  . 

Middlesex 
New  Haven 
New  London 
Tolland 
Windham  . 


POPULATION. 

POPULATION. 

I  I  2,042 
125,382 
52,044 

35-589 
156,523 
73T52 
24,112 
43,856 


72 


CONNECTICUT. 


part  of  the  state, —  the  Connecticut,  the  Housatonic,  and  the 
Thames,  all  of  which  flow  in  a  general  south-easterly  direction 
into  Long-Island  Sound. 

The  Connecticut,  the  longest  river  in  New  England  (length 
about  450  miles,  70  of  which  are  within  the  state),  is  navigable 
for  vessels  drawing  eight  feet  of  water,  to  Hartford,  50  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

The  name  “  Connecticut  ”  is  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  Quonek- 
tcicat ,  signifying  long  nvev.  The  valley  of  the  Connecticut  is  cele¬ 
brated  for  its  beauty  and  fertility. 

The  Housatonic  (length  about  150  miles)  is  navigable  for 
small  vessels  to  Derby  (13  miles),  to  which  point  the  tide 
ascends,  and  where  the  Housatonic  receives  its  principal 
affluent,  the  Naugatuck. 

The  Thames  is  navigable  its  whole  length  (15  miles),  to 
Norwich,  the  meeting-point  of  its  two  constituents,  —  the 
Yantic  and  Ouinebaug.  From  its  mouth  to  New  London  it 
forms  the  best  harbor  in  the  state. 

The  name  “  Thames  ”  was  given  to  this  stream  by  the  early  settlers, 
because  they  thought  the  locality  corresponded  with  that  of  London 
in  facilities  for  commerce. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

Characteristics.  —  The  climate,  though  changeable  (and 
near  the  coast  exceedingly  variable),  is  remarkably  healthful, 
and  is  milder  than  in  northern  New  England  ;  the  temperature 
in  winter  and  summer  being  less  extreme. 

Details.  —  The  mean  temperature  in  winter  is  about  30°  ;  in  spring, 
46°;  in  summer,  70° ;  and  in  autumn,  530.  Mean  annual  tempera¬ 
ture,  50°. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

Soil.— The  soil  is  generally  good;  but  the  greater  part  of 
the  land  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  to  tillage. 

The  soil  of  the  alluvial  bottom-lands  is  a  rich  loam  of  remarkable 
productiveness.  Much  of  the  land  in  the  valleys  is  composed  of  a 
light  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  and  the  hillsides  are  excellent  for  grass¬ 
growing.  Of  the  total  area  of  the  state  about  1,700,000  acres  are 
improved,  and  about  2,200,000  unimproved  land. 

Forests.  —  The  mountainous  regions,  unfit  for  cultivation, 
furnish  wood  and  timber  for  domestic  use  and  for  buildings 
and  ships.  The  woodland  area  is  over  half  a  million  acres,  and 
this  is  rapidly  extending  by  tree-planting. 

Of  the  great  variety  of  forest-trees,  the  most  common  are  oak,  chest¬ 
nut,  walnut,  butternut,  birch,  beech,  ash,  elm,  maple,  poplar,  bass¬ 
wood,  whitewood,  and  cedar. 

Minerals.  — The  state  has  valuable  mineral  resources,  which, 
for  the  most  part,  are  only  partially  developed. 

At  Portland,  opposite  Middletown,  is  quarried  in  immense 
quantities  the  valuable  “  brownstone  ”  (that  is,  red  sandstone, 
or  freestone),  —  a  building  material  much  prized. 

Iron  ore  of  superior  quality  (hematite  ore)  is  found  in  the 
north-western  part  of  the  state,  especially  Canaan,  Kent,  Staf¬ 
ford,  Roxbury,  and  Salisbury.  The  extensive  iron-works  at  the 
last-named  place  have  long  been  celebrated. 

Copper  is  found  in  Granby,  Bristol,  and  elsewhere,  but  is  not 
at  present  worked. 

The  Simsbury  mines,  in  the  present  town  of  Granby,  were  worked 
early  in  the  history  of  the  colony,  and  were  made  famous  by  being 
converted  into  a  state  prison,  the  first  in  the  state. 


Other  mineral  and  quarry  products  are  lime  (New  Milford,  etc.),  marble 
(New  Preston,  Washington,  etc.),  cement  (Southington,  Berlin),  flag¬ 
stone  (Bolton,  Haddam),  feldspar  (Middletown),  and  barium  sulphate 
(Southington,  Cheshire). 

Fish.  —  New  Haven  and  other  ports  have  extensive  oyster- 
fisheries  ;  and  the  catch  of  menhaden  for  manufacturing  oil  and 
fish-guano  is  very  important. 

During  the  past  few  years  much  attention  has  been  given  to 
fish-culture  and  to  the  protection  and  restoration  of  the  various 
fishes  of  the  state.  The  principal  ponds,  and  many  of  the 
rivers,  have  been  stocked  with  shad,  salmon,  and  black-bass  ; 
and  a  large  and  increasing  source  of  wealth  has  thus  been 
opened  up. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Manufactures. —  Manufacturing  forms  the  leading  industry 
of  the  state  ;  and  it  has  been  truly  said  that  “  Connecticut  is 
rapidly  becoming  a  vast  workshop.”  Though  it  ranks  fifth  in 
the  amount,  it  holds  the  first  place  in  the  variety,  of  its  manu¬ 
factures. 

The  great  stimulus  given  to  manufacturing  industries  is 
partly  due  to  two  advantages  (fine  water-power  and  cheap 
transportation  of  coal  and  iron  from  Pennsylvania),  and  partly 
to  the  remarkable  ingenuity  and  inventive  talent  of  the  people. 

Details.  —  Connecticut  produces  one-half  the  rubber  goods,  more  than 
half  the  hardware,  and  nearly  all  the  clocks,  used  in  the  United  States. 
Besides  clocks  and  rubber  goods,  among  the  most  important  items 
of  manufacture  are  paper,  fire-arms,  carriages,  cotton,  woolen,  and 
silk  goods,  machinery,  gunpowder,  carpets,  hosiery,  leather,  furni¬ 
ture,  boots  and  shoes,  sewing-machines,  straw  goods,  saddlery, 
fertilizers,  pianos,  tools,  and  many  small  articles  (as  buttons,  pins, 
fish-hooks,  etc.),  known  as  “Yankee  notions.” 

Agriculture.  —  Agriculture  is  the  second  industry  of  the 
state,  and  the  existence  of  a  large  number  of  manufacturing 
towns  affords  a  ready  market  for  all  farm  products  ;  but  the 
grain-crop  is  insufficient  for  home  consumption. 

The  principal  staples  are  corn,  rye,  oats,  potatoes,  hay,  and 
the  products  of  the  dairy  and  the  market-garden. 

On  the  rich  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  Connecticut  Valley  tobacco  is 
extensively  raised.  Garden-seeds,  also,  are  largely  produced. 

Other  Industries.  — The  mining  of  iron,  the  quarrying  of 
brown-stone,  granite,  limestone,  marble,  and  flagstone,  ship¬ 
building,  and  the  fisheries  and  oystering  of  the  rivers  and 
Sound  waters,  are  minor  but  important  industries. 

Commerce.  —  In  addition  to  a  very  extensive  domestic  trade, 
Connecticut  is  largely  interested  in  foreign  commerce. 

There  are  in  the  state  five  customs-districts,  of  which  the  ports  of 
entry  are  Fairfield,  Middletown,  New  Haven,  New  London,  and 
Stonington. 

Transportation.  — Transportation  is  partly  by  the  numerous 
sailing-vessels  and  steamers  upon  the  rivers  and  the  Sound,  and 
partly  by  an  extensive  network  of  railroads.  •  There  are  within 
the  state  more  than  a  thousand  miles  of  railroad. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  legislative  department,  or  General  Assembly,  con¬ 
sists  of  a  Senate  of  twenty-one  members,  elected  from  the 
senatorial  districts  for  a  term  of  two  years,  and  a  House  of 
Representatives  of  two  hundred  and  forty-six  members,  elected 
for  one  year. 


CONNECTICUT. 


73 


The  executive  officers  are  a  governor,  a  lieutenant-govern¬ 
or,  a  secretary  of  state,  a  treasurer,  and  a  comptroller.  They 
are  elected  for  two  years. 

The  judiciary  consists  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors,  the 
Superior  Court,  courts  of  common  pleas,  district  courts,  and 
probate  courts,  together  with  police  and  justice  courts,  for  the 
adjustment  of  local  affairs. 

National  Representation.  —  The  state  is  represented  in 
Congress  by  two  senators  and  four  representatives,  and  hence 
has  six  electoral  votes. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Public  Schools.  —  The  public-school  system  of  Connecticut 
has  a  deservedly  high  reputation.  The  general  supervision 
of  the  schools  is  intrusted  to  a  State  Board  of  Education,  con¬ 
sisting  of  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  four  members 
appointed  by  the  Legislature.  The  board  elects  a  secretary,  who 
performs  the  duties  of  state  superintendent  of  public  schools. 
The  local  supervision  of  the  schools  of  each  town  or  city  is  in 
the  hands  of  superintendents  and  school  visitors  or  committees 
elected  by  the  people. 

The  public  schools  consist  of  district  schools,  graded  schools, 
and  high  schools.  The  State  Normal  School  is  established 
at  New  Britain.  Besides  the  public  schools,  there  are  many 
privately  endowed  free  schools,  as  the  Morgan  School  at  Clin¬ 
ton,  the  Norwich  Free  Academy,  the  Hopkins  Grammar- 
School  at  New  Haven,  the  Episcopal  Academy  at  Cheshire, 
and  the  Connecticut  Literary  Institute  at  Suffield. 

Colleges,  etc.  — Yale  College  in  New  Haven  (established  in 
1701)  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  seats  of  learning  in  the 
United  States.  Connected  with  it  are  a  law  school,  theo¬ 
logical  seminary,  and  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School.  Trinity 
College  at  Hartford  (established  in  1823)  and  Wesleyan  Uni¬ 
versity  at  Middletown  (established  in  1831)  are  also  excellent 
institutions  for  the  higher  education. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

The  Connecticut  River  was  first  explored  by  the  Dutch  from 
New  Netherlands  (New  York),  and  in  1633  a  party  of  traders 
from  New  Amsterdam  made  a  settlement  at  Hartford ;  but  the 
Dutch  in  a  few  years  sold  out  to  the  English.  In  1634-36 
permanent  settlements  were  made  at  Weathersfield,  Hartford, 
and  Windsor,  by  companies  from  Massachusetts.  In  the  fol¬ 
lowing  year  the  three  towns  formed  themselves  into  the  “  Con¬ 
necticut  Colony,”  to  which,  in  1644,  was  added  the  separate 
settlement  of  Saybrook.  In  1638  the  independent  colony  of 
“New  Haven”  was  settled  by  a  distinguished  company  of 
Puritans  from  England.  “Connecticut”  and  “New  Haven” 
remained  separate  communities  till  1665,  when'  they  united 
under  a  charter  obtained  from  Charles  II.  in  1662. 

This  charter  was  the  most  liberal  ever  given  to  any  American 
colony,  allowing  the  people  to  elect  their  own  governor  and 
representatives ;  and  the  colonial  history  of  Connecticut  is 
for  the  most  part  the  record  of  a  period  of  remarkable  pros¬ 
perity.  In  1687  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  royal  governor  of  New 
York,  attempted  to  abrogate  the  colonial  charter  in  the  king’s 
name.  When,  however,  Andros  went  to  Hartford  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  seizing  the  charter,  the  lights  in  the  assembly-room 
were  extinguished,  and  the  charter  was  removed,  and  concealed 


secretly  by  Capt.  James  Wadsworth  in  a  hollow  tree,  —  the 
“Charter  Oak,” — which  stood  till  1856. 

Connecticut  took  strong  ground  in  favor  of  independence 
during  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  in  that  struggle  it  is 
recorded  that  she  furnished  more  aid,  proportionately,  in  men 
and  money,  than  any  other  province.  The  distinguished  part 
taken  by  the  state  in  the  war  of  secession,  1861-65,  is  re¬ 
corded  in  the  pages  of  history. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  eight  counties  ;  namely, 
Litchfield,  Hartford,  Tolland,  Windham,  Fairfield,  New  Haven, 
Middlesex,  and  New  London. 

Subdivisions.  —  The  eight  counties  are  subdivided  into  one 
hundred  and  sixty-seven  towns,  including  within  their  limits 
ten  cities,  twenty-one  boroughs,  and  two  incorporated  villages. 

The  cities  are  (in  order  of  population),  New  Haven,  Hart¬ 
ford,  Bridgeport,  Norwich,  Waterbury,  Meriden,  New  Britain, 
Middletown,  New  London,  and  South  Norwalk. 

Hartford  (population,  42,015),  the  county-seat  of  Hartford 
County,  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  the  center  of  a  popu¬ 
lous  country,  whose  numerous  and  rapid  streams  are  dotted 
with  mills  and  factories  largely  supported  by  the  capital  of 
wealthy  citizens  of  Hartford.  The  many  fine  private  resi¬ 
dences  and  public  buildings  are  of  the  most  substantial  char¬ 
acter,  being  built  of  granite,  iron,  and  brick,  as  well  as  freestone 
from  the  Portland  quarries.  The  new  state-house,  which  occu¬ 
pies  a  commanding  site  in  Bushnell  Park,  is  a  beautiful  Gothic 
structure  of  white  marble.  The  Trinity-college  buildings,  the 
new  post-office,  the  state  arsenal,  the  high-school,  and  the 
numerous  bank  and  insurance  buildings,  exhibit  much  taste 
and  elegance. 

Hartford  is  a  great  center  of  the  insurance  business,  hav¬ 
ing  a  larger  amount  of  capital  so  invested  than  any  other 
city  of  equal  size  in  the  United  States.  The  manufactures 
are  varied  and  very  extensive,  and  the  leading  items  are 
fire-arms  (Colt’s  large  establishment),  machinery,  hardware, 
plated-ware,  sewing-machines,  pumps,  carriages,  tools,  books, 
and  envelopes. 

Trinity  College,  the  Hartford  Theological  Institute,  the  fine 
system  of  common  schools,  and  the  numerous  excellent  private 
schools  and  seminaries,  together  with  the  several  fine  libraries, 
give  to  this  city  a  deservedly  high  literary  and  educational 
reputation. 

Hartford  became  in  1873,  by  an  amendment  to  the  consti¬ 
tution,  the  sole  capital  of  the  state. 

New  Haven  (population,  62,882),  the  county-seat  of  New 
Haven  County,  and  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  on 
a  level  tract  of  country  at  the  head  of  New  Haven  harbor,  an 
important  arm  of  Long  Island  Sound.  The  city  is  attractively 
laid  out  in  wide,  well-shaded  streets,  squares,  and  parks.  The 
magnificent  elms  which  line  many  of  the  thoroughfares  have 
given  to  New  Haven  its  title  of  the  “  Elm  City.” 

The  industries  of  New  Haven  are  extensive,  and  exhibit 
much  diversity.  The  chief  manufactures  are  those  of  clocks, 
carriages,  rubber  goods,  fire-arms  (Winchester  rifles),  cutlery, 
jewelry,  musical  instruments,  needles,  and  an  immense  variety 
of  iron  and  steel  products.  In  addition  to  the  active  inland 
trade  of  this  city,  the  coastwise  and  foreign  commerce  is  great 


74 


CONNECTICUT. 


and  increasing.  Lines  of  steamers  give  daily  communication 
with  New  York  city.  The  great  arterial  railways  of  New  Eng¬ 
land  have  here  an  important  junction,  and  several  minor  rail¬ 
roads  their  terminus. 

New  Haven  is  a  center  of  great  educational  activity.  Yale 
College  is  attended  by  more  than  one  thousand  students.  The 
Hopkins  Grammar-School  takes  a  high  rank  among  prepara¬ 
tory  schools,,  and  has  peculiar  interest  from  its  early  foundation, 
having  been  established  in  1660.  The  thriving  common-school 
system  of  New  Haven  embraces  more  than  thirty  public  schools. 
New  Haven  was  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  state  up  to  1873. 

Bridgeport,  situated  on  an  inlet  of  the  Sound,  is  a  thriving  city,  and  one 
of  the  county  seats  of  Fairfield  County.  From  Seaside  Park  a  fine  view  of  the 
Sound  is  presented;  and  the  eminence  to  the  north-west,  known  as  “Golden 
Hill,’’  is  the  site  of  many  beautiful  residences.  Bridgeport  is  on  the  New 
York  and  Boston  trunk  line,  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Housatonic 
Railroad,  and  has  a  considerable  coasting-trade,  and  daily  steamboat  com¬ 
munication  with  New  York  city.  Among  the  leading  articles  of  its  active 
manufactures  may  be  mentioned  carriages,  sewing-machines,  hardware 
machinery,  leather,  ammunition,  woolen  goods,  pumps,  and  steam-engines. 

Norwich  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  city,  and  one  of  the  county  seats  of 
New  London  County,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Yantic  and  Shetucket 
rivers.  It  occupies  a  picturesque  and  elevated  site  between  those  streams, 
and  on  both  banks  of  the  Thames.  Norwich  has  excellent  facilities  for 
railroad  and  river  and  coastwise  trade,  is  connected  with  New  York  by 
lines  of  steamers,  and  is  the  center  of  commerce  in  eastern  Connecticut. 
The  superior  water-powers  are  utilized  in  numerous  and  extensive  manu¬ 
factures.  The  leading  items  are  cotton  goods,  iron  goods,  printing-presses, 
paper,  locks,  fire-arms,  and  rubber  goods. 

Waterbury  is  a  beautiful  and  thriving  manufacturing  city  of  New  Haven 
County,  on  Naugatuck  River,  at  the  junction  of  two  railroads.  It  is  hand¬ 
somely  laid  out,  and  has  numerous  elegant  public  and  private  buildings.  It 
is  noted  as  a  center  of  very  active  and  widely  diversified  manufactures.  A 
large  part  of  all  the  brass  made  in  the  United  States  is  manufactured  here, 
as  well  as  most  of  the  pins.  Other  principal  articles  are  clocks,  buttons, 
wire,  files,  suspenders,  plated  ware,  pearl  goods,  machinery,  hooks  and 
eyes,  cutlery,  lamps,  rubber  goods,  and  paper. 

Meriden,  an  inland  manufacturing  city  of  New  Haven  County,  is  built 
on  high  ground  on  the  Hartford  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  about  midway 
between  those  cities.  The  leading  articles  of  manufacture  are  of  silver- 
plated  ware,  in  which  it  exceeds  any  other  city  in  the  world.  Here  is 
located  the  State  Reform  School,  which  occupies  an  imposing  structure. 

New  Britain  is  an  enterprising  manufacturing  city  of  Hartford  County. 
It  is  widely  celebrated  as  the  center  of  the  manufacture  of  builders’ hard¬ 
ware,  especially  of  locks.  Other  articles  made  here  are  cutlery,  hosiery, 
jewelry,  levels,  planes,  and  rules. 

Middletown,  county  seat  of  Middlesex  Count}',  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River.  Two  railroads  intersect,  and 
another  terminates,  at  this  place,  and  the  river  is  here  spanned  by  an  iron 
railway-bridge.  There  is  daily  steamboat  communication  with  Hartford  and 
New  York  during  most  of  the  year.  Middletown  is  a  widely-known  educa¬ 
tional  center,  being  the  seat  of  Wesleyan  University  and  of  the  Berkeley 
Divinity  School.  On  an  elevation  one  mile  to  the  south-east  are  the  impos- 
ing  buildings  of  the  State  General  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  Manufactures 
are  very  active.  The  leading  articles  are  pumps,  cotton  goods,  britannia- 
ware,  and  sewing-machines. 

New  London,  one  of  the  county  seats  of  New  London  County,  is  built  on 
a  fine  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  River.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
places  in  the  state,  and  was  at  one  time  a  center  of  the  whale-fisheries’  in¬ 
terest.  It  is  now  a  well-known  summer  resort.  Here  is  a  naval  station  of 
the  United  States.  1  he  fisheries  and  coastwise  trade  are  an  important 
interest ;  and  among  manufactures  may  be  mentioned  sewing-silk,  hardware, 
and  machinery. 

South  Norwalk  is  a  manufacturing  city  in  the  town  of  Norwalk  in  Fair- 
field  County.  The  chief  articles  of  manufacture  are  felt  hats,  locks,  shoes, 
paper  boxes,  woolen  goods,  hardware,  pumps,  and  pottery.  This  place  has 
excellent  steamboat  and  railroad  facilities. 


Stamford  (in  Fairfield  County)  contains  the  handsome  borough  of  the 
same  name.  Its  attractive,  healthful  location,  and  proximity  to  New  York, 
,  have  made  it  a  favorite  residential  town.  The  extensive  works  of  the  Yale 
Lock  Manufacturing  Company  are  located  here. 

Danbury  (in  Fairfield  County)  contains  the  borough  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  noted  for  the  production  of  hats,  —  an  industry  which  has  been  estab¬ 
lished  there  for  a  century,  and  which  employs  a  large  amount  of  capital.  It 
has  a  fine  public  library. 

Greenwich  (in  Fairfield  County),  in  the  south-western  corner  of  the  state, 
is  a  pleasant,  picturesque  town  :  it  contains  the  borough  of  the  same  name, 
a  favorite  summer  resort. 

Derby  (in  New  Haven  County)  is  a  pleasant,  prosperous  town,  contain¬ 
ing  the  village  of  the  same  name  and  the  boroughs  of  Ansonia  and  Bir¬ 
mingham.  These  are  manufacturing  places,  and  contain  foundries,  woolen- 
mills,  paper-mills,  and  establishments  for  making  clocks,  pins,  etc. 

Vernon  (in  Tolland  County)  has  fine  water-power,  and  includes  the  vil¬ 
lage  of  Rockville,  noted  for  its  manufactories  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods, 
hosiery,  thread,  sewing-silk,  and  envelopes. 

Enfield  (in  Hartford  County),  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  con¬ 
tains  the  two  manufacturing  villages  of  Thompsonville  and  Hazardville, — 
the  former  noted  for  its  large  carpet-factories,  the  latter  for  its  extensive 
powder-mills. 

Stonington  (in  New  London  County),  in  the  south-eastern  corner  of  the 
state,  contains  the  borough  of  Stonington,  which  has  a  fine  harbor  protected 
by  breakwaters,  and  several  villages  along  the  Mystic  River  engaged  in  ship¬ 
building  and  the  woolen  manufacture. 

Killingly  (in  Windham  County),  on  Ouinebaug  River,  contains  several 
factory  villages.  The  borough  of  Danielsonville  has  large  cotton  and  woolen 
mills. 


Windham  (in  Windham  County)  contains  the  village  of  Windham,  a 
beautiful  rural  hamlet,  and  the  borough  of  Willimantic,  noted  for  its  exten¬ 
sive  manufacture  of  thread,  cotton  goods,  and  silk. 

Groton  (in  New  London  County),  between  the  Thames  and  Mystic  riv¬ 
ers,  is  engaged  in  the  coasting-trade,  fisheries,  and  ship-building.  In  the 
villages  along  the  Mystic  River  various  manufacturing  industries  are  car¬ 
ried  on. 

Winchester  (in  Litchfield  County)  contains  the  borough  of  Winsted, 
which  has  fine  water-power,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
agricultural  tools,  cutlery,  silver-plated  goods,  clocks,  etc. 

Other  Towns.  —  Other  important  towns  are  :  — 


Bristol  —  town  in  Hartford  County.  Extensive 
manufacture  of  clocks,  plated  ware,  hard¬ 
ware,  hosiery,  etc. 

Colchester  —  town  in  New  London  County. 
Agriculture.  Manufacture  of  rubber  goods, 
paper,  etc. 

East  Hartford  —  town  in  Hartford  County. 
Market-gardening.  Manufacture  of  paper. 

Fairfield  —  town  in  Fairfield  County.  Fine 
situation  on  the  coast,  and  favorite  sum¬ 
mer  resort.  Manufacture  of  paper  and 
prints. 

Glastonbury  —  town  in  Hartford  County.  Agri¬ 
culture.  Manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  plated  goods,  fire-arms,  spectacles, 
etc. 

Hamden  —  town  in  New  Haven  County.  Agri¬ 
culture.  Manufacture  of  brass  and  iron 
ware,  sewing-machines,  fire-arms,  cotton, 
etc. 

Litchfield  —  county-seat  of  Litchfield  County. 
Favorite  summer  resort. 

Manchester — town  in  Hartford  County.  Man¬ 
ufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  and 
hosiery.  Largest  silk-works  in  the  United 
States. 

Milford — town  in  New  Haven  County.  Manu- 
tacture  of  straw  goods,  boots  and  shoes, 
etc.  Marble-quarries. 

New  Hartford  —  town  in  Litchfield  County. 
Manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  tools,  and 
machinery. 

New  Milford — town  in  Litchfield  County. 
Agriculture,  tobacco-packing,  manufacture 
of  vegetable  ivory  goods. 

Newtown  —  town  in  Fairfield  County.  Agri¬ 
culture.  Manufacture  of  hats  and  rubber 
goods. 


Plainfield  —  town  in  Windham  County.  Rail¬ 
road  facilities.  Several  factory-villages. 

Portland  —  town  in  Middlesex  County,  on  the 
Connecticut,  opposite  Middletown.  Sand¬ 
stone-quarries. 

Putnam  —  town  in  Windham  County.  Cotton 
goods,  woolens,  and  shoes. 

Salisbury  —  town  in  Litchfield  County.  Beau¬ 
tiful  lake  and  hill  scenery.  Blast-furnaces, 
and  foundries.  Manufacture  of  car-wheels, 
water-wheels,  cutlery,  and  machinery. 

Southington  —  town  in  Hartford  County.  Man¬ 
ufacture  of  machinery,  cutlery,  carriages, 
paper,  etc. 

Sprague  —  town  in  New  London  County.  Ex¬ 
tensive  cotton,  woolen,  and  paper  mills. 

Stafford  —  town  in  Tolland  County.  Several 
factory-villages  and  borough  of  Stafford 
Springs.  Cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

Stratford  —  town  in  Fairfield  County.  Beauti¬ 
ful  umbrageous  town.  Contains  borough 
of  West  Stratford,  a  suburb  of  Bridgeport. 

Suffield  —  town  in  Hartford  County.  Agricul¬ 
ture.  Manufacture  of  tobacco.  Seat  of 
Connecticut  Literary  Institution. 

Thomaston  —  town  of  Litchfield  County.  Man¬ 
ufacture  of  clocks,  cutlery,  etc.  Thomaston 
Academy. 

Thompson  —  town  in  Windham  County.  Water¬ 
power,  and  railroad  facilities.  Various  vil¬ 
lages  manufacturing  woolen  goods,  twine, 
and  edged  tools. 

Wallingford  —  town  in  New  Haven  County. 
Manufacture  of  plated  table-ware,  buttons, 
gimlets,  etc. 

Westport  —  town  in  Fairfield  County.  Manu¬ 
factures  of  axes,  stoves,  cotton  and  leather 
goods,  etc. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


75 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  1,250  square  miles.  Population,  276,531 .] 

I.  SITUATION,  EXTENT,  AND  COAST. 

Situation.  —  Rhode  Island,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  states 
of  the  American  Union,  is  situated  between  41 0  c,'  and  420  3' 
north  latitude,  and  between  71 0  8'  and  71 0  53'  west  longitude. 

Extent  and  Population.  —  It  is  the  smallest  state  in  the 
Union,  the  land  surface  being  but  1,054  square  miles.  The 
northern  boundary  line  is  twenty-two  miles  ;  the  western,  forty- 
eight  miles. 

Comparing  the  land-surface  with  that  of  the  largest  state, 
Texas,  the  latter  is  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  times  as 
large  as  Rhode  Island. 

Although  the  smallest  state,  Rhode  Island  is  the  most 
densely  populated,  there  being  262  persons  for  each  square 
mile. 

Coast.  —  The  coast  is  deeply  indented  by  Narragansett 
Bay,  within  which  are  Rhode  Island  (Aquidneck),  which 
gives  name  to  the  state,  Canonicut,  Prudence,  Patience,  Hope, 
Perry,  Dutch,  and  other  islands  ;  off  the  coast  lies  Block  Island. 

Chief  Islands.  —  The  Island  of  Aquidneck,  or  Rhode  Island,  is  fifteen 
miles  long,  from  three  miles  to  three  miles  and  a  half  wide,  and  has 
an  area  of  about  fifty  square  miles.  It  comprises  the  city  of  New¬ 
port,  the  town  of  Middletown,  and  the  greater  part  of  Portsmouth. 
The  early  Dutch  called  this  island  Roodt  Eylandt ,  that  is,  Red 
Island. 

Canonicut  is  seven  miles  long  and  about  one  mile  wide,  and  forms 
the  town  of  Jamestown.  Prudence  Island,  the  next  in  size,  forms 
part  of  the  town  of  Portsmouth. 

Block  Island,  in  the  Atlantic,  about  ten  miles  south  of  Point  Judith,  is 
eight  miles  long  by  from  two  to  five  miles  wide,  and  forms  the  town 
of  New  Shoreham,  Newport  County.  It  was  named  after  the 
Dutch  captain,  Adrian  Block,  who  visited  it  in  1614. 

II.  SURFACE. 

General  Features.  —  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified, 
being  hilly  in  the  northern  and  north-western  sections,  and 


sloping  in  hill  and  dale  toward  the  bay.  The  southern  part  is 
quite  level. 

Details.  ■ —  Strictly  speaking  there  are  no  mountains  in  the  state.  The 
highest  elevations  are  Woonsocket  Hill  in  North  Smithfield  (five 
hundred  and  eighty  feet  above  the  sea-level),  Hopkins  Hill  in  West 
Greenwich,  and  Mount  Hope  in  Bristol,  the  seat  of  the  famous  In¬ 
dian  King  Philip. 

III.  RIVERS.. 

Drainage.' — The  northern  part  of  the  state  is  drained  by 
Blackstone  River  and  its  tributaries;  the  central  part  by  the' 
Pawtuxet ;  and  the  south-western  part  by  the  Pawcatuck  (navi¬ 
gable  to  Westerly). 

Providence  River,  so  called,  is  an  estuary,  the  northern 
arm  of  Narragansett  Bay.  It  is  about  eight  miles  in  length,  and 
is  the  outlet  of  Woonasquatucket,  Moshassuck,  and  Blackstone 
rivers.  It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Providence. 


7  !3.2o  Local  Time  A.  M.  when  JS'oon 


on  the  Meridian  of  Greenwich 


7 '15.20 


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42 


EXPLANATION 

Cities  are  underlined 
Ttailroads  County  Towns  .4 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


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(Pawtucket 


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BLOClb  ISLAND. 

Part  of  Newport  Co. 

Same  Scale  as  Map 

Sandy  Pt., 

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11/ 

20 


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Pt. 


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1221.20  Local  Time  P.3T.  when  Noon  12  22  on  the  Meridian  of  Washington  12  22.40 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


77 


Blackstone  River  rises  in  Massachusetts,  and  flows  southerly  to  Paw¬ 
tucket,  where  it  has  a  fall  of  from  thirty  to  forty  feet,  below  which  it 
bears  the  name  of  Seekonk  River. 

The  Woonasquatucket  and  Moshassuck  flow  into  the  “  Cove  ”  within 
the  city  of  Providence. 

Water-power.  —  The  rivers  of  the  state,  though  all  small, 
have  considerable  falls,  and  are  of  immense  value  on  account  of 
the  water-power  they  afford  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  Blackstone  furnishes  water-power  for  various  manufacturing  vil¬ 
lages  in  the  towns  of  Woonsocket,  Lincoln ,  and  Pawtucket. 

The  Woonasquatucket  furnishes  water-power  for  various  manufac¬ 
turing  villages  in  Smithfield. ',  Providence,  and  Johnston. 

The  Pawtuxet  furnishes  water-power  for  various  manufacturing  vil¬ 
lages  in  Scituate ,  Coventry,  and  Warwick. 

The  Pawcatuck  furnishes  water-power  for  various  manufacturing 
villages  in  Richmond,  Hopkinion,  and  Westerly. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

General  Character.  —  The  influence  of  the  waters  of  Narra- 
gansett  Bay  (which  is  always  open)  tempers  the  extremes  of 
temperature  felt  in  other  parts  of  New  England  in  the  same 
latitude. 

A  medical  authority  says,  “The  air  is  at  all  times  pure;  and  the  lon¬ 
gevity  of  the  inhabitants,  as  indicated  by  the  census,  is  a  true  indi¬ 
cation  of  its  salubrious  qualities.”  These  facts  have  long  made  the 
maritime  section  of  the  state  a  favorite  summer  resort. 

V.  INDUSTRIES. 

Manufactures.  —  Manufacturing  is  the  leading  industry;  and, 
in  proportion  to  its  area,  Rhode  Island  exceeds  any  other  state 
in  the  extent  and  value  of  its  manufactures.  As  motors,  water 
and  steam  are  used  to  about  an  equal  amount. 

The  branches  of  manufacture,  in  order  of  importance,  are, 
first,  cotton  manufactures,  including  dyeing,  bleaching,  and 
calico-printing ;  second,  woolen  manufactures  of  all  kinds ; 
third,  iron  manufactures,  including  steam-engines,  locomotives, 
machinery,  fire-arms,  stoves,  screws,  nails,  etc. 

In  printing  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  screws, 
Rhode  Island  exceeds  every  other  state,  and  she  ranks  second  in 
the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  and  of  cotton  and  woolen  ma¬ 
chinery,  and  in  bleaching  and  dyeing. 

Among  other  important  items  of  manufacture  are  rubber  and  leather 
goods,  jewelry  and  silver-ware,  brass,  copper,  and  tin-ware,  hair¬ 
cloth,  carriages,  furniture,  fish-oil  and  guano,  chemicals,  patent 
medicines,  etc. 

Agriculture.  —  Agriculture  is  the  second  industry  in  impor¬ 
tance.  The  soil  of  Aquidneck  and  of  the  bay  towns  is  highly 
cultivated ;  but  most  of  the  land  in  the  interior  is  better 
adapted  to  pasturage  than  to  tillage. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

I.  Bound  Rhode  Island.  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longi¬ 
tude  does  it  extend?  What  large  bay  enters  the  state?  What  is  the  largest 
island  in  Narragansett  Bay  ?  Name  other  islands  in  this  bay.  What  island 
in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  belongs  to  the  state  ? 

II.  What  river  drains  the  northern  part  of  the  state  ?  The  central  part  ? 
The  south-western  part?  Name  any  tributaries  of  these  rivers.  Name  any 
smaller  streams. 

III.  Name  the  counties  in  the  state.  Name  and  locate  the  two  capitals. 
What  are  the  principal  towns  and  villages  of  Providence  County  ?  Of 
Kent  County?  Of  Washington  County?  Of  Newport  County ?  Of  Bris¬ 
tol  County? 


Market-gardening,  dairying,  milk-farming,  etc.,  are  profitable 
employments,  owing  to  the  demand  from  the  large  number  of 
manufacturing  towns.  The  leading  articles  of  farm-produce 
are  hay,  potatoes,  garden-vegetables,  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  etc. 

Maritime  Pursuits.  —  The  fisheries  form  an  industry  of 
growing  importance,  and  employ  a  large  number  of  vessels  of 
light  tonnage  in  taking  cod,  mackerel,  scup,  tautog,  bass,  blue- 
fish,  herring,  shad,  etc.,  with  which  the  bay  and  coast  waters 
abound.  Great  quantities  of  shell-fish,  including  oysters,  qua- 
haugs,  clams,  scallops,  and  lobsters,  are  gathered.  Menhaden 
are  extensively  caught  for  the  manufacture  of  oil  and  guano. 

Minor  Industries.  —  Among  the  minor  industries  are  the  preparation 
of  forest  products  (wood,  timber,  charcoal,  etc.),  the  mining  of  coal 
(in  Portsmouth  and  Cranston)  and  iron  (in  Cumberland),  and  the 
quarrying  of  granite,  limestone,  etc. 

Commerce.  —  The  state  has  an  extensive  domestic  and 
interstate  commerce,  based  on  the  exchange  of  her  varied 
manufactures  for  raw  material,  coal,  food,  and  luxuries. 

The  direct  foreign  commerce,  though  not  large,  is  increasing. 
The  state  is  divided  into  three  customs-districts,  —  Bristol  and 
Warren,  Newport,  and  Providence. 

Transportation.  —  Ample  facilities  for  transportation  are 
afforded  by  the  coast  waters  and  the  numerous  railroads,  com¬ 
prising  more  than  a  dozen  lines,  with  a  total  length  of  over  two 
hundred  miles  in  the  state. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  official  designation  of  the  state  is  “The  State  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations  ;  ”  and  the  government  is 
intrusted  to  three  departments,  —  the  legislative,  the  executive, 
and  the  judicial. 

The  legislature,  or  General  Assembly,  consists  of  a  Senate 
of  thirty-six  members  (one  from  each  town  and  city),  and  a 
House  of  Representatives,  the  members  of  which  must  not 
exceed  seventy-two.  The  General  Assembly  is  elected  annually 
by  the  people.  It  holds  a  short  session  at  Newport  each  year, 
beginning  on  the  last  Tuesday  in  May,  and  an  adjourned  session 
during  the  winter,  at  Providence. 

The  executive  officers  are  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor, 
secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  and  attorney-general.  All 
(except  the  auditor)  are  elected  annually  by  the  people. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  and  a 
court  of  common  pleas. 

National  Representation.  —  Rhode  Island  is  represented  in 
Congress  by  two  senators  and  two  representatives,  and  hence 
has  four  electoral  votes. 

VII.  EDUCATION. 

Public  Schools.  —  An  efficient  system  of  public  schools  is 
supported  by  state,  town,  and  district  taxes.  The  schools  are 
under  the  supervision  of  a  State  Board  of  Education,  consisting 
of  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  and  six  other  members, 
elected  by  the  General  Assembly  for  the  term  of  three  years. 
The  secretary  of  the  board  is  the  commissioner  of  public 
schools.  Each  town  and  city  has  its  local  committee  and 
superintendent. 

In  most  of  the  larger  towns  excellent  high  schools  are 
supported.  The  State  Normal  School  is  located  at  Provi¬ 
dence. 


?8 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


Colleges  and  Academies.  —  The  most  important  institution 
of  learning  is  Brown  University  at  Providence,  founded  in  1764. 
There  are  also  many  excellent  academies,  denominational  and 
private  schools. 

Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Greenwich  Academy  at  East  Green¬ 
wich,  Lapham  Institute  at  Scituate,  the  Friends  School,  University 
Grammar-School,  and  the  Academy  of  the  Christian  Brothers  at 
Providence. 

ViiJ.  HISTORY. 

Settlement.  —  It  is  believed  that  Rhode  Island  was  the 
ancient  “Vinland,”  which  the  Northmen  discovered,  and  on 
which  they  made  a  temporary  settlement  as  early  as  1000 
A.D.  ;  and  it  is  known  that  Narragansett  Bay  was  visited  by 
Verazzani  in  1529. 

Rhode  Island  was  first  settled  at  Providence  (so  called  in 
grateful  acknowledgment  of  “  God’s  merciful  providence  to 
him  in  his  distress  ”)  in  the  year  1636,  by  Roger  Williams,  who 
had  been  banished  from  Massachusetts  for  maintaining  opin¬ 
ions  in  political  and  religious  matters  deemed  “new  and  dan¬ 
gerous  ”  by  the  rulers  of  that  colony. 

At  this  time  the  region  was  inhabited  by  two  powerful  tribes 
of  Indians, — the  Narragansetts  and  the  Wampanoags.  From 
the  chiefs  Canonicus  and  Massasoit  he  bought  land,  and  organ¬ 
ized  a  community,  —  the  first  of  the  kind  in  America,  —  with 
“liberty  of  conscience”  as  its  fundamental  law. 

In  1638  William  Coddington  and  some  others,  who  were  also 
forced  to  leave  Massachusetts  for  “  heretical  ”  ideas,  purchased 
from  the  Indians  the  Island  of  Aquidneck,  and  formed  a  settle¬ 
ment  from  which  sprung  the  towns  of  Newport  and  Ports¬ 
mouth.  A  third  settlement  was  formed  at  Warwick  in  1643. 

In  1643  Roger  Williams  went  to  England,  and  returned  in 
the  following  year  with  a  charter,  which  he  obtained  from  the 
English  “Long  Parliament,”  and  united  these  settlements  into 
one  colony.  In  1663  Rhode  Island  obtained  from  Charles  II. 
a  royal  charter,  which  was  very  liberal  in  its  provisions,  grant¬ 
ing  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  parliamentary  charter, 
and  which  remained  in  force  as  the  fundamental  “  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantations”  till  1842,  when  the  present  state 
constitution  was  adopted. 

From  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century  Rhode 
Island  enjoyed  a  career  of  general  prosperity.  Newport  early 
became  a  commercial  town  of  great  wealth  and  refinement. 

In  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  Rhode  Island  took  an  active 
part.  Indeed,  the  earliest  open  resistance  made  by  any  Ameri¬ 
can  colony  to  the  tyranny  of  Great  Britain  was  the  capturing 
and  burning  of  the  British  war  schooner  “  Gaspee  ”  in  Narra¬ 
gansett  Bay  in  1772.  Among  the  most  prominent  officers  from 
this  state  during  the  Revolution  were  Commodore  Hopkins, 
who  commanded  the  first  naval  squadron  sent  against  the 
enemy,  and  Gen.  Nathanael  Greene,  “next  to  Washington  in 
ability  and  in  the  esteem  of  the  nation.” 

Rhode  Island  was  the  last  of  the  thirteen  colonies  to  adopt 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  her  assent  being  given 
May  29,  1790.  In  the  war  of  1812  one  of  the  sons  of  Rhode 
Island,  Commodore  O.  H.  Perry,  won  the  great  naval  victory 
of  Lake  Erie. 

In  the  civil  war  of  1861-65  Rhode  Island  took  a  distin¬ 
guished  part,  contributing  to  the  Union  army  about  twenty- 
four  thousand  troops. 


IX.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  five  counties;  namely, 
Providence,  Bristol,  Newport,  Kent,  and  Washington. 

Subdivisions.  —  The  counties  are  subdivided  into  two  cities 
(Providence  and  Newport)  and  thirty-six  towns. 

Providence  (population,  104,857),  the  joint  capital  with  New¬ 
port,  is  the  metropolis  of  the  state,  and  the  second  city  of 
New  England.  It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Providence  River, 
and  is  the  meeting-point  of  numerous  railroads,  the  channels  of 
its  extensive  interstate  traffic. 

The  city  is  the  center  of  an  immense  manufacturing  industry 
of  the  most  varied  kind.  The  value  of  its  manufactured 
products  is  from  sixty  to  seventy-five  million  dollars  annually. 

Among  its  most  important  establishments  are  the  Gorham  Company’s 
manufactory  of  solid  silverware  (the  leading  silver  manufactory  of 
the  world),  the  Providence  Tool  Company  (employing  from  1,500  to 
2,000  workmen),  the  Providence  Steam-Engine  Company,  the  Corliss 
Steam-Engine  Works,  the  Rhode-Island  Locomotive  Works,  the 
Fletcher  Manufacturing  Company  (the  largest  manufactory  in  the 
world  of  corset-laces,  shoe-laces,  lamp-wicks,  etc.),  one  hundred  and 
fifty  manufactories  of  jewelry,  numerous  bleacheries,  etc. 

The  city  is  delightfully  situated :  it  has  many  imposing 
public  buildings  and  elegant  private  residences,  and  claims  the 
finest  system  of  water-works  and  sewers  in  the  country. 

Providence  has  an  admirable  public  school  system,  and  many 
excellent  private  and  denominational  schools,  seminaries,  etc. 
Brown  University,  numerous  libraries,  and  the  Athenaeum, 
Historical  Society,  etc.,  are  among  the  other  literary  advan¬ 
tages  of  this  city  of  wealth  and  culture. 

Newport  (population,  15,693),  also  one  of  the  capitals,  is 
situated  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Island  of  Aquidneck 
(Rhode  Island),  near  the  entrance  to  Narragansett  Bay.  It  has 
a  capacious  harbor,  deep  enough  for  the  largest  ships,  and 
defended  by  Fort  Adams. 

Newport  was  in  early  times  the  most  important  place  in 
Rhode  Island  ;  but  the  War  of  Independence  ruined  its  com¬ 
merce.  It  is  now  chiefly  noted  as  being  one  of  the  finest  and 
most  popular  watering-places  in  the  country,  a  reputation  which 
it  owes  to  its  balmy  atmosphere,  varied  scenery,  and  unequaled 
facilities  for  bathing,  boating,  driving,  etc.  The  city  has 
several  splendid  hotels,  and  numerous  elegant  residences 
erected  by  wealthy  citizens  of  Boston,  New  York,’ etc.  Among 
objects  of  interest  are  the  “  Round  Tower”  in  Touro  Park,  the 
Redwood  Library,  the  Old  State  House,  Fort  Adams,  etc.  Its 
schools  are  unsurpassed  in  excellence. 

TOWNS  OF  PROVIDENCE  COUNTY. 

East  Providence,  connected  by  bridges  with  Providence  City,  is  a  thriv¬ 
ing  residential  town ;  the  Rumford  Chemical-works  are  located  here. 

Pawtucket,  the  largest  town  in  the  county,  is  situated  on  the  Biackstone, 
where  the  river  falls  nearly  fifty  feet,  affording  abundant  hydraulic  power. 
Its  prosperity  is  based  on  the  manufacture  of  various  articles,  among  which 
are  cotton  goods,  steam  fire-engines,  prints,  leather,  machinery,  thread,  rope, 
spools,  files,  etc.  This  town  ranks  first  in  the  state  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods.  Here,  also,  is  the  Dunnell  Manufacturing  Company,  which 
prints  over  twenty  million  yards  of  calico  yearly. 

Woonsocket,  the  second  town  in  size,  is  located  on  both  sides  of  the 
Biackstone,  from  which  it  derives  extensive  and  valuable  water-power.  It 
is  noted  for  its  extensive  manufacture  of  woolens  and  cotton  g-oods. 

Lincoln,  located  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Biackstone,  contains  several 
manufacturing  villages.  It  has  also  valuable  lime-quarries. 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


79 


Cumberland,  on  the  Blackstone,  is  a  beautiful  hill-town.  It  has  coal  and 
iron  mines,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  cotton  manufacture. 

North  Smithfield  and  Burrillville  are  traversed  by  Clear  River,  which 
supplies  water-power  for  several  villages  largely  engaged  in  the  manufac¬ 
ture  of  woolen  goods. 

Smithfield,  North  Providence,  and  Johnston  contain  many  manufactur¬ 
ing  villages  located  on  the  Woonasquatucket  River.  Market-gardening  is 
also  largely  carried  on. 

Cranston  contains  manufactories,  mills,  and  extensive  print-works.  The 
reservoir  for  the  Providence  water-works  is  in  this  town. 

Gloucester,  Foster,  and  Scituate  are  agricultural  towns.  The  last- 
named  also  manufactures  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

TOWNS  OF  KENT  COUNTV. 

Warwick,  traversed  by  Patuxet  River,  which  supplies  abundant  water¬ 
power,  ranks  as  the  third  manufacturing  town  in  the  state. 

East  Greenwich,  the  county-seat,  is  a  manufacturing  and  residential  town, 
beautifully  situated  on  Greenwich  and  Narragansett  bays. 

Coventry  is  an  agricultural  and  manufacturing  town  (cotton  goods  and 
lumber).  West  Greenwich  is  a  rural  town. 

TOWNS  OF  WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

North  Kingstown,  situated  on  Narragansett  Bay,  is  a  residential  and 


manufacturing  town  (woolen  goods):  it  has  a  good  harbor  at  Wickford 
village. 

South  Kingstown  contains  the  villages  of  Kingstown,  the  county-seat, 
and  Narragansett  Pier,  a  noted  summer  resort,  besides  several  considerable 
manufacturing  villages. 

Westerly,  the  most  populous  town  in  the  county,  has  extensive  granite- 
quarries  and  woolen  mills. 

Exeter  is  a  farming  town.  Richmond  and  Hopkinton  are  agricultural  and 
manufacturing  towns. 

TOWNS  OF  NEWPORT  COUNTY. 

Middletown  and  Portsmouth,  on  Aquidneck  Island,  are  pleasant  rural 
towns,  principally  engaged  in  raising  farm  products  for  the  city  markets. 
At  the  latter  place  is  a  valuable  coal-mine. 

Jamestown,  Tiverton,  and  Little  Compton  are  engaged  in  farming  and 
the  fisheries. 

New  Shoreham  comprises  Block  Island.  Fishing  is  the  chief  local 
interest.  It  has  a  harbor  protected  by  a  breakwater. 

TOWNS  OF  BRISTOL  COUNTY. 

Bristol,  the  county  seat,  is  a  beautifully  situated  residential  town,  with 
extensive  cotton  and  rubber  factories. 

Barrington  and  Warren  are  pleasantly  located  shore-towns  engaged  in 
manufacturing  and  the  fisheries. 


VICINITY  OF 

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SCALE  OF  MILES 


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Tl 


Longitude 


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NEW  YORK 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


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EXPLANATION 


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12 4 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


Position. — What  country  north  of  New  York?  Of  what  empire 
does  the  Dominion  of  Canada  form  a  part?  Ans.  Of  the  British 
Empire.  What  bodies  of  water  form  the  north-western  boundary  of 
the  state?  What  partial  natural  boundaries  on  the  north?  On  the 
east?  What  states  east  of  New  York?  What  states  south  of  New 


York?  With  what  parallel  does  the  south-western  boundary  of  New 


What  large  island  south  of  Connecticut  belongs 


York  coincide? 

to  New  York?  Measure  by  the  scale  of  miles  the  greatest  length 
of  Long  Island.  What  island  south  of  New  York  Bay?  Through 
what  part  of  the  state  does  the  United  States  prime  meridian  pass? 
When  it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  in  the  eastern  part 


of  Long  Island?  At  New  York  city?  At  Niagara  Falls? 


Surface. — Which  section  of  the  state  is  mountainous?  What 
series  of  mountain-ranges  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state?  Name 
the  principal  ranges  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains.  In  which  range 
and  in  which  county  is  Mount  Marcy,  the  highest  mountain  in  the 
state?  What  mountains  in  Greene  County?  What  two  ranges  south 
of  Catskill  Mountains?  What  mountains  near  the  border  of  Massa¬ 
chusetts  ? 


Long 


Coast.  —  What  body  of  water  between  Connecticut  and 
Island?  What  cape  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long  Island  ?  What 
two  bays  in  the  eastern  part  of  Long  Island?  Name  the  islands  east 
of  Gardiners  Bay,  belonging  to  New  York.  What  beach  off  the 
south-eastern  coast  of  Long  Island?  What  bay  north  of  Great  South 
Beach?  Name  the  beaches  west  of  Great  South  Beach.  On  what 
bay  are  New  York  City  and  Brooklyn  situated?  What  strait  connects 
New  York  Bay  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean?  What  international  bound¬ 
ary  passes  through  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  ?  Where  are  the  Thou¬ 
sand  Islands?  To  what  country  do  most  of  these  islands  belong? 


What  bay  on  the  coast  of  Jefferson  County? 


What  large  island  in 


Niagara  River? 


Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  Which  of  the  Great  Lakes  border  on  New 
York  ?  What  large  lake  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  state ' 
Name  seven  large  lakes  in  the  central  part  of  the  state.  What 
lakes  in  Otsego  County?  In  Hamilton  County?  In  St.  Lawrence 
County?  In  Franklin  County?  In  Essex  County?  What  large 
lake  on  the  north-eastern  border  of  the  state?  What  lake  between 
Warren  and  Washington  counties  ?  In  which  county  does  Hudson 
River  rise?  In  what  direction,  and  into  what  body  of  water,  does  it 
flow?  What  is  the  principal  tributary  of  Hudson  River?  Which 


ii 


A 


T* 


7i 


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7 8 

~73~ 


f  St*  Albans 


R  E 


■arks 
Edwards 


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u 


J  _Uebr°n 
VSak'iir  .  J--^ 

'  ,  fManchestei 

'■Greenwich 

hch  -  ‘-1 


J. 


n-  jCambfiJge 
^  .o^/r-oe  I 

?Rfriag^ 


13 


cbfield  i  . 
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1 

s^erstovi 

h  ' 


Croton 

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De 

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■CO 


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Mlorasston 


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aty  v  flld- 


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42 


river  receives  the  waters  of  most  of  the  interior  lakes?  What  river  flows 
wholly  across  the  state  into  Lake  Ontario  ?  What  river  connects  lakes  Erie 
and  Ontario?  What  famous  cataract  in  this  river?  What  are  the  chief 
New  York  affluents  of  St.  Lawrence  River?  What  are  the  principal  rivers 
flowing  from  New  York  into  Pennsylvania?  Where  do  the  following  rivers 
rise,  in  what  direction,  and  into  what  body  of  water,  do  they  flow?  —  Hudson, 
Rondout  Creek,  Mohawk,  Hoosic,  Pawlet,  Au  Sable,  Saranac,  -Salmon,  St. 
Regis,  Racket,  Oswegatchie,  Indian,  Black,  Oswego,  Genesee,  Niagara.  [Name 
any  streams  in  the  county  in  which  you  live.] 

Counties.  —  Which  counties  border  on  Lake  Erie?  On  Lake  Ontario? 
On  St.  Lawrence  River?  Which  three  form  the  most  northerly  tier  of 
counties?  Name  the  counties  on  the  west  bank  of  Hudson  River  from 
Albany  southward.  On  the  east  bank  from  Troy  southward  *  Which  coun¬ 
ties  border  on  Pennsylvania?  On  New  Jersey?  Which  three  counties  are 
on  Long  Island?  Which  county  is  Staten  Island?  [In  which  county  do 
you  live  ?] 

Cities.  —  Locate  New  York  city.  Locate  Brooklyn.  What  other  city  on 
Long  Island?  What  city  in  Westchester  County?  What  city  in  Orange 
County?  What  city  in  Dutchess  County?  What  city  in  Ulster  County? 
What  city  in  Columbia  County?  What  city  in  Rensselaer  County?  What 
cities  in  Albany  County  ?  Which  is  the  capital  of  the  state  ?  What  city 
in  Schenectady  County?  What  is  the  county-seat  of  Saratoga  County?  What 
village  in  this  county  is  a  noted  watering-place  ?  What  city  in  St.  Lawrence 
County?  What  city  in  Jefferson  County?  What  city  in  Oswego  County? 
Locate  Utica,  Rome,  Syracuse.  What  city  in  Broome  County?  What  city  in 
Chemung  County?  Locate  Ithaca,  Auburn,  Rochester.  What  large  city  in 
Erie  County?  What  city  in  Niagara  County?  Name  the  principal  cities  and 
towns  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  Canal.  What  town  in  Warren  County  on  the 
Hudson  ?  What  town  at  the  outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake  ?  What  town  in 
Orange  County  on  the  Delaware  River?  What  is  the  county-seat  of  Richmond 
County?  What  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Staten  Island?  What  town  at 
the  north-western  extremity  of  Seneca  Lake?  In  what  county  is  West  Point  ? 
What  is  the  most  easterly  town  on  Long  Island? 


THE  COUNTIES  OF  NEW  YORK. 


'Middled 
ffsvHle*, 

-  _  i  GoiKenS 

rR 

fft  JerviJi 


Milford. 


TJpioi^t 
"  ville; 


»Pine  ] 


rrtsWj 

Suuei^SP 


!Nt/wton 

‘  "  XNc 


eKw 


ytersoQ. 


labu' 

I 

Jj 

SPajttersoii' 

‘T;  K  M1 

arises  TJwsters 

»Ij£opae*  Danbury 

/-"Somtnd  ; 

Peek  sk;  11  J  (y  I 

Katonal^.^S^LeWlsboro 

*J5edfor>  1  SriOgeilon, 

f  o ,y 

*  ™  \ite  )  r  ^ 

’  corpiaiKaM^0 


Albany. 

Franklin. 

Oneida. 

Schoharie. 

Allegany. 

Fulton. 

Onondaga. 

Schuyler. 

Broome. 

Genesee. 

Ontario. 

Seneca. 

Cattaraugus. 

Greene. 

Orange. 

Steuben. 

Cayuga. 

Hamilton. 

Orleans. 

Suffolk. 

Chautauqua. 

Herkimer. 

Oswego. 

Sullivan. 

Chemung. 

Jefferson. 

Otsego. 

Tioga. 

Chenango. 

Kings. 

Putnam. 

Tompkins. 

Clinton. 

Lewis. 

Queens. 

Ulster. 

Columbia. 

Livingston. 

Rensselaer. 

Warren. 

Cortland. 

Madison. 

Richmond. 

Washington. 

Delaware. 

Monroe. 

Rockland. 

Wayne. 

Dutchess. 

Montgomery. 

St.  Lawrence. 

Westchester. 

Erie. 

New  York. 

Saratoga. 

Wyoming. 

Essex. 

Niagara. 

Schenectady. 

Y  ates. 

4  52 

4  48  j 

4  44  - 

73 

72  j 

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Local  Time  P.M.  when  1212  Moon  on  the  Meridian  of  Washington  12  is 


82 


NEW  YORK. 


NEW  YORK. 


9 

Zfi 

-  /S^B 

It 

%  m 

[Area,  49,170  square  miles.  Population,  5,082,871.] 

Position  and  Rank.  —  The  geographical  position  of  New 
York,  —  between  the  Great  Lakes  on  the  west,  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  on  the  south-east,  —  together  with  its  natural  facilities  for 
water-communication,  enlarged  by  canals,  has  given  the  state 
its  foremost  rank  in  the  Union  for  population,  commerce,  and 
wealth,  and  its  title  of  the  “Empire  State.” 

.  Outline  and  Boundaries.  —  The  outline  of  this  state  is 
very  irregular.  Only  a  little  over  one-third  of  its  boundary 
consists  of  straight  lines,  the  other  two-thirds  being  formed  by 
bodies  of  water,  including  Lake  Erie,  the  Niagara  River,  Lake 
Ontario,  part  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  Lake  Champlain. 
The  linear  boundaries  make  about  54r  miles;  the  water  boun¬ 
daries,  879  miles. 

Extent.  The  most  northern  boundary  coincides  nearly 
with  the  45th  parallel.  The  most  southern  point  in  the  state, 
at  the  south  extremity  of  Staten  Island,  is  under  the  parallel 
of  40°  30'.  The  principal  part  of  the  state  lies  between  the 
meridians  of  73  and  7Y  west  longitude.  Its  greatest  length 
from  east  to  west,  exclusive  of  Long  Island,  is  about  315  miles; 
and  its  greatest  breadth  from  north  to  south,  about  312  miles. 
Its  area  (47,000  square  miles)  is  somewhat  greater  than  that 
of  Pennsylvania. 


Surface.  —  This  state  lying  between  the  Appalachian  moun¬ 
tain  system  and  the  Great  Lakes,  its  surface  presents  marked 
contrasts  of  elevation.  The  highest  mountain  region  is  that 
of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  in  the  north-eastern  part,  the 
highest  peak  of  which  is  Mount  Marcy,  5,402  feet  in  altitude. 
The  Catskill  Mountains,  farther  south,  reach  an  elevation  of 
nearly  4,000  feet,  south-west  of  which  are  the  Shawangunk 
Mountains,  an  extension  of  the  Blue  or  Kittatinny  Mountains 
of  Pennsylvania;  and  still  farther  south  are  the  Highlands,  a 
low  range  from  New  Jersey,  which  extend  in  a  north-easterly 
direction,  and  are  pierced  by  the  Hudson  River.  These  moun¬ 
tains  form  a  part  of  the  Taconic  range. 

The  remainder  of  the  state  is  chiefly  in  the  basins  of  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Ontario  and  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk.  The 
southern  parts  contain  the  head  waters  of  the  Delaware,  Sus¬ 
quehanna,  and  Alleghany  rivers.  In  the  central  part  of  the 
state  is  a  plateau  region,  the  culminating  point  of  which,  in 
Onondaga  County,  reaches  an  altitude  of  2,000  feet. 

Islands.  —  Long  Island,  the  largest,  is  about  115  miles  in 
length,  and  from  8  to  23  in  breadth.  It  comprises  the  three 
counties,  Kings,  Queens,  and  Suffolk.  Staten  Island,  which 
comprises  Richmond  County,  is  about  14  miles  in  length,  and 
from  4  to  8  in  width.  The  most  important  island  is  Manhat¬ 
tan,  the  most  populous  part  of  the  city  of  New  York.  It  is 


NEW  YORK. 


^3 


PHYSICAL  VIEW  OF  NEW  YORK. 


13J  miles  long,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  2I  miles.  Harts, 
Randalls,  Wards,  and  Blackwells  islands,  in  the  East  River, 
belong  to  the  city,  and  are  the  seat  of  many  of  its  penal,  chari¬ 
table,  and  reformatory  institutions.  Bedloes,  Governors,  and 
Ellis  islands,  in  New  York  Bay,  are  owned  by  the  United  States 
Government.  Besides  these,  may  be  named  Grand  and  Goat 
islands  in  the  Niagara  River,  and  the  numerous  islands  in 
Lake  Champlain,  Lake  George,  Lake  Ontario,  the  St.  Law¬ 
rence  River,  and  those  near  Long  Island. 

Lakes.  —  The  region  of  the  Adirondacks  abounds  in  beau¬ 
tiful  lakes,  some  of  considerable  size.  Schroon  Lake  is  noted 
as  a  summer  resort.  Lake  George,  36  miles  in  length,  is  cele¬ 
brated  for  the  clearness  of  its  waters  and  the  picturesque 
beauty  of  its  scenery.  The  valleys  of  the  Oswego  and  Genesee 
rivers  contain  several  lakes,  the  largest  of  which  are  Seneca, 
Cayuga,  and  Oneida.  Besides  these,  Otsego,  Chautauqua,  and 
the  Saranac  lakes  may  be  mentioned. 


its  Thousand  Islands  ;  and  the  grand  expanse  and  picturesque 
shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  afford  scenes  of  unsurpassed  beauty. 

Niagara  Falls,  the  grandest  cataract  in  the  world,  belong  in  part  to 
New  York.  Here  the  water  of  the  Great  Lakes  west  of  Ontario  is 
poured  over  a  precipitous  cliff  about  160  feet  high  in  two  immense 
sheets,  called  the  American  and  the  Horseshoe  Falls,  separated  by 
Goat  Island.  The  total  width  is  2,900  feet. 

The  other  falls  of  any  note  are  the  Genesee  Falls  at  Rochester; 
Kaaterskill  Falls  in  Greene  County;  Glens  Falls,  Warren  County; 
Cohoes  Falls  in  the  Mohawk;  and  Trenton  Falls,  near  Utica.  Wat¬ 
kins  Glen,  at  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake,  has  several  picturesque 
cascades,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  resort. 

Agriculture.  —  The  peculiar  character  of  the  soil,  abounding 
in  lime,  the  numerous  river-valleys,  the  climate,  and  the  distri¬ 
bution  of  moisture,  contributing  to  the  general  fertility  of  the 
soil,  have  given  to  this  state  a  leading  position  for  its  agricul¬ 
tural  products. 

More  than  one-half  of  the  total  area  of  the  state  (about  16,000,000 
acres)  is  under  cultivation.  In  the  highland  regions  sheep-raising 
and  dairy  farming  take  the  lead;  in  the  western  valley  regions  grain¬ 
growing  is  the  chief  pursuit.  C-rape-culture  is  actively  carried  on  in 
the  lake  valleys,  and  in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Hudson.  The  other 
chief  products  are  hay,  hops,  maple-sugar,  tobacco,  broom-corn,  fruit, 
and,  near  New  York,  market  vegetables  and  milk. 

Commerce.  —  This  state  has  the  foremost  rank  in  the  Union 
for  the  extent  of  its  commerce.  The  great  bulk  of  the  grain 
exported  from  the  United  States  to  foreign  countries  is  shipped 
from  the  port  of  New  York,  and  most  of  the  imports  received 
in  return  come  through  the  same  port.  The  state  has  also  a 
vast  domestic  trade.  The  exports  from  the  port  of  New  York 
amount  to  over  $350,000,000,  annually,  nearly  all  of  which  are 
of  domestic  product.  The  amount  of  imports  is  considerably 
in  excess  of  the  exports.  The  coastwise  trade  is  very  large, 
particularly  at  Buffalo. 

Ten  customs  districts  and  ports  of  entry  have  been  established  by 
the  United  States  Government,  as  follows:  Buffalo  Creek  (port  of 
Buffalo),  Cape  Vincent,  Champlain  (Plattsburgh),  Dunkirk,  Genesee 
(Rochester),  New  York,  Niagara  (Suspension  Bridge),  Oswegatchie 
(Ogdensburg),  Oswego,  and  Sag  Harbor. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  In  addition  to  the  natural  high¬ 
ways  of  commerce  afforded  by  Lakes  Erie,  Ontario,  and  Cham¬ 
plain,  and  by  the  Hudson  River,  the  state  has  a  magnificent 
system  of  canals  and  railroads. 


Of  the  three  large  lakes  on  the  border  of  the  state,  Erie  is  255  miles 
in  length,  and  from  30  to  60  miles  in  width;  Ontario  is  about  180 
miles  in  length,  and  56  miles  in  extreme  breadth;  Champlain,  a  long, 
narrow  sheet  of  water  famed  for  its  beauty,  is  126  miles  long,  and 
from  half  a  mile  to  15  miles  wide.  About  352  miles  of  the  shores 
of  these  lakes  are  within  this  state. 

Rivers.  —  The  Hudson,  300  miles  in  length,  is  the  chief 
river  belonging  wholly  to  New  York  ;  it  is  navigable  for  steam¬ 
boats  to  Troy,  15 1  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  main  tributary 
is  the  Mohawk,  135  miles  long,  which  affords  considerable 
water-power  at  Cohoes  and  Little  Falls.  West  Canada  Creek, 
one  of  its  affluents,  contains  the  famed  cascades  called  Trenton 
Falls.  The  Oswego  receives  the  waters  of  most  of  the  interior 
lakes  ;  and  the  Genesee,  noted  for  its  falls  at  Rochester,  flows 
through  a  fertile  grain-growing  valley.  These,  with  Black 
River,  are  affluents  of  Lake  Ontario. 

Scenery  and  'Waterfalls.  —  New  York  is  distinguished  for 
its  fine  scenery.  The  banks  of  the  Hudson  are  world-renowned 
for  their  beauty.  The  shores  of  Lake  George,  and  its  waters 
studded  with  nearly  two  hundred  islands,  the  St.  Lawrence  and 


Of  the  former,  the  longest  and  most  important  is  the  Erie  Canal,  363 
miles  in  length,  connecting  Lake  Erie  with  the  head  of  navigation 
on  the  Hudson,  and  thus  forming  a  cheap  and  easy  route  for  the 
products  of  the  great  West  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  The  Cham¬ 
plain  Canal,  also  belonging  to  the  state,  connects  West  Troy  and 
Whitehall,  and  is  66  miles  long. 

Besides  these,  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  108  miles  of  which 
are  in  New  York,  joins  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  rivers,  connecting 
Honesdale,  Penn.,  with  Eddyville,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rondout 
Creek.  This  canal  is  owned  by  a  private  corporation.  Several  other 
canals,  formerly  belonging  to  the  state,  have  been  either  abandoned 
or  sold  to  private  corporations. 

Of  railroads,  a  network  extends  over  the  state,  and  connects 
with  through  lines  to  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  San  Francisco, 
thus  bringing  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  Mississippi  Valley  in 
communication  with  the  port  of  New  York. 

The  principal  railway  lines  within  the  state  are  the  New  York,  Lake 
Erie,  and  Western,  460  miles  in  length,  connecting  Jersey  City  and 
Dunkirk,  and  passing  through  some  of  the  grandest  and  most  beau¬ 
tiful  scenery  in  the  state;  and  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson 
River,  452  miles  long,  connecting  New  York  and  Buffalo. 


84 


NEW  YORK. 


The  most  important  other  railroads  are  the  following:  — 


NAME 

NAME. 

Adirondack. 

New  York  City  and  Northern. 

Albany  and  Susquehanna. 

Ogdensburg  and  Lake  Champlain. 

Boston,  Hoosac  Tunnel,  and  Western. 

Poughkeepsie,  Hartford,  and  Boston. 

Buffalo  and  Southwestern. 

Rensselaer  and  Saratoga. 

Buffalo,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia. 

Rochester  and  Pittsburg. 

Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and  Western. 

Rhinebeck  and  Connecticut. 

Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co.’s  R.  R. 

Rome,  Watertown,  and  Ogdensburg. 

Lake  Ontario  Southern. 

Southern  Central. 

Newburg,  Dutchess,  and  Connecticut. 

Syracuse,  Chenango,  and  New  York. 

New  York  and  Canada. 

Troy  and  Boston. 

New  York,  Ontario,  and  Western. 

Ulster  and  Delaware 

New  York  and  Harlem. 

Utica  and  Black  River 

Besides  these,  there  are  on  Long  Island  the  following :  — 


NAME 

NAME 

Brooklyn,  Bath,  and  Coney  Island. 

Long  Island  R.  R  and  Branches 

New  York  and  Brighton  Beach. 

New  York  and  Coney  Island. 

New  York  and  Sea  Beach. 

New  York,  Woodhaven,  and  Rockaway. 

There  is  also  a  railroad  on  Staten  Island,  connecting  Vander¬ 
bilt  Landing  on  the  north-east  shore  with  Tottenville  in  the 
south-west.  [See  map  of  New  York  City  and  Vicinity .] 

The  total  number  of  miles,  of  railroad  in  the  state  is  about 
6,000,  representing  a  capital  of  over  $600,000,000. 

Manufactures.  —  New  York  takes  the  lead  in  the  value  of 
its  manufactured  products.  The  following  are  the  most  impor¬ 
tant  manufacturing  industries  :  carriages  and  wagons,  cheese, 
food  and  food-preparations,  furniture,  flouring  and  grist  mill 
products,  lead,  leather,  liquors,  musical  instruments,  printing 
and  publishing,  sewing-machines,  ship-building,  sugar  and  mo¬ 
lasses,  and  tobacco. 

The  other  most  important  branches  of  manufacturing  industry  are 
those  of  agricultural  implements,  boots  and  shoes,  clothing,  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  dressed  furs,  iron,  machinery,  and  paper. 

Mining.  —  Mining  and  quarrying  are  carried  on  to  a  consid¬ 
erable  extent  in  this  state,  although  not  among  the  most  promi¬ 
nent  industries.  The  most  extensive  iron-mines  are  found  in 
Essex,  Dutchess,  Clinton,  and  Orange  counties.  The  quarries 
of  Ulster  County  yield  the  greater  portion  of  stone ;  but  large 
quantities  of  marble  are  quarried  in  Westchester  County. 
There  are  valuable  lead-mines  in  St.  Lawrence  County ;  and 
copper  and  lead  occur  among  the  Shawangunk  Mountains. 
Limestone  is  abundant  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state  ;  and 
sandstone  and  bluestone,  for  flagging,  in  many  of  the  southern 
and  eastern  districts.  Beds  of  gypsum  are  found  in  the  central 
and  western  counties. 

Fisheries.  —  The  fisheries  in  this  state  are  of  considerable 
importance,  particularly  the  shad-fisheries  on  the  Hudson,  where 
there  is  an  extensive  nursery  for  these  fish  a  short  distance 
below  Albany.  There  are  also  fisheries  for  white-fish  at  the 
east  end  of  Lake  Ontario ;  and  for  blue-fish,  mackerel,  etc.,  in 
the  bays  of  Long  Island  and  the  neighboring  shores,  where, 
also,  the  oyster  business  is  extensively  carried  on,  particularly 
for  supplying  the  markets  of  New  York  City. 

Mineral  Springs.  —  This  state  is  especially  noted  for  its 
mineral  and  medicinal  springs.  The  salt-springs  among  the 
rocks  known  as  the  “  Onondaga  Salt  Group,”  extending  from 
Schoharie  County  westward  to  the  Niagara,  are  exceedingly 


valuable.  The  salt-works  of  Onondaga  County,  owned  and 
worked  by  the  state,  are  the  most  extensive  in  the  world, 
yielding  annually  about  7,000,000  bushels  of  salt.  Valuable 
springs  of  petroleum  occur  in  Cattaraugus  and  Chautauqua 
counties.  Carburetted  hydrogen  rises  from  springs  near  Fre- 
donia,  and  is  used  to  light  the  village. 

The  chief  medicinal  springs  are  those  at  Saratoga,  Ballston, 
New  Lebanon,  Sharon,  Avon,  and  Richfield.  Of  these,  Sara¬ 
toga  Springs  are  the  most  numerous  as  well  as  the  most 
widely  famed. 

The  village  named  after  the  last-mentioned  springs  contains  a  large 
number  of  hotels  and  boarding-houses,  being  visited  in  the  summer 
season  by  many  thousand  persons.  Sharon  Springs  in  Schoharie 
County,  noted  for  its  sulphur-springs,  is  also  a  place  of  great  resort. 

Government.  —  The  state  constitution  vests  the  executive 
department  of  the  government  in  a  governor  and  lieutenant- 
governor,  elected  for  three  years,  a  secretary  of  state,  comp¬ 
troller,  treasurer,  attorney-general,  and  state  engineer  and 
surveyor,  each  of  whom  is  elected  for  two  years.  The  Legisla¬ 
ture  consists  of  a  senate  of  thirty-two  members,  elected  for  two 
years,  and  an  assembly  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  mem¬ 
bers,  chosen  for  one  year.  The  highest  court  is  the  court  of 
appeals,  composed  of  a  chief  justice  and  six  associate  judges. 
Besides  this,  there  are  thirty-three  justices  of  the  supreme 
court, —  four  for  each  of  the  eight  judicial  districts,  except 
that  which  comprises  the  city  of  New  York,  in  which  there 
are  five. 

Education.  —  Ample  provision  has  been  made  for  the  full 
and  free  education  of  the  people.  The  common-school  system 
includes  more  than  11,000  school  districts,  upward  of  30,000 
teachers,  and  affords  instruction  to  more  than  1,000,000 
pupils.  There  are  eight  normal  schools,  besides  numerous 
academies  and  private  and  parochial  schools,  in  various  parts  of 
the  state,  and  the  Normal  College,  in  New  York  City.  There 
are  twenty-seven  universities,  colleges,  or  other  institutions 
for  higher  education,  affording  instruction  to  nearly  4,000 
students,  besides  many  scientific  schools,  theological  semi¬ 
naries,  and  other  professional  schools ;  and,  moreover,  insti¬ 
tutions  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  the  blind,  and 
the  imbecile. 

The  names  and  locations  of  the  principal  universities  and 
colleges  are  given  in  the  following  summary  :  — 


NAME. 

LOCATION. 

NAME. 

LOCATION. 

Alfred  University . 

Alfred. 

Manhattan  College  .... 

New  York. 

Brooklyn  Collegiate  and  \ 

Brooklyn. 

St.  John’s  College . 

New  York. 

Polytechnic  Institute  S 

St.  Joseph’s  College  .... 

Buffalo. 

Canisius  College . 

Buffalo. 

St.  Lawrence  University  .  . 

Canton. 

College  of  City  of  New  York  . 

New  York. 

St.  Stephen’s  College  .  .  . 

Anandale. 

College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  . 

New  York. 

Syracuse  University  .... 

Syracuse. 

Columbia  College . 

New  York. 

Union  College . 

Schenectady. 

Cornell  University1  .... 

Ithaca. 

University  of  the  City  ; 

New  York. 

Elmira  Female  College  1  .  . 

Elmira. 

of  New  York  ) 

Hamilton  College . 

Clinton. 

University  of  Rochester  .  . 

Rochester. 

Hobart  College . 

Geneva. 

Vassar  College  1 . 

Poughkeepsie. 

Ingham  University  .... 
Madison  University  .... 

Leroy. 

Hamilton. 

Wells  College 1 . 

Aurora. 

1  Elmira  College,  Vassar  College,  and  Wells  College  are  for  female  students  exclusively.  Cornell 
University  admits  both  sexes. 


History.  —  Little,  if  any  thing,  was  known  of  this  part  of 
North  America  previous  to  the  famous  exploring  voyage  of 
the  English  navigator  Henry  Hudson,  who  in  1609,  while  in 


NEW  YORK. 


85 


the  employ  of  the  Dutch,  entered  the  harbor  of  New  York, 
and  discovered  the  river  which  now  bears  his  name.  In  his 
vessel,  called  the  “  Half-Moon,”  he  ascended  the  river  as  far  as 
the  present  site  of  Albany  ;  and  the  exploration  was  continued 
in  boats  some  ten  miles  farther  up. 

The  Dutch,  in  1614,  established  a  trading-post  at  the  south¬ 
ern  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  and  built  a  fort  on  the  banks  of 
the  Hudson,  near  Albany.  Fort  Orange,  on  the  site  of  that 
city,  was  constructed  in  1628.  The  post  on  Manhattan  Island 
soon  expanded  to  a  settlement,  to  which  the  Dutch  gave  the 
name  of  New  Amsterdam ;  and  to  the  extensive  region  which 
they  claimed,  stretching  as  far  south  as  the  Delaware,  they 
gave  the  name  of  New  Netherlands. 

The  same  year  (1609)  in  which  Hudson  ascended  the  Hudson 
River,  Champlain,  a  French  explorer,  discovered  Lake  Cham¬ 
plain  and  Lake  George,  and  thus  gave  the  French  a  basis  for 
their  claim  to  a  large  part  of  the  territory  included  in  this 
state. 

In  1664  the  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam  were  obliged  to  sur¬ 
render  the  town  to  an  English  fleet  sent  out  by  the  Duke  of 
York,  to  whom  his  brother,  King  Charles  II.,  had  granted  the 
whole  territory.  This  led  to  the  name  New  York.  With  the 
exception  of  a  few  months  in  1673,  the  English  held  possession 
of  it  till  the  Revolution. 

About  the  middle  of  the  next  century,  disputes  sprang  up  j 
between  the  English  and  the  French  regarding  their  American 
possessions  ;  and  a  war  ensued,  known  in  history  as  the  French 
and  Indian  war,  for  the  Indians  mostly  took  sides  with  the 
French.  During  this  struggle  the  region  in  the  vicinity  of 
Lakes  George  and  Champlain,  and  the  upper  course  of  the 
Hudson,  became  the  scene  of  many  interesting  events.  The 
forts  at  Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga  on  the  banks  of  Lake 


Champlain,  and  Fort  William  Henry  at  the  head  of  Lake 
George,  were  held  by  the  FTench  ;  but,  by  a  series  of  brilliant 
victories,  they  were  regained  by  the  English  ;  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war,  in  1763,  the  French  were  compelled  to  relinquish 
their  claims. 

During  the  Revolution,  New  York  was  the  scene  of  many 
stirring  and  important  events.  By  a  bold  stroke,  Ethan  Allen 
and  Benedict  Arnold  captured  Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga 
in  1775.  The  disastrous  battle  of  Long  Island,  in  1776,  gave 
the  English  possession  of  New  York  City;  but  the  next  year 
the  glorious  victories  gained  over  Burgoyne  near  Saratoga, 
under  Gen.  Gates,  really  decided  the  struggle.  Many  posts  on 
the  Hudson  became  famous  during  this  war,  —  Fort  Washing¬ 
ton  in  New  York,  Stony  Point,  captured  by  Wayne  in  1779, 
West  Point,  memorable  for  the  meditated  treason  of  Arnold  in 
1780,  and  Newburgh,  the  site  of  Washington’s  headquarters, 
and  also  noted  as  the  scene  of  the  closing  events  of  the  great 
struggle  and  the  disbandment  of  the  army.  The  city  of  New 
York  was  evacuated  in  1783.  This  city  was  subsequently  the 
capital  of  the  United  States,  and  there  Washington  was  in¬ 
augurated  in  1789. 

During  the  war  of  1812  many  stirring  events  occurred  along 
the  frontier ;  and  an  important  victory  was  gained  over  a  Brit¬ 
ish  fleet  on  Lake  Champlain  in  1814. 

Steamboat  navigation  was  commenced  in  1807  by  Robert 
Fulton,  who  that  year  ascended  the  Hudson  River  in  the 
“  Clermont.” 


The  construction  of  the  Erie  Canal,  proposed  by  Gouverneur 
Morris  in  1800,  and  subsequently  urged  by  DeWitt  Clinton, 
was  finished  in  1825.  This  at  once  became  a  great  channel  of 
trade  and  emigration,  and  has  contributed  largely  to  the  rapid 
growth  and  prosperity  of  the  state. 

Political  Divisions.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  60  counties, 
and  each  county  into  townships.  There  are  25  cities. 

New  York  City,  the  metropolis  of  the  state,  is  the  business 
and  financial  emporium  of  the  New  World.  In  commercial 
importance  it  is  second  only  to  London.  It  includes  Manhattan 
Island  and  the  mainland  as  far  north  as  Yonkers,  and  eastward 
to  the  Bronx  River  (which  separates  it  from  Westchester 
County),  together  with  several  islands  in  the  East  River.  It 
covers  a  total  area  of  41 J  square  miles,  somewhat  more  than 
one-half  being  comprised  in  Manhattan  Island.  The  popula¬ 
tion  by  the  census  of  1880  was  [,206,299. 

Within  this  city,  Brooklyn,  and  other  neighboring  cities  closely  con¬ 
nected  with  New  York,  and  forming  with  it  one  compact  business 
center,  there  is  a  population  of  about  2,000,000. 

Steam  ferries  connect  the  city  with  Brooklyn  at  several 
points,  with  Long  Island  City,  Jersey  City,  Hoboken,  and 
Staten  Island  ;  and  a  magnificent  suspension  bridge  across  the 
East  River  brings  the  neighboring  cities  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn  into  still  closer  connection.  This  bridge  rests  on  two 
massive  stone  piers  278  feet  high,  and  is  supported  by  four 
immense  steel-wire  cables,  each  sixteen  inches  in  diameter 
The  total  length  of  the  bridge  is  6,000  feet,  and  its  total  cost 
is  over  $18,000,000. 

The  elevated  steam  railways,  affording  rapid  communication 
between  the  northern  and  southern  extremities  of  the  island, 
constitute  a  striking  feature  ;  and  besides  these  there  are  sur¬ 
face  railroads  intersecting  the  city  in  all  directions. 

The  commercial  advantages  of  New  York  are  very  great, 
with  its  natural  highways  of  trade,  its  magnificent  harbor,  and 
its  25  miles  of  water-front  crowded  with  the  vessels  of  all 
nations. 

More  than  one-half  of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  Union  is  carried  on  at 
this  port,  besides  a  vast  internal  and  coasting  trade.  The  greater 
part  of  the  emigrants  to  the  United  States  land  in  this  city.  The 
great  railroad  lines  which  center  here  bring  the  city  into  direct  com¬ 
munication  with  all  parts  of  the  Union  and  the  British  Provinces. 

In  the  value  of  its  manufactures,  it  is  unsurpassed  by  any 
other  city  in  the  Union.  The  leading  items  are  clothing, 
refined  sugar,  furniture,  and  printing,  and,  next  to  these,  boots 
and  shoes,  flouring-mill  products,  sewing-machines,  iron-cast¬ 
ings,  lead-pipe,  jewelry,  and  tobacco  and  cigars. 

New  York  is  widely  famed  for  the  number  and  magnificence 
of  its  public  buildings,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  city 
hall  and  the  new  court-house,  the  post-office,  the  custom-house, 
and  the  sub-treasury.  Besides  these,  there  are  several  hospitals 
and  other  charitable  institutions,  libraries  having  an  aggregate 
of  700,000  volumes,  and  buildings  devoted  to  science  and  art, 
as  Cooper  Institute,  the  National  Academy  of  Design,  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History. 

There  are  numerous  public  squares  and  parks,  chief  among 
the  latter  being  the  Central  Park,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  of 
the  kind  in  the  world.  It  is  2\  miles  long,  and  contains  an 
area  of  843  acres.  Within  this  space  are  contained  the  two 


86 


NEW  YORK. 


great  reservoirs  which  receive  the  water  from  Croton  River, 
whence  it  is  distributed  to  the  city.  The  water  is  conveyed  in 
a  stone  aqueduct  about  40  miles  in  length,  and  in  pipes  across 
High  Bridge,  a  handsome  arched  granite  structure  116  feet  in 
height,  spanning  the  Harlem  River. 

Brooklyn  (population,  566,663),  the  second  city  in  the  state, 
and  the  third  in  the  Union,  holds  a  high  rank  for  its  commer¬ 
cial  importance  and  manufacturing  industries.  It  has  an  exten¬ 
sive  water-front,  occupied  by  piers,  docks,  warehouses,  and 
shipyards. 

The  Atlantic  Dock,  a  massive  structure  completed  in  1844,  adds  very 
greatly  to  the  commercial  advantages  of  the  city.  It  is  a  huge 
basin  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  enclosing  an  area  of  40  acres, 
and  deep  enough  to  accommodate  the  largest  vessels.  Besides  this, 
there  are  the  Brooklyn  and  Erie  basins,  covering  together  a  space 
of  about  100  acres. 

Brooklyn  affords  a  place  of  residence  for  many  persons  doing 
business  in  New  York,  and  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  streets  and 
elegant  mansions.  There  are  also  many  fine  public  buildings 
and  a  large  number  of  churches.  This  city  has  been,  on  that 
account,  styled  the  “City  of  Churches.” 

Prospect  Park,  which  has  a  commanding  situation  overlook¬ 


ing  the  harbor  of  New  York,  is  an  extensive  pleasure-ground, 
beautifully  laid  out,  and  covering  550  acres. 

There  are  also  several  cemeteries,  chief  among  which  is 
Greenwood,  widely  celebrated  for  its  beautiful  views,  tasteful 
cultivation,  and  costly  monuments.  Cypress  Hills  Cemetery 
and  the  Cemetery  of  the  Evergreens  are  also  of  great  extent 
and  beauty. 

This  city  has  a  fine  system  of  public  schools  and  many  higher 
institutions  of  learning,  among  which  may  be  distinguished 
the  Packer  Collegiate  Institute,  the  Collegiate  and  Polytechnic 
Institute,  and  the  Adelphi  Academy. 

Other  Cities.  —  In  addition  to  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  the 
following  are  the  other  twenty-three  cities  of  the  State  :  — 

Buffalo,  a  port  of  entry,  and  county  seat  of  Erie  County,  has  a  splen¬ 
did  water-front  on  Lake  Erie  and  the  Niagara  River.  Its  harbor,  formed 
partly  by  Buffalo  River,  and  protected  by  extensive  breakwaters,  is  one 
of  the  finest  on  the  lakes.  The  chief  characteristics  of  Buffalo  are  its 
healthful  and  pleasant  situation,  handsome  parks,  wide  streets,  elegant  pri¬ 
vate  mansions,  fine  public  buildings,  excellent  schools,  and  abundant  supply 
of  water  from  the  Niagara,  its  extensive  manufactures  of  iron,  copper, 
and  brass  goods,  furniture,  and  flouring-mill  products,  and  its  grain  trade 
facilitated  by  its  numerous  large  elevators. 

Albany,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  145  miles  from  New 
York,  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  the  terminus  of 
the  Erie  Canal,  and  an  important  railroad  center.  It 
has  a  large  trade  in  grain  and  lumber,  extensive  iron- 
foundries,  and  factories  of  car-wheels,  carriages,  soap 
and  candles,  saws,  jewelry,  and  cabinet  furniture.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  Geological  and  Agricultural  Hall,  the 
State  Library,  the  Dudley  Observatory,  and  the  State 
Normal  School.  The  new  capitol  is,  next  to  the  fed¬ 
eral  capitol  in  Washington,  the  largest  and  most  splen¬ 
did  edifice  of  the  kind  in  America. 

Rochester  is  a  port  of  entry  at  the  Falls  of  the 
Genesee  River,  seven  miles  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  at 
the  junction  of  several  important  lines  of  railroad. 
It  has  immense  water-power  and  large  manufactur¬ 
ing  and  milling  interests,  and  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  the  fertile  Genesee  Valley.  Near  Rochester  are 
the  most  extensive  fruit  and  ornamental  tree  nurseries 
in  the  world.  It  is  the  seat  of  Rochester  University,  of 
Rochester  Theological  Seminary,  and  of  Western  Home 
of  Refuge,  an  important  reformatory. 

Troy,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hudson,  six  miles  above 
Albany,  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Champlain 
Canal,  and  an  important  railroad  center.  It  has  im¬ 
mense  water-power,  extensive  iron  and  steel  works,  and 
is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  shirts,  collars 
and  cuffs,  cars,  mathematical  instruments,  and  globes. 

Syracuse,  at  the  junction  of  the  New  York  Central 
and  numerous  other  railroads,  is  noted  for  its  immense 
salt-works  and  its  varied  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel, 
agricultural  implements,  glass,  furniture,  musical  instru¬ 
ments,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Syracuse  University  and 
of  the  New  York  Asylum  for  Idiots. 

Utica,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  is  an  important  rail¬ 
road  center,  and  has  great  canal  facilities.  It  carries  on 
manufacturing  industries,  and  has  a  large  cheese-trade. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  other 
charitable  institutions. 

Oswego  is  a  port  of  entry  on  Lake  Ontario,  at  the 
mouth  of  Oswego  River.  This  city  has  a  fine  harbor, 
protected  by  jetties  and  a  breakwater,  with  several 
miles  of  wharfage.  It  is  noted  for  its  grain-trade,  its 
flouring-mills  and  starch-factories,  and  its  ship-yards 
and  iron-works.  It  is  the  seat  of  one  of  the  state 
normal  schools. 


MAP  OF  NEW  YORK  CITY  AND  VICINITY. 


NEW  YORK. 


87 


Kingston,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  is  near  the  terminus 
(Eddyville)  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal.  It  has  a  large  river  traffic, 
and  ships  great  quantities  of  coal  brought  by  the  canal.  It  is  also  the  center 
of  the  ice  industry,  and  of  an  immense  business  in  flagging  and  other  varie¬ 
ties  of  blue  stone,  hydraulic  cement,  and  bricks. 

Elmira  is  situated  on  the  Chemung  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Newtown 
Creek,  and  is  an  important  railroad  and  commercial  city.  It  is  noted 
for  its  abundant  water-power  and  for  its  rolling-mills  and  other  iron-works, 
flour-mills,  breweries,  tanneries,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  Elmira  Female  Col¬ 
lege. 

Poughkeepsie,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  has  an  active  river  trade, 
large  manufacturing  interests,  and  extensive  iron  furnaces  and  foundries. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Vassar  College. 

Auburn  is  near  Owasco  Lake,  which  supplies  abundant  water-power.  It 
manufactures  agricultural  implements,  and  cotton  and  woolen  fabrics,  and 
has  valuable  limestone  quarries.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Auburn  Theological 
Seminary,  also  of  a  state  prison. 

Cohoes  is  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mohawk  with  the  Hudson  River,  and 
near  the  junction  of  Erie  and  Champlain  canals.  The  Mohawk  affords 
immense  water-power,  and  the  city  is  noted  for  its  extensive  manufacture 
of  cotton  goods,  also  of  hosiery  and  knit  goods,  and  for  its  rolling-mills, 
ax-factories,  and  manufactory  of  pins  and  knitting-needles. 

Newburg,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  has  an  active  river  com¬ 
merce  in  lumber  and  farming  produce,  and  carries  on  manufacturing  in¬ 
dustry.  It  is  also  noted  for  its  Revolutionary  associations,  Washington’s 
headquarters  having  been  located  there  for  a  considerable  time. 

Yonkers  is  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  north  of  New  York  City, 
and  opposite  the  Palisades.  It  carries  on  the  manufacture  of  felt  hats, 
robes,  and  cloths,  sewing-silk  and  ribbons,  carpets,  lead  pencils,  etc.  It  is 
the  agreeable  place  of  residence  of  many  New  York  business  men. 

Long  Island  City  is  opposite  New  York,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
steam-ferries,  and  is  the  terminus  of  several  railroads.  It  is  a  depot  for  the 
storage  and  shipment  of  kerosene-oil,  and  has  oil-refineries,  lumber-yards, 
and  granite-works. 

Binghamton  is  at  the  confluence  of  the  Chenango  and  Susquehanna 
rivers.  It  is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes, 
cigars,  steam-engines,  farming  implements,  etc.,  and  has  a  large  coal-trade. 

Schenectady,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Mohawk  River,  is  noted  for 
its  locomotive-works,  broom-manufactories,  knitting-mill,  etc.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Union  College. 

Lockport  is  on  the  Erie  Canal,  where  it  descends  60  feet  by  five  double 
locks.  Immense  water-power  is  distributed  from  the  canal  to  the  manufac¬ 
tories  by  means  of  a  hydraulic  canal  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  those  of  flour,  lumber,  and  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

Rome,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  is  noted  for  its  rolling  and  puddling  mills, 
paper-mills,  and  sash,  blind,  and  planing  mills,  locomotive  and  car  works. 
It  is  the  site  of  Fort  Stanwix. 

Ogdensburg,  a  port  of  entry  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  has  extensive 
lake  and  Canadian  commerce  in  grain,  flour,  and  lumber.  Its  abundant 
water-power  supplies  numerous  flouring-mills  and  saw-mills. 

Watertown  is  on  both  banks  of  the  Black  River.  It  has  abundant 
water-power,  and  numerous  flouring  and  saw  mills,  and  manufactories  of 
sewing-machines,  woolen  goods,  paper,  leather,  farming  implements,  etc. 

Hudson  is  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation; 
it  has  a  large  river  trade,  extensive  iron-works,  and  various  manufactories. 

Dunkirk  is  a  growing  city  in  Chautauqua  County  on  Lake  Erie.  It  is  a 
port  of  entry,  has  an  excellent  harbor  and  large  coastwise  trade ;  also  exten¬ 
sive  iron-works,  machine-shops,  and  various  factories. 

Villages.  —  The  names,  location,  and  characteristics  of  the 
principal  villages,  are  shown  in  the  subjoined  table:  — 


Amsterdam  —  in  Montgomery  County,  on  the 
Mohawk  River.  Manufacture  of  knit  goods 
.Batavia — in  Genesee  County,  on  Tonawanda 
Creek.  Seat  of  the  State  Institution  for  the 
Blind. 

Canandaigua  —  in  Ontario  County,  on  Canan¬ 


daigua  Lake.  Beautiful  situation;  impor¬ 
tant  railroad  center 

Cape  Vincent  —  in  Jefferson  County,  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  River.  Port  of  entry;  terminus 
of  the  Rome  and  Watertown  Railroad; 
shipyard. 


Catskill  —  in  Greene  County,  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Hudson.  The  landing-place  for 
visitors  to  the  Catskill  Mountains. 

Cold  Spring  —  in  Putnam  County,  nearly  oppo¬ 
site  West  Point.  Furnaces  and  foundries; 
picturesque  situation. 

Corning — in  Steuben  County,  on  the  Chemung 
River.  Extensive  coal  and  lumber  trade. 

Dansville  —  in  Livingston  County,  forty  miles 
south  of  Rochester.  Valuable  water-power 
used  in  mills  and  factories. 

Flushing  —  in  Queen’s  County,  on  Flushing  Bay. 
Elegant  residences;  extensive  gardens  and 
nurseries;  numerous  schools. 

Fort  Edward  —  in  Washington  County,  on  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson.  Manufactures  of 
iron  and  paper.  Remains  of  old  Fort 
Edward. 

Fredonia  —  in  Chautauqua  County,  about  three 
miles  from  Dunkirk.  Flouring  and  saw 
mills  ;  a  spring  of  natural  gas  in  the  vi¬ 
cinity  used  to  light  the  village. 

Geneva  —  in  Ontario  County,  at  the  north-west 
extremity  of  Seneca  Lake.  Beautiful  situa¬ 
tion;  nursery  business;  seat  of  Hobart 
College. 

Glens  Falls  — in  Warren  County,  on  the  upper 
Hudson,  where  it  descends  fifty  feet. 
Extensive  milling  business  and  various 
manufactures;  in  the  vicinity  of  quarries 
of  black  marble. 

Gloversville  —  in  Fulton  County,  adjacent  to 
Johnstown.  Manufacture  of  gloves  and 
mittens,  and  various  other  articles. 

Greenbush  —  in  Rensselaer  County,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson.  A  railroad  center; 
saw  and  flour  mills  and  blast  furnace;  lum¬ 
ber  trade. 

Hempstead  —  in  Queens  County,  twenty-one 
miles  east  of  New  York  City.  Local  trade; 
residential  village. 

Hornellsville  —  in  Steuben  County,  on  Canisteo 
River.  Mowing-machine  factory;  various 
manufactures,  tanneries. 

Ilion  —  in  Llerkimer  County,  on  the  south  bank 
of  the  Mohawk.  Advantageous  situation 
on  Erie  Canal  and  New  York  Central  Rail¬ 
road;  manufactures  of  agricultural  imple¬ 
ments,  arms,  and  sewing-machines. 

Ithaca  —  in  Tompkins  County,  near  the  head  of 
Cayuga  Lake.  A  railroad  center,  active 
commerce;  coal  depot,  various  manufac¬ 
tures;  seat  of  Cornell  University 

Jamaica  —  in  Queen’s  County  Pleasant  resi¬ 
dential  village. 

Jamestown  —  in  Chautauqua  County,  at  the 
outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake  Connected  by 
steamers  with  Mayville;  various  factories, 
machine-shops,  and  foundries;  a  summer 
resort. 

Johnstown —  in  Fulton  County,  on  a  branch  of 
the  Mohawk  River  Skin  and  leather  dress¬ 
ing  establishments ;  glove  and  mitten  facto¬ 
ries. 

Lansingburg — in  Rensselaer  County,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Mohawk  Brush  factories, 
oil-cloth  and  other  manufactories 

Le  Roy  —  in  Genesee  County.  Thriving  village; 
railroad  facilities. 

Little  Falls  —  in  Herkimer  County,  on  the  Mo¬ 
hawk  River,  where  it  falls  forty-two  feet. 
Cheese  trade;  paper,  flouring,  and  cotton 
mills;  woolen  factories;  starch  manufacto¬ 
ries. 

Lyons  —  in  Wayne  County,  on  the  Erie  Canal. 
Trade  in  tobacco,  grain,  and  fruit;  pepper¬ 
mint  distilleries. 

Middletown  —  in  Orange  County,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Erie,  the  New  York  and  Oswego 
Midland,  and  the  New  Jersey  Midland  Rail¬ 
roads.  Center  of  a  rich  stock-raising  and 
dairy  district;  numerous  manufactories; 
public  buildings;  Hillside  Cemetery,  con¬ 
taining  fifty  acres. 


New  Brighton  —  in  Richmond  County,  on  the 
north-east  shore  of  Staten  Island.  Hand¬ 
some  residences;  beautiful  situation;  com¬ 
manding  view  of  New  York  Bay. 

Niagara  Falls  —  in  Niagara  County.  A  resort 
of  visitors  to  the  cataract  of  Niagara. 

Norwich  —  in  Chenango  County,  on  the  Che¬ 
nango  River.  A  railroad  center;  various 
manufactures  ;  handsome  court  house  ; 
large  local  trade. 

Owego  —  in  Tioga  County,  on  the  Susquehanna 
River  Center  of  a  rich  farming  region; 
pleasant  situation;  grist-mills;  foundries; 
soap,  shoe,  piano,  carriage,  and  marble  fac¬ 
tories;  tanneries. 

Peekskill  —  in  Westchester  County,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson  River.  Beautiful  situ¬ 
ation;  river  trade;  iron  foundries,  stove 
factories. 

Penn  Yan  —  in  Yates  County,  on  the  outlet  of 
Keuka  Lake.  Center  of  lake  region;  abun¬ 
dant  water-power;  flour  and  planing  mills; 
extensive  malt  house,  and  barrel  manufac¬ 
tory. 

Plattsburg  —  in  Clinton  County,  a  port  of  entry 
on  Lake  Champlain.  Lumber  and  iron  busi¬ 
ness;  various  manufactures. 

Port  Chester  —  in  Westchester  County,  on  the 
New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad 
Residential  town. 

Port  Jervis  —  in  Orange  County,  on  the  Dela¬ 
ware  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nevisink, 
and  at  the  intersection  of  the  boundaries  of 
New  Jersey,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania 
Grand  scenery;  radroad  shops;  numerous 
manufactories;  a  place  of  summer  resort. 

Sag  Harbor  —  in  Suffolk  County,  near  the  east 
extremity  of  Long  Island,  on  Gardiners 
Bay.  Port  of  entry;  good  harbor;  exten¬ 
sive  coasting  trade;  various  manufactories; 
a  summer  resort 

Saratoga  Springs  —  in  Saratoga  County,  on  the 
Adirondack  and  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga 
Railroads.  Mineral  springs;  place  of  sum¬ 
mer  resort;  numerous  large  hotels  and 
boarding-houses;  exportation  of  mineral 
water 

Saugerties  —  in  Ulster  County,  on  Esopus  Creek. 
Foundries  and  factories. 

Seneca  Falls  —  in  Seneca  County,  on  the  outlet 
of  Seneca  Lake.  Abundant  water-power; 
various  manufactures.  Business  center  of 
a  large  and  intelligent  section. 

Sing  Sing  —  in  Westchester  County,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson  River  —  Tappan  Bay. 
Beautiful  situation;  manufacture  of  files, 
lawn-mowers,  carriages,  etc  ;  seat  of  a 
state  prison. 

Suspension  Bridge  —  in  Niagara  County,  on 
the  Niagara  River,  connected  with  Clifton 
on  the  Canada  side.  Port  of  entry;  sus¬ 
pension  bridge  for  railroad  and  other  travel; 
various  manufactures. 

T arry town  —  in  Westchester  County,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson.  Picturesque  situation 
and  elegant  country-seats;  various  facto¬ 
ries. 

Waterloo  —  in  Seneca  County.  Is  abeautiful  ar.d 
prosperous  village  at  the  outlet  of  Seneca 
Lake  ;  varied  manufactures. 

Westfield  —  in  Chautauqua  County,  near  Lake 
Erie.  Mills  and  factories. 

West  Point  —  in  Orange  County,  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Hudson  River.  Picturesque 
situation;  the  seat  of  the;  United  States 
Military  Academy;  historical  associations. 

West  Troy  —  in  Albany  County,  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  opposite  Troy. 
Extensive  lumber  trade;  seat  of  the  Water- 
vliet  National  Arsenal ;  various  manufacto¬ 
ries. 

Whitehall  —  in  Washington  County,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Champlain.  Terminus  of  Cham¬ 
plain  Canal;  abundant  water-power;  saw 
and  planing  mills,  machine-shops,  etc. 


Port  Jeryj§itCffi 40  Xongitude  "West  74°20  from  Green wicli  74°oo' 


NEW  JERSEY. 


89 


NEW  JERSEY. 


iron  wo 


THE  HACKENSACK  RIVER 


NEWARK. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP 

Position,  etc.  —  What  natural  boundary  has  New  Jersey  on  the  west? 
What  states  west?  What  state  on  the  north-east?  What  bodies  of  water 
form  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  state?  How  bounded  on  the  south? 
Through  how  many  degrees  of  latitude  does  the  state  extend  ?  Through 
how  many  of  longitude?  Measure  by  the  scale  of  miles  the  length  of  the 
state. 

Coast.  —  What  bay  between  New  Jersey  and  Long  Island?  What  bay 
north  of  Staten  Island?  What  bay  south  of  Staten  Island?  What  cape 
projects  into  Lower  Bay?  Name  the  principal  bays  south  of  Sandy  Hook. 
What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  state  ?  What  large  bay  forms 
a  south-western  boundary  ? 

Surface.  — Which  section  is  the  most  mountainous  ?  What  range  on  the 
north-western  border?  What  mountains  in  Sussex  County?  In  Passaic 
County?  What  elevation  in  Bergen  County  borders  Hudson  River? 
What  mountains  in  Morris  County?  In  Somerset  County?  [Name  any 
mountains  in  the  county  in  which  you  live.] 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  What  lake  partly  in  Passaic  County  and  partly  in 
New  York  state?  What  lake  between  Morris  and  Sussex  counties? 
[Name  any  lakes  or  ponds  in  the  county  in  which  you  live.]  Into  what  two 
bodies  of  water  do  the  principal  rivers  flow?  A  ns.  Into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  Delaware  River.  What  two  rivers  flow  into  Newark  Bay  ? 
What  river  flows  into  Raritan  Bay?  What  are  the  principal  rivers  flowing 
into  Barnegat  Bay?  What  river  separates  Burlington  and  Atlantic  coun¬ 
ties?  What  river  flows  into  Great  Egg  Harbor?  What  is  the  principal 
river  flowing  into  Delaware  Bay?  [Name  any  streams  in  your  county.] 

Counties. — What  counties  border  on  New  York  ?  On  Hudson  River? 
Name  the  Atlantic  counties  south  of  Sandy  Hook.  Which  is  the  most 
southern  county?  Which  counties  on  Delaware  Bay?  Which  counties  on 
Delaware  River?  Which  county  borders  both  on  Delaware  River  and 


the  Atlantic  Ocean?  Which  counties  are  traversed  by  the  Morris  Canal? 
Which  by  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal?  Which  is  the  largest  county 
in  the  state?  The  smallest  ?  [In  which  county  do  you  live?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Which  city  is  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  where  is 
it?  In  which  county  is  Newark,  the  largest  city?  Locate  Jersey  City,  the 
second  city  in  population.  In  which  county,  and  on  what  river,  is  Paterson? 
What  cities  in  Union  County?  What  city  joins  Jersey  City  on  the  north? 
What  city  opposite  Philadelphia?  Locate  the  two  cities  of  Middlesex 
County?  What  city  north-west  of  Newark?  Name  and  locate  two  cities 
of  Cumberland  County?  What  city  of  Burlington  County  is  on  Delaware 
River?  What  city  in  the  south-western  part  of  Union  County?  What  city 
in  Salem  County?  What  city  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lehigh  and  Delaware 
rivers?  What  is  the  county-seat  of  Morris  County?  Locate  Bayonne. 
What  city  at  the  mouth  of  Raritan  River?  What  town  in  Essex  County 
on  the  Morris  Canal?  What  noted  watering-place  in  Monmouth  County? 
What  city  south  of  Camden?  What  city  in  the  southern  part  of  Hunterdon 
County?  Locate  Princeton. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  7,815  square  miles.  Population,  1,131,116.) 

Outline  and  Extent.  —  The  winding  course  of  [he  Delaware 
River,  which  forms  the  western  boundary,  and  the  broken 
coast-line  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east,  extending  about 
120  miles,  give  this  state  an  irregular  outline.  Its  greatest 
length  from  north  to  south  is  about  167  miles  ;  its  average 
width,  about  50  miles. 

Surface.  —  In  the  north-west  the  surface  is  broken  by  the 


9° 


NEW  JERSEY. 


Blue  or  Kittatinny  Mountains  and  by  the  Wallkill,  Pochuck, 
and  other  mountains  forming  the  Highland  range,  between 
which  is  the  Kittatinny  Valley,  about  ten  miles  wide.  The 
north-eastern  and  central  parts  consist  of  a  great  plain  ;  and, 
south  of  a  line  connecting  Amboy  and  Trenton,  the  surface  is 

quite  low  and  level.  The 
Navesink  Highlands,  near 
Sandy  Hook,  are  375  feet 
above  the  ocean. 

The  ridges  of  the  Highland 
range  vary  in  height  from 
1,000  to  1,450  feet  above 
tide  water.  The  Blue 
Mountains  have  a  varying 
elevation  of  1,400  to  1,800 
feet. 

Rivers. —  New  Jersey  is 
well  drained  by  the  affluents 
of  the  Delaware  River  and 
of  the  Atlantic.  Most  of 
the  latter  are  navigable  from 
ten  to  twenty  miles.  In  the 
northern  part  there  are  many 
small  streams  that  supply 
abundant  water-power. 

Coast.  —  From  the  low 
projecting  bank  called  Sandy 
Hook  to  the  similarly  formed 
point  Cape  May,  the  whole  eastern  coast  consists  of  a  long 
line  of  sandy  beaches,  broken  by  inlets,  and  enclosing  narrow 
and  shallow  lagoons,  behind  which  stretches,  for  several  miles 
inland,  a  low,  marshy  tract.  Good  harbors  are  few  ;  Raritan 
Bay,  south  of  Staten  Island,  and  Newark  Bay,  north  of  it, 
being  the  largest  and  best. 

Lakes  and  Scenery. — There  are  several  picturesque  lakes 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  of  which  Hopatcong  and 
Greenwood  lakes  are  the  most  important ;  and  many  places 
noted  for  their  beauty  in  the  same  region,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  the  Falls  of  the  Passaic  at  Paterson,  the  passage 
of  the  Delaware  through  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  Schooleys 
Mountain  in  Morris  County. 

Agriculture.  —  A  large  part  of  the  soil  of  this  state  is  highly 
productive,  owing  to  the  skill  and  industry  with  which  it  has 
been  enriched  by  cultivation.  This  is  especially  true  of  the 
Valley  of  the  Delaware.  In  the  Kittatinny  Valley  there  is 
very  rich  pasturage,  and  abundant  crops  of  grass  and  grain  are 
raised.  The  middle  portion  is  a  vast  market-garden,  yielding 
i.umense  quantities  of  vegetables,  sweet-potatoes,  melons, 
apples,  peaches,  and  other  fruit,  which  supply  the  great 
market?  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

In  the  south  the  soil  is  light,  and  pine-woods  and  cedar- 
swamps  abound. 

The  culture  of  cranberries,  particularly  in  the  south-east,  is  a  promi¬ 
nent  agricultural  industry.  More  than  one-half  of  all  the  cranberries 
produced  in  the  United  States  are  grown  in  this  State. 

Mining.  —  The  mineral  resources  of  New  Jersey  are  very 
extensive.  In  the  northern  part  are  great  deposits  of  magnetic 
iron  ore  ;  and  the  zinc-mines  in  Sussex  County  are  among  the 
most  valuable  in  the  world. 


There  are  also  extensive  quarries  of  granite  and  other  build¬ 
ing-stone,  stone  for  flagging,  and  slate.  Beds  of  marl,  of  great 
value  as  a  fertilizer,  are  found  in  many  parts.  There  are  also 
valuable  beds  of  fire-clay  and  potters’  clay  near  Amboy,  Tren¬ 
ton,  and  some  other  places. 

Fisheries. — The  fisheries  in  the  neighboring  waters  of  the 
state  are  extensive  and  profitable,  including  several  varieties 
of  fish,  as  well  as  oysters  and  clams,  which  are  sold  to  supply 
the  markets  of  New  York  City. 

Manufactures.  —  The  manufacturing  interests  of  this  state 
are  of  great  extent  and  importance,  as  its  abundant  water¬ 
power,  mineral  wealth,  and  great  transportation  facilities,  have 
contributed  to  foster  this  branch  of  industry. 

In  the  manufacture  of  silk  goods  and  trunks  this  state  holds  the  first 
rank.  The  most  prominent  of  the  other  branches  of  manufacture 
are  iron  and  iron  manufactures,  leather,  machinery,  sugar  and  mo¬ 
lasses,  flouring  and  grist  mill  products,  jewelry,  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  steel,  and  hats  and  caps. 

Commerce.  —  The  coastwise  and  inland  trade  of  this  state 
is  very  extensive,  aided  by  its  numerous  railroads,  and  its  two 
canals,  —  the  Morris  Canal,  from  Jersey  City  to  Phillipsburg, 
101  miles,  and  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal,  between  New 
Brunswick  and  Bordentown,  43  miles.  The  direct  foreign 
commerce  is  chiefly  carried  on  from  the  port  of  Newark. 

There  are  six  ports  of  entry, —  Newark,  Perth  Amboy,  Tuckerton  (Little 
Egg  Harbor),  Great  Egg  Harbor,  Bridgeton,  and  Lamberton  (part  of 
Trenton.) 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Besides  the  two  canals  mentioned, 
there  are  about  1,700  miles  of  railroads,  more,  in  proportion  to 
its  area,  than  in  any  other  state  except  Massachusetts  and  Con¬ 
necticut. 

The  most  important  of  these  railroad  lines  are  the  Camden  and  Atlan¬ 
tic ;  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey,  including  several  divisions; 
the  Northern  New  Jersey,  a  branch  of  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie, 
and  Western  Railroad ;  the  Morris  and  Essex,  a  branch  of  the  Dela¬ 
ware,  Lackawanna,  and  Western;  the  New  Jersey  Midland;  the 
New  Jersey  Southern,  connecting  Sandy  Hook  with  Delaware  Bay; 
the  West  Jersey;  and  the  United  Railroads  of  New  Jersey,  a 
division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

Government.  —  The  chief  executive  officers  of  the  state  are 
the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  Treasurer,  Comptroller,  and 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

The  Governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  three  years ;  the  Secretary 
of  State  is  appointed  by  the  Governor  with  the  advice  of  the  Sen¬ 
ate ;  the  Treasurer  is  elected  by  the  Legislature;  and  the  Superin¬ 
tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  by  the  State  Board  of  Education. 

The  Legislature  consists  of  a  Senate,  made  up  of  a  member 
from  each  county,  and  an  Assembly  of  60  representatives  ;  and 
the  Judiciary  consists  of  the  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals,  the 
Supreme  Court,  with  Circuit  Courts,  and  the  Court  of  Chancery, 
the  head  of  which  is  the  Chancellor ;  besides  inferior  courts. 

Education.  —  The  state  system  of  popular  education  is  well 
organized,  and  supported  by  general  taxation.  The  common 
schools  are  under  the  direction  of  a  state  board,  and  supervised 
by  the  state  superintendent  and  county  superintendents,  ap¬ 
pointed  by  the  board.  At  Trenton  there  is  a  normal  school 
with  a  model  school  attached. 

The  institutions  for  higher  instruction  are,  the  College  of 


NEW  JERSEY. 


9i 


New  Jersey  at  Princeton,  Rutgers  College  at  New  Brunswick, 
St.  Benedict’s  College  at  Newark,  and  Seton  Hall  College  at 
South  Orange. 

History. — New  Jersey  was  included  within  the  limits  of  the 
territory  claimed  by  the  Dutch,  and  called  New  Netherlands; 
and  the  first  settlement  was  made  by  Hollanders  at  Bergen, 
about  1620.  The  Swedes  and  Finns  a  short  time  afterward 
made  settlements  on  the  Delaware  River. 

After  the  taking  of  New  Amsterdam  by  the  English,  in 
1664,  this  part  of  New  Netherlands  became  the  property  of  the 
Duke  of  York,  who  sold  it  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George 
Carteret ;  and  it  received  the  name  of  New  Jersey  in  honor  of 
the  latter,  who  had  been  governor  of  the  Island  of  Jersey 
Subsequently  it  was  transferred  to  various  proprietors,  includ¬ 
ing  William  Penn,  in  1682  ;  but  in  1702  it  was  surrendered  to 
the  crown,  and  continued  to  be  a  royal  province  until  the 
Revolution. 

Many  stirring  events  of  the  Revolutionary  war  occurred  in 
this  state,  chief  among  which  were  the  battles  of  Trenton, 
Princeton,  and  Monmouth.  The  first  Legislature  met  at 
Princeton,  in  1776;  but  in  1790  the  state  capital  was  estab¬ 
lished  at  Trenton.  The  state  Constitution  was  adopted  in 
1776,  revised  in  1844,  and  again  in  1875. 

Counties.  —  This  state  is  divided  into  twenty-one  counties, 
as  follows  :  — 


Atlantic. 

Bergen. 

Burlington. 

Camden. 

Cape  May. 

Cumberland. 


Essex. 

Gloucester. 

Hudson. 

Hunterdon. 

Mercer. 


Middlesex. 

Monmouth. 

Morris. 

Ocean. 

Passaic. 


Salem. 

Somerset. 

Sussex. 

Union. 

Warren. 


Newark  (population,  136,508),  in  Essex  County,  the  chief 
city  of  the  state,  is  an  important  railroad  center,  and  trains 
run  between  it  and  New  York  every  few  minutes  through  the 
day.  The  Morris  Canal  passes  through  the  city,  bringing  the 
coal  of  the  Lehigh  Valley.  Its  foreign  and  coastwise  com¬ 
merce  is  extensive ;  but  it  is  for  the  extent  and  variety  of 
its  manufactures  that  Newark  is  especially  noted.  Among 
the  most  important  are  jewelry,  clothing,  saddlery  materials, 
hats,  India-rubber  and  leather  goods,  carriages,  cotton  thread, 
and  other  articles. 

Trenton  (population,  29,910)  is  the  capital.  It  is  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Delaware,  and  has  ample  rail¬ 
road  communication  with  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  the 
coal  districts  of  Pennsylvania.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan 
Canal  passes  through  the  city.  The  most  important  industry 
is  the  manufacture  of  crockery.  There  is  a  large  number  of 
potteries,  besides  iron-foundries,  breweries,  paper-mills,  zinc- 
works,  and  other  manufactories.  It  has  several  fine  public 
buildings,  including  the  state  capitol,  city  hall,  and  post-office, 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Normal  School,  lunatic-asylum,  and 
penitentiary. 

Jersey  City  (population,  120,722)  is  the  second  city  of  the 
state,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at  its  entrance 
into  New  York  Bay,  and  opposite  the  southern  part  of  New 
York  City,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  several  steam  ferries. 
It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  the  terminus  of  the  Morris 
Canal,  the  starting-point  for  several  ocean  steamship  lines,  and 


a  great  depot  for  the  coal  and  iron  brought  from  Pennsylvania. 
Its  manufactories  include  iron-foundries,  machine-shops,  sugar- 
refineries,  and  breweries,  glass-works,  and  steel  and  zinc  facto¬ 
ries.  Very  many  other  articles  are  extensively  made,  among 
them,  watches,  jewelry,  copper  articles,  black  lead,  lead  pencils, 
and  crucibles. 

Paterson  (population,  51,031),  in  Passaic  County,  on  Passaic 
River,  is  the  third  city  in  the  state.  Being  supplied  with  im¬ 
mense  water-power  by  the  falls  of  the  Passaic,  it  has  numerous 
j manufacturing  establishments,  chief  among  which  are  silk- 
I  manufactories,  cotton-mills,  machine-shops,  locomotive  and 
steam-engine  works,  paper-mills,  and  factories  for  the  making 
of  sewing-machines,  carpets,  thread,  and  many  other  articles. 
In  the  quantity  and  variety  of  its  silk  goods  Paterson  excels 
every  other  city  in  the  Union. 

Other  Cities,  etc.  —  The  other  prominent  cities  and  towns 


are  :  — 

Bayonne  —  a  city  in  Hudson  County,  between 
New  York  and  Newark  bays,  and  on  the 
Central  Railroad.  Coal  depot;  chemicals 
and  petroleum. 

'  Beverly  —  in  Burlington  County,  on  the  Dela¬ 
ware  River.  Proximity  to  Philadelphia. 
Manufactures  of  oil-cloths,  woolen  goods, 
etc. 

Bloomfield  —  in  Essex  County,  on  the  Morris 
Canal.  Cotton,  woolen,  and  paper  factories. 

Bordentown  —  in  Burlington  County,  on  the 
Delaware  River.  A  terminus  of  the  Dela¬ 
ware  and  Raritan  Canal. 

Bridgeton  —  a  city  of  Cumberland  County,  on 
Cohansey  Creek,  twenty  miles  from  its 
mouth,  on  the  West  Jersey  Railroad.  Ex¬ 
tensive  iron-foundry  and  rolling-mill,  and 
nail,  glass,  and  woolen  factories.  Ship¬ 
building. 

j  Burlington  —  a  city  of  Burlington  County,  on 
the  Delaware  River;  connected  with  Phila¬ 
delphia  by  a  line  of  steamboats.  A  port  of 
entry,  with  large  trade.  Seat  of  Burling¬ 
ton  College  and  St.  Mary’s  Hall,  a  noted 
Episcopalian  seminary  for  females. 

j  Camden  —  a  city  of  Camden  County,  on  the 
Delaware  River,  opposite  Philadelphia.  A 
port  of  entry.  Iron-foundries,  chemical  and 
glass  works,  ship-yards,  etc. 

Elizabeth  — a  city  of  Union  County,  on  Newark 
Bay  and  Staten  Island  Sound,  and  at  the 
junction  of  several  railroads.  The  seat  of  a 
great  number  and  variety  of  manufacturing 
establishments. 

Flemington  —  county  ‘seat  of  Hunterdon 
County.  Handsome,  flourishing  place. 

Gloucester  —  a  city  in  Camden  County,  opposite 
Philadelphia.  Large  manufactories. 

Hackensack  —  county  seat  of  Bergen  County. 
Extensive  local  trade  and  manufactures. 

Hammonton  —  in  Atlantic  County.  Cultivation 
of  fruit  ;  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes. 

t , 

Harrison  —  a  city  in  Hudson  County,  on  the 
Passaic  River,  opposite  Newark.  Manu¬ 
factures. 

Hightstown — in  Mercer  County,  on  the  Cam¬ 
den  and  Amboy  Railroad.  A  thriving  place. 

Hoboken — a  city  of  Hudson  County,  on  the 
Hudson  River,  opposite  New  York,  and 
adjoining  Jersey  City.  It  is  the  terminus 
of  the  D.,  L.,  and  W.  Railroad;  the  start¬ 
ing-point  for  several  foreign  steamship  lines ; 
extensive  iron-works,  machine-shops,  and 
other  manufactories.  Seat  of  the  Stevens 
Institute  of  Technology. 

Keyport  —  in  Monmouth  County,  on  Raritan 
Bay.  Trade  ;  ship-building  ;  oyster  busi¬ 
ness. 

Lambertville — a  city  in  Hunterdon  County,  on 
the  Delaware  River.  Water-power;  im¬ 
portant  manufactories. 

Long  Branch  —  in  Monmouth  County,  on  the 
shore  of  the  Atlantic;  connected  with  New 


York  by  steamboat  and  railroad  lines.  Ex¬ 
tensive  summer  resort. 

Millville  —  a  city  of  Cumberland  County,  on 
Maurice  River,  and  on  the  West  Jersey 
Railroad.  Extensive  cotton-factory,  iron- 
foundries,  and  manufactures  of  glass-ware 

Morristown  —  in  Morris  County,  on  the  line  of 
the  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad.  Center 
of  a  rich  agricultural  district;  large  trade. 
Important  insane  asylum. 

Mount  Holly  —  County  seat  of  Burlington 
County.  Center  of  trade  and  manufactures. 

New  Brunswick — a  city  of  Middlesex  County, 
on  the  Raritan  River,  and  on  the  line  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad.  Extensive  manu¬ 
factories  of  iron,  machinery,  India-rubber 
goods,  harness,  hosiery,  etc.  Seat  of 
Rutgers  College. 

Newton  —  county  seat  of  Sussex  County.  Iron 
interests:  manufacture  of  shoes. 

Orange  — a  city  of  Essex  County,  on  the  Morris 
and  Essex  Railroad,  near  Orange  Moun¬ 
tain,  about  650  feet  high.  Noted  for  its 
healthful  situation  and  for  its  numerous  fine 
residences.  Llewellyn  Park,  on  the  east 
slope  of  Orange  Mountain,  contains  many 
beautiful  mansions.  Chief  industry,  the 
manufacture  of  hats  and  shoes. 

Perth  Amboy  —  a  city  in  Middlesex  County,  at 
the  mouth  of  Raritan  River.  A  railroad 
center,  with  a  fine  harbor.  Manufactories 
of  stoneware  and  firebrick. 

Phillipsburg  —  a  city  in  Warren  County,  on  the 
Delaware  River;  terminus  of  the  Morris 
Canal.  Varied  iron  manufactures. 

Plainfield  —  a  city  of  Union  County,  on  the  Cen¬ 
tral  Railroad.  A  handsome  city,  containing 
many  fine  residences  of  persons  engaged  in 
business  in  New  York. 

Princeton  —  in  Mercer  County.  Educational 
center, —  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  etc. 

Rahway  —  a  city  of  Union  County,  on  Rahway 
River,  a  small  tributary  of  Staten  Island 
Sound,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad.  Manufacture  of  carriages; 
paper-hanging  factories;  wool-scouring  es¬ 
tablishments,  etc. 

Red  Bank  —  in  Monmouth  County,  on  ic 
Shrewsbury  River.  Manufacturing  i.iter 
ests. 

Salem  —  a  city  of  Salem  County,  on. ‘Salem  Crcek, 
near  Delaware  River.  Center  of  a  fertile 
farming-region;  ship-yards,  and  manufac¬ 
tories  of  glass-ware,  oil-cloth,  carriages, 
etc. 

Somerville  —  county  seat  of  Somerset  County, 
on  the  Raritan  River  and.  New  Jersey  Cen¬ 
tral  Railroad.  Varied  manufactures. 

Woodbury  —  county  sea*  of  Gloucester  County. 
Thriving  village  Proximity  to  Phila¬ 
delphia  . 

Woodstovcn  —  in  S>alem  County  on  Salem  Creek. 
Lcvoal  trade. 


\ 


\42 


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lathersburg' 


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Kittannir 


V 


c 


Steuben 
ville 


reaver  FallsJ  hew  *xh(onviJj 

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j  beaver^iRoc^ester !  \  •Ogle 

I  Yanp^U^^^Freeaoiij---^.--- 

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Xr^ !.  °Pie  C'J1!  Saxonhurg 


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y«ho. 


4! 


v  -town  Cu  clLEcbnomy 

f^ioj&Leetsdale 
j  ,,^.n  SeventyJSix,7:*,\ 

03 


vansburgli 

Sarversville* 


’rsviUe  j/CV 
Elderton/Jc*'/ 

•  rv 


_ .Freeport!  /^^laadin  <sv 

Baperstown  "> 

*-A5kLeechburgu 


Kintdrsburg  ( 
FNewvillyS 


Katrona, 

Tailed  Cavey  Tarentum 

Springdale 
Harmarville 

(TYerona 


/'  Sbelocta  g) 
Indiana 


Karthae 

.y  •  > 


jr™1 


W 


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Hcutzda 


L E 


Bdaisburg 


i 


->l 


Florence^.  \  A'oblestown  B.-ltzl, 


"arjjsburg  •  j  , 

[Pittsburgh  \  J 


oy6r 

^Mansfield 


Burgh  fctstownx 

te!  V  *  (^jd^5J<^riagevffl{>^Cast]e|Sliannon 

j  Cross  Creek  !  yenice.'  S^dom 
\Thompsonvni^4  ''N^Xii 


o'v.Xh'ermore' 

durraysville  ?  ^ew  ^\,BIai 
Manor  SalenK  %SAJe^“>^  „ 

ort  Perry I)ale  HaimaFstowu\\  ^10^°  ar  Rew  ' 

^a^^fMcKeesport  Penn  *  A  Florenc- 

Irwin’s  Sta,  Greervsburg^  -fl 


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C3  S 


oH  j 


Washington 
"  ® 


Coal^ 
Honondaliela? 


{SI  A  * 

'aylors-  *V  Bentley  v  lie 

own  _  •  ^4 


ClaysviUetowl1,  q 

!  W.Al/xander  Scenery  Hill*  ^ 


•Good  Intent 


Tieallsville* 


I 


10 


4- 


*w, 


-+- 


Clarksville  J 


I 


rary 
W.Eliza- 


LFairfield 


W  E  S  T7  M  O 


A  N  D 


Conem'a 


City 


Vi 


O  0yu£ 


IVfeiidon  Mt.Plesant ^ 

1 

$£lSs 


Ns 


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Somerset 


Harveys  Nine  veil 

*  Jefferson -Sj 

Waynesburg  . — Lai 
sJackson-t.  '-  ' 

yille  Th^IikCr 

G  R  E  E 

y  -•**.  «,Vleppo 

<  L  \  V, 

i  Nev.  Freeiio: 

'  • 

IMt.Morris, 


Carmich,ael8  \feKew  Sale 

s 


N  E 

Kirby,  Wbite^. 
Havistown* 


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r  .Masontown.  WSmAddocl:’,  4tfmCrsi>ua^ 


Conf 


a; 


/ 


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r  /  .  Vk 


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4 


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Shady  C 

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>.  Hagt 


°l 

William^ 

port 


Longitude 


West 


from 


1152 


Local  Time  A.  M.  when  Noon  at  Washington 


1150 


I'fl.  M.  when  Avon  at  Greenwich 

J, 

i' VANIA 

►  1 1T.ES 


Longitude 


■West 


from 


Greenwich 


Elmira 


r 


i 


B 


40  50  J  60  i  {'  '? 


Nelson  /  *|Lawrencevil  i 

,  I  Hammond* 

acedia  * 

noxville 

estfield  Tioga  V 

iiollifiaj,  T  t  7  Roseville 

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W®IH&e,»  ArstinviUe) 

i*  s\  Mansfielc 


[Je  \  Fassett* 

>  .Wells 

Maple  mate  Snedeke^Y. 


, Choconut 


tharies-  oV 

ct.-Tirk/tX  Onon  G  7  A 


Stony/Fork  f-  Fall  B^k  ^'.Alda 


Olis  \EldredsvilIc  T  r.rnnr-h 

Ipdinesville  \  fr.Vranct, 

v  yForksvflla 

:g'f  English  CenlerXx'  _  i  Kelly-burgh  \  e,:juO' 


/English// 


hoflu^nvit 


v  1  O  /Trout  Erin  „  „ 

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■1  ill  Hall  ''Hi  yCwhite 

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Wavcrlv 

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c&S  /Little  Meadow* 

Athens  ‘Litchfield  j 

Tioga  vi4\  !  ^ 

Milan*  \  W.\nio_  ! 


'at car 


Balls  Eddy  • 
Xanesboto 


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'ind&le 


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t' 


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Jeddo  Eckley 


^Hickory  Run 


Bartonsville' 

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;Rlngtown 

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Cities 

Railroads 


94 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


ltPlNDENCg|J| 


P  iT  >  S  B  U 


» (.f*.|.i)jj.|Tipg;  a  a  0  3 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP 


Position,  etc.  —  With  what  parallel  does  most  of  the  northern  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania  coincide?  What  state  north  of  Pennsylvania?  What 
natural  boundary  on  the  north-west  ?  What  natural  boundary  on  the  east? 
What  two  states  on  the  east  ?  What  four  states  on  the  south  ?  What  two 
states  on  the  west?  Through  how  many  degrees  of  latitude  does  the  state 
extend?  Through  how  many  degrees  of  longitude?  Measure  by  the  scale 
of  miles  the  greatest  length  and  the  greatest  breadth  of  the  state.  When 
it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  at  Philadelphia?  What  time  at 
Pittsburgh?  When  it  is  noon  at  Greenwich,  what  time  is  it  at  Philadel¬ 


phia  ? 

Surface.  —  To  what  mountain  system  do  the  numerous  ranges  in  this 
state  belong  ?  In  what  direction  do  these  ranges  extend?  Which  section 
of  the  state  is  mountainous  ?  Which  is  the  loftiest  mountain  range  in 
Pennsylvania?  Ans.  The  Alleghany  Mountains.  Name  two  mountain 
ranges  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  What  range  between  Juniata  and 
Perry  counties?  What  great  range  in  the  south-eastern  section? 

Rivers.  —  What  river  forms  a  natural  boundary  of  this  state  on  the  east  ? 
What  great  tributary  does  the  Delaware  receive  in  the  east-central  part  of 


the  state  ?  Through  or  between  what  counties  does  Lehigh  River  flow 


What  large  tributary  does  the  Delaware  receive  in  the  south-eastern  par 
of  the  state  ?  What  great  river  crosses  the  eastern  section  of  the  state  i 
Where  does  the  Susquehanna  rise?  Ans.  In  the  south-central  part  oJ 
New  York.  Describe  the  general  course  of  the  river  from  its  entrance  intc 
Pennsylvania.  What  are  the  two  principal  western  affluents  of  the  Susque 
^ '  In  what  county,  and  in  what  range  of  mountains,  does  Juniats 
^^se  ?  What  two  rivers  unite  to  form  Ohio  River  ?  Describe  thf 
^pUleghany  River.  What  are  the  principal  tributaries  of  the 
Inscribe  the  course  of  Monongahela  River.  What  is  its 
k'’  To  what  river  system  does  Ohio  River  belong?  Whai 
^^Oliio  in  Pennsylvania  ? 

counties  border  on  New  York?  Which  county 
‘ 5  Which  counties  border  on  Delaware  River : 
Delaware  ?  Which  counties  border  on  Mary- 
On  Ohio  ? 

and  locate  the  capital.  Locate  Philadelphia, 


the  largest  city.  Locate  Pittsburgh,  the  second  city  in  population.  What 
other  city  in  Alleghany  County?  What  city  is  the  county-seat  of  Lacka¬ 
wanna  County?  What  other  city  in  this  county?  Name  and  locate  the 
county-seat  of  Luzerne  County.  What  town  in  the  southern  part  of  Lu¬ 
zerne  County?  What  city  on  Lake  Erie?  What  city  is  the  county-seat 
of  Lancaster  County?  What  city  on  the  Susquehanna,  west  of  Lancaster? 
Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Lycoming  County.  Of  Lehigh  County'. 
What  city  in  Blair  County?  Name  and  locate  the  countyr-seat  of  Schuyl¬ 
kill  County.  What  town  north-east  of  Pottsville  ?  What  town  east  of 
Mahanoy  City?  West?  What  town  at  the  confluence  of  Lehigh  and 
Delaware  rivers?  Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Montgomery  County. 
What  town  in  the  north-western  part?  What  city  in  York  County?  In 
Delaware  County?  Name  and  locate  two  cities  of  Crawford  County. 
Which  is  the  county-seat?  What  town  is  the  county-seat  of  Lawrence 
County?  Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Clinton  County.  What  two 
important  towns  in  Northumberland  County?  Which  is  the  countyr-seat? 
Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Montour  County.  Of  Lebanon  County'. 
Of  Chester  County.  What  important  town  on  the  Schuylkill,  north  of 
WestChester?  Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Cumberland  County. 
Of  Franklin  County.  Of  Venango  County.  What  city  of  this  county  on 
Alleghany  River  ?  What  town  on  the  eastern  border  of  Erie  County? 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  45,215  square  miles.  Population,  4,282,891.] 

Outline  and  Extent.  —  The  form  of  this  state  is  that  of  a 
parallelogram,  the  length  of  which  is  nearly  twice  the  breadth, 
the  former  being  about  310  miles;  the  latter,  160  miles.  Its 
northern  boundary,  except  where  it  borders  on  Lake  Erie,  is 
the  parallel  of  420  N.  ;  the  southern,  except  on  the  border  of 
Delaware  is  the  parallel  of  390  43'.  It  has  about  45  miles  of 
coast  line  on  Lake  Erie,  on  which  is  a  fine  harbor  at  Erie. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


95 


PHYSICAL  VIEW  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


Surface.  —  This  state  is  crossed  by  the  Appalachian  Moun¬ 
tain  system,  which  here  attains  its  greatest  width,  its  various 
parallel  ridges  spreading  over  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  state. 
These  ridges  seldom  rise  above  2,000  feet  :  they  are  generally 
forest-clad,  and  are  separated  by  valleys,  some  of  which  are 
quite  narrow,  while  others  have  a  width  of  from  15  to  20  miles. 
The  Alleghany  Mountains  are  the  highest  of  these  ranges. 

South-east  of  these  mountains  is  a  broad,  undulating  slope, 
forming  a  part  of  the  Atlantic  Plain;  the  country  west  of 
them  is  a  plateau,  more  than  1,600  feet  high,  sloping  toward 
the  Ohio  River,  extending  through  the  Genesee  Valley  into  the 
state  of  New  York. 

Rivers.  —  The  Susquehanna  and  Delaware  rivers  drain  the 
central  and  eastern  parts  of  the  state.  The  former  is  too  shal¬ 
low,  and  too  rapid  in  its  course,  to  be  of  much  advantage  for 
navigation  ;  but  it  is  used  to  float  great  quantities  of  timber. 
Its  two  principal  branches  are  the  North  Branch,  which  rises 
in  New  York,  and  the  West  Branch,  which  breaks  from  the 
western  plateau  region  eastward  through  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  Next  to  these  is  the  Juniata,  which  flows  through 
a  valley  remarkable  for  the  picturesque  beauty  of  its  scenery. 

The  Delaware  River  is  navigable  for  the  largest  ships  to 
Philadelphia,  for  large  steamboats  to  Trenton,  and  for  small 
vessels  to  Easton.  It  has  tide-water  132  miles  from  the  sea. 
The  Delaware  Water-Gap  is  where  the  river  breaks  through 
the  Blue  or  Kittatinny  Mountains.  The  Ohio  and  its  tributa¬ 
ries,  the  Alleghany,  and  Monongahela,  drain  the  extreme  west¬ 
ern  part  of  the  state.  The  Alleghany  has  a  length  of  about 
250  miles  within  this  state ;  the  Monongahela,  about  80  miles. 
Both  are  navigable  for  steamboats  throughout  their  whole 
course  in  this  state. 

Scenery.  I  he  regions  near  the  Alleghany  and  Blue  moun¬ 
tains,  especially  in  the  valleys  of  the  Delaware  and  S  usque- 
hanna  rivers,  abound  in  the  most  beautiful  scenery.  The 
openings  in  the  mountain-ranges,  where  they  are  pierced  by 
the  rivers,  forming  what  is  called  water-gaps,  or  water-gates, 
afford  picturesque  views  of  unsurpassed  grandeur.  Among 
these  the  Delaware  Water-Gap  is  widely  famed,  and  is  a  noted 
place  of  summer  resort. 

Climate.  —  The  climate  of  this  state  is  in  general  very 
healthful,  but  exhibits  great  extremes  of  temperature  in  differ¬ 
ent  parts.  In  the  south  and  east  the  summer  heat  is  intense, 
and  prolonged  far  into  the  autumn  ;  on  the  Alleghany  uplands 


the  cold  is  very  severe,  no  month  passing  without  frost,  and 
the  mercury  sometimes  falling  to  25 0  below  zero.  In  the  val¬ 
leys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  its  branches  the  climate  is  verv 
mild,  and  conducive  to  luxuriant  vegetation. 

Soil.  —  The  soil  in  this  state  is  generally  fertile,  but  is  par¬ 
ticularly  productive  in  the  limestone  regions  of  the  south-east¬ 
ern  section  and  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  where  it  is  well  adapted  to 
the  raising  of  grain.  The  mountain  valleys  of  the  central  sec¬ 
tion  have  also  a  fertile  soil.  In  the  north,  grazing  soils  prevail. 

Mining.  —  The  mining  products  of  this  state  make  it  one 
of  the  richest  regions  in  the  world.  The  most  important  of 
these  are  iron,  coal,  and  petroleum.  About  one-half  of  the 
iron,  three-fourths  of  the  coal,  and  nearly  all  the  petroleum 
found  in  the  United  States,  are  obtained  from  this  state. 

Coal.  —  Both  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal  are  found  in 
immense  quantities  ;  the  latter  in  the  region  west  of  the 
Alleghanies,  of  which  Pittsburgh  is  the  center.  Here  the 
coal-field  extends  through  twenty-four  counties.  The  anthra¬ 
cite  coal  region  is  situated  among  the  highlands  in  the  east¬ 
ern  part  of  the  state,  between  the  Susquehanna  and  Delaware 
rivers.  It  forms  a  long,  irregular-shaped  tract,  100  miles  in 
length  and  30  miles  in  width,  divided  into  three  fields,  —  the 
Southern,  Middle,  and  Northern  fields.  The  principal  towns 
that  owe  their  growth  to  the  anthracite  coal  interests  are 
I  ottsville,  Tamaqua,  Mauch  Chunk,  Wilkesbarre,  Pittston, 
Scranton,  and  Carbondale. 

Map.— In  what  county  is  the  southern  field  mainly?  What  are  the 
principal  places  in  it?  In  what  three  counties  is  the  middle  field? 
What  are  the  principal  places  in  it?  In  what  counties  is  the  north¬ 
ern  field?  What  three  important  places  in  it? 

Along  the  western  border  of  the  anthracite  region  is  obtained 


THE  ANTHRACITE  COAL  REGION. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


96 


semi-bituminous  coal,  very  useful  for  manufacturing  purposes  ; 
and  on  the  western  border  of  the  state  (chiefly  in  Mercer 
County)  are  found  deposits  of  what  is  called  block  coal ,  resem¬ 
bling  cannel  coal,  and  very  valuable  for  the  smelting  of  iron. 
The  coal-fields  of  this  state  cover  an  area  of  nearly  13,000 
square  miles. 

Iron.  —  Almost  every  county  in  the  state  contains  deposits 
of  iron.  Its  ores  are  most  abundant  and  valuable  in  the  bitumi¬ 
nous  coal-region,  especially  near  Pittsburg,  where  the  mines 
have  been  worked  to  a  vast  extent  for  many  years. 

Petroleum,  or  rock-oil,  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the 
mining  products  of  this  state.  The  “  Oil  Region  ”  is  situated 
in  the  north-western  section,  the  center  being  Oil  City,  in 
Venango  County.  This  product,  and  the  articles  distilled  from 
it,  such  as  kerosene,  naphtha,  and  paraffine,  are  produced  in  vast 
quantities,  both  for  domestic  use  and  for  exportation. 

Other  Mineral  Products.  —  Slate  and  marble  are  found  in 
great  abundance,  and  the  working  of  the  quarries  is  an  exten¬ 
sive  and  profitable  business.  Copper,  zinc,  plumbago,  and  lead 
are  also  mined  in  considerable  quantities.  More  nickel  is 
obtained  from  the  mines  of  Lancaster  County  than  in  all  the 
rest  of  the  United  States.  Salt  springs  exist  in  several  sec¬ 
tions,  producing  annually  several  million  dollars’  worth  of  salt. 
Medicinal  springs  are  also  numerous  and  valuable. 

Agriculture  in  this  state  is  an  important  source  of  wealth. 
The  principal  grains  are  oats,  Indian-corn,  wheat,  and  rye. 
Dairying  and  stock-raising  are  largely  pursued. 

Lumbering  in  the  mountain  forest  districts  is  a  very  active 
business.  In  several  of  the  central  and  south-western  counties 
extensive  hemlock  forests  present  a  great  supply  of  lumber ; 
while  the  region  near  the  headquarters  of  the  Lehigh  is  covered 
with  beech  forests.  There  is  also  an  abundance  of  oak,  chest¬ 
nut,  walnut,  and  cherry  trees  ;  and  the  maple  yields  sugar  in 
immense  quantities. 

Manufactures.  —  The  immense  mineral  resources,  particu¬ 
larly  in  iron  and  coal,  and  the  great  abundance  of  water-power 
supplied  by  its  numerous  streams,  have  rendered  Pennsylvania 
eminently  a  manufacturing  state.  The  value  of  its  manufac¬ 
tured  products  is  exceeded  by  that  of  no  other  state  except 
New  York,  while  in  the  amount  of  capital  invested  it  is  unsur¬ 
passed.  The  principal  articles  are  iron  and  steel  ware,  brass 
and  brass  ware,  cotton  and  woolen  textiles,  building  materials, 
flour,  molasses  and  sugar,  clothing,  leather,  paper,  drugs  and 
chemicals,  besides  which  may  also  be  mentioned  locomotives 
and  other  steam-engines,  and  heavy  machinery,  agricultural 
implements,  stoves,  and  cutlery. 

Ship-building,  and  the  construction  of  steamboats,  particularly 
in  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg,  constitute  an  important  interest. 
The  Delaware  River  has  been  called  the  “Clyde  of  America,” 
owing  to  the  extensive  construction  of  iron  steamships  carried 
on  upon  its  banks. 

Commerce. — Although  without  scacoast,  the  geographical 
situation  of  Pennsylvania  is  quite  favorable  to  commercial  ope¬ 
rations,  as  the  state  is  connected  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by 
the  Delaware  River,  with  the  Great  Lakes  by  Lake  Erie,  and 
with  the  Mississippi  River  by  the  Ohio.  The  chief  outlets  of 
its  commerce  are,  therefore,  Philadelphia  at  one  end  of  the 
statv.  and  Pittsburg  and  Erie  at  the  other.  Its  foreign  com- 
mei  v.  s  very  large,  and  rapidly  increasing,  the  chief  exports 


being  petroleum,  breadstuffs,  and  other  provisions.  The  domes¬ 
tic  commerce  is  also  very  large. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  Pennsylvania  has  a  very  exten¬ 
sive  and  complete  system  of  railroads  and  canals.  Of  the 
former  there  are  nearly  6,000  miles  ;  of  the  latter,  800  miles. 
The  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad  extends  across  the  state, 
and  has  numerous  branches  and  connections  with  all  important 
points  west,  north,  and  south.  The  Philadelphia  and  Reading 
Railroad  is  the  most  important  of  the  anthracite  coal  roads  : 
others  penetrate  to  all  the  leading  iron  and  coal  regions. 

The  most  important  of  the  other  railroads  are  the  follow¬ 


ing  : 


NAME. 

NAME. 

Allegheny  Valley. 

Lehigh  and  Susquehanna. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio. 

Lehigh  Valley. 

Buffalo,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia. 

New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio. 

Cumberland  Valley. 

Northern  Central. 

Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co. 

Oil  Creek  and  Allegheny  River. 

Delaware,  Lackawanna,  and  Western. 

Philadelphia  and  Erie. 

Dunkirk  and  Pittsburgh. 

Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Baltimore. 

East  Broad  Top. 

Pittsburg  and  Lake  Erie. 

Erie  and  Pittsburgh. 

Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  and  St.  Louis. 

Hanover  Junction  and  Gettysburg. 

Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago. 

Huntington  and  Broad  Top  Mountain. 

Pittsburg,  Virginia,  and  Charleston. 

Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern. 

Wilmington  and  Northern. 

Among  the  principal  canals  is  the  Delaware  and  Hudson, 
connecting  Honesdale  in  this  state  with  the  Hudson  River,  near 
Kingston,  N.Y.  Only  25  miles  of  this  canal  are  in  Pennsyl¬ 
vania.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal,  including  its  various  divisions, 
is  358  miles  long.  It  follows  the  course  of  the  Susquehanna 
River  and  its  branches,  and  is  of  special  service  in  conveying 
coal  and  iron  from  the  mining  districts.  Canals  are  also  con¬ 
structed  along  the  course  of  the  Delaware,  Schuylkill,  and 
other  rivers. 

Education.  —  Pennsylvania  has  a  well-organized  and  efficient 
system  of  public  schools,  including  ten  state  normal  schools. 
These  various  schools  are  attended  by  about  a  million  pupils. 

Higher  education  is  provided  for  in  a  large  number  of  uni¬ 
versities  and  colleges  ;  besides  which  there  are  several  theologi¬ 
cal,  medical,  and  law  schools.  There  are  also  many  “  Soldiers’ 
Orphan  Schools,”  specially  established  to  provide  homes  and  an 
education  for  the  children  orphaned  and  left  destitute  by  the 
casualties  of  the  late  civil  war. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  universities  and  col¬ 
leges,  with  their  location  :  — 


INSTITUTION. 


Allegheny  College 
Dickinson  College 
Franklin  and  Marshall  Col 
Girard  College 
Haverford  College 
Lafayette  College 
La  Salle  College  . 

Lehigh  University 
Lincoln  University 
Mercersburg  College 
Muhlenberg  College . 
Palatinate  College 


LOCATION. 

Meadville. 

Carlisle. 

Lancaster. 

Philadelphia. 

Haverford. 

Easton. 

Philadelphia. 

South  Bethlehem. 

Lower  Oxford. 

Mercersburg. 

Allentown. 

Myerstown. 


INSTITUTION. 


Pennsylvania  College  .  . 

St.  Vincent  College  .  . 

Swarthmore  College  .  . 
University  at  Lewisburg  . 
University  of  Pennsylvania 
Ursinus  College  .  .  .  . 

Villanova  College  .  .  . 

Washington  and  Jefferson 

College . 

Waynesburg  College  .  . 

Western  University  of  Pa. 
Westminster  College  .  . 


LOCATION. 


Gettysburg. 

Latrobe. 

Swarthmore. 

Lewisburg. 

Philadelphia. 

F  reeland. 
Villanova. 

Washington. 

Waynesburg. 

Pittsburg. 

New  Wilmington. 


govern- 


Government.  —  The  executive  department  of  the 
ment  consists  of  the  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Secretary 
of  the  Commonwealth,  Attorney-General,  Auditor-General, 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


97 


State  Treasurer,  Secretary  of  Internal  Affairs,  and  Superin¬ 
tendent  of  Public  Instruction.  The  Governor  and  Lieutenant- 
Governor  hold  office  for  four  years. 

The  legislative  department  is  the  General  Assembly,  which 
consists  of  a  Senate  of  50  members,  and  a  House  of  Representa¬ 
tives  composed  of  201  members.  The  sessions  are  held  every 
two  years. 

The  judicial  department  is  vested  in  the  Supreme  Court, 
composed  of  seven  judges  elected  for  twenty-one  years. 

History.  —  Henry  Hudson,  the  discoverer  of  Hudson  River, 
in  his  famous  voyage  in  1609  entered  Delaware  Bay,  and 
partly  explored  the  river  flowing  into  it,  which  the  Dutch 
subsequently  called  South  River,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
North  or  Hudson  River.  The  Swedes  made  the  first  perma¬ 
nent  settlement  on  the  Delaware  at  Upland,  now  Chester, 
which  is  therefore  the  oldest  town  in  the  state.  The  colony 
of  New  Sweden  was  in  1655  conquered  by  the  Dutch,  who 
claimed  the  whole  territory. 

The  grant  made  by  Charles  II.  to  his  brother  the  Duke  of 
York,  in  1664,  embraced  Pennsylvania ;  but  in  1681  it  was 
granted  to  William  Penn,  from  whom  it  derives  its  name, 
meaning  Penn's  Woods.  Penn  landed  in  1682  with  a  company 
of  emigrants,  and  founded  a  colony,  being  careful  to  establish 
friendly  relations  with  the  Indian  tribes,  with  whom  he  made  a 
treaty,  having  paid  them  for  the  lands  which  he  occupied.  This 
treaty  was  faithfully  observed  for  more  than  fifty  years. 

He  soon  afterward  laid  out  the  plan  of  Philadelphia, — the 
City  of  Brotherly  Love ,  —  having  purchased  the  site  from  the 
Swedes,  by  whom  it  had  been  bought  from  the  Indians.  Civil 
and  religious  liberty  was  established  by  Penn,  and  the  colony 
soon  became  populous  and  flourishing.  Many  German  and 
Swiss  emigrants  arrived,  and  settled  near  Philadelphia,  the  vil¬ 
lage  of  Germantown  being  founded  by  the  former. 

During  the  F'rench  and  Indian  war  the  frontier  settlements 
were  greatly  harassed  by  Indian  attacks,  and  many  atrocities 
were  committed.  This  state  of  things  was,  however,  termi¬ 
nated  by  the  capture  of  Fort  Duquesne  by  the  English  in  1758. 
During  the  Revolution  the  Indians  renewed  their  attacks  ;  and 
in  1778  the  beautiful  village  of  Wyoming,  near  the  northern 
frontier,  was  destroyed. 

The  most  important  events  of  the  Revolutionary  period  in 
this  state  were  the  meeting  of  the  Continental  Congress  in 
Philadelphia,  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  1776,  the 
battles  of  Brandywine  and  Germantown,  the  capture  of  Phila¬ 
delphia  in  1777,  and  the  incidents  connected  with  the  encamp¬ 
ment  at  Valley  Forge. 

During  the  late  civil  war  Pennsylvania  was  the  scene  of 
many  stirring  events.  At  the  little  town  of  Gettysburg,  in 
1863,  one  of  the  severest  and  most  critical  battles  of  the  war 
took  place. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Pennsylvania  is  divided  into  67  coun¬ 
ties,  each  subdivided  into  townships.  Other  divisions  are  cities, 
boroughs,  and  towns.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  counties  :  — 


Adams. 

Blair. 

Carbon. 

Columbia. 

Allegheny. 

Bradford. 

Centre. 

Crawford. 

Armstrong. 

Bucks. 

Chester. 

Cumberland 

Beaver. 

Butler. 

Clarion. 

Dauphin. 

Bedford. 

Cambria. 

Clearfield. 

Delaware. 

Berks. 

Cameron. 

Clinton. 

Elk. 

Erie. 

Lancaster. 

Montour. 

Susquehanna. 

Fayette. 

Lawrence. 

Northampton. 

Tioga. 

Forest. 

Lebanon. 

Northumberland. 

Union. 

Franklin. 

Lehigh. 

Perry. 

Venango. 

Fulton. 

Luzerne. 

Philadelphia. 

Warren. 

Greene. 

Lycoming. 

Pike. 

Washington. 

Huntington. 

McKean. 

Potter. 

Wayne. 

Indiana. 

Mercer. 

Schuylkill. 

Westmoreland. 

Jefferson. 

Mifflin. 

Snyder. 

Wyoming. 

Juniata. 

Monroe. 

Somerset. 

York. 

Lackawanna. 

Montgomery. 

Sullivan. 

Philadelphia 

(population, 

847,170)  is  the  metropolis  of  the 

state,  and  the 

second  city 

in  the  Union.  In 

extent  of  ter- 

ritory  it  is  probably  the  largest  city  in  the  w 

orld,  having  an 

area  of  nearly 

130  square 

miles.  Its  greatest  length  from 

north  to  south  is  22  miles,  and  its  breadth  varies  from  5  to  10 
miles.  Within  the  city  limits  are  several  places  which  were 
once  separate  towns,  and  which  still  retain  their  former  names, 
such  as  Manayunk,  Germantown,  Chestnut  Hill,  and  Bridesburg. 

Steam  ferries  ply  across  the  Delaware,  connecting  the  city 
with  Camden  and  Gloucester ;  and  the  Schuylkill  is  spanned 
with  several  fine  bridges.  Easy  communication  from  one  part 
of  the  city  to  another  is  effected  by  a  network  of  street  rail¬ 
roads  ;  and  all  the  principal  railways  in  the  state  center  in  this 
city,  diverging  to  every  part  of  the  Union. 

In  commercial  importance  Philadelphia  ranks  fourth  among 
the  cities  of  the  Union  ;  its  commercial  facilities  are  very 
great,  and  its  foreign  and  domestic  trade  are  quite  extensive. 
The  chief  articles  of  exportation  are  petroleum,  breadstuffs, 
provisions,  and  various  manufactured  articles.  The  coal-trade 
is  enormous,  especially  in  anthracite  coal,  of  which  Philadelphia 
is  the  greatest  market  in  the  world. 

In  manufacturing  industry  Philadelphia  holds  the  first  rank 
among  the  cities  of  the  United  States.  Among  the  most 
prominent  branches  are  the  following :  boots  and  shoes,  bread 
and  bakery  products,  carpets,  clothing,  furniture,  machinery, 
tin,  copper,  and  sheet-iron  ware,  and  woolen  goods. 

This  city  contains  many  edifices  notable  for  historic  interest, 
or  for  their  extent  and  the  magnificence  of  their  architecture. 
Among  them  may  be  particularly  mentioned  the  following : 
Independence  Hall,  or  the  Old  State  House,  in  which  the  Dec¬ 
laration  of  Independence  was  adopted  by  the  Continental  Con¬ 
gress,  and  the  Constitution  framed  in  1787.  The  Hall  is  now 
used  as  a  repository  for  the  portraits  of  Revolutionary  and 
other  heroes,  and  various  historical  relics.  Carpenters’  Hall 
is  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  first  Continental  Congress,  in 
1774.  The  Penn  Treaty  Monument  is  at  Kensington. 

The  City  Hall,  when  finished,  will  be  one  of  the  most  spa¬ 
cious  and  beautiful  buildings  in  America.  The  Post  Office, 
Merchants’  Exchange,  Masonic  Temple,  Girard  College,  and 
the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  with  many  other  church  edi¬ 
fices,  are  among  the  most  noteworthy  of  the  other  public 
buildings. 

Fairmount  Park  is  among  the  largest  in  the  world,  and  is 
remarkable  for  its  fine  situation  and  natural  beauty.  It  is  situ¬ 
ated  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill  and  Wissahickon  rivers, 
covering  an  area  of  nearly  3,000  acres,  and  containing  a  car¬ 
riage-drive  of  more  than  twelve  miles.  In  the  south-western 
portion  of  this  park  the  Centennial  Exhibition  was  held.  The 
city  contains  several  other  small  parks. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


q8 


Hatborough 


Jnrrrttmvn 


Somerton 


Washington 


Broad  Axe, 


'itzwatertbwnj 


Abing-ton 


,Byberry  Pt. 


'  Edge  HiU 
Howto  wn 


Kii.kory- 

town 


Verres 

ViOlills 


onkintown 


Bustleton 


Plymouth 


'Shoemakertown 


Barren  Hill  / 


dibourne 


Somerville 


Hulmesburg  " 
V  Taconj- 


^,01ncy 


Merioi 


f  North/ 
Penns.vule. 


Ardmore- 


CXKy- ■/"1  ladd  ington' 


lerfnantville 


West 


Haverford 


Cooper-. 


HUisbui 


Feruwood*? 


Garrettford 


aOPOiNTi 

parkV 


Hiaron  Hill* 


Morton 


ilouid 


Glenolden 


Westvilli 


led  Bank 


\Bidley. 

Park 


T  |  N1-  -C’ 

MzarMo 


W4IDEN  is. 


TINICUM  II 


Chew’s 

Landing 


Woodbury 


Blackwood- 

town 


Eaukhorougk 


AWenoni 


Mantua" 


’Jtepaupo' 


Hurffville 


Bridgeport 


Being  the  center  of  a  fertile  region  abounding  in 
mines  of  iron  and  coal,  it  has  ample  communica¬ 
tion  with  all  parts  of  the  state  by  means  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Canal  and  several  railroads.  Its  iron 
manufactures  are  also  very  extensive. 

Pittsburg,  in  Allegheny  County,  is  the  second 
city  of  the  state  in  population.  Owing  to  its  exten¬ 
sive  manufactures,  it  is  sometimes  called  the  Iron 
City ;  while  the  clouds  of  smoke  constantly  arising 
from  the  burning  of  bituminous  coal  have  given  it 
the  name  of  the  Smoky  City.  Its  situation  at  the 
head  of  the  Ohio,  and  at  the  confluence  of  the  Alle¬ 
ghany  and  Monongahela  rivers,  affords  it  superior 
commercial  facilities. 

Next  to  Philadelphia,  this  is  the  principal  manu¬ 
facturing  city  in  the  state,  the  chief  products  being 
iron,  steel,  copper,  and  glass. 


All  varieties  of  steam  machinery,  and  implements  for  do¬ 
mestic  and  agricultural  purposes,  are  made  here.  The 
annual  value  of  the  iron  manufactures  is  in  excess  of 
$30,000,000.  The  production  of  refined  petroleum,  the 
brewing  of  ale  and  beer,  and  the  manufacture  of  white- 
lead,  leather,  tobacco,  and  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  are 
extensive  industries. 


MAP  OF  PHILADELPHIA  AND  VICINITY. 


The  public  school  system  of  the  city  comprises  more  than 
400  schools,  affording  an  education  to  over  100,000  pupils  ; 
besides  which  there  are  high  and  normal  schools  and  colleges, 
and  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  There  are  also  numerous 
hospitals  and  other  charitable  institutions,  and  several  libraries, 
of  which  the  Mercantile  and  the  Library  Company  of  Phila¬ 
delphia  contain  over  100,000  volumes  each. 

Philadelphia,  after  its  foundation  by  William  Penn,  about  two 
centuries  ago,  soon  became  the  first  city  on  the  continent,  but 
has  since  been  rivaled  by  New  York.  For  several  years  it 
was  the  seat  of  the  Federal  Government,  previous  to  the  estab¬ 
lishment  of  the  capital  at  Washington. 

Harrisburg,  in  Dauphin  County,  the  capital  of  the  state, 
is  a  handsome  city  beautifully  situated  on  the  east  bank  of 
he  Susquehanna,  and  surrounded  with  magnificent  scenery. 


This  city  is  the  great  shipping  port  for  coal  and 
coke  to  places  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers. 
It  receives  and  distributes  immense  quantities  of 
grain,  fruit,  butter,  cheese,  and  bacon. 

The  Alleghany  River  is  spanned  by  seven  bridges, 
and  the  Monongahela  by  five.  There  are  many 
large  and  imposing  public  buildings  and  church  edi¬ 
fices,  and  a  cemetery  handsomely  laid  out.  It  con¬ 
tains  a  large  and  efficient  system  of  public  schools, 
including  a  high  school,  the  Pittsburg  Female  Col¬ 
lege,  and  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Allegheny,  in  Allegheny  County,  is  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  Alleghany  River,  opposite  Pitts¬ 
burg,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  bridges.  Its 
manufactories  are  similar  to  those  of  Pittsburg,  com¬ 
prising  rolling-mills,  locomotive-shops,  machine-shops, 
and  foundries,  besides  cotton  and  woolen  mills,  brew¬ 
eries,  and  manufactories  of  leather,  flour,  etc.  Alle¬ 
gheny  is  the  seat  of  two  theological  schools,  of  the 
Western  Penitentiary,  and  of  a  House  of  Industry. 
Owing  to  its  favorable  situation  for  river-trade,  it  is  a  depot 
for  the  coal  and  iron  of  the  surrounding  region. 

Other  Places.  —  The  other  important  cities  and  boroughs 
(incorporated  towns)  are  included  in  the  following  list  :  — 


Allentown  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Lehigh 
County,  on  the  Lehigh  River  and  Canal. 
Important  railroad  center  between  the  an¬ 
thracite  region  and  New  York  and  Phila¬ 
delphia.  Great  depot  for  iron  ore  and 
anthracite  coal  ;  extensive  blast-furnaces, 
rolling-mills,  and  iron-works.  Seat  of  Muh¬ 
lenberg  College  and  of  Allentown  Female 
College. 

Altoona  —  a  city  of  Blair  County,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  on  the  line 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  Most  exten¬ 
sive  machine-shops  in  the  state.  Here  the 
Alleghanies  are  crossed  by  the  railroad,  and 
some  of  the  grandest  views  are  to  be  seen. 
Summit  of  the  mountain  pierced  by  a  tunnel 


two-thirds  of  a  mile  long.  Fine  water¬ 
works. 

Ashland  —  a  borough  of  Schuylkill  County. 
Noted  for  its  coal-trade ;  eight  collieries  in 
this  vicinity;  foundries  and  machine-shops. 

Beaver  Falls  —  a  borough  of  Beaver  County,  on 
Beaver  River.  Water-power;  manufacto¬ 
ries  of  cutlery,  paper;  large  file-works, 
steel-works,  etc. 

Bellefonte  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Cen¬ 
tre  County.  Iron-works;  manufactures  of 
cutlery,  glass,  printing-presses,  etc. 

Bethlehem  —  a  borough  of  Northampton  Coun¬ 
ty,  on  Lehigh  River.  Founded  by  the  Mo¬ 
ravians  in  1741.  Educational  center  and 
summer  resort. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


99 


Bloomsburg  —  a  borough,  county  seat  of  Co¬ 
lumbia  County,  on  Fishing  Creek.  Iron- 
furnaces  and  iron-foundries.  Seat  of  State 
Normal  School. 

Braddock —  a  borough  of  Allegheny  County,' on 
the  Monongahela  River,  ten  miles  above 
Pittsburg.  Extensive  iron  and  steel  works. 

Bradford  —  a  city  of  McKean  County.  Oil 
trade. 

Bristol  — a  borough  of  Bucks  County,  on  Dela¬ 
ware  River,  and  at  the  southern  terminus  of 
Delaware  Canal.  Varied  manufactures. 

Carbondale  —  a  city  of  Lackawanna  County,  at 
the  head  of  Lackawanna  Valley.  Center 
of  a  rich  coal  district:  large  coal  transporta¬ 
tion  by  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal 
Company.  Foundries;  planing-mills. 

Carlisle  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Cum¬ 
berland  County,  in  the  fertile  Cumberland 
Valley,  near  Carlisle  Sulphur  Springs.  Sev¬ 
eral  machine-shops  and  other  manufactories. 
Seat  of  Dickinson  College. 

Catasaqua  —  a  borough  of  Lehigh  County,  on 
Lehigh  River.  Machine-shops,  blast-fur¬ 
naces,  rolling-mills,  iron  foundries,  etc. 

Chambersburg  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of 
Franklin  County,  in  the  fertile  Cumberland 
Valley.  Foundries:  varied  manufactures. 

Chester  —  a  city  of  Delaware  County,  on  the 
Delaware  River.  Oldest  town  in  the  slate. 
Extensive  iron  ship-building;  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

Columbia — a  city  of  Lancaster  County,  on  the 
Susquehanna  River.  Chief  depot  for  the 
lumber  floated  down  the  Susquehanna. 
Varied  manufactures. 

Conshohocken  —  a  borough  of  Montgomery 
County,  on  Schuylkill  River.  Blast-fur¬ 
naces,  rolling-mills,  cotton-mills,  etc. 

Corry  —  a  city  of  Erie  County,  at  the  junction  of 
several  railroads.  Large  petroleum  trade  and 
several  oil-refineries.  Educational  center. 

Danville  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Montour 
County,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Sus¬ 
quehanna  River.  In  the  vicinity  of  rich 
iron  and  anthracite-coal  mines.  Extensive 
blast-furnaces  and  iron  manufactures.  The 
region  abounds  in  limestone. 

Easton  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Northampton 
County,  beautifully  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Delaware  River,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Lehigh,  opposite  Phillipsburg  in  New 
Jersey.  Connected  with  the  anthracite  re¬ 
gion  by  several  railroads  and  canals.  Is  the 
outlet  of  a  rich  agricultural  region,  and  has 
various  manufactories.  Seat  of  Lafayette 
College. 

Erie  —  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  county  seat  of 
Erie  County,  on  Lake  Erie,  nearly  midway 
between  Buffalo  and  Cleveland,  on  the  site 
of  the  old  French  fort,  Presque  Isle.  Fine 
harbor,  and  large  coasting  trade  in  coal, 
lumber,  iron  ore,  and  petroleum ;  iron- 
foundries  and  various  manufactories.  Ex¬ 
cellent  system  of  water-works;  lake  trade; 
railroad  facilities. 

Franklin  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Venango 


County,  on  Alleghany  River.  Machine- 
shops,  flouring-mills,  and  trade  in  petroleum. 

Gettysburg  — a  borough  of  Adams  County. 
Educational  center;  scene  of  great  battle, 
.1863;  site  of  National  Cemetery. 

Hazleton  — a  borough  of  Luzerne  County,  on 
the  ridge  between  the  Delaware  and  Sus¬ 
quehanna  rivers.  Lofty  situation  and 

healthful  climate.  Center  of  an  active 

coal-trade. 

Holliday sburg  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of 
Blair  County.  Extensive  trade  in  iron  and 
grain. 

Honesdale  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Wayne 
County,  on  Lackawaxen  River.  Canal  and 
railroad  facilities ;  manufactures  of  glass, 
steam-engines,  woolen  goods,  etc. 

Huntingdon  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of 
Huntingdon  County,  on  Juniata  River. 
Picturesque  scenery ;  steam-tanneries,  flour¬ 
ing-mills,  planing-mills,  etc. 

Johnstown  —  a  borough  of  Cambria  County,  on  J 
Conemaugh  River.  Picturesque  situation; 
extensive  iron  and  steel  works,  tanneries,  { 
woolen-mills,  etc. 

Lancaster  — a  city  and  county  seat  of  Lancaster 
County,  near  Conestoga  Creek,  in  a  rich 
farming  region,  on  the  line  of  the  Penn-  [ 
sylvania  Railroad.  Large  trade  in  coal,  ] 
tobacco,  and  lumber;  several  iron-foun¬ 
dries  and  blast-furnaces;  manufactures  of  j 
great  variety.  Oldest  inland  town  in  the  | 
state.  Educational  center. 

Lebanon  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Leb¬ 
anon  County,  on  the  Philadelphia  and 
Reading  Railroad.  Situated  in  a  rich  iron¬ 
mining  district,  and  has  an  active  trade. 
Contains  blast-furnaces,  machine-shops,  roll¬ 
ing-mills,  and  other  manufactories. 

Lewisburg  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Union 
County,  on  West  Branch  of  Susquehanna 
River.  Educational  center.  Foundries 
and  varied  manufactures. 

Lewistown  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of 
Mifflin  County,  on  Juniata  River.  Iron- 
furnaces,  flour-mills,  manufactories  of  axes, 
boilers,  etc. 

Lock  Haven  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Clinton 
County,  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susque¬ 
hanna  Center  of  an  active  lumber-trade; 
numerous  saw-mills;  tanneries,  breweries, 
and  foundries.  Educational  center 

Mabanoy  City  —  a  borough  of  Schuylkill  Coun¬ 
ty,  in  the  Mahanoy  Valley,  near  the  water¬ 
shed  between  the  Delaware  and  Susque¬ 
hanna  rivers.  Active  trade  with  the  neigh 
boring  coal-mining  region.  Here  are  about  j 
twenty  collieries. 

Mauch  Chunk— a  borough  and  county  seat  of  | 
Carbon  County,  on  Lehigh  River.  Pictur¬ 
esque  situation;  large  coal  interests;  iron- 
foundries;  railroad  and  canal  facilities. 

McKeesport  — a  borough  of  Allegheny  County, 
on  Monongahela  River.  Proximity  to  coal 
mines;  steel-works,  iron-works,  etc. 

Meadville  — a  city  and  county  seat  of  Crawford 
County,  on  a  branch  of  French  Creek,  and  j 


on  the  line  of  the  Atlantic  and  Great  West¬ 
ern  Railroad.  Active  trade  with  the  oil 
region.  Manufactories  of  woolen  goods  and 
paper;  oil-refineries;  machine-shops. 

Mechanicsburg  —  a  borough  of  Cumberland 
County.  Educational  center.  Large  ship¬ 
ments  of  iron-ore. 

Minersville  —  a  borough  of  Schuylkill  County, 
on  the  West  Branch  of  Schuylkill  River. 
Large  coal  interests;  varied  manufactures. 

New  Brighton  — a  borough  of  Beaver  County, 
near  junction  of  Beaver  and  Ohio  rivers. 
Abundant  water-power  ;  numerous  mills 
and  factories. 

New  Castle  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Lawrence 
County,  on  the  Shenango  River,  and  on  the 
line  of  several  railroads.  Extensive  manu¬ 
factories  of  iron  and  glass.  Flour-mills. 

Norristown  —  a  handsome  borough,  county  seat 
of  Montgomery  County,  on  the  Schuylkill 
River,  on  the  line  of  the  Philadelphia  and 
Reading  Railroad.  Active  trade  by  the 
Schuylkill  River,  and  various  manufacto¬ 
ries,  including  blast-furnaces,  woolen  and 
cotton  mills,  and  machine-shops.  Educa¬ 
tional  center. 

Oil  City  —  a  city  of  Venango  County,  on  the 
Alleghany  River  at  the  mouth  of  Oil  Creek. 
A  principal  oil-market. 

Phcenixville  —  a  borough  of  Chester  County,  on 
the  Schuylkill  River,  in  a  rich  agricultural 
district.  Near  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and 
lead,  and  has  various  manufactories.  The 
Phoenix  Iron-works  are  very  extensive. 

Pottstown  —  a  borough  in  Montgomery  County, 
on  the  Schuylkill  River  and  on  the  Phila¬ 
delphia  and  Reading  Railroad.  Contains 
extensive  iron-works,  including  rolling- 
mills,  blast-furnaces,  and  iron-foundries, 
besides  various  other  manufactories.  Edu¬ 
cational  center. 

Pottsville  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Schuylkill  j 
County,  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  at  the  ! 
terminus  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading 
Railroad.  Picturesque  situation  in  an  ex¬ 
tensive  coal  region.  Large  shipments  of 
coal  are  made  from  this  point.  Foundries, 
machinfe-shops,  carpet  and  shoe  factories; 
manufactories  of  iron  bridges  and  agricul¬ 
tural  machines.  Educational  facilities. 

Reading  — a  city  and  county  seat  of  Berks  Coun¬ 
ty,  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  situated  near 
Penn’s  Mount  and  Neversink  Mountain,  j 
from  which  streams  flow  that  supply  the  city 
with  water.  Trade  derived  from  the  rich 
farming  region  around  it.  Iron  and  steel 
manufactures  of  great  extent  and  impor¬ 
tance;  shoe-factories,  breweries,  tanneries, 
etc.  Railroad  and  canal  facilities.  Many 
of  the  inhabitants  are  of  German  de¬ 
scent. 

Scranton  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Lackawanna 
County,  on  the  Lackawanna  River.  Impor¬ 
tant  railroad  center,  and,  being  situated  in 
the  anthracite  region,  has  a  large  coal-trade. 
Extensive  iron  manufactures.  Distributing 
center. 


Shamokin  —  a  borough  in  Northumberland 
County,  on  Shamokin  Creek,  a  branch  of 
the  Susquehanna.  Situated  in  one  of  the 
principal  coal-fields.  Large  coal  business; 
machine-shops. 

Sharon  — a  borough  in  Mercer  County,  on  She¬ 
nango  River.  Rolling-mills  and  foundries; 
large  coal  interest. 

South  Bethlehem  —  a  borough  of  Northamp¬ 
ton  County,  on  Lehigh  River.  Seat  of  the 
Lehigh  Llniversity. 

South  Easton  —  a  borough  of  Northampton 
County,  at  the  confluence  of  Lehigh  and 
Delaware  rivers.  Active  manufactures. 

St.  Clair  —  a  borough  of  Schuylkill  County. 
Rich  mines  of  anthracite  coal. 

Sunbury  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  North¬ 
umberland  County,  on  Susquehanna  Riv¬ 
er.  Foundries,  planing-mills,  and  machine- 
shops. 

Tamaqua  —  a  thriving  borough  of  Schuylkill 
County.  Center  of  a  rich  coal  and  iron 
region,  and  contains  iron-foundries,  ma¬ 
chine-shops,  and  other  manufactories.  Rail¬ 
road  facilities. 

Titusville  —  a  city  of  Crawford  County,  on  Oil 
Creek.  The  chief  place  in  the  oil  region. 
Contains  numerous  oil-refineries,  barrel- 
factories,  iron-foundries,  and  engine  manu¬ 
factories. 

Towanda  —  a  handsome  borough,  county  seat  of 
Bradford  County,  on  Susquehanna  River. 
Manufactures  of  furniture,  mowing-ma¬ 
chines,  fanning-mills,  etc. 

U niontown  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Fay¬ 
ette  County.  Educational  center.  Iron- 
foundries,  etc. 

Washington  — a  borough  and  county  seat  of 
Washington  County.  Seat  of  Washington 
and  Jefferson  College.  Varied  manufac¬ 
tures. 

West  Chester  — a  borough  and  county  seat  of 
Chester  County.  Noted  for  its  beautiful 
situation.  Varied  manufactures.  Educa¬ 
tional  center. 

Wilkesbarre  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Luzerne 
County,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Sus¬ 
quehanna  River,  in  the  beantiful  Wyoming 
Valley,  opposite  Kingston.  In  the  vicinity 
of  immense  deposits  of  anthracite  coal,  and 
has  large  manufactot  ies  of  cars,  locomo¬ 
tives,  and  mining-engines,  and  iron-foun¬ 
dries.  Center  of  the  coal-trade  in  the 
Wyoming  Valley. 

Williamsport  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Ly¬ 
coming  County,  beautifully  situated  on  the 
West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  Center 
of  the  lumber-trade.  Numerous  saw  and 
planing  mills,  machine-shops,  and  foundries. 
Suspension  bridge.  Educational  center  and 
summer  resort. 

York  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  York  Coun¬ 
ty,  at  the  junction  of  several  railroads. 
Handsome  situation  in  a  fertile  and  popu¬ 
lous  region.  Large  manufacture  of  agricul¬ 
tural  implements;  manufactories  of  cars, 
shoes,  paper,  and  matches. 


Local  time  A.  M.  when  Noon  on  the  Meridian  of  Gre> 


from 


Greenl 


Longitude 


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VICINITY  OF 

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SCALE  OF  MILES 


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Local  time  P.  M.  when  ufoon  on  the  Meridian  of  Washington 


y 


12  4 


102 


MARYLAND. 


MARYLAND  AND  DELAWARE. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  MARYLAND. 

Position. — With  what  parallel  does  most  of  the  northern  boundary  of 
Maryland  coincide  ?  From  what  state  is  Maryland  separated  by  this  line  ? 
What  historical  name  has  been  given  to  this  line?  A  ns.  Mason’s  and 
Dixon’s  Line.  What  state  forms  a  partial  boundary  to  Maryland  on  the 
east?  What  natural  boundary  has  Maryland  on  the  east?  What  state  on 
the  south  ?  On  the  south-west?  On  the  west?  What  natural  boundary  on 
the  south-west?  What  is  the  longitude  of  the  western  boundary?  Through 
how  many  degrees  of  latitude  does  Maryland  extend  ?  Of  longitude  ? 

Coast.  —  What  greac  bay  divides  Maryland  into  an  eastern  and  a  western 
section?  Name  two  sounds  in  the  southern  part  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 
What  bay  north  of  Tangier  Sound?  What  three  large  islands  west  of 
Tangier  Sound?  What  large  island  is  crossed  by  the  39th  parallel?  What 
two  islands  south  of  Kent  Island?  What  island  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Susquehanna  River  ?  What  island  in  the  Potomac  forms  part  of  St.  Mary’s 
County  ?  What  bay  on  the  Atlantic  coast  is  crossed  by  the  38th  parallel  ? 
Name  two  bays  north  of  Assateaque  Bay. 

Surface.  —  What  portion  of  this  state  is  mountainous?  Name  three 
mountain-ranges  which  cross  the  western  part.  Which  is  the  most  easterly 
range?  Locate  Sugar-Loaf  Mountain.  South  Mountain. 

Rivers.  —  What  body  of  water  receives  the  principal  drainage  of  this 
state?  What  large  river  crosses  the  north-eastern  part?  Name  the  prin¬ 
cipal  boundary  river.  What  river  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bay  near  Balti¬ 
more  ?  Describe  the  course  of  the  Patuxent  River.  What  river  crosses 
the  state  parallel  with  the  eastern  ridge?  What  creek  crosses  the  state 
west  of  the  Blue  Ridge?  What  streams  in  Garrett  County  are  head  streams 
of  the  Ohio  ?  Name  four  principal  rivers  draining  the  eastern  shore. 

Counties.  —  Name  the  four  counties  in  the  mountainous  section  of  the 
state.  Which  is  the  most  westerly  county?  Which  counties  border  on 
Pennsylvania?  Which  border  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay? 


Which  on  the  western ?  Which  on  the  Potomac  River?  In  which  county 
is  the  narrowest  part  of  the  state  ?  Which  counties  border  on  the  District 
of  Columbia?  Which  county  borders  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

Cities.  —  What  and  where  is  the  capital  of  the  state  ?  Locate  Baltimore, 
the  largest  city.  Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Garrett  County.  Of 
Washington  County.  Of  Frederick  County.  Of  Carroll  County.  Of  Har¬ 
ford  County.  Of  Cecil  County.  Of  Kent  County.  Of  Howard  County. 
Of  Talbot  County.  What  port  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna  River 
is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Susquehanna  Canal  ?  What  town  north 
of  Havre  de  Grace  ?  What  city  is  at  the  western  terminus  of  the  Chesa¬ 
peake  and  Delaware  Canal?  What  place  in  Washington  County  is  on  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal?  Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Alle¬ 
gany  County.  Of  what  canal  is  it  the  western  terminus  ? 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  DELAWARE. 

Natural  Features.  —  What  state  north  of  Delaware?  What  natural 
boundary  has  Delaware  on  the  east  ?  How  is  Delaware  bounded  on  the 
south?  On  the  west? 

What  river  forms  a  partial  eastern  boundary  of  Delaware  ?  What  bay 
east  ?  What  cape  projects  into  Delaware  Bay  ?  What  bay  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  is  formed  by  an  in-breaking  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean?  What 
are  the  two  principal  creeks  in  the  northern  part? 

Political  Divisions.  —  Name  the  counties  of  Delaware.  Bound  Newcas¬ 
tle  County.  Kent  County.  Sussex  County.  Name  the  counties  in  the 
order  of  their  size.  Locate  Wilmington.  Name  and  locate  the  county-seat 
of  Newcastle  County.  What  other  towns  in  this  county?  What  is  the 
county-seat  of  Kent  County  ?  What  important  town  in  the  northern  part 
of  Kent  County?  Name  and  locate  the  county-seat  of  Sussex  County. 
What  town  in  the  northern  part  of  this  county?  What  town  on  the  sea- 
coast  ?  What  town  in  the  south-western  part  ? 


MARYLAND. 


103 


MARYLAND. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  12,210  square  miles.  Population,  934,943.] 

Outline  and  Extent. — The  outline  of  this  state  is  very 
irregular,  except  on  the  north.  Its  extreme  length  from  east  to 
west  is  196  miles;  its  width  varies  from  10  miles  to  about  120 
miles.  The  seacoast  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  has  a  length 


of  about  33  miles :  in¬ 
cluding  the  waters  of 
Chesapeake  Bay,  the 
shore  line  is  estimated 
at  41 1  miles. 

Surface  and  Soil. — 

The  surface  of  the  east¬ 
ern  part,  on  both  sides 

r  ,  t-,  •  PHYSICAL  VIEW  OP  MARYLAND  AND  DELAWARE. 

of  Chesapeake  Bay,  is 

low  and  level,  and  the  soil  sandy.  In  the  western  part,  be¬ 
yond  the  estuary  of  the  Potomac,  the  surface  is  rugged  and 
mountainous,  being  crossed  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  other 
ranges  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  though  none  of  these 
attain  any  great  elevation.  In  some  of  the  valleys  the  soil  is 
very  productive. 

Rivers.  —  This  state  is  almost  wholly  drained  by  the  tribu¬ 
taries  of  the  Chesapeake.  Those  from  the  east  are  merely 
creeks  flowing  into  inlets  of  the  Bay  ;  but  on  the  other  shore 
they  are  longer  and  wider.  The  Patuxent  is  navigable  50 
miles  ;  the  Patapsco,  about  22  miles.  The  Potomac  is  naviga¬ 
ble  to  Georgetown,  about  125  miles.  The  Susquehanna  is 
navigable  throughout  its  whole  course  in  this  state. 


Chesapeake  Bay  extends  northward  within  14  miles  of  the  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  nearly  200  miles  long,  and  15  miles  wide  at 
its  entrance  ;  but  near  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac  it  is  about  30 
miles  wide.  It  contains  many  small  islands,  and  its  shores  are  full 
of  inlets  and  bays.  The  Atlantic  coast  of  Maryland  has  no  harbors. 


Climate. — The  climate  of  this  state  is  generally  temperate, 
and,  except  on  the  lowlands  of  the  Chesapeake,  quite  healthful. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  in  the  central  portions  of  the  state  is 
56°  ;  in  the  more  elevated  parts  of  the  west,  50°.  There  is  generally 
an  abundance  of  rain,  especially  on  the  western  shore  of  the  bay. 

Agriculture  is  a  leading  occupation.  In  most  parts  of  the 
state  abundant  crops  are  produced,  the  naturally  unproductive 
districts  bordering  on  Chesapeake  Bay  having  been  enriched 
by  careful  fertilizing.  The  staple  products  are  tobacco,  wheat, 
and  Indian-corn  ;  but  oats,  rye,  barley,  potatoes,  flax,  hops,  and 
hay  are  plentifully  raised.  The  products  of  the  dairy,  —  milk, 
butter,  and  cheese,  —  also  sorghum  and  maple-molasses,  are  of 
great  value.  Peaches,  strawberries,  and  other  fruits  are  exten¬ 
sively  cultivated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 


Fisheries,  etc.  —  The  taking  of  the  fish  and  game  which 
abound  on  the  shores  of  Chesapeake  Bay  constitutes  quite  an 
important  industry.  The  chief  fisheries  are  those  of  the  shad 
and  herring,  besides  which  oyster-dredging,  the  catching  of 
terrapin,  and  the  taking  of  the  canvas-back  duck,  form  an  im¬ 
portant  source  of  wealth.  The  oyster-fisheries  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  are  the  chief  source  of  supply  for  the  markets  of  the 
United  States. 

Commerce.  —  This  state  holds  a  high  rank  in  the  value  of 
its  foreign  commerce,  which  is  exclusively  carried  on  through 
the  port  of  Baltimore.  The  chief  articles  of  export  are  tobacco, 
Indian-corn,  wheat,  flour,  cotton,  and  lard.  The  coastwise 
trade  is  also  quite  extensive  through  the  ports  of  Baltimore, 
Annapolis,  and  Crisfield. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  longest  canal  in  the  state  is 
the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio,  through  the  valley  of  the  Potomac, 
from  Cumberland  to  Georgetown,  with  an  extension,  by  an 
aqueduct,  across  the  Potomac  to  Alexandria.  This  canal  is 
1842  miles  in  length  ;  and  27  miles  from  Cumberland  it  passes 
through  the  mountains  by  a  tunnel  3,1 18  feet  long.  The  Ches¬ 
apeake  and  Delaware  and  the  Susquehanna  and  Tide-water 
canals  are  partly  in  this  state. 

There  are  over  1,000  miles  of  railroads  in  operation  in  Mary¬ 
land,  the  principal  lines,  wholly  or  partly  in  the  state,  being  the 
following :  — 

Annapolis  and  Elk  Ridge;  Baltimore  and  Potomac;  Baltimore  and 
Ohio,  and  branches ;  Cumberland  and  Pennsylvania,  and  branches; 
Cumberland  Valley;  Dorchester  and  Delaware;  Eastern  Shore; 
Kent  County  and  Smyrna  and  Delaware;  Philadelphia  and  Balti¬ 
more  Central;  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Baltimore;  Queen 
Anne  and  Kent;  Western  Maryland;  and  Wicomico  and  Pocomoke. 

Manufactures.  —  The  manufacturing  industry  of  this  state 
is  quite  extensive,  employing  a  large  amount  of  capital,  and 
producing  a  great  variety  of  articles.  The  total  value  of  manu¬ 
factured  products  exceeds  $80,000,000  a  year. 

The  chief  branches  of  this  industry  are  boots  and  shoes,  flouring  and 
grist-mill  products,  bread  and  bakery  products,  tobacco  and  cigars, 
clothing,  sawed  lumber,  furniture,  leather,  saddlery  and  harness,  car¬ 
riages  and  wagons,  iron  and  machinery,  malt  and  distilled  liquors, 
and  agricultural  implements. 

Mining.  —  The  valuable  coal  and  iron  deposits  of  the  Alle¬ 
ghany  system  extend  into  the  mountain  regions  of  this  state  ; 
and  consequently  mining  is  an  important  branch  of  industry. 
Most  of  the  coal-mines  are  in  Allegany  County,  the  coal 
trade  having  its  center  at  Cumberland.  The  coal  yielded  is  of 
the  bituminous  kind. 

Most  of  the  iron  ore  is  mined  in  Baltimore  County.  There 
are  also  mines  of  copper,  and  quarries  of  marble  and  other 
building  stone. 

Government.  —  The  constitution  of  the  state  vests  the  ex¬ 
ecutive  power  in  the  Governor,  elected  by  the  people  for  four 
years,  who  is  assisted  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  Attorney-Gen¬ 
eral,  Comptroller,  Treasurer,  State  Librarian,  and  Commis¬ 
sioner  of  the  Land  Office,  of  whom  the  first  three  are  elected 
by  the  people,  and  the  remainder  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
with  the  consent  of  the  Senate. 


io4 


MARYLAND. 


The  Legislature  is  known  as  the  General  Assembly,  and  con¬ 
sists  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Delegates. 

There  is  a  Court  of  Appeals,  a  chief  judge,  and  two  associate 
justices,  in  each  of  the  eight  judicial  districts  except  the  eighth, 
—  the  city  of  Baltimore, — in  which  there  are  several  courts,  in¬ 
cluding  the  supreme  bench,  which  is  composed  of  a  chief  judge 
and  four  associates. 

Education.  —  Maryland  has  an  excellent  system  of  public 
schools  under  the  direction  of  a  state  board  of  education.  This 
includes  about  2,000  elementary  schools  and  a  state  normal 
school,  located  at  Baltimore. 

The  principal  institution  for  higher  education  is  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University  at  Baltimore,  founded  in  1876;  besides 
which  there  are,  — 

Frederick  College  at  Frederick,  Loyola  College  at  Baltimore,  Rock 
Hill  College  and  St.  Charles  College  at  Ellicott  City,  St.  John’s  Col¬ 
lege  at  Annapolis,  Washington  College  at  Chestertown,  and  Western 
Maryland  College  at  Westminster. 

Besides  these  there  are  several  institutions  for  the  education  of 
females,  also  professional  schools,  and  institutions  for  the  special 
education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  the  blind. 

History.  —  A  party  from  Virginia  made  a  settlement  on 
Kent  Island,  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  as  early  as  1631  ;  but  it  was 
in  1632  that  a  special  charter  of  the  territory  was  granted  to 
Cecil  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore,  by  the  English  king,  under 
which  a  settlement  was  made  at  St.  Mary’s,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Potomac,  in  1634.  Entire  religious  toleration  contributed 
to  the  rapid  growth  of  the  colony;  and  Puritans  settled  at 
Providence,  now  Annapolis. 

Baltimore  was  laid  out  in  1730;  Frederick,  in  1745;  and 
Georgetown,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Potomac,  in  1751. 

Tobacco  soon  became  the  most  important  of  the  products, 
and  the  chief  export  of  the  colony.  In  1732  it  was  made  a 
legal  tender  at  the  rate  of  one  penny  per  pound. 

Maryland  took  an  active  part  in  the  opposition  to  British 


ance.  Its  public  edifices  are  constructed  of  a  beautiful  species 
of  marble  quarried  in  Baltimore  County,  and  its  private  houses 
chiefly  of  brick.  Federal  Hill  and  Paterson  Park  are  the  chief 
points  of  view.  Druid  Park,  on  the  north  side  of  the  city,  is 
a  fine  pleasure-ground  of  600  acres,  besides  which  there  are 
twelve  public  squares. 

The  chief  public  buildings  are  the  Corn  and  Flour  Exchange, 
the  Maryland  Institute,  the  new  City  Hall,  one  of  the  finest 
structures  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  and  the  Court  House. 
Besides  these  there  are  many  fine  church  edifices,  the  Roman 
Catholic  Cathedral  being  the  most  imposing. 

There  are  more  than  twenty  charitable  institutions  of  various 
kinds,  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools,  several  libraries, 
including  that  of  the  Peabody  Institute,  endowed  by  George 
Peabody  with  a  fund  of  $1,000,000. 

The  commerce  of  this  city,  both  foreign  and  coastwise,  is 
extensive  and  important.  The  chief  exports  are  flour  and 
grain,  tobacco,  cotton,  rosin,  petroleum,  bacon,  butter,  cheese, 
and  lard. 

The  manufacturing  industry  is  also  very  extensive.  It  in¬ 
cludes  the  making  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  cotton  manufactures. 
The  canning  of  oysters,  fruits,  and  vegetables,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  branches  of  industry,  reaching  an  annual  value 
of  $5,000,000. 

Annapolis  (population,  6,642),  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  a 
small  city  of  Anne  Arundel  County,  situated  on  the  Severn 
River,  about  two  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 
In  the  early  history  of  the  state  it  was  a  city  of  considerable  im¬ 
portance,  famous  for  its  wealth,  refinement,  and  extensive  trade. 
It  is  now  chiefly  noted  as  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  the  seat 
of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy.  The  state  house  is  a 
massive  structure  built  of  brick,  with  a  lofty  dome  and  cupola. 
St.  John  s  College  and  St.  Mary’s  Seminary  are  located  here. 

Other  Places.  —  The  other  chief  cities  and  villages  are  de¬ 
scribed  in  the  following  table  :  — 


taxation,  and  entered  warmly  into  the  struggle  for  independence. 
Its  first  constitution  was  framed  and  adopted  in  1776;  and  the 
first  Legislature  met  at  Annapolis  in  1777.  It  was  in  this  city 
that  Congress  was  in  session  in  1783,  when  Washington  resigned 
his  commission,  and  withdrew  to  private  life. 

In  the  war  of  1812  many  interesting  events  occurred  in  this 
state.  The  Maryland  militia  vigorously  opposed  the  march  of 
the  British  on  Washington,  and  at  North  Point,  Gen.  Ross, 
the  British  commander,  was  killed.  In  the  attack  on  Baltimore, 
in  1814,  the  British  were  repulsed  ;  and  it  was  during  the  bom¬ 
bardment  of  Fort  McHenry,  which  defended  the  city,  that  the 
“Star-Spangled  Banner”  was  composed. 

During  the  great  civil  war,  Maryland  was  frequently  the 
theater  of  military  operations.  The  chief  battle  fought  on  its 
soil  was  that  of  Antietam,  in  1863. 

The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  was  commenced  in  1828, 
and  completed  in  1850.  This  important  improvement  had  been 
projected  and  recommended  by  Washington  as  early  as  1774. 

Baltimore  (population,  332,313),  in  Baltimore  County,  is  the 
meti opolis  of  the  state.  It  is  situated  on  the  Patapsco  River, 
an  aim  of  the  Chesapeake,  which  affords  the  facilities  of  a  capa¬ 
cious  harbor.  The  city  presents  a  light  and  cheerful  appear¬ 


Cambridge  —  county  seat  of  Dorchester  County, 
on  the  Choptank  River.  Large  export  of 
fish  and  oysters. 

Chesapeake  City  —  county  seat  of  Cecil  County, 
near  the  entrance  of  Elk  River  in  Chesa¬ 
peake  Bay.  Western  terminus  of  the  Chesa¬ 
peake  and  Delaware  Canal ;  local  trade. 

Chestertown  —  county  seat  of  Kent  County,  on 
the  Chester  River.  Seat  of  Washington  Coll. 

Cumberland  — a  city  and  county  seat  of  Alle¬ 
gany  County,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Po¬ 
tomac,  and  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail¬ 
road.  It  is  the  western  terminus  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal.  In  the  vi¬ 
cinity  of  the  Cumberland  coal  region. 
Center  of  the  coal  trade.  Blast-furnaces 
for  the  iron  ore  found  in  the  same  region. 

Easton —county  seat  of  Talbot  County,  on  a 
tributary  of  the  Choptank  River.  A  place 
of  considerable  trade. 

Elkton  —  county  seat  of  Cecil  County.  Carriage- 
shops,  flouring-mills,  iron-foundry.  Rail¬ 
road  facilities. 

Ellicott  City  —  county  seat  of  Howard  County, 
situated  on  the  Patapsco  River  and  on  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Large  sup¬ 
ply  of  water-power,  and  several  flour-mills 
and  manufactories.  Seat  of  Rock  Hill 
College. 

Frederick  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Frederick 
County,  on  Carroll’s  Creek,  two  miles  from 
its  confluence  with  Monocacy  River,  con¬ 
nected  by  branch  with  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad.  Extensive  trade,  and  manu¬ 


factories  of  iron,  wool,  paper,  flour,  and 
leather.  Seat  of  Frederick  College. 

Hagerstown  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Wash¬ 
ington  County,  on  Antietam  Creek,  and  at 
the  junction  of  several  railroads.  Center 
of  a  rich  farming  region;  iron-foundries, 
flour-mills,  and  various  manufactories. 

Havre  de  Grace  —  in  Harford  County,  on  the 
Susquehanna,  near  its  mouth.  Southern 
terminus  of  the  Tidewater  Canal.  Large 
coal  trade. 

Laurel  —  in  Prince  George’s  County,  on  the. 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Cotton 
manufacture;  local  trade. 

Newtown  —  in  Worcester  County,  on  Pocomoke 
River.  Saw  and  grist  mills,  etc. 

Port  Deposit  —  in  Cecil  County,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  five  miles  from 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Head  of  tide-water. 
Large  lumber  depot. 

Salisbury  —  in  Wicomico  County,  on  Wicomico 
River.  Flour-mills  and  planing-mills;  ex¬ 
ports  of  lumber,  fruit,  and  grain. 

Sharpsburg  —  in  Washington  County.  Local 
trade;  scene  of  the  battle  of  Antietam. 

St.  Michael’s  — a  post-village  of  Talbot  County. 
Extensive  oyster  trade. 

Westminster  — county  seat  of  Carroll  County. 
Manufacture  of  engines,  agricultural  imple¬ 
ments,  and  cigars;  seat  of  Western  Mary¬ 
land  College. 

Williamsport  — in  Washington  County,  on  the 
Potomac  River.  On  the  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal*;  active  trade;  fine  scenery. 


DELAWARE. 


105 


DELAWARE. 


DESCRIPTION. 

j  Area,  2,050  square  miles.  Population,  146,608. ] 

Outline  and  Extent. — The  outline  of  this  state  is  compara¬ 
tively  regular.  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  96  miles  ;  its 
width,  from  9  miles  to  36  miles.  It  is,  with  one  exception,  the 
smallest  state  in  the  Union. 

Surface.  —  This  state  comprises  the  north-eastern  part  of 
the  low  peninsula  enclosed  by  Chesapeake  Bay  on  the  west, 
and  Delaware  River  and  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the 
east.  In  the  extreme  north  the  surface  is  broken  by  low  hills  ; 
but  south  of  Christiana  Creek  it  is  a  low  plain,  only  relieved  by 
the  table-land  which  forms  the  water-shed  of  the  peninsula. 
The  shores  of  Delaware  Bay  abound  in  marshes  ;  the  Atlantic 
coast,  in  sand-beaches  and  lagoons. 

Cypress  Swamp,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  state,  is  an  extensive 
morass,  being  12  miles  long  by  6  miles  wide.  It  is  covered  with 
trees  and  evergreen  shrubs,  and  infested  with  noxious  reptiles. 
The  table-land  in  the  interior  of  the  state  contains  many  similar 
swamps 

Soil.  —  In  the  north,  and  along  the  shore  of  Delaware  Bay, 
the  soil  is  fertile,  consisting  of  rich  clay  ;  in  the  south  and  cen¬ 
ter  it  is  more  or  less  sandy,  but  in  general  is  productive.  The 
swamps,  when  drained,  afford  an  excellent  soil. 

Climate.  —  The  northern  parts  of  the  state  have  a  generally 
mild  and  healthful  climate  ;  but  in  the  south  the  climate  is 
rendered  sickly  by  the  malaria  from  the  swamps  and  marshes. 
The  climate,  in  general,  is  tempered  by  the  surrounding 
waters. 

Agriculture.  —  The  agricultural  productions  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  middle  portion  of  the  United  States.  Indian-corn, 
wheat,  and  oats  are  the  chief  gram  products.  Peach-culture, 
and  the  raising  of  berries  and  garden  vegetables  for  the  mar¬ 
kets  of  the  great  cities  of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  etc.,  are 
among  the  chief  industries  of  the  state. 

Commerce.  —  The  commerce  of  the  state  is  chiefly  domes¬ 
tic,  the  foreign  trade  being  absorbed  by  Philadelphia  and  Balti¬ 
more. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  connecting  the  waters  of  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
bays,  is  mainly  in  this  state. 

It  extends  west  from  Delaware  City,  on  the  Delaware  River,  46  miles 
below  Philadelphia,  to  Chesapeake  City,  on  a  branch  of  Elk  River, 
in  Maryland.  It  is  1 3 y  miles  long,  66  feet  wide,  and  10  feet  deep; 
being  navigable  for  coasting-vessels.  This  important  improvement 
was  completed  in  1829,  at  a  cost  of  $2,250,000. 

The  Delaware  Breakwater,  at  Lewes,  near  Cape  Henlopen, 
is  an  important  structure  designed  to  afford  an  artificial  harbor 
for  the  shelter  of  vessels  from  storms  and  from  the  masses  of 
floating  ice  brought  down  by  the  ebb  tides.  It  is  formed  by 
two  immense  sea-walls,  or  piers,  the  breakwater  being  about 
half  a  mile  long. 

The  principal  lines  of  railroad  that  are  wholly  or  partly 
within  the  limits  of  the  state  are  the  following ;  — 


The  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Baltimore ;  the  Delaware  Division 
of  the  same,  extending  through  the  state  from  Wilmington  to  Del- 
mar,  near  its  southern  frontier;  the  Junction  and  Breakwater,  from 
Harrington,  on  the  Delaware  Railroad,  to  Rehoboth ;  the  Delaware 
Western;  and  various  roads  extending  into  Maryland. 

Manufactures.  —  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  manu¬ 
facturing  is  the  prevailing  industry,  as  agriculture  is  in  the 
southern  and  middle  portions.  The  chief  manufactured  prod¬ 
ucts  are  flouring  and  grist-mill  products,  boots  and  shoes,  car¬ 
riages  and  wagons,  sawed  lumber,  iron,  leather,  and  bricks. 

Mineral  Products.  —  Bog-iron  ore  is  found  in  the  swampy 
tracts,  and  shell  marl,  valuable  for  fertilizing  purposes,  abounds 
in  the  coast  regions  of  the  middle  and  southern  parts.  In  the 
north  there  is  a  plentiful  supply  of  kaoline,  or  porcelain  clay, 
and  in  the  same  region  there  are  valuable  quarries  of  lime¬ 
stone. 

Government.  —  The  governor  of  the  state  is  elected  for  four 
years.  The  General  Assembly  consists  of  a  Senate  and  a 
House  of  Representatives.  There  are  five  judges,  one  of 
whom  is  Chancellor,  and  President  of  the  Orphans’  Court  ; 
and  one  is  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  state.  There  is,  besides, 
a  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals. 

Education.  —  There  is  a  well-organized  system  of  common 
schools,  remodeled  in  1875,  under  the  direction  of  a  state  board 
of  education  and  a  general  superintendent.  The  Wilmington 
Normal  School  gives  instruction  to  teachers  ;  and  higher  edu¬ 
cation  is  afforded  by  Delaware  College  at  Newark,  and  the 
Wesleyan  Female  College  at  Wilmington. 

History.  —  The  Delaware  River  was  discovered  by  Hudson 
in  1609;  but  the  name  of  the  river  and  state  is  derived  from 
Lord  De  la  War,  appointed  Governor  of  Virginia  in  1610,  who 
in  that  year  entered  the  bay. 

Swedes  and  Finns  made  the  first  permanent  settlement,  in 
1638,  at  the  mouth  of  Christiana  Creek,  and  called  the  coun¬ 
try  New  Sweden  ;  but  the  Dutch  of  New  Netherlands,  who 
claimed  the  country,  took  possession  of  the  settlement  in  1655. 

The  country  was  afterwards  claimed  by  Lord  Baltimore  and 
William  Penn,  the  latter  of  whom  took  possession  at  New 
Castle,  in  1682,  under  a  grant  from  Charles  II.  It  was  called 
by  Penn  the  “  Territories,  or  Three  Lower  Countries  on  the 
Delaware.” 

In  1703  the  Territories  were  allowed  a  distinct  Assembly. 
The  first  constitution  of  the  state  was  adopted  in  1776.  Dela¬ 
ware  was  the  first  state  to  ratify  the  Federal  Constitution,  in 
1787- 

Political  Divisions.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  three  coun¬ 
ties  :  New  Castle  in  the  north,  Kent  in  the  middle,  and  Sussex 
in  the  south.  The  only  city  in  the  state  is  Wilmington. 

Wilmington  (population,  42, 47^),  in  New  Castle  County,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Brandywine  and  Christiana  creeks,  has  a 
beautiful  and  elevated  situation,  and  one  possessing  excellent 
facilities  for  manufactures  and  trade.  It  is  at  the  junction  of 
several  railroad  lines,  besides  having  the  means  of  water  trans¬ 
portation  by  the  Delaware. 

The  falls  of  the  Brandywine  also  afford  ample  water-power ; 


io6 


DELAWARE. 


and  on  its  bank  are  extensive  flouring,  powder,  cotton,  paper, 
and  other  mills,  and  bleaching  and  dyeing  works. 

The  manufactures  by  steam  power  are  still  more  extensive, 
including  carriages,  morocco  and  other  leather,  iron  steamships, 
iron-ware  of  various  kinds,  machine-work,  chemicals,  and  many 
other  articles.  In  the  manufacture  of  passenger-cars,  Wil¬ 
mington  ranks  among  the  first  cities  in  the  country.  Iron  ship 
building  is  also  one  of  its  most  prominent  industries. 

Its  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  is  very  extensive. 
Steamers  run  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  and  sailing- 
vessels  to  ports  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  in  the  West  Indies. 

Wilmington  is  distinguished  for  its  fine  educational  facili¬ 
ties,  including  public  schools,  a  high  school,  and  superior  pri¬ 
vate  schools  and  academies,  besides  several  literary  institutes, 
libraries,  etc.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Delaware  State  Normal 
University. 

Dover,  in  Kent  County,  on  Jones’s  Creek  and  the  Delaware 
Railroad,  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  a  regularly  built 
town,  with  wide,  straight,  well-shaded  streets.  The  principal 
public  buildings  face  an  open  square,  the  east  side  of  which 
is  occupied  by  a  handsome  state-house.  Dover  has  an  excel¬ 
lent  system  of  public  and  private  schools.  It  is  the  center 
of  the  fruit-canning  industry,  and  contains  flour  and  saw  mills. 

New  Castle,  the  county  seat  of  New  Castle  County,  is  situ¬ 
ated  on  the  Delaware  River  and  the  Delaware  Railroad.  It  is 
a  port  of  entry  with  considerable  shipping  interests.  It  ha 
extensive  iron-works,  and  manufactories  of  locomotives  an 
machinery. 


Towns.  —  The  other  most  important  towns  in  the  state  are, 
Delaware  City,  Middletown,  Newark,  and  Odessa,  in  New 
Castle  County;  Smyrna,  North  Milford,  Camden,  and  Fred¬ 
erica,  in  Kent  County  ;  Seaford,  Lewes,  Laurel,  Milton,  South 
Milford,  and  Georgetown,  in  Sussex  County. 

Delaware  City,  on  the  Delaware  River,  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  and  a  center  of  local  trade. 

Middletown  is  a  thriving  village  noted  for  its  peach-trade. 

Newark,  on  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  is  the 
seat  of  Delaware  College. 

Odessa  is  a  thriving  village  twenty-four  miles  north-west  of  Dover. 

Smyrna,  on  Duck  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Delaware  Bay,  has  a  large  trade 
in  several  branches  of  manufactures,  particularly  carriages. 

North  Milford,  on  the  Breakwater  Railroad,  is  actively  engaged  in  ship¬ 
building,  and  contains  foundries,  grist  and  saw  mills,  and  fruit-drying  estab¬ 
lishments. 

Camden,  three  miles  south  of  Dover,  is  a  flourishing  village. 

Frederica,  on  Murderkill  Creek,  thirteen  miles  south  of  Dover,  has  an 
iron-foundry,  a  manufactory  of  farming  implements,  and  two  fruit-canning 
establishments. 

Seaford,  on  the  Nanticoke  River,  has  extensive  trade  in  canned  fruits, 
oysters,  and  lime. 

Lewes,  on  Delaware  Bay,  opposite  the  Breakwater,  is  the  terminus  of 
the  Breakwater  Railroad.  In  this  vicinity  is  Rehoboth,  a  well-known 
watering-place. 

Laurel,  on  Broad  Creek,  fifty-two  miles  south  of  Dover,  has  manufactures 
of  fruit-baskets,  crates,  etc. 

Milton,  a  thriving  village  eight  miles  south  of  Milford,  has  ship-building 
interests. 

South  Milford  is  a  flourishing  village  opposite  North  Milford. 

Georgetown,  the  county  seat  of  Sussex  County,  is  an  enterprising  village 
!  thirty-six  miles  south-east  of  Dover. 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


107 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


'SHINGTO 


______ 

DESCRIPTION. 

f Area,  70  square  miles.  Population,  177,624 .1 

The  District  of  Columbia  is  a  district  of  the  United  States, 
situated  on  the  Potomac,  which  forms  its  south-western  bound¬ 
ary  :  on  all  other  sides  it  is  enclosed  by  Maryland.  The  Poto¬ 
mac  is  a  noble  stream,  navigable  for  large  vessels.  The  East 
Branch  of  the  Potomac  is  the  eastern  boundary  of  Washington, 
and  Rock  Creek  divides  that  city  from  Georgetown. 

Surface  and  Climate.  —  The  surface  is  undulating  or  hilly  ; 
the  climate  is  warm  and  moist. 

The  mean  temperature  of  Washington  in  the  spring  is  540  ;  in  summer, 
730;  in  autumn,  6o°;  and  in  winter,  340. 

Industries.  —  The  soil  is  fairly  productive,  the  chief  crops 
being  whe^t,  Indian-corn,  and  other  grains,  potatoes,  peas  and 
beans,  and  hay,  besides  the  products  of  the  orchard  and  dairy. 
The  profits  of  market-gardening  are  very  considerable. 

The  principal  manufacture  is  that  of  flour  and  other  mill 
products  at  Georgetown.  Other  important  articles  of  manu¬ 
facture  are  brick,  lumber,  confectionery,  and  carriages. 

The  commerce  of  the  District  is  carried  on  principally  at 
Georgetown,  which  has  considerable  coasting  trade.  The  chief 
exports  are  coal,  tobacco,  grain,  and  flour,  the  products  of  West¬ 
ern  Maryland. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  A  part  of  the  District  is  inter¬ 
sected  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  which  crosses  the 
Potomac  at  Georgetown.  The  Baltimore  and  Potomac  Rail¬ 
road  connects  Washington  with  Baltimore  and  Richmond ;  and 


several  branches  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  terminate 
at  Washington.  There  is  also  a  railroad  connecting  Washing¬ 
ton  and  Alexandria. 

Government.  —  The  government  of  the  District  is  vested  in 
a  board  of  three  commissioners  appointed  by  Congress.  The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  does  not  allow  the  inhabit¬ 
ants  of  the  District  any  vote  for  presidential  electors. 

Education.  —  There  is  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools, 
including  normal  schools,  and  high,  grammar,  intermediate, 
and  primary  schools,  under  the  direction  of  a  board  of  trustees 
appointed  by  the  commissioners  of  the  District.  There  are 
separate  schools  for  white  and  for  colored  pupils,  under  the 
supervision  of  different  superintendents.  Washington  and 
Georgetown  are  widely  celebrated  for  the  number  and  excel¬ 
lence  of  their  private  educational  institutions. 

The  higher  education  is  provided  for  in  Georgetown  College, 
Columbian  University,  Howard  University,  Gonzaga  College, 
and  numerous  professional  schools.  The  Congressional  Li¬ 
brary,  containing  300,000  volumes,  and  other  public  libraries, 
add  largely  to  the  educational  advantages  of  the  District. 

Benevolent  Institutions.  — The  chief  charitable  institutions 
are  the  Naval  Hospital,  the  Soldiers’  Home,  the  United  States 
Soldiers’  and  Sailors’  Orphan  Asylum,  the  Children’s  Hospital, 
the  Freedmen’s  Hospital,  Providence  and  Columbia  hospitals, 
the  Government  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  the  National  Deaf- 
Mute  College,  the  Institution  for  Deaf-Mutes,  the  Reform 
School  and  Farm  for  Boys,  and  many  other  establishments 
public  and  private. 


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DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA, 


109 


History.  —  The  location  of  the  capital  was  a  subject  of  con¬ 
siderable  discussion  in  Congress  after  the  organization  of  the 
Federal  Government  in  1789,  which  led  to  the  passage  of  an 
act,  in  1790,  accepting  “a  district  of  territory  on  the  river 
Potomac,  for  the  permanent  seat  of  government  of  the  United 
States,”  and  deciding  that  the  capital  should  be  removed  to 
that  place  in  1800.  In  1791  a  site  was  selected  for  the  city  of 
Washington  by  the  president,  and  commissioners  were  ap¬ 
pointed  to  lay  out  the  city.  This  district  consisted  of  64  square 
miles  of  territory  ceded  by  Maryland,  and  36  square  miles  by 
Virginia,  so  as  to  form  a  territory  ten  miles  square.  The  Vir¬ 
ginia  portion  was  retroceded  to  that  state  in  1846.  According 
to  recent  surveys  the  district  now  contains  70  square  miles. 

During  the  war  of  1812  the  city  of  Washington  was  taken 
by  the  British,  and  some  of  the  public  buildings,  including  the 
Capitol,  were  burned. 

During  the  civil  war,  extensive  fortifications  were  constructed 
for  the  defence  of  the  city. 

Slavery  was  abolished  by  act  of  Congress  in  1862,  and  the 
right  of  suffrage  was  extended  to  colored  citizens  by  the  act 
of  Jan.  8,  1867. 

Washington,  the  chief  city  of  the  District,  and  the  capital 
of  the  United  States,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Poto¬ 
mac  River,  between  the  Anacostia,  or  Eastern  Branch,  and 
Rock  Creek,  which  separates  it  from  Georgetown.  It  is  14 
miles  in  circuit,  and  covers  about  9A  square  miles.  The  site 
is  lofty,  having  a  mean  elevation  of  about  40  feet. 

The  plan  of  the  streets  is  very  peculiar,  and  it  has  been  well 
said  that  “Washington  City  in  its  grand  plan  is  French,  in  its 
minor  plan,  Quaker.  It  is  the  city  of  Philadelphia  griddled 
across  the  city  of  Versailles.”  The  rectangular  streets  are 
crossed  obliquely  by  twenty-one  broad  avenues  (120-160  feet 
wide),  bearing  the  names  of  the  states.  Pennsylvania  Avenue, 
the  main  thoroughfare,  is  at  some  points  160  feet  wide: 
Massachusetts  Avenue  is  the  handsomest  in  the  city. 

The  principal  public  buildings  are  the  Capitol,  the  Executive 
Mansion,  the  Treasury  building,  the  new  State  Department 
edifice,  the  General  Post  Office,  the  Patent  Office,  the  Smith¬ 
sonian  Institution,  and  the  Corcoran  Art  building,  besides 
which  may  be  mentioned  the  United  States  Naval  Observa¬ 
tory,  through  which  passes  the  meridian  adopted  by  act  of 
Congress  as  the  American  prime  meridian  for  astronomical 
purposes,  and  the  Washington  Monument. 


The  Capitol  of  the  United  States  is  probably  the  most  magnificent  and 
imposing  building  in  the  world.  It  is  751  feet  long,  324  feet  in 
extreme  depth,  covers  3J  acres  of  ground,  and  has  cost  over 
$13,000,000.  The  general  style  of  its  architecture  is  classic,  and 
the  structure  consists  of  a  main  building,  flanked  by  great  marble 
extensions,  and  surmounted  by  a  majestic  iron  dome.  This  dome 
is  307J  feet  high  (from  the  base  line  of  the  building  to  the  top  of 
the  statue  of  Freedom,  which  surmounts  the  structure)  and  135^ 
feet  in  diameter,  and  weighs  over  8,000,000  pounds.  Works  of  art 
adorn  the  exterior  and  interior  of  the  Capitol.  The  senate-chamber 
(of  which  a  view  will  be  found  on  page  27),  the  hall  of  the  repre¬ 
sentatives,  and  the  chamber  of  the  supreme  court,  are  the  three 
principal  divisions  of  the  Capitol. 

The  Smithsonian  Institution  is  one  of  the  most  ornate  buildimrs  in 

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Washington.  It  is  447  feet  long,  and  is  located  in  attractive  grounds 
covering  over  50  acres.  This  institution  was  founded  by  James 
Smithson,  an  Englishman,  who  bequeathed  his  entire  fortune  of 
over  $500,000  “to  found  at  Washington  an  establishment  for  the 
increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  men.”  A  library,  mu¬ 
seum,  and  art  gallery  were  established,  and  the  “  Smithsonian  Contri¬ 
butions  ”  have  been  of  great  benefit  in  the  advancement  of  science. 

The  Treasury  Department  building,  constructed  in  massive  Ionic  ar¬ 
chitecture,  is  500  feet  long  by  300  feet  wide.  A  striking  feature  of 
this  edifice  is  presented  by  an  unbroken  line  of  thirty  Ionic  columns 
(said  to  be  the  largest  of  the  kind  in  the  world),  on  the  west  front. 
Within  the  building  are  195  rooms,  in  which  the  vast  commercial  and 
financial  operations  of  the  general  government  are  carried  on. 

The  Executive  Mansion  (popularly  known  as  the  White  1  house)  is  170 
feet  long  by  86  feet  deep. 

The  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  is  one  of  the  finest  art  buildings  in  the 
world,  and  was  constructed,  at  an  expense  of  $600,000,  by  Mr.  W.  W. 
Corcoran  of  Washington,  who  endowed  the  institution  with  his 
superb  private  art  collection.  In  1870  Mr.  Corcoran  deeded  the 
building  and  collection  to  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  the  people. 

The  United  States  Naval  Observatory  occupies  an  eminence  96  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Potomac.  The  central  building  is  provided 
with  a  revolving  dome,  and  contains  numerous  fine  instruments,  the 
chief  of  which  is  the  great  equatorial  telescope.  The  Observatory  is 
on  the  first  meridian  for  astronomical  purposes  in  the  United  States 
(the  Greenwich  meridian  being  used  for  nautical  calculations),  and  is  in 
latitude  3S0  53'  38”  north,  and  longitude  770  3'  6"  west  of  Greenwich. 

The  population  of  Washington  is  147,293  ;  of  whom  98,895 
are  white,  and  48,377  colored. 

Georgetown  (population  12,578),  situated  at  the  head  of 
navigation  of  the  Potomac,  and  at  the  terminus  of  the  Chesa¬ 
peake  and  Ohio  Canal,  is  noted  for  its  refined  society  and 
many  educational  advantages.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
commerce,  both  foreign  and  domestic.  It  is  connected  with 
Washington  by  lines  of  street  cars. 


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VIRGINIA. 


1 1 1 


VIRGINIA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  What  river,  bay,  and  ocean  form  the  eastern  boundary  of 
Virginia?  What  state  borders  Virginia  on  the  north-east?  What  states 
border  Virginia  on  the  south  ?  What  states  border  it  on  the  west  ?  Through 
how  many  degrees  of  longitude  does  Virginia  extend?  Through  how  many 
degrees  of  latitude  does  it  extend? 

Surface.  I  arts  of  what  mountain-ranges  form  the  boundary  between 
Virginia  and  West  Virginia?  What  mountains  form  the  boundary  between 
Virginia  and  Kentucky  ?  What  mountain-ridge  extends  through  the  western 
part  of  the  state  ?  What  great  swamp  is  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state? 

Rivers. 

flow?  What  river  flows  between 
Virginia  and  Maryland  ?  What  large 
tributary  does  the  Potomac  receive 
at  Harper’s  Ferry?  In  what  moun¬ 
tains  are  the  head  waters  of  the 
Rappahannock  River?  What  two 
rivers  unite  at  West  Point?  What 
is  the  name  of  this  river  from  West 
Point  to  Chesapeake  Bay?  De¬ 
scribe  James  River.  What  two 


In  what  general  direction  do  most  of  the  rivers  of  Virginia 


rivers  of  Virginia  unite  to  form  the 
Roanoke  ?  What  river,  rising  in 
North  Carolina,  flows  through  Vir- 
ginia  into  West  Virginia?  What 
rivers  in  the  south-western  part  flow 
into  Tennessee  ? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border 
on  the  Potomac?  What  counties 
border  on  Chesapeake  Bay?  What 
two  counties  are  between  Chesa¬ 
peake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

What  counties  border  on  North 
Carolina?  What  counties  border 
on  Tennessee?  In  what  county  is 
the  state  capital?  [In  what  county 
do  you  live  ?  What  counties  adjoin 
it?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Describe 
the  location  of  the  capital  with 
reference  to  its  natural  and  political 
situation.  Locate  Norfolk,  Portsmouth,  Lynchburg.  What  city  south  of 
Richmond  is  on  the  Appomattox?  Locate  Fredericksburg,  Winchester, 
Staunton,  Charlottesville,  Danville,  Abingdon. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  42,450  square  miles.  Population,  1,512,565.] 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  Virginia,  one  of  the  Southern 
States,  is  situated  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  about  midway 
between  Maine  and  Florida. 


Surface. —With  regard  to  its  surface  features,  Virginia  is 
distinctly  divided  into  two  sections,  —  the  western,  including 
the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  valley  and  mountain-region  beyond  ; 
and  the  eastern  section,  which  consists  of  a  plain  sloping  from 
the  Blue  Ridge  to  tide-water,  and  includes  the  tide-water 
region  proper,  the  midland  region,  and  the  Piedmont  region. 

Drainage. —About  seven-eighths  of  the  state  is  drained  by 
streams  belonging  to  the  Atlantic  system.  The  remainder, 
being  the  extreme  south-western  part  of  the  state,  belongs  to 
the  great  Mississippi  valley,  and  is  drained  by  streams  which 

find  their  way  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

Among  the  most  important  streams 
belonging  to  the  Atlantic  system 
are  the  Potomac,  Rappahan¬ 
nock,  York,  James,  Blackwater, 
and  Roanoke  rivers.  The  Hol- 
ston  and  Clinch  are  the  princi¬ 
pal  rivers  of  the  Mississippi 
system  within  the  state. 

Climate. —  In  different  parts 
of  the  state  the  climate  varies 
greatly.  On  the  Atlantic  coast 
it  is  equable  and  healthful.  The 
tide-water  and  midland  regions 
are  more  changeable.  The 
mountain-districts  have  a  de¬ 
lightful  summer  climate ;  and 
in  the  Piedmont  and  valley 
regions  the  winters  also  are 
extremely  pleasant  and  health 
ful. 

Resources.  —  The  natural 
resources  of  Virginia  consist 
of  a  great  variety  of  excellent 
soils,  vast  mineral  deposits,  ex- 
[  tensive  forests,  and  numerous  streams,  adding  richness  to  the 
soil,  affording  unlimited  water-power,  and  furnishing  abundant 
j  means  of  transportation.  The  waters  of  the  numerous  bays 
|  and  inlets  and  of  the  adjacent  coast  also  abound  in  oysters, 
j  lobsters,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  food-fishes. 

Industries.  —  Owing  to  the  varied  natural  resources  of  the 
state,  the  industries  of  Virginia  are  numerous.  Agriculture  is 
|the  leading  occupation  of  the  people;  but  large  numbers  are 
also  engaged  in  mining,  manufacturing,  and  fishing,  and  in  the 
varied  branches  of  commerce  and  transportation. 


RICHMOND. 


Its  form  is  that  of  an  irregular  triangle,  having  for  its  base 
a  straight  line  forming  the  northern  boundary  of  North  Caro¬ 
lina  and  part  of  that  of  Tennessee.  Its  greatest  length  (from 
east  to  west)  is  about  475  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  about 
200  miles. 


Corn,  oats,  wheat,  and  tobacco  are  the  great  agricultural  staples.  The 
state  ranks  second  in  the  amount  and  value  of  tobacco  produced. 
In  1880  there  were  produced  over  29,000,000  bushels  of  corn,  over 
5,000,000  bushels  of  oats,  and  nearly  8,000.000  bushels  of  wheat.  The 
production  of  corn  in  1882  was  over  35,000,000  bushels. 

Manufactures  are  rapidly  developing,  especially  in  the  production  of 


I  12 


VIRGINIA. 


prepared  tobacco  and  flour.  With  the  development  of  the  forest  and  ! 
mineral  wealth  of  the  state,  the  production  of  lumber,  iron,  and  steel, 
is  increasing.  The  rich  deposits  of  coal  and  iron,  together  with  un¬ 
limited  water-power,  must  make  Virginia  a  great  manufacturing  state. 

Large  numbers  of  people  are  engaged  in  the  fisheries ;  and  the  capital 
invested  in  this  industry  amounts  to  several  millions  of  dollars.  The 
fishery-interests  are  protected  by  very  stringent  laws,  which  are  effi¬ 
ciently  administered  by  the  state  authorites. 

The  many  deep  rivers  and  bays  of  the  tide-water  region, 
together  with  the  central  position  of  the  state  on  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  of  the  country,  make  Virginia  an  important  commer¬ 
cial  state.  The  coasting-trade  is  most  important,  lines  of  | 
steamers  running  to  all  important  ports  on  the  seaboard  ;  and  j 
the  foreign  commerce  is  considerable,  and  constantly  enlarging.  \ 

There  are  over  1,700  miles  of  railroad  and  about  250  miles 
of  canal  in  operation  in  the  state. 

Government.  —  The  present  constitution  of  Virginia  was 
adopted  July  6,  1869. 

The  execjitive  department  comprises  a  governor  and  lieutenant-governor 
elected  by  the  people  for  terms  of  four  years  each ;  a  secretary  of  the 
commonwealth,  treasurer,  auditor  of  public  accounts,  railroad  commis¬ 
sioner,  and  register  of  the  land-office,  elected  by  the  General  Assembly 
for  terms  of  two  years;  and  a  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
elected  by  the  General  Assembly  for  the  term  of  four  years. 

The  legislative  department ',  the  General  Assembly,  consists  of  a  Senate 
of  forty  members,  and  a  House  of  Delegates  of  one  hundred  members. 
Senators  are  elected  for  four  years,  and  delegates  for  two  years.  The 
General  Assembly  meets  biennially,  on  the  first  Monday  of  December, 
odd  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  and  in  circuit,  county, 
and  justices’  courts.  All  judges  are  elected  by  the  General  Assembly, 
except  justices  of  the  peace,  who  are  chosen  by  a  county  board. 

Virginia  is  represented  in  Congress  by  two  senators  and  ten 
representatives,  and  accordingly  has  twelve  electoral  votes. 

Education.  —  Education  receives  special  attention  in  Vir¬ 
ginia.  The  public  schools  are  efficiently  administered  by  a 
state  superintendent  and  state  board  of  education,  and  county 
superintendents  and  county  boards  of  education. 

The  state  also  maintains,  in  whole  or  in  part,  a  number  of  higher  insti¬ 
tutions;  among  them  the  University  of  Virginia,  the  Virginia  Military 
Institute,  the  Virginia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  and  excel¬ 
lent  normal  school  for  both  white  and  colored  teachers. 

Among  private  schools  there  are  a  number  of  the  very  highest  merit,  | 
several  of  these  dating  back  from  one  to  two  hundred  years. 

History.  —  Virginia  was  the  first  lasting  colony  founded  by 
the  English  in  America.  Its  charter  dates  from  1606,  and  the 
first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at  Jamestown  in  1607. 

In  1610,  on  the  arrival  of  Lord  Delaware  as  governor,  the  colony  first 
began  to  grow  and  become  prosperous.  In  1619  a  local  legislature 
was  established,  and  in  that  year  the  first  representative  assembly  ever 
convened  in  America  was  held  at  Jamestown. 

The  cultivation  of  tobacco  was  begun  in  1616,  and  slaves  were  first  in¬ 
troduced  in  1620;  and  these  two  events  had  a  great  influence  in  shap¬ 
ing  the  future  history  of  Virginia. 

At  the  close  of  the  colonial  period,  Virginia  was  the  wealthiest  and  most 
populous  of  the  thirteen  colonies,  its  population  in  1776  being  575,000. 

Virginia  led  in  the  protests  of  the  colonies  against  the  unjust 
Stamp  Act  in  1765,  and  later  was  among  the  first  in  resisting 
the  encroachments  of  Great  Britain,  and  in  organizing  the  new 
government  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

She  furnished  some  of  the  greatest  leaders  in  that  struggle ;  among 
them  Washington,  the  chief  of  the  Revolutionary  armies,  Jefferson, 


the  author  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  Lees,  Patrick 
Henry,  Madison,  and  many  others.  No  important  battles  of  the  Revo¬ 
lution  were  fought  on  Virginia  soil  until  the  closing  year  of  the  war, 
when  the  siege  of  Yorktown  compelled  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis, 
and  put  an  end  to  the  struggle  at  a  single  blow. 

During  the  war  of  secession,  Virginia  was  the  chief  battle¬ 
field  of  the  contending  armies  ;  and  Richmond,  her  capital,  was 
also  the  capital  of  the  Confederacy. 

As  Virginia  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Revolution,  so,  in  the  war  of  seces¬ 
sion,  she  furnished  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  in  the  person 
of  Gen.  R.  E.  Lee ;  and  on  her  soil  the  last  decisive  battle  was  fought, 
and  the  final  surrender  was  made. 

After  five  years  of  military  government,  Virginia’s  representatives  were 
admitted  to  Congress  in  January,  1870,  and  civil  government  was 
again  established  in  the  state. 

Virginia  has  rightly  been  named  “The  Mother  of  Presidents.”  Of  the 
first  twenty-one  Presidents,  one-third  of  the  number  were  natives  of 
the  state. 

Since  the  close  of  the  war  Virginia  has  entered  upon  a  new 
era  of  prosperity,  and  her  vast  natural  resources  are  being 
developed  on  a  grander  scale  than  ever  before. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Virginia  is  divided  into  one  hundred 
counties.  The  following  are  the  most  important  cities  and 
towns  ;  — 


Richmond  (63,600),  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  at  the  head  of  tide¬ 
water  on  the  James  River,  100  miles  from  its  mouth.  Vessels  drawing 
eighteen  feet  of  water  can  ascend  to  the  city  wharves ;  and  thus  the  city 
has  the  best  advantages  for  shipping  the  product  of  its  manufactories.  The 
falls  of  the  James  River  at  this  point  afford  unlimited  water-power,  which 
is  at  present  only  partly  utilized.  Several  lines  of  railroad  connect  the  city 
with  various  parts  of  the  country;  and  Richmond  is  an  important  and  grow¬ 
ing  center  of  internal  commerce.  The  public  buildings  are  the  capitol,  the 
governor’s  mansion,  the  custom-house,  court-house,  state  armory,  etc. 

The  public  schools  of  Richmond  are  among  the  finest  in  the  country, 
being  liberally  supported  by  public  taxation. 

The  principal  manufactures,  which  give  employment  to  large  numbers 
of  workmen,  are  those  of  flour,  tobacco,  iron,  machinery,  agricultural  imple¬ 
ments,  and  railroad-cars. 

The  state  library  and  historical  collection  are  of  great  value  and  interest; 
and  the  capitol  building  and  grounds  are  ornamented  with  imposing  monu¬ 
ments  erected  in  honor  of  the  distinguished  sons  of  Virginia. 

Norfolk,  on  the  Elizabeth  River,  30  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  is  the  second 
city  in  size  in  the  state,  and  the  first  in  commercial  importance.  It  has  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  commands  a  large  coasting- 
trade  with  all  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  cities  of  the  Union,  and  with  the  West 
Indies  and  South  America.  Its  railroad  connections  are  important,  and 
are  being  largely  extended.  It  has  excellent  public  and  private  schools. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  canned  fruit,  vegetables,  and  fish,  machin¬ 
ery,  flour,  etc. 

Petersburg,  on  the  Appomattox  River,  is  an  important  manufacturing 
city  and  trading-center.  It  has  excellent  water-power,  good  railroad  and 
shipping  facilities,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  prepared 
tobacco,  flour,  soap,  paper,  iron,  and  cotton  goods  and  machinery. 


Lynchburg  —  on  the  James  River,  150  miles 
above  Richmond,  with  which  city  it  is  con¬ 
nected  by  canal.  Salubrious  climate.  Great 
manufactures  of  all  kinds  of  prepared  to¬ 
bacco.  Fine  educational  facilities. 

Alexandria  —  on  the  Potomac  River,  opposite  the 
city  of  Washington,  D.C.  Large  trade  by 
river,  canal,  and  railroad.  Manufactures  of 
ships,  cotton,  leather,  furniture,  etc.  Excel¬ 
lent  public  and  private  schools. 

Portsmouth  —  opposite  Norfolk,  on  the  Elizabeth 
River,  and  commercially  a  part  of  that  city. 
Seat  of  a  United-States  Navy  Yard.  Large 
cotton  trade. 

Danville  —  on  the  Dan  River,  near  the  North- 
Carolina  line.  Has  a  large  trade  in  both 
states.  Good  railway  and  manufacturing 


facilities.  Important  tobacco  market.  Good 
schools. 

Manchester — on  the  south  bank  of  the  James 
River,  opposite  Richmond.  Manufactures 
of  tobacco,  cotton,  paper,  and  iron.  Con¬ 
nected  with  Richmond  by  numerous  bridges. 

Staunton  —  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  Railway 
and  trading  center  of  a  rich  farming  region. 
Seat  of  the  State  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  In¬ 
stitution,  and  of  the  Western  Lunatic  Asylum. 

Fredericksburg  —  on  the  Rappahannock,  no 
miles  from  the  Chesapeake  Bay.  Good 
water-power,  railroad  and  shipping  facilities. 

Winchester  —  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  Sur¬ 
rounded  by  rich  farming  country.  Consid¬ 
erable  manufactures.  Good  public  and  pri¬ 
vate  schools. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


i  13 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  states  border  West  Virginia  on  the  north?  What 
states  border  it  on  the  east  and  south  ?  What  states  border  it  on  the  west  ? 

Surface.  —  Which  part  of  West  Virginia  is  mountainous?  What  is  the 
principal  mountain-range  extending  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  the 
state?  Where  is  Laurel  Ridge?  Greenbrier ‘Mountains  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  river  forms  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  West 
Virginia?  What  streams  form  the  head  waters  of  the  Potomac?  What 
river  forms  most  of  the  western  boundary?  What  are  the  four  principal 
tributaries  of  the  Ohio  in  this  state  ?  What  river  forms  the  boundary  be¬ 
tween  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Maryland?  What  four  counties 
constitute  the  “  Pan  Handle”?  What  other  counties  border  on  the  Ohio 
River  ?  What  counties  border  on  Kentucky  ?  What  counties  border  on 
Virginia?  In  what  county  is  the  state  capital?  [In  what  county  do  you 
live?  What  counties  adjoin  it?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Describe  the  location  of  the  state  capital  with 
reference  to  its  natural  and  political 
situation.  What  city  on  the  Ohio  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  Kanawha? 

What  county  towns  are  on  the  Balti¬ 
more  and  Ohio  Railroad,  between 
Harper’s  Ferry  and  Parkersburg? 

[What  is  the  county  town  of  the 
county  in  which  you  live  ?] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  24,780  square  miles.  Popula¬ 
tion,  618,457.] 

Situation  and  Extent.  — 

West  Virginia  extends  farther 
north  than  any  other  southern 
state,  its  northern  extremity 
being  in  about  the  same  lati¬ 
tude  as  New  York  City,  and 
farther  north  than  the  south¬ 
ern  boundary  of  Iowa. 

It  is  most  irregular  in  outline,  nearly  all  the  boundary  line 
of  the  state  following  the  courses  of  rivers,  or  the  crests  of 
mountain-ranges. 

Surface.  — In  surface  West  Virginia  is  a  mountainous  state. 
The  eastern  part  is  crossed  by  several  parallel  ridges  of  the 
Alleghanies,  and  its  western  part  is  a  hilly  table-land,  with 
fertile  river-bottoms  sloping  toward  the  Ohio  River. 

The  mountains  of  West  Virginia  belong  to  the  great  Appalachian  sys¬ 
tem ;  those  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  being  classed  in  the  Alle¬ 
ghany  mountain  group,  and  those  in  the  west  being  a  part  of  the 
Cumberland  Mountains. 

The  state  abounds  with  magnificent  mountain  scenery.  Among  the  special 
points  of  note  is  Harper’s  Ferry,  where  the  Potomac  breaks  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  forming  stupendous  walls  of  rock  on  either  hand. 

Drainage.  —  About  five-sixths  of  the  state  belongs  to  the 
Mississippi  system,  and  the  remainder  to  the  Atlantic  system. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  square  miles  in  Monroe  County,  drained  by 
the  head  waters  of  the  James  River,  the  entire  drainage  of  the  state  is 
either  through  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries,  or  through  the  Potomac 
and  its  tributaries. 


Climate.  —  The  climate  is  generally  free  from  the  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold.  The  air  in  the  mountain  sections  is  very 
pure  and  healthful.  The  rainfall  is  plentiful,  and  well  distri¬ 
buted  throughout  the  year. 

Resources.  —  This  state  has  rich  deposits  of  coal  and  iron, 
and  numerous  oil-wells  and  salt-springs.  The  finest  natural 
pasturage  is  found  in  the  mountain  sections,  and  the  valleys 
and  river-bottoms  possess  a  soil  of  great  richness  and  fertility. 
The  rivers  furnish  abundant  water-power  and  transportation, 
and  have  been  greatly  improved  in  both  these  particulars  by 
the  aid  of  the  United  States  Government. 

Industries.  —  The  leading  industries  are  mining  and  agricul¬ 
ture. 

Large  numbers  are  also  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  leather, 
flour,  salt,  nails,  and  coal-oil.  The  leading  agricultural  productions  are 

corn,  wheat,  oats,  sorghum,  to¬ 
bacco,  and  fruits.  The  pro¬ 
duction  of  coal  and  iron  is 
constantly  increasing  with  the 
development  of  transportation 
facilities. 

There  are  over  seven  hundred 
miles  of  railroad  in  the  state. 

Government.  —  The  pres¬ 
ent  constitution  of  West  Vir¬ 
ginia  was  adopted  Aug.  22, 
1872. 

The  executive  departmetit  com. 
prises  a  governor,  secretary  of 
state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attor¬ 
ney  -  general,  adjutant  -general, 
and  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  elected  by  the  peo¬ 
ple  for  terms  of  four  years. 
The  legislative  department  com¬ 
prises  a  Senate  of  twenty-four 
members,  and  a  House  of  Delegates  of  sixty-five  members.  Senators 
are  elected  for  four  years,  and  delegates  for  two  years.  The  Legisla¬ 
ture  meets  biennially,  on  the  second  Wednesday  of  January,  odd  years. 
The  judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  and  circuit, 
county,  municipal,  and  justices’  courts.  All  judges  and  justices  are 
elected  by  the  people. 

West  Virginia  is  represented  in  Congress  by  two  senators 
and  four  representatives,  and  accordingly  has  six  electoral  votes. 

Education.  —  The  state  provides  liberally  for  the  support  of 
free  schools,  under  the  care  of  state  and  county  superintendents. 

The  State  Normal  School  is  located  at  Huntington,  with  five  branches  in 
different  parts  of  the  state.  The  State  University  is  at  Morgantown; 
and  the  State  Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind,  is  at  Romney. 

History.  —  The  first  permanent  settlement  within  the  border 
of  the  state  was  made  in  Greenbrier  County  in  1765. 

Settlement  did  not  progress  very  rapidly  till  after  the  Revolution,  when 
it  set  in  largely  from  the  east.  Until  the  war  of  secession,  the  state 
formed  a  part  of  Virginia.  In  1862  a  movement  was  inaugurated  for 
the  formation  of  a  separate  state  out  of  about  fifty  counties  of  Western 
Virginia  ;  and  in  June,  1863,  West  Virginia  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 


HARPER’S  FERRY. 


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NORTH  CAROLiNA. 


1 15 


Political  Divisions.  —  West 
four  counties.  The  following 
and  towns  :  — 


Virginia  is  divided  into  fifty- 
are  the  most  important  cities 


Charleston — on  the  Kanawha,  county  seat  of 
Kanawha  County.  Extensive  salt-works, 
and  large  trade  with  the  southern  part  of 
the  state.  Important  railway  connections. 
Good  public  and  private  schools. 

Parkersburg  —  on  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Kanawha.  Important  railway  and 
shipping  point.  The  center  of  the  West 
Virginia  oil-region.  Well  laid  out.  Hand¬ 
some  public  buildings. 

Martinsburg  —  county  seat  of  Berkeley  County. 
Important  railroad  junction.  Here  are  lo¬ 
cated  extensive  shops  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad. 

Huntington  —  in  Cabell  County,  on  the  Ohio 
River.  Western  terminus  of  the  Chesapeake 


and  Ohio  Railroad.  Large  railroad  shops. 
Excellent  schools. 

Clarksburg  —  county  seat  cl  Harrison  County, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Cen¬ 
ter  of  large  coal-mining  district. 

Weston  —  county  seat  of  Lewis  County.  Seat 
of  the  State  Asylum  for  the  Insane.  Large 
local  trade. 

Keyser  —  county  seat  of  Mineral  County,  on  the 
north  branch  of  the  Potomac.  Large  machine 
shops  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Berkeley  Springs,  Capon  Springs,  White 
Sulphur  Springs,  Blue  Sulphur 
Springs,  and  Shannondale  Springs 
have  a  wide  celebrity  for  the  curative 
properties  of  their  mineral  waters. 


Wheeling  (30,737),  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  situated  on  the  Ohio 
River,  in  the  part  of  the  state  called  the  “  Pan  Handle.”  The  river  fur¬ 
nishes  fine  commercial  facilities,  and  several  trunk-lines  of  railroad  also 
center  here.  The  most  important  public  buildings  are  the  capitol,  custom¬ 
house,  public  library,  and  public  school  buildings.  The  city  is  noted  for  its 
excellent  public  and  private  schools.  The  principal  manufactures  are  of 
nails,  mill  iron,  glass,  machinery,  and  engines;  and  these  industries  are 
developing  and  increasing  very  rapidly. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


OFF  HATTERAS.— TURPENTINE  PINES. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP 

Boundaries.  —  What  two 
states  border  North  Carolina  on 
the  north  ?  What  two  states 
border  it  on  the  south  ?  What 
natural  boundary  has  the  state 
on  the  east?  What  state  bor¬ 
ders  it  on  the  west  ?  What 
natural  boundary  between  North 
Carolina  and  Tennessee  ? 

Surface.  —  What  mountain- 
range  extends  through  the  west¬ 


ern  part  of  the  state?  What  two  swamps  are  in  the  south-central  part  of 
the  state?  What  swamp  is  in  the  north  eastern  part? 

Seacoast, — What  three  capes  project  from  the  eastern  coast?  Name 
three  sounds  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  What  are  the  principal  inlets 
to  these  sounds  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  two  large  rivers  rising  in  Virginia  flow  into  Albemarle 
Sound  ?  What  two  rivers  flow  into  Pamlico  Sound  ?  Describe  the  Cape 
Fear  River.  What  are  its  principal  tributaries? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Virginia  ?  What  counties  are  west 
of  the  Blue  Ridge?  What  counties  border  on  South  Carolina?  In  what 
county  is  the  state  capital  ?  [In  what  county  do  you  live  ?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  What  is  the  state  capital?  In  what  county  is  it? 
What  are  the  three  principal  seaports  of  the  state?  Locate  New  Berne, 
Wilmington,  Beaufort,  Fayetteville,  Salisbury,  Greensborough,  Asheville, 
Goldsborough,  Chapel  Hill. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  52,250  square  miles.  Population,  1 ,399,750.] 

Location  and  Extent.  —  North  Carolina,  “the  Old  North 
State,”  is  situated  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States, 
just  south  of  Virginia. 

The  outline  of  the  state  is  irregular,  having  its  greatest 
extent  from  east  to  west,  and  being  broadest  near  the  center. 
Its  greatest  length  is  450  miles  ;  its  greatest  breadth,  180  miles. 

Surface.  —  The  state  may  be  divided  into  three  regions, — 
the  low,  sandy,  or  swampy  coast-region  ;  the  “Pine  Barrens;” 
and  the  foot-hill  and  mountain  region. 

The  ranges  of  the  Appalachian  system  are  so  far  to  the  west,  that  the 
state  may  be  said  to  belong  almost  entirely  to  the  Atlantic  Plain ;  but 
this  presents  in  its  various  parts  very  different  characteristics. 

The  marshy  coast-region  extends  about  sixty  miles  inland.  The  “Pine 
Barrens  ”  are  to  the  westward  of  the  coast-region,  and  have  an  aver¬ 
age  breadth  of  about  fifty  miles. 

The  foot-hill  and  mountain  region  extends  westward  to  the  boundary  of 
the  state.  The  mountain  region  proper  is  a  wild  and  precipitous  coun¬ 
try,  crossed  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  the 
Black  Mountains.  Mount  Mitchell,  the  highest  peak  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  is  6,746  feet  high. 

Drainage.  —  The  principal  watershed  of  the  state  is  formed 
by  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  hence  all  the  state,  except  the  extreme 
western  slope  of  the  mountains,  is  drained  by  streams  belong¬ 
ing  to  the  Atlantic  system. 

The  chief  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  system  are  the  Chowan,  Roanoke,  Tar, 
Neuse,  Cape  Fear,  Yadkin  (a  tributary  of  the  Great  Pedee),  and 
Catawba,  the  name  given  to  the  upper  course  of  the  Wateree. 

On  the  western  slope  of  the  mountain  section  are  found  the  head  waters 
of  the  New,  Watauga,  Nolichucky,  French  Broad,  and  Little  Tennes¬ 
see  rivers,  belonging  to  the  Mississippi  system. 

t 

Climate.  —  The  climate  of  the  state  is  as  varied  as  its 
surface.  In  the  low  country  the  .atmosphere  is  warm  and 
humid,  and  in  the  mountainous  region  it  is  cool  and  dry. 

The  mountains  of  the  extreme  western  part  are  greatly  resorted  to  by 
invalids,  on  account  of  the  clear,  invigorating  climate,  which  is  espe¬ 
cially  beneficial  to  those  suffering  from  pulmonary  complaints. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


1 16 


Resources. — The  natural  wealth  of  the  state  consists  in 
its  varied  soils,  its  vast  pine-forests,  and  its  mountains,  rich  in 
mineral  deposits.  The  commercial  position  of  the  state  is  also 
important.  It  has  good  harbors  from  which  to  ship  the  prod-  j 
ucts  of  its  soil  and  forests,  and  it  lies  on  the  track  of  the 
great  lines  of  railway  connecting  ':he  North  with  the  South 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States. 

Industries. — The  leading  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  is 
agriculture  ;  but  large  numbers  are  also  engaged  in  manufactur¬ 
ing,  mining,  fishing,  lumbering,  etc. 

The  principal  crops  are  those  of  tobacco,  cotton,  corn,  rice,  sweet- 
potatoes,  and  peanuts.  The  manufactures  consist  principally  of  the 
products  of  the  pine,  —  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  and  rosin,  —  prepared 
tobacco,  lumber,  rolled  zinc,  and  flour. 

Among  the  varied  products  of  the  mines  of  the  state  may  be  named 
gold,  silver,  zinc,  iron,  coal,  lead,  copperas,  graphite,  corundum,  mica, 
and  steatite,  all  of  which  are  successfully  mined,  and  contribute  largely 
to  the  wealth  of  the  people. 

There  are  over  sixteen  hundred  miles  of  railroad  in  the 
state,  and  several  short  canals. 

Government.  —  The  present  constitution  of  North  Carolina 
was  adopted  in  1868. 


In  1729  North  Carolina  became  a  royal  province,  the  governor  being 
appointed  by  the  King  of  England,  and  the  Legislature  being  chosen 
by  the  colonists.  It  so  remained  until  the  time  of  the  Revolution. 

North  Carolina  was  among  the  first  to  assert  the  rights  of 
the  Colonies  in  the  Revolutionary  struggle. 

In  May,  1775,  the  citizens  of  Mecklenburg  County  formally  renounced 
allegiance  to  the  crown,  and  published  a  declaration  of  independence. 
During  the  war  frequent  collisions  occurred  between  bands  of  patriots 
and  royalists ;  but  there  were  no  important  battles  fought  in  the  state 
till  near  the  close  of  the  war,  when  the  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House 
was  fought  March  15,  1781. 

North  Carolina  passed  the  ordinance  of  secession,  and  ratified 
the  Constitution  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  May  21,  1861. 

During  the  war  of  secession  a  number  of  important  engagements  were 
fought  in  the  state  and  on  the  coast,  the  ports  of  the  state  being 
favorite  resorts  for  blockade-runners  from  the  West  Indies  and  Europe. 
The  most  important  events  were  the  capture  of  Fort  Fisher,  and  the 
campaign  which  led  to  the  surrender  of  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  to  Gen. 
W.  T.  Sherman  at  Benton ville,  April  26,  1865.  This  practically  ended 
the  war. 

After  the  war,  North  Carolina  remained  under  military  government  until 
July  ir,  1868,  when,  by  proclamation  of  the  President,  the  state  was 
restored  to  its  relations  to  the  Union. 


The  executive  department  consists  of  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor, 
secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  superintendent  of  public  instruc¬ 
tion,  and  attorney-general,  all  of  whom  are  elected  by  the  people  for 
terms  of  four  years.  The  governor  and  lieutenant-governor  are  ineligi¬ 
ble  for  two  successive  terms. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  senate  of  fifty  members,  and  a 
house  of  representatives  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  members ;  both 
senators  and  representatives  being  elected  for  terms  of  two  years. 
The  sessions  of  the  Legislature  are  biennial,  and  are  limited  to 
sixty  days,  commencing  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  January,  odd 
years. 

The  jiidicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  superior  courts  in 
each  of  twelve  judicial  districts,  and  justices’  courts.  Judges  and  jus¬ 
tices  are  elected  by  the  people. 

North  Carolina  is  represented  in  Congress  by  two  senators 
and  nine  representatives,  and  consequently  has  eleven  electoral 
votes. 

Education.  —  The  general  interests  of  education  are  under 
charge  of  a  state  superintendent  of  public  schools,  county 
commissioners  in  each  county,  and  a  school  committee  of  three 
in  each  township. 

The  state  school-fund  amounts  to  over  two  millions  of  dollars,  and  its 
revenue  is  supplemented  by  public  taxation. 

The  state  abounds  in  excellent  private  schools  and  colleges,  some  of 
which  have  a  very  wide  reputation  for  excellence,  and  all  are  well 
attended. 

The  Stite  University  is  located  at  Chapel  Hill;  and  the  Institution  for 
the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind,  is  at  Raleigh. 

In  the  year  1880  there  were  238,000  children  enrolled  in  the  public  schools. 

History.  —  Among  the  earliest  settlements  attempted  in 
America  by  the  English  was  one  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  on 
the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  in  the  year  1585.  After  the  fail¬ 
ure  of  this  attempt,  no  effective  settlement  was  made  until 
1663,  when  a  permanent  colony  was  planted  on  Albemarle 
Sound  by  a  company  of  English  noblemen. 


Political  Divisions.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  ninety-six 
counties.  Among  the  most  important  cities  and  towns  are 
the  following  :  — 


Raleigh  (9,265),  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  county  seat  of  Wake  County, 
is  an  important  and  growing  city  in  the  interior  of  the  state.  The  city  is 
handsomely  laid  out,  and  the  streets  are  broad  and  well  kept.  There  are 
several  lines  of  railroad  centering  here,  and  a  large  trade  is  carried  on  with 
the  surrounding  towns.  Raleigh  is  one  of  the  most  important  cotton 
markets  in  the  South.  The  city  has  good  public  and  private  schools. 

The  railroad  shops,  and  the  manufacture  of  tobacco,  cigars,  and  machine¬ 
ry,  give  employment  to  a  large  number  of  persons. 

Wilmington  (17,350),  county  seat  of  New  Hanover  County,  and  the 
largest  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Cape  Fear  River, 
thirty  miles  by  river  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  river  up  to  this  point 
is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  sixteen  feet  of  water;  and  lines  of  steamers 
connect  the  port  with  several  Atlantic  cities  and  with  river  towns  as  far  up 
as  Fayetteville.  Three  important  lines  of  railroad  give  the  city  communi¬ 
cation  with  the  north,  west,  and  south.  Wilmington  carries  on  an  extensive 
domestic  and  foreign  trade  in  lumber,  pine  products,  cotton,  and  cotton  goods. 

The  chief  industries  are  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  cotton  goods,  tur¬ 
pentine  and  other  pine  products,  and  machinery. 


New  Berne  —  county  seat  of  Craven  County, 
on  the  Neuse  River,  forty  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Large  coastwise  trade  in  lumber, 
pine  products,  cotton,  and  fish.  Here  are 
extensive  turpentine  distilleries,  saw  mills, 
and  machine  shops  Good  public  schools, 
and  a  normal  school. 

Charlotte  —  county  seat  of  Mecklenburg  County, 
is  an  important  railroad  center,  and  manu-  | 
facturing  and  trading  point.  Center  of  the 
gold-mining  district  of  the  state,  and  seat 
of  a  United  States  assay  office  Here  is 
located  Biddle  University,  also  several  ex¬ 
cellent  academies. 

Goldsborough  —  county  seat  of  Wayne  County, 
on  the  Neuse  River.  Junction  of  important 
railroads.  Manufactures  of  carriages,  ma¬ 
chinery,  etc. 

Fayetteville  —  county  seat  of  Cumberland 
County.  Head  of  steamboat  navigation  j 
on  Cape  Fear  River.  Manufactures  of 
cotton  goods,  lumber,  turpentine,  etc. 


Salisbury  —  county  seat  of  Rowan  County.  Rail¬ 
road  junction.  Large  local  trade.  Good 
private  schools. 

Beaufort  — on  an  inlet  near  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Port  of  entry  Considerable  coasting 
trade. 

Asheville  —  the  largest  town  on  the  western 
mountain  slope.  Large  local  trade.  Favor¬ 
ite  resort  for  invalids. 

Washington  —  on  the  Pamlico  River.  Large 
river  trade. 

Durham  —  in  Durham  County.  Extensive  trade 
in  manufactured  tobacco. 

Chapel  Hill  —  in  same  county.  Seat  of  the  State 
University. 

Greensborough  —  in  Guilford  County.  Railroad 
junction.  Local  trade.  Manufactures  of 
tobacco. 

Elizabeth  City  —  The  United  States  port  of 
entry  for  the  north-eastern  part  of  the 
state. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


1 1 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


RICE  PLANTATION. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  state  bor¬ 
ders  South  Carolina  on  the 
north  ?  What  natural  boundary 
has  it  on  the  south-east?  What 
natural  boundary  has  it  on  the 
west?  What  state  is  west  of 
South  Carolina?  Through  what 
does  the  state  extend  ?  Through  what  degrees  of 
latitude  does  it  extend? 

Seacoast.  —  What  is  the  principal  cape  on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina? 
Name  the  inlets,  sounds,  and  roads,  beginning  at  the  north.  What  are  the 
principal  islands  off  the  coast  ?  Name  the  principal  islands  in  the  vicinity 
of  Charleston  harbor. 

Surface.  —  What  part  of  the  state  is  mountainous  or  hilly?  What  moun¬ 
tains  form  the  north-western  boundary  of  the  state?  In  what  county  is 
King’s  Mountain? 

o 


degrees  of  longitude 


In  what  direction  and  into  what  do  the  large  rivers  of 

O 


the 


Rivers. 

state  flow?  What  two  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Santee?  What  two  rivers 
unite  at  Columbia  to  form  the  Congaree  River  ?  By  what  name  is  the 
Wateree  River  known  in  the  northern  part  of  its  course?  What  are  the 
principal  tributaries  of  Broad  River?  At  the  junction  of  what  two  rivers 
is  Charleston?  Describe  Edisto  River.  Describe  Combahee  River.  Name 
two  northern  tributaries  of  the  Savannah. 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean?  What  coun¬ 
ties  border  on  the  Savannah  River?  What  counties  border  on  North 
Carolina?  In  what  county  is  the  state  capital?  [In  what  county  do  you 
live  ?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Describe  the  location  of  Charleston.  Name  two 
other  seaports.  What  are  the  principal  places  on  the  railroad  between 
Charleston  and  Cheraw?  between  Charleston  and  Hamburg?  between  Ham¬ 
burg  and  Wilmington,  N.C.  ?  between  Columbia  and  Charlotte,  N.C.  ? 
Locate  Spartanburg,  Yorkville,  Camden,  Newberry,  Anderson,  Cheraw, 
Georgetown,  Beaufort.  [What  is  the  county  seat  of  the  county  in  which 
you  live  ?] 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  30,570  square  miles.  Population,  995.577.\ 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  South  Carolina,  familiarly  known 
as  the  “  Palmetto  State,”  is  situated  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
of  the  United  States,  between  latitude  320  and  350  io'  north, 
and  longitude  78°  25'  and  83°  19'  west.  It  borders  upon  only 
two  states,  North  Carolina  forming  its  northern  and  north- 
;  eastern  boundary,  and  Georgia  its  south-western. 

In  outline  the  state  is  irregularly  triangular.  Its  greatest 
length  (from  east  to  west)  is  about  300  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth  (on  the  meridian  of  Savannah)  is  about  200  miles.  It 
has  above  200  miles  of  seaboard,  and  the  coast  is  deeply  in¬ 
dented  with  bays  and  inlets. 

Surface.  —  The  natural  divisions  of  the  state  are  the  low 
coast-lands  along  the  seacoast,  the  pine  region,  the  “Middle 
Country,”  and  westward  of  this  the  “  Ridge,”  where  the  sur¬ 
face  rises  by  a  steep  and  sudden  elevation. 

The  coast  presents  in  a  marked  manner  the  features  of  the  South  At¬ 
lantic  seaboard  states  ;  namely,  shoals  and  sandbars,  shallow  sounds, 
low  islands,  cypress  swamps,  and  open  marshes. 

The  pine  region  for  about  100  miles  from  the  coast  is  low  and  sandy, 
with  extensive  forests  of  pine,  and  numerous  swamps.  Throughout 
this  region  the  streams  are  sluggish,  and  the  formation  of  the  country 
distinctly  alluvial. 

The  “  Middle  Country”  consists  of  a  belt  of  low  sand-hills.  The  edge 
of  the  sand-hills  generally  marks  the  head  of  navigation  of  the  large 
rivers  of  the  state. 

The  mountain  country  beyond  the  “  Ridge  ”  is  most  beautifully  diversified 
and  picturesque.  The  highest  elevation  in  the  state  is  Table  Moun¬ 
tain,  in  Pickens  County,  about  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Drainage.  — All  the  rivers  of  the  state  belong  to  the  Atlan¬ 
tic  system,  and  all  reach  the  sea  within  the  limits  or  on  the 
borders  of  the  state. 

The  general  direction  of  all  the  streams  is  south-easterly.  The  upper 
courses  are  broken  by  occasional  falls  ;  but  the  lower  channels  are 
deep,  and  the  flow  is  steady,  though  by  no  means  rapid. 

The  rivers  of  the  state  receive  the  drainage  of  about  one-fourth  of  North 
Carolina;  but  not  a  river  of  South  Carolina  crosses  its  boundary  flow¬ 
ing  outward. 

The  chief  rivers  are  the  Pedee,  which  receives  the  waters  of  the  Little 
Pedee,  Yadkin,  and  Black  rivers  ;  the  Santee,  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Wateree  and  Congaree  rivers ;  the  Ashley,  Cooper,  Edisto,  and 
Savannah. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  South  Carolina,  except  in  the 
swamps  and  on  the  low-lying  coast  islands,  is  very  healthful. 
The  rainfall  is  abundant  and  well  distributed,  and  the  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold  are  seldom  experienced. 

The  pine  region  and  the  “Middle  Country”  are  considered  especially 
healthful  for  persons  having  pulmonary  complaints,  on  account  of  the 
dry  and  equable  climate.  The  mountain  region  is  noted  for  its  delightful 
summer  climate,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  of  travelers  and  excursionists. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


t  1 8 


Resources.  —  The  location,  drainage,  and  climate  of  South 
Carolina  combine  to  give  it  the  resources  of  a  great  agri¬ 
cultural  and  industrial  state.  All  its  lands  are  well  watered  ; 
its  soils  are  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  productions  ;  its 
streams  furnish  abundant  water-power,  and,  by  means  of  canals 
and  locks  around  their  rapids,  they  are  navigable  throughout 
nearly  the  whole  extent  of  their  courses  ;  while  the  harbors  on 
its  coast  are  among  the  finest  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

The  adaptation  of  the  soils  is  very  remarkable.  Along  the  coast  the 
swamps  and  marshes  produce  the  best  varieties  of  rice  and  long  Sea- 
island  cotton.  The  interior  swamps  are  adapted  to  rice,  cotton,  and 
farm  produce;  the  pine  lands,  to  long  cotton  and  general  farming: 
while  the  upland  region  produces  in  great  variety  the  staple  cereals, 
fruits,  and  vegetables  of  the  warm  temperate  zone. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  the  state  is  considerable.  There  are  found  in  the 
mountains  some  paying  deposits  of  gold,  which  have  been  worked  for 
about  fifty  years.  Building-stone  of  the  choicest  variety  is  found  in 
several  parts  of  the  state.  Very  rich  deposits  of  bone  phosphates, 
probably  the  most  extensive  in  the  world,  exist  in  the  vicinity  of 
Charleston,  and  in  the  marshes  and  river-beds  of  the  adjacent  coast. 

Industries.  —  In  the  development  of  the  resources  of  the 
state,  agriculture  has  naturally  received  the  first  attention  ;  but 
commerce  and  the  means  of  transportation  have  been  largely  ex¬ 
tended,  and  manufactures  are  also  being  considerably  developed. 

The  finest  cotton  known  to  commerce  is  that  which  is  grown  on  the  Sea 
Islands  of  South  Carolina.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  long  silky  fiber, 
and  is  much  used  in  the  production  of  the  finest  fabrics,  and  even  in 
the  adulteration  of  silk. 

Rice  is  more  extensively  produced  here  than  in  any  other  state.  South 
Carolina  was  the  first  pkce  on  the  American  continent  where  this 
cereal  was  cultivated,  the  seed  being  introduced  from  Madagascar. 

The  corn  crop  of  1882  amounted  to  over  16,000,000  bushels. 

Great  quantities  of  early  garden  fruits  and  vegetables  are  raised  in  the 
coast-region  for  shipment  to  the  northern  markets. 

Among  the  manufactures  the  most  important  are  mill  products,  cotton 
goods,  fertilizers,  lumber,  machinery,  tar,  and  turpentine. 

The  ports  of  Charleston,  Beaufort,  and  Georgetown,  enjoy 
a  large  coastwise  and  foreign  trade.  The  two  former  are  con¬ 
sidered  among  the  very  best  harbors  on  the  coast,  being  spa¬ 
cious,  and  securely  land-locked.  Important  trunk  lines  of 
railroad  from  the  North-western  States  are  projected  to  take 
advantage  of  these  harbors  as  shipping  points  for  the  produce 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

There  are  about  1,500  miles  of  railroad  in  the  state,  and 
several  short  canals  which  are  of  great  service  in  connection 
with  the  system  of  river  navigation. 

Government.  —  The  present  constitution  of  South  Carolina 
was  adopted  in  1868. 

The  executive  department  consists  of  a  governor,  lieutentant-governor. 
secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  comptroller-general,  attorney-general,  and 
superintendent  of  public  education.  All  are  elected  by  the  people  for 
terms  of  two  years  each. 

The  legislative  department  comprises  a  Senate  of  thirty-five  members, 
and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  mem¬ 
bers.  Each  county  elects  one  senator,  except  Charleston  County, 
which  elects  two.  Senators  are  elected  for  four  years,  and  representa¬ 
tives  for  two  years.  The  Legislature  meets  annually  the  fourth  Tues¬ 
day  in  November. 

Th t  judicial  department  embraces  a  supreme  court,  and  circuit,  probate, 
and  justices'  courts.  Supreme  and  circuit  judges  are  elected  by  the 
General  Assembly,  —  supreme  judges  for  six  years,  and  circuit  judges 
for  four  years.  Probate  judges  are  elected  by  the  people  in  each 
county  for  terms  of  two  years.  Justices  of  the  peace  are  appointed 
by  the  governor. 


South  Carolina  is  represented  in  the  National  Congress  by 
two  senators  and  seven  representatives,  and  hence  has  nine 
electoral  votes. 

Education.  —  The  interests  of  public  education  are  under 
the  supervision  of  a  state  board  of  examiners,  consisting  of 
the  superintendent  of  public  education,  and  four  persons  ap¬ 
pointed  by  the  governor  ;  and  of  county  boards  of  examiners, 
composed  of  the  county  school  commissioners,  and  two  other 
persons  appointed  by  the  state  board. 

The  public  schools  are  supported  entirely  by  taxation,  and  are  generally 
efficient  and  well  taught.  In  the  larger  towns  and  cities  are  excellent 
graded  schools,  in  which  both  elementary  and  higher  instruction  are 
given.  Excellent  private  academies  and  colleges  are  found  in  all  parts 
of  the  state. 

The  State  University  is  located  at  Columbia.  Claflin  University  (the 
South  Carolina  Agricultural  College)  is  at  Orangeburg.  The  State 
Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind,  is  at  Cedar  Spring. 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  Peabody  Fund  a  system  of  state  normal 
institutes  has  been  inaugurated,  and  is  in  flourishing  condition. 

History.  —  In  1670  a  party  of  English  emigrants,  under 
William  Sayle,  made  a  settlement  on  the  south  side  of  Ashley 
River.  This  was  the  first  permanent  settlement  within  the 
present  limits  of  South  Carolina. 

The  proprietors  of  this  colony  were  a  company  of  English  noblemen, 
the  chief  of  whom  was  Lord  Clarendon.  They  were  also  proprietors 
of  the  colony  planted  in  North  Carolina  a  few  years  previously;  and 
it  was  not  until  1729  that  the  two  colonies  became  royal  provinces,  and 
were  entirely  separated  in  their  interests.  From  that  date  they  were 
known  as  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina,  the  governor  being 
appointed  by  the  crown,  and  the  assembly  chosen  by  the  people. 

Charleston  was  built  in  1680,  and  became  the  capital  of  the  colony. 
During  the  early  years  there  were  frequent  collisions  with  the  Span¬ 
iards  and  the  Indians;  but  the  colonists  were  generally  triumphant. 
From  the  separation  of  the  Carolinas  till  the  time  of  the  Revolution 
there  was  a  continuous  period  of  growth  and  prosperity. 

Rice  became  the  staple  production,  and  the  rice-planters  of  South  Caro¬ 
lina  formed  a  wealthy  and  cultivated  class.  They  sent  their  sons  to 
be  educated  in  England;  and  thus  a  large  number  of  young  men  of 
fine  education  and  chivalric  spirit  grew  up,  and  were  ready  to  take  an 
important  part  in  the  struggle  with  the  mother-country.  The  popula¬ 
tion  of  South  Carolina  in  1776  was  180,000. 

Early  in  1776  the  colony  adopted  a  state  constitution,  and 
established  an  independent  government.  In  the  Revolutionary 
struggle  that  followed,  South  Carolina  took  a  prominent  part, 
and  several  important  actions  took  place  within  the  state.  For 
some  time  the  British  made  Charleston  the  base  of  their  opera¬ 
tions  in  the  South  ;  and  from  here  began  the  long  series  of 
operations  which  ended  in  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at 
Yorktown. 

Among  the  patriot  leaders  of  the  state  were  Marion,  Sumter,  Pickens, 
Jasper,  Hayne,  Laurens,  and  Horry.  Important  battles  were  fought  at 
Charleston,  Fort  Moultrie,  Camden,  Sanders’  Creek,  King’s  Mountain, 
Cowpens,  Eutaw  Springs,  and  Ninety-Six. 

After  the  organization  of  the  national  government,  South 
Carolina  took  a  leading  position  in  all  political  discussions, 
maintaining  strong  ground  in  favor  of  state  sovereignty  as 
opposed  to  the  views  generally  held  at  the  North.  More  than 
once  this  threatened  to  bring  about  serious  collisions  with  the 
general  government. 

These  questions  were  finally  brought  to  a  decisive  issue  by  the  act  of 
the  state  in  passing  the  ordinance  of  secession  Dec.  20,  i860.  The 
result  was  the  passage  of  similar  ordinances  by  all  the  other  Southern 
States,  and  the  war  of  1861-65. 


GEORGIA. 


1 19 


The  first  action  of  the  war  was  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter  by  the 
South  Carolina  troops,  under  Gen.  Beauregard,  which  resulted  in  the 
surrender  of  the  fortress  April  14,  1861.  The  state  suffered  severely 
during  the  war,  especially  in  the  close  blockade  of  its  ports,  the  mili¬ 
tary  occupation  of  its  coast,  and  the  destruction  caused  in  Sherman’s 
progress  through  the  country  in  the  closing  year  of  the  struggle. 

The  state  was  re-admitted  to  representation  in  Congress  in  1868,  and 
since  that  time  has  enjoyed  steady  growth  and  increasing  prosperity. 

Political  Divisions.  —  South  Carolina  is  divided  into  thirty- 
four  counties.  Among  the  most  important  cities  and  towns 
are  the  following  :  — 

Columbia  (10,036),  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  Congaree 
River  at  the  junction  of  the  Broad  and  Saluda  rivers.  The  city  is  well 
laid  out  with  broad  and  handsome  streets,  and  contains  many  beautiful 
public  and  private  buildings.  Among  the  former  are  the  capitol,  /city-hall, 
United  States  court-house,  and  several  excellent  school  buildings. 

The  city  has  superior  railroad  connections,  and  is  at  the  head  of  steam¬ 
boat  navigation  on  the  Congaree,  thus  having  the  advantages  of  a  large 
interior  trade.  Here  are  located  the  State  University,  the  asylum  for  the 
insane,  and  a  number  of  schools  and  seminaries  of  a  high  grade. 

Charleston  (49,984),  the  largest  city  and  commercial  metropolis  of  the 
state,  is  located  on  a  small  peninsula  between  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers, 
about  five  miles  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  rivers  unite  at  this  point 
to  form  a  broad  and  spacious  harbor,  which  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Atlan¬ 
tic  seaboard.  The  city  has  about  nine  miles  of  harbor  front,  is  beautifully 
built,  and  its  streets  are  ornamented  with  magnificent  shade-trees  and 


spacious  lawns.  The  city  is  connected  by  railroad  and  by  river  navigation 
with  all  parts  of  the  state,  and  has  lines  of  steamers  connecting  it  with  all 
the  larger  cities  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  chief  exports  are  rice,  cotton, 
lumber,  phosphates,  and  pine  products. 

Charleston  has  many  fine  public  buildings.  The  city  maintains  a 
superior  system  of  public  schools,  and  also  has  a  large  number  of  excellent 
private  schools  and  benevolent  institutions. 

The  leading  manufactures  are  of  fertilizers,  machinery,  chemicals,  ship 
stores,  mill  products,  etc. 


Greenville  —  county  seat  of  Greenville  County. 
The  leading  place  in  the  mountain  section. 
Manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  iron,  and 
lumber.  Excellent  educational  advantages. 
Favorite  summer  resort  on  account  of  the 
delightful  climate.  Seat  of  Furman  Univer¬ 
sity  (Baptist). 

Spartanburg — in  Spartanburg  County.  Rail¬ 
road  center,  with  large  local  trade.  Manu¬ 
factures  of  carriages,  brick,  etc.  Good 
schools.  Seat  of  Wofford  College  (Method¬ 
ist). 

Georgetown  —  on  Winyaw  Bay,  fourteen 'miles 
from  the  ocean.  A  port  of  entry,  with  good 
harbor,  and  large  river  trade.  Manufactures 
of  lumber,  turpentine,  etc. 

Beaufort  and  Port  Royal  — in  Beaufort  County, 
in  the  center  of  the  Sea-island  cotton  district. 
Good  harbor,  and  large  commercial  facili¬ 
ties. 

Newberry  —  in  Newberry  County.  A  growing 
town.  Has  extensive  granite  quarries. 
Large  trade  in  cotton.  Good  schools.  Seat  : 
of  Newberry  College  (Lutheran). 


Orangeburg  —  in  Orangeburg  County.  Is  a  thriv¬ 
ing  town,  with  large  local  trade.  Here  is 
Claflin  University  for  colored  pupils,  which 
is  also  a  State  Agricultural  College. 

Sumter  —  in  Sumter  County.  Is  in  the  heart  of  a 
fine  agricultural  region,  and  has  a  large 
trade  and  considerable  manufactures. 

Abbeville,  Greenwood,  and  Cokesbury  —  are 
important  places  in  Abbeville  County,  hav¬ 
ing  large  trade,  and  good  school  advantages. 

Aiken  and  Graniteville  —  are  growing  towns  in 
Aiken  County.  The  former  is  noted  as  a 
winter  resort  for  invalids.  The  latter  has 
large  cotton  mills. 

Chester  and  Winnsborough  —  are  important 
railroad  towns  on  the  railroad  north  of  Col¬ 
umbia. 

Yorkville,  Lancaster,  Camden,  Cheraw, 
Darlington,  and  Marion  —  are  also  places 
worthy  of  mention  in  the  northern  and 
north-eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Walhalla,  Anderson,  Laurens,  and  Pickens  — 
are  county  seats  of  their  respective  counties 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state. 


GEORGIA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

boundaries.  —  What  two  states  border  Georgia  on  the  north?  What 
rivet  and  ocean  form  its  eastern  boundary?  What  state  borders  it  on  the 
south?  What  two  states  border  it  on  the  west?  Through  how  many 
degrees  of  longitude  does  Georgia  extend?  Through  how  many  degrees 
of  latitude  does  it  extend? 

Seacoast.  —  How  many  miles  of  seacoast  has  Georgia?  Name  the  prin¬ 
cipal  sounds  on  the  coast.  Name  the  principal  islands  off  the  coast. 

Surface.  —  What  part  of  the  state  is  mountainous?  The  mountains  of 
Georgia  form  part  of  what  system  ?  What  mountain-range  in  the  north¬ 
western  part  of  the  state?  What  great  swamp  is  in  the  south-eastern  part? 

Rivers.  —  In  what  general  direction  do  most  of  the  rivers  of  Georgia 
flow?  Name  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  What 
river  flows  between  Georgia  and  South  Carolina?  What  are  the  two  prin¬ 
cipal  tributaries  of  the  Savannah  River  in  Georgia?  What  two  rivers  unite 
to  form  the  Altamaha?  What  river  flows  into  St.  Andrew’s  Sound?  What 
river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Florida?  What 
river  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  rises  near  the  source  of  the  Savannah 
River?  What  two  rivers  unite  at  Rome  to  form  the  Coosa? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Tennessee?  On  North  Carolina? 
What  counties  border  on  the  Savannah  River?  What  counties  border  on 
the  Atlantic  Ocean?  Name  the  counties  bordering  on  Florida.  [In  what 
county  do  you  live?  What  counties  adjoin  it?] 

Cities  and  Towns. — What  and  where  is  the  state  capital?  Describe 
the  location  of  Savannah  with  reference  to  its  natural  and  political  situation. 
In  what  county  and  on  what  river  is  Augusta?  Columbus?  Rome?  In 
what  part  of  the  state  is  Brunswick?  Athens?  Macon?  What  county 
towns  are  on  the  railroad  between  Chattanooga  (Tenn.)  and  Atlanta?  Be¬ 
tween  Atlanta  and  Augusta?  Between  Atlanta  and  Macon?  Between 
Macon  and  Brunswick?  [What  is  the  county  town  of  your  county?] 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  59,475  square  miles.  Population,  1,542,180.) 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  Georgia  is  situated  between  lati¬ 
tude  30°  21"  and  350  north,  and  longitude  8o°  48'  and  85°  40' 
west  from  Greenwich. 

The  shape  of  the  state  is  an  irregular  oblong,  the  northern 
and  southern  boundaries  being  very  nearly  parallel,  while  the 
eastern  and  western  lines  converge  somewhat  toward  the 
north.  The  greatest  length  (from  north  to  south)  is  320  miles  ; 
the  greatest  breadth,  255  miles.  It  borders  on  five  different 
states,  and  upon  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  which  it  ’  as  no  miles 
of  coast. 

Surface.  —  Georgia  is  naturally  divided  into  tl  ee  sections, 
—  Northern  Georgia,  Middle  Georgia,  and  Southern  Georgia. 

Northern  Georgia  is  a  mountainous  region  in  which  the  southern  spurs 
of  the  Appalachian  mountain-system  rise  to  a  considerable  height  in 
broken  ridges,  and  give  the  country  a  rugged  and.diversified  surface. 

Middle  Georgia  extends  from  the  foot-hills  of  the  Alleghanies  and  the 
Blue  Ridge  to  a  line  running  a  little  south  of  west,  —  from  Augusta  on 
the  Savannah  to  Columbus  on  the  Chattahoochee  River.  The  surface 
of  this  section  is  somewhat  broken  and  rolling:  the  streams  are  rapid, 
and  are  interrupted  by  frequent  falls. 

Southern  Georgia,  occupying  about  three-fifths  of  the  state,  is  a  great 
plain  sloping  gently  towards  the  ocean  on  one  hand,  and  towards  the 
Gulf  on  the  other.  Vast  areas  are  covered  by  pine-forests,  the  streams 
are  broad  and  sluggish,  and  near  the  coast  and  on  the  southern  boun- 


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12  i 


dary  there  are  rich  alluvial  tracts  interspersed  with  extensive  swamps. 
The  coast  is  lined  with  low  islands  separated  from  the  mainland  by 
shallow  sounds  and  inlets. 

The  dividing  line  between  Middle  and  Southern  Georgia  is  marked  by 
great  changes  in  the  level  of  the  country,  and  in  the  soil  and  surface 
features.  On  this  line  are  located  some  of  the  most  prosperous 
towns  in  the  state,  which  owe  their  growth  and  wealth  mainly  to  the 
unlimited  water-power  furnished  by  the  rivers  in  this  part  of  their 
courses. 

Drainage.  —  A  few  counties  in  the  extreme  northern  part 
of  the  state  are  drained  by  streams  which  reach  the  Gulf 
through  the  Mississippi.  The  remainder  of  the  state  is  about 
equally  divided  between  the  Atlantic  system  and  the  Gulf 
system  proper. 

The  head  waters  of  the  Hiawassee,  belonging  to  the  Mississippi  system, 
of  the  Tallulah,  belonging  to  the  Atlantic  system,  and  of  the  Chatta¬ 
hoochee,  belonging  to  the  Gulf  system,  are  only  a  few  miles  apart 
in  the  north-eastern 
part  of  the  state,  on 
the  different  slopes 
of  the  Tallulah 
Mountains. 

The  chief  rivers  of  the 
Atlantic  system  are 
the  Savannah,  Ogee- 
chee,  Altamaha 
(formed  from  the 
union  of  the  Oconee 
and  Ocmulgee),  Sa- 
tilla,  and  St.  Mary’s. 

Of  the  Gulf  system 
the  principal  rivers 
are  the  Chattahoo¬ 
chee  and  Flint, 
which  unite  at  the 
south-western  cor¬ 
ner  of  the  state  to 
form  the  Appalach- 
icola. 

Climate. — The  cli¬ 
mate  of  Georgia  is 
subtropical  in  its 
character  ;  but  the 
heat  is  greatly  modi¬ 
fied  by  the  prevailing 
winds  from  the  At¬ 
lantic  and  Gulf  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  and  by  the 
high  altitude  of  the  middle  and  northern  districts. 

Rainfall  is  abundant;  but  snow  is  seldom  seen,  except  in  the  extreme 
northern  parts.  All  parts  of  the  state,  except  the  malarial  districts 
along  the  coast,  are  very  healthful,  the  mountain  region  and  the  pine 
belts  being  much  resorted  to  by  invalids. 

Resources.  —  The  natural  wealth  of  Georgia  is  very  great. 
From  the  fertile  mountain-valleys  of  the  north  to  the  rich 
alluvial  marshes  and  sea  islands  along  the  coast,  the  state  pos¬ 
sesses  every  variety  of  soil.  Her  forests  abound  in  hard  and 
soft  pines,  live-oak,  and  other  valuable  woods.  Her  varied 
climate  favors  the  growth  of  most  of  the  fruits,  grains,  and 
vegetables  of  the  temperate  and  tropical  zones.  Her  rivers 
furnish  unlimited  water-power,  and  many  of  them  are  navigable 
for  long  distances.  The  mountains  of  Northern  Georgia  yield 
iron,  copper,  lead,  coal,  and  the  precious  metals ;  and  excellent 
building  stone  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 


The  commercial  advantages  of  the  state  are  worthy  of  note.  Excellent 
harbors  at  Savannah,  Darien,  Brunswick,  and  St.  Mary’s,  combined 
with  an  extensive  system  of  river  and  canal  navigation,  and  railroads, 
furnish  the  facilities  for  a  large  inland,  foreign,  and  coasting  trade. 

Industries.  —  Agriculture  is  the  basis  of  the  industrial  sys¬ 
tem  of  Georgia  ;  but  the  natural  resources  are  so  great  and 
varied,  that  nearly  every  branch  of  industry  is  largely  followed 
within  the  limits  of  the  state.  Among  the  most  prominent  of 
these  are  the  manufacture  of  lumber  and  pine  products  (tar, 
turpentine,  and  rosin)  ;  the  mining  of  iron,  coal,  and  precious 
metals  ;  the  quarrying  of  granite,  limestone,  and  marble  ;  the 
smelting  of  iron  and  steel ;  and  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and 
woolen  fabrics.  The  business  of  transportation  by  water  and 
by  railroad,  and  the  varied  interests  of  trade  and  commerce, 
also  absorb  large  numbers  of  workmen. 

In  the  production  of  cotton,  rice,  and  sweet  potatoes,  Georgia  ranks 

second  according  to  the 
census  of  1880.  Regard¬ 
ing  the  production  of  cot¬ 
ton,  the  census  report 
says,  “  The  high  position 
of  Georgia  is  due,  not  to 
natural  advantages,  but 
to  better  cultivation  of 
the  soil,  the  use  of  fertil¬ 
izers,  and  the  thrift  of  an 
industrious  population.” 
The  production  of  cotton  in 
1880  was  814,000  bales; 
of  corn,  23,202,000  bush¬ 
els  ;  of  wheat,  3,548,000 
bushels;  of  oats,  3,150,- 
000  bushels.  The  corn 
crop  of  1882  was  over 
32,000,000  bushels.  In 
the  northern  part  of  the 
state  the  herding  of  sheep 
is  largely  followed,  and 
the  wool  product  is  rapid¬ 
ly  increasing. 

Georgia  is  becoming  a  great 
lumbering  state,  the  pine- 
forests  yielding  the  choi- 
court-house,  Atlanta.  cest  variety  of  hard  pine, 

and  the  live-oak  being 
especially  adapted  to  ship¬ 
building.  The  manufacture  of  turpentine  and  other  pine  products  has 
assumed  vast  proportions,  Georgia  being  one  of  the  leading  states  in 
this  industry. 

In  the  production  of  iron  Georgia  ranks,  according  to  the  census  of 
1880,  as  the  eleventh  state  in  the  value  of  the  product.  The  gold 
mines  of  the  northern  section  have  produced  about  $7,000,000  since 
they  were  first  opened. 

In  the  manufacture  of  cotton  fabrics  Georgia  ranks  as  the  first  state  in 
the  South,  the  mills  giving  employment  to  about  ten  thousand  opera¬ 
tives.  The  cotton-mills  at  Augusta  and  Columbus  are  very  extensive, 
and  are  not  surpassed  anywhere  for  the  perfection  of  their  machinery, 
and  the  quality  of  their  product. 

The  raising  of  early  fruits  and  vegetables  for  the  northern  market  is  a 
growing  industry. 

There  are  over  2,600  miles  of  railroad  in  the  state.  Several 
short  canals  are  of  service  to  navigation  by  connecting  the 
upper  and  lower  courses  of  some  of  the  large  rivers. 

Government.  —  The  present  constitution  of  Georgia  was 
adopted  in  1877.  Its  provisions  are  most  liberal  and  equitable, 
and  it  is  considered  a  model  instrument  of  its  kind. 


BONAVENTURE  CEMETERY,  SAVANNAH. 


122 


GEORGIA. 


The  legislative  department ,  the  General  Assembly,  consists  of  a  Senate 
of  forty-four  members,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  one  hundred 
and  seventy-five  members.  Senators  and  representatives  are  each 
elected  for  two  years.  The  General  Assembly  meets  biennially  the 
first  day  of  November  of  even  years,  and  the  sessions  are  limited  to 
forty  days. 

The  executive  department  comprises  a  governor,  secretary  of  state, 
treasurer,  comptroller-general,  and  attorney-general  (all  of  whom  are 
elected  by  the  people  for  terms  of  two  years  each),  and  of  a  com¬ 
missioner  of  education,  who  is  appointed  by  the  governor  for  the  same 
time.  The  general  election  for  state  officers  occurs  on  the  first 
Wednesday  of  October  of  even  years. 

The  jiidicial  department  embraces  a  Supreme  Court  (consisting  of  a 
chief  justice  and  two  associates),  superior  courts,  courts  of  ordinary,  and 
justices’  courts.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  and  superior  courts  are 
chosen  by  the  General  Assembly  for  terms  of  four  years  each.  The 
ordinaries  (judges  of  county  courts)  and  justices  of  the  peace  are 
elected  by  the  people,  —  the  former  for  four  years,  the  latter  for  two 
years. 

The  state  of  Georgia  is  represented  in  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  by  two  senators  and  ten  representatives,  and 
thus  has  twelve  votes  in  the  electoral  college. 

Education.  —  The  interests  of  public  education  in  the  state 
are  under  the  general  direction  of  a  state  school  commissioner 
and  a  state  board  of  education.  Each  county,  except  four 
which  are  organized  under  special  laws,  also  has  a  county 
school  commissioner  and  a  board  of  education. 


The  state  was  early  overrun  by  the  British;  and  in  1778  Savannah  was 
captured,  and  made  the  base  of  operations  in  the  South.  The  Georgia 
patriots,  however,  kept  up  an  active  partisan  warfare,  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  success  of  the  American  cause  in  the  Carolina  cam¬ 
paigns. 

The  last  action  of  the  Revolutionary  war  was  a  skirmish,  which  occurred 
near  Savannah,  June  24,  1782. 

The  growth  of  Georgia  since  the  Revolution  has  been  steady;  and,  by 
reason  of  her  natural  wealth  and  varied  industries,  she  has  won  the 
title  of  the  “Empire  State  of  the  South.” 

Georgia  passed  the  ordinance  of  secession  Jan.  19,  1861  ; 
and  during  the  civil  war  the  state  witnessed  some  of  the 
severest  battles  of  that  struggle. 

The  coast  was  early  the  scene  of  active  operations.  The  forts  and 
arsenals  within  the  state  were  seized  by  the  state  authorities  before 
the  outbreak  of  the  war.  Several  important  naval  actions  took  place 
in  Savannah  harbor  and  at  Darien,  Brunswick,  and  St.  Mary’s.  In 
the  latter  half  of  the  war  occurred  the  important  battles  of  Chicka- 
mauga(on  the  Tennessee  state  line),  Ringgold,  Dalton,  Resaca,  Carters- 
ville,  Altoona  Pass,  Dallas,  and  Kenesaw  Mountain.  This  series  of 
battles  ended  with  the  capture  of  Atlanta,  which  was  followed  by 
Sherman’s  march  from  that  city  across  the  heart  of  the  state  to 
Savannah. 

In  December,  1870,  the  state  was  restored  to  its  representation  in  Congress 
after  an  interval  of  nearly  ten  years  of  civil  war  and  reconstruction. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Georgia,  for  the  purposes  of  local 
government,  is  divided  into  137  counties. 


The  schools  are  supported  by  local  taxation,  and  by  the  proceeds  of  cer¬ 
tain  taxes  and  rentals  set  apart  by  the  constitution  or  by  statute  for 
that  purpose.  Considerable  sums  are  also  annually  appropriated 
from  the  Peabody  Fund,  for  the  support  of  teachers’  institutes  and 
normal  instruction. 

A  number  of  the  chief  cities  have  separate  boards  of  education  and 
superintendents ;  and  in  four  counties  the  city  and  county  schools  are 
united  under  the  supervision  of  one  board  of  education  and  superin¬ 
tendent  for  each  county. 

All  the  larger  cities  and  towns  have  excellent  systems  of  graded  and  high 
schools.  Special  normal  instruction  is  provided  for  in  the  high  schools 
of  Atlanta,  Augusta,  Macon,  and  Savannah,  in  the  State  University 
and  its  branches,  in  the  Haven  Normal  School  at  Waynesborough,  and 
in  the  Atlanta  University. 

The  State  University  is  located  at  Athens,  with  branches  at  Dahlonega, 
Milledgeville,  Cuthbert,  and  Thomasville;  the  Institution  for  the  Edu¬ 
cation  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is  at  Cave  Spring;  and  the  Academy 
for  the  Blind  is  at  Macon. 

There  are  also  a  number  of  excellent  private  colleges,  academies,  and 
professional  schools  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

History.  —  Georgia  was  the  last  of  the  original  thirteen 
states  settled  before  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  In 
February,  1733,  the  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at 
Savannah  by  a  company  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  emigrants 
under  the  lead  of  Gen.  James  Oglethorpe. 

Owing  to  frequent  collisions  with  the  Spaniards  and  Indians  of  Florida, 
and  to  restrictions  on  slavery  and  general  trade  imposed  by  the  pro¬ 
prietors  of  the  colony,  its  growth  was  very  slow  for  a  number  of  years. 
In  1752  Georgia  became  a  royal  province,  with  a  governor  appointed 
by  the  king,  and  a  Legislature  elected  by  the  people.  From  that  time 
her  growth  in  wealth  and  population  was  very  rapid ;  and  at  the  com¬ 
mencement  of  the  Revolution  she  was  one  of  the  most  prosperous  of 
the  colonies. 

Georgia  was  represented  in  the  Second  Continental  Congress 
which  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  An  independ¬ 
ent  state  government  was  organized,  and  a  constitution  adopted, 
in  1 777. 


The  counties  are  subdivided  into  militia  districts.  According  to  the 
census  of  1880,  there  are  in  the  state  1,205  militia  districts,  24  cities, 
and  176  towns  and  villages. 

The  following  are  among  the  most  important  cities  and 
towns  :  — 


Atlanta  (37,409),  capital  of  the  state,  and  county  seat  of  Fulton  County, 
is  the  largest  and  most  enterprising  city  in  the  state.  Its  situation  on  the 
high  ridge,  or  watershed,  between  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  systems  of  rivers, 
is  remarkably  pleasant  and  healthful.  It  is  an  important  railroad  center, 
and  its  trade  is  annually  increasing,  especially  in  the  great  staples  of  cotton 
and  tobacco,  and  manufactured  goods.  The  chief  manufactures  are  of 
iron,  cotton  goods,  paper,  flour,  etc. 

The  public  schools,  including  two  excellent  high  schools,  rank  with  the 
best  in  the  country;  and  there  are  also  a  number  of  private  educational  and 
professional  institutions  of  a  superior  grade. 

Savannah  (30,709),  county  seat  of  Chatham  County,  is  situated  on  an 
excellent  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  River,  and  is  the  most 
important  commercial  city  of  Georgia.  It  is  handsomely  and  substantially 
built.  Its  commercial  relations  with  American  and  foreign  ports  are  very 
extensive ;  and  in  the  shipment  of  cotton  it  ranks  as  the  second  city  in  the 
United  States.  Other  exports  are  rice,  lumber,  and  pine  products. 

The  city  has  important  connections  with  the  interior  of  the  state  by 
means  of  railroads  and  river  navigation. 

Augusta  (21,891),  on  the  Savannah  River,  231  miles  from  its  mouth,  is 
the  third  city  in  the  state.  It  has  the  advantages  of  good  shipping  facilities 
by  rail  and  river,  and  has  an  immense  water-power,  which  is  largely  utilized 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods ;  in  which  industry  Augusta  is  the  lead¬ 
ing  city  of  the  South.  The  city  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  contains  many 
fine  buildings.  There  are  also  superior  public  and  private  schools. 


Macon  —  county  seat  of  Bibb  County.  Situated 
on  both  sides  of  the  Ocmulgee  River.  Six 
railroads  meet  here,  giving  excellent  con¬ 
nections  in  all  directions.  Extensive  manu¬ 
factures  of  iron,  machinery,  cotton  goods, 
etc.  Large  wholesale  and  retail  trade, 
Good  graded  and  high  schools.  Seat  of  the 
Academy  for  the  Blind,  Mercer  LTniversity, 
Wesleyan  Female  College,  Pio  Nono  Col¬ 
lege,  Mt.  de  Sales  Academy,  Alexander  Free 
School,  etc. 

Columbus  —  county  seat  of  Muscogee  County, 


on  the  Chattahoochee  River.  The  city  has 
extensive  water-power.  Manufactures  of 
cotton  and  woolen  goods,  flour,  engines, 
and  machinery.  Superior  advantages  for 
shipping  by  railroad  and  steamboats.  Good 
educational  facilities. 

Athens  —  county  seat  of  Clarke  County,  a  flour¬ 
ishing  city  of  Upper  Georgia.  The  sur¬ 
rounding  country  is  fertile,  and  the  city 
enjoys  a  large  trade.  Extensive  cotton  trade 
and  manufactures.  Seat  of  the  State  Uni¬ 
versity. 


ALABAMA. 


123 


Rome  —  county  seat  of  Floyd  County,  a  thriv¬ 
ing  city  of  Northern  Georgia.  Has  good 
water-power,  used  in  manufactures  of  lum¬ 
ber,  iron,  and  machinery.  Good  railroad 
connections,  and  large  trade. 

Milledgeville  —  county  seat  of  Baldwin  County, 
and  former  capital  of  the  state.  Seat  of  the 
state  insane  asylum,  and  of  a  branch  of  the 
State  University.  Railroad  facilities,  and 
large  local  trade. 

In  Northern  Georgia  the  most  important  places 


not  above  mentioned  are  Dalton,  a  growing 
railroad  and  manufacturing  city;  Carters- 
ville,  the  trading  center  for  an  important 
mining  district;  Gainesville,  in  Hall  Coun¬ 
ty,  noted  for  its  mineral  springs;  and  Dah- 
lonega,  center  of  the  gold-mining  district, 
and  seat  of  North  Georgia  Agricultural 
College. 

Middle  Georgia,  though  occupying  but  one-fifth 
of  the  state,  has  within  its  limits  a  majority 
of  the  finest  towns  and  cities  in  Georgia. 


In  addition  to  several  already  described,  are 
the  following:  Griffin,  an  important  railroad 
and  trading  center  in  Spalding  County; 
La  Grange  and  West  Point,  railroad 
and  manufacturing  towns  in  Troup  County, 
noted  for  their  educational  advantages; 
Marietta,  in  Cobb  County,  a  favorite  win¬ 
ter  and  summer  resort;  Washington,  a 
local  trading  center,  and  terminus  of  a 
branch  railroad;  and  Newman,  an  im¬ 
portant  railroad  junction  in  Coweta  County. 


Madison,  Greensborough,  Conyers, 
Eatonton,  Forsyth,  Jonesborough, 
Warrenton,  Talboton,  Elberton,  and 
Carrollton  are  nearly  all  county  seats  and 
railroad  towns  which  enjoy  a  large  local  trade. 

Among  the  leading  places  in  Southern  Georgia 
are  Americus,  Albany,  Thomasville, 
Brunswick,  Hawkinsville,  Bainbridge, 
Valdosta,  Cuthbert,  Dawson, — all  of 
them  county  seats  of  their  counties,  with  ex¬ 
cellent  railroad  and  commercial  advantages. 


ALABAMA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  state  borders  Alabama  on  the  north?  What  state 
borders  it  on  the  east?  What  state  forms  part  of  its  southern  boundary? 
What  forms  the  remainder  of  the  southern  boundary?  What  state  borders 
it  on  the  west?  Through  how  many  degrees  of  longitude  does  Alabama 
extend?  Through  how  many  degrees  of  latitude  does  it  extend?  How 
many  miles  of  seacoast  has  the  state  ? 

Surface.  —  What  part  of  Alabama  is  mountainous  or  hilly  ?  Judg¬ 
ing  from  the  course  of  the  rivers,  in  what  direction  does  the  surface 
slope  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  great  river  enters  Alabama  at  its  north-eastern  extremity, 
and  leaves  it  at  its  north-western  ?  What  shoals  in  this  river  between 
Decatur  and  Florence  ?  What  is  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Tennessee 
from  the  north?  What  two  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Alabama  River?  The 
Tombigbee  River?  Into  what  bay  do  the  Tombigbee  and  Alabama  rivers 
flow?  What  river  forms  a  boundary  between  Alabama  and  Georgia?  Be¬ 
tween  Alabama  and  Florida  ?  What  two  rivers  flow  from  Alabama  through 
Florida  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Tennessee?  On  Georgia?  On 
Florida?  On  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  On  Mississippi?  In  what  county  is 
the  state  capital  ?  [In  what  county  do  you  live  ?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Describe  the  location  of  the  capital  with  reference 
to  its  natural  and  political  situation.  What  is  the  only  seaport  in  the  state? 
In  what  county  and  on  what  river  is  Selma?  Eufaula  ?  Locate  Huntsville, 
Athens,  Decatur,  Tuscaloosa,  Birmingham,  Marion.  What  county  towns 
on  the  railroad  between  West  Point  and  Montgomery?  Between  Mont¬ 
gomery  and  Mobile?  Between  Montgomery  and  Decatur?  [What  is  the 
county  town  of  the  county  in  which  you  live  ?] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  52,250  square  miles.  Population,  1,262,505 .] 

Situation  and  Extent. — Alabama,  one  of  the  Gulf  states, 
lies  between  30°  10'  and  350  north  latitude,  and  between  84° 
53'  and  88°  30'  west  longitude.  Its  outline  is  oblong  and 
regular,  excepting  a  projection  about  fifty-five  miles  square  on 
the  south-west,  where  the  state  extends  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Its  greatest  length  (from  north  to  south)  is  335  miles,  and 
its  greatest  breadth  is  200  miles. 

Surface.  —  In  surface  features  Alabama  resembles  the  other 
states  which  occupy  the  south-eastern  slope  of  the  Appala¬ 
chian  mountain-system. 

Like  these  states,  Alabama  has  a  mountain  region  and  a  coast-region, 
with  a  clearly  defined  central  region  between  the  two. 


The  mountain  region  of  Northern  Alabama  consists  of  the  last  low  spurs 
of  the  Alleghany  and  Cumberland  mountains,  with  the  rich,  broad 
valley  of  the  Tennessee  lying  between. 

Central  Alabama  embraces  an  upper  and  a  lower  terrace ;  the  former 
containing  the  foot-hills,  with  rapid  streams  and  frequent  falls,  and  the 
latter  consisting  very  largely  of  rolling  prairie. 

Southern  Alabama,  occupying  the  low  coast-region,  is  a  broad  alluvial 
plain.  The  streams  are  generally  slow ;  and  broad  sluggish  bayous  are 
frequent  in  the  south-western  part. 

Drainage.  —  Eight  counties  in  the  north  western  part  of  the 
state  are  drained  through  the  Tennessee,  and  thus  belong  to 
the  great  Mississippi  valley.  The  remainder  of  the  state  be¬ 
longs  to  the  Gulf  system;  and  fully  two-thirds  of  the  drainage 
flows  into  the  Gulf  through  Mobile  Bay. 

The  Mobile  River  is  formed  from  the  union  of  the  Alabama  and  Tom¬ 
bigbee  rivers.  The  Alabama  receives  the  waters  of  the  Cahaba,  the 
Coosa,  and  the  Tallapoosa.  The  Tombigbee's  principal  tributaries 
are  the  Sipsey  and  Black  Warrior.  Besides  these  rivers  of  the  Mobile 
valley,  the  other  principal  ones  are  the  Escambia,  Conecuh,  Choctaw- 
hatchee,  and  Chattahoochee,  all  of  which  cross  the  southern  border  of 
the  state,  and  flow  through  Florida  to  the  Gulf. 

The  Tennessee  has  no  important  tributaries  in  Alabama. 

Climate.  — Alabama  has  a  very  even  and  healthful  climate. 
The  eastern  and  south-eastern  parts  of  the  state  are  tempered 
by  the  prevailing  winds,  which  are  from  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Gulf ;  and  thus  the  climate  is  especially  agreeable.  The  heat 
and  cold  both  are  greater  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
where  the  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  west ;  but  nowhere 
are  the  winters  severe ;  and  snow  and  ice  are  rarely  seen,  even 
in  the  most  elevated  parts  of  Northern  Alabama. 

Resources.  —  The  different  parts  of  the  state  have  varied 
and  abundant  natural  resources. 

The  timber  region ,  as  Southern  Alabama  is  commonly  called,  extends 
across  the  southern  portion  of  the  state,  and  is  covered  with  forests  of 
yellow  pine  which  yield  excellent  timber.  The  streams  are  slow  and 
deep,  and  thus  are  navigable  for  steamers,  besides  furnishing  cheap 
transportation  for  immense  rafts  of  lumber  and  logs. 

The  cotton  region ,  occupying  the  lower  terrace  of  Central  Alabama,  is 
from  sixty  to  a  hundred  miles  wide ;  and  its  rich  prairie  soils  are  an 
exhaustless  source  of  wealth  to  the  agriculturist. 

The  upper  terrace  of  Central  Alabama  is  called  the  agricultural  and 
manufacturmg  region ,  and  extends  across  the  state  with  a  width  of 
about  thirty-five  miles.  The  streams  afford  unlimited  water-power,  and 
the  valleys  are  very  productive.  The  timber  is  mainly  hard  wood. 


124 


ALABAMA. 


The  eight  counties  of  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  form  the  stock  and 
agricultural  region  of  the  state.  The  soil  is  rich  and  strong.  The 
principal  grains  are  raised  in  great  abundance ;  and  the  fine  native 
grasses  are  especially  adapted  to  stock-raising. 

The  remainder  of  Northern  Alabama  constitutes  the  mineral  region. 
This  district  abounds  in  coal,  iron,  plumbago,  marble,  limestone, 
granite,  etc. 

Industries.  —  The  resources  of  Alabama  easily  determine 
its  industrial  character.  Lumbering,  cotton-planting,  milling, 
manufacturing,  grazing,  and  general  farming  are  the  leading 
industries.  Large  numbers  are  also  engaged  in  the  various 
enterprises  of  commerce,  trade,  and  transportation. 

The  lumber  interests  of  Southern  Alabama  are  just  beginning  to  receive 
systematic  development;  and  the  state  is  taking  a  high  rank  in  the 
production  of  yellow  pine,  turpentine,  and  naval  stores.  Large  amounts 
of  capital,  and  many  thousands  of  laborers,  are  thus  employed. 

In  the  production  of  cotton,  Alabama  ranks  as  the  fourth  state,  the  prod¬ 
uct  in  1880  being  nearly  700,000  bales.  The  same  year  there  were 
produced  25,451,000  bushels  of  corn,  3,039,000  bushels  of  oats,  and 
1,529,000  bushels  of  wheat.  According  to  the  report  of  the  national 
department  of  agriculture,  the 
corn  crop  of  1882  was  nearly 
40,000,000  bushels.  The  pro¬ 
duction  of  cotton-seed  oil  is  a 
growing  industry. 

The  number  of  farms  in  the 
state  more  than  doubled  in 
the  ten  years  from  1870  to 
1880,  increasing  from  67,382, 
in  1870,  to  135,864,  in  1880. 

But  the  greatest  industrial  de¬ 
velopment  in  Alabama  has 
been  in  the  production  of  iron 
and  coal.  In  the  census  of 
1870  the  state  was  not  men¬ 
tioned  as  an  iron-producing 
state.  In  1880  it  ranked  as 
seventh  in  the  country. 

Coal  and  limestone  of  the  best 
quality  for  the  reduction  of 
ores  are  mined  in  the  same 
hills  that  yield  exhaustless 
stores  of  the  richest  iron 
ores ;  and  thus  the  state  fur¬ 
nishes  a  field  for  the  highest 
development  of  this  industry. 

There  are  about  2,000  miles  of  railroad  in  Alabama,  and  over  1,500  miles 
of  steam  navigation.  These  employ  large  numbers  of  the  population, 
and  afford  cheap  and  easy  transportation  for  the  products  of  the  farm, 
the  mine,  and  the  forest. 

Education.  —  The  interests  of  education  in  Alabama  are 
under  charge  of  a  state  superintendent  of  education,  a  county 
superintendent,  and  county  board  of  education,  in  each  county, 
and  superintendents  and  boards  of  education  in  several  of  the 
larger  cities. 

Graded  schools  of  much  excellence  are  established  in  most 
of  the  cities  and  larger  towns.  In  these  are  taught  all  grades 
of  students,  from  the  primary  department  to  the  high  school. 

The  State  University  is  located  at  Tuscaloosa;  the  Institution  for  the 
Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind,  is  at  Talladega;  and  the  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  is  at  Auburn.  The  normal  school  for  white  teach¬ 
ers  is  at  Florence.  The  colored  normal  schools  are  at  Huntsville, 
Tuskagee,  and  Marion. 

In  all  parts  of  the  state  are  found  numerous  seminaries  and  colleges 
maintained  by  church  patronage  or  private  enterprise ;  and  some  of 
these  are  of  the  highest  character  and  excellence. 


Government.  —  The  present  state  constitution  was  adopted 
in  1868;  but  a  number  of  important  amendments  have  been 
made  since  that  time. 

The  legislative  department ,  the  General  Assembly,  comprises  a  Senate 
of  thirty-three  members,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  a  hun¬ 
dred  members.  The  senators  are  elected,  one-half  every  two  years, 
for  terms  of  four  years,  and  representatives  for  terms  of  two  years. 
The  General  Assembly  meets  biennially  on  the  first  Tuesday  in 
November,  even  years  ;  and  the  session  is  limited  to  fifty  days. 

The  executive  department  consists  of  a  governor,  secretary  of  state, 
treasurer,  auditor,  attorney-general,  and  superintendent  of  education. 
All  these  officers  are  elected  by  the  people  for  terms  of  two  years 
each. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  and  of  chancery, 
circuit,  probate,  county,  municipal,  and  justices’  courts. 

The  regular  state  election  is  held  the  first  Monday  in  August  of  even 
years. 

Alabama  sends  two  senators  and  eight  representatives  to  the  Congress 
of  the  Linked  States. 

History.  —  The  first  permanent  white  settlement  within  the 

limits  of  Alabama  was  made 
at  Mobile  by  the  French  in 
171 1. 

Alabama,  north  of  latitude  31 0 
north,  belonged  in  turn  to 
Georgia,  Mississippi  territory, 
and  Alabama  territory,  until 
the  admission  of  the  latter  as 
a  state  in  1819.  The  part 
south  of  the  thirty-first  parallel 
was  claimed  and  occupied  by 
Spain  from  1780  until  1812, 
when  it  was  forcibly  occupied 
by  the  United  States  as  part 
of  the  Louisiana  purchase 
from  France,  and  attached  to 
Mississippi  territory,  to  which 
the  rest  of  the  state  then  be¬ 
longed. 

The  growth  of  the  state  since  its 
admission  to  the  Union  in 
1819  has  been  very  rapid. 

Alabama  passed  an  ordi¬ 
nance  of  secession  on  Jan. 
11,  1861,  being  the  fourth  of  the  Southern  States  to  take  that 
action. 

From  the  first,  Alabama  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Confederacy. 
Montgomery  was  the  first  capital  of  the  seceding  states.  Large  num¬ 
bers  of  her  sons  were  found  in  every  department  of  the  Southern 
army;  and  important  battles  were  fought  in  Mobile  Bay,  and  at  several 
points  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  surrender  of  the  de¬ 
partment  of  the  Confederacy,  which  included  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
and  Eastern  Louisiana,  was  made  at  Citronelle,  Ala.,  on  May  4, 
1865. 

From  this  time  until  the  full  restoration  of  civil  authority,  July  14,  1868, 
the  state  was  under  the  provisional  and  military  governments  estab¬ 
lished  by  the  national  executive  and  Congress. 

Since  the  restoration  of  Alabama  to  her  relations  with  the 
Union,  her  growth  has  been  greater  than  ever  before.  No 
decade  in  her  history  has  witnessed  such  steady  and  rapid 
industrial,  intellectual,  and  material  progress  as  that  from  1870 
to  1880;  and  the  wealth  of  her  resources  is  but  just  beginning 
to  be  appreciated. 


COTTON  SHIPPING. 


FLORIDA. 


1 25 


Political  Divisions.  —  Alabama  comprises  sixty-seven  coun¬ 
ties. 

The  subdivisions  of  the  counties  are  called  “beats,”  corresponding  to 
townships  in  other  states.  According  to  the  census  of  1880,  there 
were  in  that  year  919  beats,  9  cities,  and  88  towns  and  villages. 

The  following  are  among  the  most  important  cities  and 
towns  :  — 

Montgomery  (16,713),  the  capital  and  county  seat  of  Montgomery  County, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Alabama  River.  It  has  railroad  connections 
in  six  different  directions,  and  the  river  affords  facilities  for  a  large  shipping 
trade.  The  city  is  growing  rapidly,  and  is  the  metropolis  of  a  large  portion 
of  Central  Alabama. 

Montgomery  is  an  important  cotton  market.  The  manufacture  of  ma¬ 
chinery  is  carried  on  extensively,  and  the  city  enjoys  a  very  large  wholesale 
trade. 

The  public  schools  are  well  graded,  and  rank  with  the  best  in  the  state. 

Mobile  (29,132),  the  chief  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
Mobile  River  on  Mobile  Bay.  It  is'a  port  of  entry,  and  as  a  shipping  point 
for  cotton  ranks  third  in  the  United  States.  By  means  of  the  Mobile, 
Alabama,  Black  Warrior,  and  Tombigbee  rivers,  the  city  has  over  fifteen 
hundred  miles  of  steamboat  navigation  tributary  to  its  wharves.  Lines  of 
steamers  connect  the  city  with  New  Orleans  and  Havana;  and  four  lines  of 
railroad  give  it  communication  with  the  north,  east,  and  west. 

The  city  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  well  built.  The  public  schools  are 
well  maintained,  and  of  growing  excellence. 


Selma  —  county  seat  of  Dallas  County.  A  thriv¬ 
ing  city  on  the  Alabama  River.  Has  fine 
railroad  connections,  and  large  river  trade. 
The  city  is  one  of  the  leading  cotton  mar¬ 
kets  of  the  state.  Has  extensive  manufac¬ 
tures  of  cotton  goods,  machinery,  cotton¬ 
seed  oil,  etc. 

Huntsville  —  county  seat  of  Madison  County. 
Is  the  largest  town  in  the  grazing  and  farm¬ 
ing  region  constituting  the  Tennessee  valley. 
Has  large  cotton  factory.  Seat  of  Hunts¬ 
ville  Female  College,  the  Rust  Normal  Insti¬ 
tute,  and  the  State  N ormal  School  for  Colored 
Teachers,  and  has  excellent  public  schools. 

Eufaula  —  on  the  Chattahoochee  River.  Is  the 
largest  town  upon  that  river  in  Alabama. 
Has  first-class  advantages  for  trade  by  rail¬ 
road  and  river.  Considerable  manufactures, 
and  good  educational  facilities. 

Opelika  —  county  seat  of  Lee  County.  Is  fa¬ 
vorably  situated  for  trade  and  manufactures 
on  the  dividing-line  between  the  cotton  region 
and  the  manufacturing  region  of  the  state. 
An  important  railroad  center.  Auburn,  in 
the  same  county,  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
Agricultural  College. 

Birmingham  —  in  Jefferson  County.  Is  the  cen¬ 
ter  of  the  richest  coal  and  iron  region  in  the 
state.  The  city  has  fine  water-power,  good 
railroad  connections,  and  is  rapidly  growing 
in  importance. 

Greenville  in  Butler  County,  and  Troy  in 
Pike  County,  are  county  seats,  and  centers 
of  a  fine  trade  in  the  lumber  region  of  South¬ 
ern  Alabama. 


Tuscaloosa —  is  a  prosperous  manufacturing  city 
in  the  western  part  of  Central  Alabama. 
Has  fine  water-power.  Seat  of  the  State 
University,  and  of  several  excellent  private 
schools. 

Tuskegee  —  county  seat  of  Macon  County.  Is  a 
prosperous  town  of  local  importance.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  fine  female  college,  an  orphans’ 
home,  and  of  the  Park  High  School  for 
boys;  also  of  a  normal  school  for  colored 
teachers. 

Marion  in  Perry  County,  and  Greensborough 
in  Hale  County,  are  thriving  railroad  towns. 
The  former  is  the  seat  of  Lincoln  Normal 
School,  Howard  College,  the  Judson  Insti¬ 
tute,  and  the  Marion  Female  College;  the 
latter,  of  the  Southern  University  and  of 
Greensborough  Female  College. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  places,  with 
a  population  of  between  one  thousand  and  two 
thousand,  are  worthy  of  mention:  Tal- 
lassee,  the  seat  of  the  largest  cotton  fac¬ 
tory  in  the  state;  Union  Springs,  an  im¬ 
portant  railroad  junction;  Florence,  in  the 
Tennessee  valley,  the  seat  of  the  state  nor¬ 
mal  school,  and  other  educational  institu¬ 
tions;  Talladega,  seat  of  the  Institution 
for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind;  La  Fayette, 
county  seat  of  Chambers  County;  Demop- 
olis,  a  growing  commercial  town  on  the 
Tombigbee  River;  Decatur,  an  important 
railroad  junction  on  the  Tennessee  River; 
and  Eutaw,  county  seat  of  Greene  County, 
a  growing  railroad  town. 


FLORIDA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  Between  what  parallels  of  latitude  is  Florida  situated? 
Between  what  meridians  of  longitude  ?  What  states  form  its  northern 
boundary?  What  natural  boundary  separates  it  from  Alabama?  From 
Georgia  ?  What  other  natural  boundaries  ? 

Coast.  —  What  capes  are  on  the  Atlantic  coast?  On  the  Gulf?  What 
cape  forms  the  extreme  southern  point?  What  bays  on  the  Gulf  coast? 
What  group  of  islands  belonging  to  the  state  off  the  southern  coast? 

Surface.  —  What  swamp  on  the  northern  border?  What  ones  in  the 
southern  part? 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  Name  ten  of  the  larger  lakes?  What  large  river 
flows  nearly  parallel  to  the  Atlantic  coast?  What  are  its  principal  tributa¬ 
ries  ?  Through  what  lakes  do  they  flow?  What  large  rivers  cross  the 
western  part  of  the  state  ? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Alabama?  On  Georgia?  What 
counties  on  the  Gulf  ?  On  the  Atlantic?  Which  are  entirely  inland?  In 
what  county  is  the  state  capital?  [In  what  county  do  you  live?  What 
counties  adjoin  it  ?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  What  and  where  is  the  capital?  Name  the  prin¬ 
cipal  towns  on  the  St.  John’s  River.  On  the  Atlantic  coast.  On  the  Gulf. 
What  towns  on  the  railroad  from  Jacksonville  to  Pensacola?  [What  is  the 
county  town  of  your  county  ?] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  58,680  square  miles.  Population,  269,493 .] 

Situation.  —  Florida  extends  the  farthest  south  of  all  the 
Southern  States,  and  has  more  seacoast  (over  1,200  miles)  than 
any  other  state  in  the  Union.  The  larger  part  of  the  state  is 


a  peninsula  350  miles  long,  and  about  100  miles  wide,  forming 
one  of  the  principal  outlying  barriers  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  length  of  the  state  (north  and  south),  measured  from 
the  southernmost  of  the  Keys  to  the  St.  Mary’s  River,  is  450 
miles.  The  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the  Perdido  River  to 
the  mouth  of  the  St.  John’s  is  360  miles. 

Surface.  —  Florida  belongs  entirely  to  the  coast-region  of 
the  United  States,  and  there  are  no  elevations  in  the  state 
which  exceed  200  feet  above  sea  level. 

Western  Florida  is  somewhat  uneven  in  surface ;  but  the  eastern  and 
peninsular  portions  of  the  state  are  quite  low  and  flat,  the  only  emi¬ 
nences  being  occasional  gentle  knolls,  called  hummocks,  in  the  central 
part  of  the  state,  which  rise  to  the  height  of  100  or  150  feet. 

The  coast-lands  are  low ;  and,  as  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  numer¬ 
ous  bays,  sounds,  and  inlets,  inclosed  by  narrow  sandy  spits,  line  the 
whole  Atlantic  seaboard. 

Along  the  rivers  and  on  the  lakes  the  scenery  is  very  picturesque;  the 
luxuriant  vegetation,  and  the  brilliant  colors  of  flowers  and  foliage, 
adding  to  the  beauty  of  the  scenery,  and  presenting  an  endless  variety 
of  outlook. 

The  larger  part  of  Florida  is  of  coral  formation  geologically;  and  the 
long  chain  of  islands  known  as  the  Keys  are  simply  a  continuation  of 
the  ridge  which  forms  the  backbone  of  the  whole  peninsula. 

Drainage.  —  Florida  abounds  in  rivers,  lakes,  and  swamps. 
Of  the  rivers  entirely  within  the  state,  the  St.  John’s  is  the 
largest  and  most  important. 

Others  are  the  Ocklawaha,  Kissimee,  Withlacoochee,  and  Peace  rivers. 
Indian  and  Halifax  rivers  are  long  lagoons  of  varying  width  which 


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run  parallel  with  the  Atlantic  coast  for  nearly  two  hundred  miles,  and 
are  connected  with  the  ocean  by  numerous  inlets. 

The  Chattahoochee  and  Suwanee  rivers  enter  the  state  from  the  north, 
and  empty  into  the  Gulf.  The  currents  of  all  the  rivers  are  very  slow, 
and  they  are  affected  by  the  ocean  tides  for  a  long  distance  from  their 
mouths. 

The  Everglades  is  a  vast  marshy  lagoon  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state, 
continuous  with  Lake  Okeechobee  and  the  Big  Cypress  Swamp.  It 
receives  the  drainage  of  a  considerable  part  of  the  state,  and  dis¬ 
charges  it  through  numerous  channels  into  the  Gulf. 

Climate.  —  Florida  is  the  most  nearly  tropical  state  in 
the  country.  Owing  to  the  proximity  of  the  sea  on  all  sides, 
the  climate  is  insular,  or  oceanic,  rather  than  continental,  in 
character.  Extremes  of  temperature  are  unknown. 

In  the  southern  half  of  the  state  frost  is  never  found,  and  the  average 

c5 

daily  temperature  does  not  vary  more  than  twenty-five  degrees  the 
year  round.  F  rom  this  cause,  and  owing  to  the  salubrious  breezes 
from  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf,  the  state  has  long  been  the  favorite 
winter  resort  of  invalids. 

Resources. — The  hot  moist  climate  admirably  adapts  this 
state  to  the  culture  of  sugar,  cotton,  rice,  and  other  staple  prod¬ 
ucts  of  the  South  ;  while  nowhere  else  can  the  choicest  tropi¬ 
cal  fruits  be  grown  in  such  variety  and  perfection. 

the  forests  of  Florida  are  rich  in  valuable  woods,  such  as  pine,  mahog¬ 
any,  cedar,  live-oak,  etc.  The  coast-waters  abound  in  fish  of  every 
variety,  and  are  especially  notable  for  their  large  deposits  of  sponge. 

7  he  streams  and  lakes  are  nearly  all  navigable  for  light-draught  steamers, 
and  the  level  country  is  favorable  to  cheap  and  easy  railroad  construction. 

All  the  natural  conditions  are  such  as  to  make  Florida  one  of  the  most 
thriving  and  prosperous  states  in  the  Union. 

Industries.  —  The  chief  industry  of  Florida  is  the  cultiva¬ 
tion  of  the  soil.  In  the  northern  portion  of  the  state,  cotton 
and  rice  are  the  principal  productions.  On  the  Gulf  coast 
sugar-cane  is  grown  considerably.  But  the  most  characteristic 
industry  of  the  state  is  the  cultivation  of  oranges,  lemons,  and 
other  tropical  fruits. 

Oranges,  lemons,  limes,  pineapples,  olives,  and  grapes  are  produced  in 
great  abundance.  1  housands  of  enterprising  people  are  engaged  in 
the  business  of  fruit  culture;  and  along  the  St.  John’s  River,  and 
throughout  the  lake-region  of  Central  Florida,  orange-groves  are  spring- 


Sapelo  I. 

jWolfL 
Altamahd  * 

Simons  I 

fljeTiyl  I. 

wj  Cumberland 

"Cuiriberland  Sound 

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\ St.John's  River 
fAlayport 
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Long  Ke^%YV  ^■•dVIiffk'ka, 
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Lit. Sarasota  Key^^  ^-^Fort  Ogde^ 


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Fort  Green  [/ 


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SCALE  OF  MILES 


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0  5  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80 

EXPLANATION 

State  Capital  w  County  Towns  ® 
Railroads 


ar'V 


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v,  z 


:  ;,ijysonnd  pt. 
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.*  sot111  **  Rodriguez  Key 


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I ,  o,y .  .Bast  Key 


V0' 


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Local  Time  A.3I.  1 1  when  Noon  on  the 


Meridian  of  Washington  lbs 


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FLORIDA. 


i 


27 


ing  up  on  every  hand  as  if  by  magic.  Rice,  oats,  and  Indian-corn  are 
the  only  cereals  produced  in  any  quantity.  Of  the  latter,  in  1880,  there 
were  produced  3,175,000  bushels. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  pine  lumber,  ship  timber,  naval  stores, 
salt,  cotton-seed  oil,  cigars,  and  leather  (from  alligator  hides). 

Fisheries,  the  taking  and  preparing  of  sponges,  and  the  raising  of  early 
vegetables  for  the  Northern  markets,  occupy  a  considerable  share  of 
the  population  along  the  coast. 


Florida  was  the  third  state  to  pass  an  ordinance  of  secession 
from  the  Union,  having  taken  that  action  Jan.  10,  1861. 

No  important  military  events  occurred  in  the  state  during  the  civil  war; 
but  a  number  of  points  on  the  coast  were  early  occupied  by  the  Fed¬ 
eral  forces,  and  a  strict  blockade  was  maintained. 

After  the  war,  Florida  remained  under  provisional  and  military  control 
until  July  4,  1868,  when  civil  government  was  fully  resumed. 


Government.  —  The  present  constitution  of  Florida  was 
adopted  in  1868. 

The  executive  department  consists  of  a  governor  and  lieutenant-governor, 
elected  by  the  people,  and  a  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  comptroller, 
attorney  general,  commissioner  of  immigration,  and  superintendent  of 
public  instruction.  The  last  six  officers  are  appointed  by  the  governor 
for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  constitute  his  cabinet. 

The  legislative  department  comprises  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Repre¬ 
sentatives.  Senators  are  elected  for  four  years,  and 
representatives  for  two  years.  The  Legislature 
meets  biennially  in  January  of  odd  years, 
and  the  session  is  limited  to  sixty  days. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  a 
Supreme  Court,  and  circuit,  coun¬ 
ty,  and  justices’  courts.  All 
judges  and  justices  are  ap¬ 
pointed  by  the  governor 
The  supreme  judges  hold 
office  for  life,  or  during 
good  behavior ;  circuit 
judges,  for  eight  years  ; 
and  county  judges,  for 
four  years. 

The  regular  state  election 
is  held  on  Tuesday  after 
the  first  Monday  in  No¬ 
vember,  even  years. 

Education.  —  The 
public  schools  of  Flor¬ 
ida  are  well  sustained, 
and  progressive  in  their 
character.  There  are  a 
n u  mber  of  excellent 
graded  and  high  schools 
in  the  cities  and  larger 
towns.  The  state  school- 
fund  is  growing  steadily, 
and  promises  to  be  am¬ 
ple.  Taxation  for  the 
support  of  schools  is  lib¬ 
erally  granted,  and  higher  education  is  receiving  considerable 
attention. 


RIVER  SCENE. 


Since  that  time  the  growth  of  Florida  has  been  rapid,  and 
at  no  time  has  it  been  greater  than  at  the  present. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Florida  contains  thirty-nine  coun¬ 
ties.  The  subdivisions  of  the  counties  are  known  as  election 
precincts. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  tenth  census,  there  were,  in  18S0,  361 
election  precincts,  9  cities,  and  25  towns  and  villages. 

The  most  important  cities  and  towns  in  the  state  are  the  fol¬ 
lowing  ;  — 

Tallahassee  (2,496),  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  county  seat 
of  Leon  County,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Jackson¬ 
ville,  Pensacola,  and  Mobile  Railroad,  in  Northern 
Florida.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  is  the 
center  of  a  considerable  local  trade.  There  are 
several  excellent  private  schools  in  the  city.  It 
is  the  seat  of  the  West  Florida  (state)  Seminary. 
Key  West  (9,890),  the  largest  city  in  the 
state,  is  situated  on  an  island  at  the  entrance 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  about  sixty  miles  from 
the  mainland  at  Cape  Sable.  It  has  a  good 
harbor,  defended  by  Fort  Taylor.  The 
principal  buildings  are  a  custom-house, 
court-house,  and  marine  hospital. 

The  manufacture  of  cigars  is  extensively 
carried  on  ;  while  the  gathering  and 
preparation  of  sponge,  the  manufac¬ 
ture  of  salt  by  solar  evaporation, 
and  the  business  of  wrecking, 
also  employ  large  numbers  of 
the  inhabitants. 


Jacksonville  —  county  seat  of  Duval 
County,  on  the  St.  John’s  River,  about  fifteen 
miles  from  the  ocean  —  is  the  most  important  and 
populous  city  of  Eastern  Florida.  Lines  of  steamers 
connect  it  with  all  points  on  the  St.  John’s;  and  rail¬ 
roads  run  north,  south,  and  west.  A  large  business  is 
transacted  in  manufacturing  and  shipping  lumber,  and  in 
packing  and  shipping  fruit  for  the  Northern  markets. 

East  Jacksonville,  Lavilla,  Mandarin,  Hansontown, 
and  Oakland,  in  the  same  county,  are  closely  connected  with  Jack¬ 
sonville  in  all  their  business  and  social  interests. 

Pensacola  —  on  the  Escambia  River.  Is  the  met¬ 
ropolis  of  Western  Florida,  and  the  center  of 
an  extensive  lumber  district  on  the  Escambia 
and  Perdido  rivers.  The  city  is  the  seat  of  a  United  States  navy-yard,  has  a  very  fine  harbor, 
good  railroad  facilities,  and  is  connected  by  lines  of  steamers  with  the  larger  Gulf  ports. 


ST.  MARK'S  CASTLE. 


History.  —  Florida  was  first  visited  by  white  men  under 
Ponce  de  Leon,  who  landed  near  St.  Augustine  in  1513. 

De  Leon  landed  on  Easter  Sunday  (Pascua  Florida ):  hence  the  name 
Florida.  The  first  permanent  settlement  wras  made  fifty-two  years 
later,  in  1565,  when  St.  Augustine  was  founded  by  Spanish  colonists. 
St.  Augustine  is  thus  the  oldest  city  in  the  United  States. 

The  country  was  held  alternately  by  the  Spaniards  and  English  until 
1819,  when  it  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  Spain.  Settlement 
and  progress  were  impeded  by  constant  troubles  with  the  Seminole 
Indians,  which  resulted  in  the  Seminole  war  breaking  out  in 
1835. 

This  war  was  only  partially  checked  by  the  removal  of  part  of  the  Indians 
in  1845,  and  was  not  finally  declared  at  an  end  until  May,  1858.  Mean¬ 
while  the  state  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1848;  and  its  growth  after 
that  event  was  more  rapid. 


Warrington,  Millview,  and  Molino  —  are  im¬ 
portant  places  in  Escambia  County  outside 
of  Pensacola.  They  are  principally  inter¬ 
ested  in  the  lumber  trade. 

Fernandina  —  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Has  a  good 
harbor,  and  enjoys  a  considerable  coasting 
trade.  Lines  of  steamers  run  to  Savannah 
and  Northern  Atlantic  ports.  Manufactures 
of  lumber.  Favorite  seaside  resort  for 
travelers  and  tourists. 

St.  Augustine— the  oldest  settled  town  in  the 
United  States.  Very  interesting  on  account 
of  its  historic  associations.  A  favorite  place 
for  Northern  tourists. 

Palatka  —  county  seat  of  Putnam  County,  on  the 
St.  John’s.  Principal  industries  are  general 
trade,  the  preparation  of  moss,  and  the  ship¬ 
ment  of  oranges. 

Daytona  and  Enterprise  —  are  growing  towns 
in  Volusia  County.  The  latter  is  county 
seat,  and  has  considerable  local  trade. 


Orlando,  the  county  seat,  and  Apopka,  Asto¬ 
ria,  and  Lake  Eustis,  are  fast  growing  in 
local  importance  in  Orange  County.  This 
county  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population 
and  wealth. 

Lake  City,  county  seat  of  Columbia  County; 
Live  Oak,  county  seat  of  Suwanee  County ; 
Quincy,  county  seat  of  Gadsden  County; 
Marianna,  county  seat  of  Jackson  County; 
Cerro  Gordo,  county  seat  of  Holmes 
County;  and  Milton,  county  seat  of  Santa 
Rosa  County,  —  are  situated  on  the  railroad 
line  between  Jacksonville  and  Pensacola, 
and  are  increasing  in  trade  and  importance. 

Tampa,  county  seat  of  Hillsborough  County,  and 
Cedar  Keys,  in  Levy  County,  are  thriving 
lumber-manufacturing  and  shipping  ports 
on  the  Gulf  coast. 

Ocala — county  seat  of  Marion  County.  Is  a 
thriving  interior  town,  enjoying  a  growing 
trade. 


1 28 


MISSISSIPPI. 


MISSISSIPPI. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  46,810  square  miles.  Population, 
1,131,597.} 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation. — What  state  borders  Mississippi  on  the  north?  What  par¬ 
allel  of  latitude  forms  the  northern  boundary?  What  state  borders  it  on 
the  east?  What  state  forms  part  of  the  southern  boundary?  What  forms 
the  remainder  of  the  southern  boundary?  What  two  states  border  Mis¬ 
sissippi  on  the  west  ? 

Seacoast.  —  Name  the  principal  islands  off  the  coast.  What  sound 
between  these  islands  and  the  mainland  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  river  forms  a  boundary  at  the  south-eastern  corner  of 
the  state?  What  river  flows  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  into 
Alabama?  What  river  flows  into  Mississippi  Sound?  Name  its  three 
principal  tributaries.  What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Mis¬ 
sissippi  and  Louisiana?  What  large  river  forms  the  greater  part  of  the 
western  boundary  ?  What  tributary  does  the  Mississippi  receive  south  of 
Vicksburg?  North  of  Vicksburg?  Name  the  four  principal  tributaries 
of  the  Yazoo. 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Tennessee?  On  Alabama?  On 
Mississippi  Sound  ?  On  Louisiana? 

On  Arkansas  ?  In  what  county  is  the 
capital  ?  [In  what  county  do  you  live  ? 

What  counties  adjoin  it?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  On  what 
river  is  the  capital?  In  what  coun¬ 
ty  and  on  what  river  is  Vicksbunr? 

Natchez?  Columbus?  Locate  Biloxi, 

Shieldsborough,  Meridian,  Corinth, 

Holly  Springs,  Grenada,  Port  Gib¬ 
son,  Woodville.  [What  is  the  coun¬ 
ty  town  of  your  county  ?] 


Drainage.  —  The  drainage  of  the  state  is  about  equally 
divided  between  streams  flowing  directly  into  the  Gulf  and 
those  flowing  into  the  Mississippi. 

The  chief  streams  of  the  Gulf  system  proper  are  the  Tombigbee  (which 
crosses  into  Alabama  about  25  miles  below  Columbus),  the  Pascagoula 
(formed  from  the  union  of  the  Leaf  and  Chickasawha),  and  the 
Pearl. 

The  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  are  the  Tennessee  (draining  parts  of 
two  counties  in  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  state),  the  Yazoo,  Big 
Black,  and  Homochitto. 

The  larger  part  of  the  bottom-lands  lying  between  the  Yazoo  and  the 
Mississippi  rivers  are  below  the  surface  level  of  the  rivers  at  high 
water.  This  makes  it  necessary  to  levee  the  rivers  in  order  to  protect 
the  lands  from  overflow. 

At  times  of  extreme  high  water,  breaks  in  these  embankments  develop  into 
great  crevasses ,  through  which  the  waters  flow,  inundating  vast  tracts  of 
country,  and  sometimes  changing  the  channel  of  the  river  for  miles. 

The  course  of  the  Mississippi  is 
very  tortuous,  its  course  along 
the  western  border  of  the  state 
being  nearly  twice  the  length  of 
the  state  measured  in  a  straight 
line. 


Situation  and  Extent.  — 

Mississippi  is  the  central  one 
of  the  five  states  bordering  on 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Mis¬ 
sissippi  River  forms  most  of  its  western  boundary,  and  it  ex¬ 
tends  to  Tennessee  on  the  north,  and  to  Alabama  on  the 
east. 


COTTON  PICKING. 


The  rainfall  is  abundant,  especial¬ 
ly  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.  The  prevailing  winter 
winds  are  from  the  north-west. 
The  summer  winds  are  from  the  south-west  and  the  Gulf. 

Except  in  the  Mississippi  bottom,  where  malarial  fevers  frequently  occur 
in  summer,  the  state  is  generally  healthy. 


Climate.  —  Along  the  Gulf 
coast  the  climate  is  delightful  ; 
and  this  part  of  the  state  is  a 
favorite  place  of  resort  and 
residence.  In  the  interior  and 
northern  parts  the  climate  is 
more  variable,  low  tempera¬ 
ture  and  light  snows  being  oc¬ 
casionally  seen  during  the  win¬ 
ter  months. 


Its  greatest  length  (from  north  to  south,  on  the  meridian  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Pearl  River)  is  332  miles :  its  breadth  varies  from  76  miles  (on  the 
parallel  of  Biloxi)  to  186  miles  (on  the  parallel  of  31 0  north  latitude). 

Surface. —  The  highest  elevations  in  the  state  do  not  exceed 
1,000  feet ;  but  within  that  limit  almost  every  variety  of  sur¬ 
face  is  represented. 

Along  the  Mississippi  and  Yazoo  rivers  are  vast  fertile  tracts  of  bottom¬ 
lands.  In  the  central  and  the  north-eastern  parts  are  large  sections 
consisting  of  rolling  upland  and  fertile  prairies.  The  southern  part  is 
an  extensive  plain  for  100  miles  from  the  Gulf.  The  immediate  coast 
is  low  and  marshy.  Farther  back  is  a  sandy,  level  country  covered 
with  pine-forests. 

Throughout  the  state,  bordering  upon  the  river-bottoms  and  the  prairies, 
are  irregular  ridges  and  bluffs,  which  give  constant  variety  to  the  sur¬ 
face  and  scenery. 


Resources.  —  The  situation  of  the  state  in  the  lower  valley 
of  the  Mississippi  River  is  especially  favorable  to  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  a  great  industrial  commonwealth.  The  soils  of  the 
state  —  not  only  of  the  bottom-lands,  but  also  of  a  large  portion 
of  the  upland  districts  —  are  very  rich. 

The  alluvial  deposits  of  the  great  river  have  made  the  bottom-lands 
practically  inexhaustible  in  fertility ;  while  the  prairies,  and  other  parts 
of  the  state,  are  hardly  less  productive. 

The  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  afford  cheap  and  easy  transportation; 
and  the  nature  of  the  interior  is  favorable  to  economical  railroad  con¬ 
struction. 

Industries.  —  Mississippi  is  the  great  cotton  state  of  the 
country,  and  every  other  industry  of  the  state  is  more  or  less 
tributary  to  the  culture  of  the  cotton-plant. 


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130 


MISSISSIPPI. 


Of  the  cotton-product  of  the  state,  the  last  census  report  says,  “  Missis¬ 
sippi  stands  first  in  total  production,  while  sixth  in  population  among 
the  cotton-states,  thus  bringing  up  its  product  to  .84,  or  over  eight- 
tenths  of  a  bale,  per  head.  .  .  .  The  high  production  of  Mississippi  is 
due  to  the  fact  that  quite  one-half  of  its  territory  is  occupied  by  soils  of 
exceptional  fertility,  coupled  with  the  circumstance  that  cotton-culture 
is  the  one  pursuit  to  which  the  population  devotes  itself.” 

The  entire  cotton-production  of  the  state  for  1880  was  955,808  bales,  or 
about  one-sixth  the  entire  product  of  the  United  States.  Of  this 
amount,  54,873  bales  were  grown  in  the  single  county  of  Washington, 
lying  between  the  Mississippi  and  Yazoo  rivers,  —  the  greatest  cotton- 
producing  county  in  the  country. 

The  only  cereals  produced  in  any  quantity  are  corn  and  oats.  Of  the 
former,  in  1S80,  there  were  produced  over  22,000,000  bushels;  of  the 
latter,  nearly  2,000,000  bushels. 

The  manufacture  of  cotton-seed  oil  is  fast  growing  in  importance,  and 
greatly  increases  the  value  of  the  cotton-crop. 

Throughout  the  lumber  districts  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  large 
quantities  of  pine  lumber,  turpentine,  rosin,  and  tar,  are  manufactured 
for  the  New  Orleans  market. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1882,  there  were  1,232  miles  of  railroad  in  the 
state;  but  since  that  time  railroad-building  has  increased  with  great 
rapidity,  and  new  lines  of  great  importance  to  the  commercial  interests 
of  the  state  are  being  projected  and  constructed. 


Mississippi  territory  was  organized  in  1798,  and  was  subsequently  en¬ 
larged  by  various  additions  so  as  to  include  all  the  present  states  of 
Alabama  and  Mississippi.  In  1817  the  state  was  admitted  with  its 
present  limits. 

The  growth  of  the  state  in  population  and  intelligence  was  from  the  first 
very  rapid,  and  its  citizens  always  exerted  a  large  influence  in  national 
affairs. 

Mississippi  was  the  second  state  to  pass  an  ordinance  of 
i  secession,  the  state  convention  taking  that  action  Jan.  9,  1861. 

1 

During  the  war  which  followed,  the  northern  and  western  borders  of  the 
state  were  frequently  the  arena  of  important  military  movements.  The 
state  was  more  than  once  overrun  by  large  raiding  forces  of  Federal 
soldiers,  and  suffered  much  in  this  way. 

The  important  battles  of  Corinth,  Iuka,  and  Port  Gibson,  and  the  long 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  with  a  score  of  attendant  battles  and  skirmishes, 
occurred  within  the  state  during  the  years  1862  and  1863. 

Politically  the  state  held  a  leading  place  in  the  Confederate  government; 
and  one  of  its  citizens,  Jefferson  Davis,  was  president  of  the  Confed¬ 
eracy  during  its  entire  existence. 

After  the  war,  the  state  was  under  provisional  and  military  government 
until  March,  1870,  when  civil  government  was  re-established  under  the 
constitution  adopted  in  1869. 


Government.  —  The  government  of  Mississippi  is  conducted 
under  the  constitution  adopted  in  1869. 

The  executive  department  consists  of  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor, 
secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  attorney-general,  superintendent 
of  public  education,  and  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  immigration. 
All  except  the  last  named,  are  elected  by  the  people  for  terms  of  four 
years.  The  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  immigration  is  elected 
by  joint  ballot  of  the  two  Houses  of  the  Legislature  for  a  term  of  four 
years. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  two  Houses, —  a  Senate  of  3 7  mem¬ 
bers,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  120  members.  Senators  are 
elected  for  four  years,  and  representatives  for  two  years.  The  Legis¬ 
lature  meets  biennially  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  January,  even 
years. 

The  judicial  department  comprises  a  Supreme  Court,  and  circuit,  chan¬ 
cery,  and  justices’  courts.  Judges  and  chancellors  are  appointed  by 
the  governor  and  Senate.  Justices  of  the  peace  are  elected  by  the 
people. 

Education.  —  The  chief  educational  officers  of  the  state  are 
the  state  superintendent  of  public  education,  state  board  of  ed¬ 
ucation,  and  county  superintendents  ;  the  latter  being  appointed 
by  the  state  board  after  examination  by  a  board  of  specially 
appointed  examiners. 

The  number  of  children  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  increased  from 
111,689,  'n  187b  t0  236,700,  in  1880,  more  than  doubling  in  ten  years. 
The  number  of  schools  taught,  increased  during  the  same  time  from 
3,450  to  nearly  5,500. 

The  State  University  is  at  Oxford;  the  State  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College  is  at  Starkville ;  the  State  Institutions  for  the  Education  of  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb  and  the  Blind,  are  at  Jackson. 

Alcorn  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  near  Rodney,  and  the  State 
Normal  School  at  Holly  Springs,  are  state  institutions  exclusively  for 
the  benefit  of  the  colored  race. 

There  are  many  flourishing  colleges  and  academies  under  private  man¬ 
agement.  Among  these  may  be  named  Whitworth  College  at  Brook- 
haven,  the  Mississippi  College  at  Clinton,  Central  Female  Institute, 
St.  Stanislaus  College  at  Bay  St.  Louis,  Rust  University  and  Bethlehem 
Academy  at  Holly  Springs,  and  Tugaloo  Academy  at  Tugaloo. 

History.  —  The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Mississippi 
was  made  by  the  French  at  Natchez  just  seventy-five  years 
after  De  Soto  and  his  adventurous  followers  crossed  the  state 
from  the  east,  and  discovered  the  Mississippi  River. 


The  growth  of  Mississippi  during  the  decade  from  1870  to 
1880  was  very  rapid,  the  population  increasing  over  thirty-six 
per  cent  during  that  period  (from  827,922,  in  1870,  to  1,131,- 
597,  in  1880);  and  at  the  present  time  the  advance  in  wealth 
and  population  seems  to  be  greater  than  ever  before. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Mississippi  comprises  seventy-four 
counties.  Each  county  is  divided  into  five  beats,  or  super¬ 
visors’  districts. 

In  1880,  according  to  the  tenth  census,  there  were  11  cities,  and  150 
towns  and  villages. 

Some  of  the  most  prominent  places  are  named  below  :  — 

Jackson  (5,204),  the  capital  of  Mississippi,  is  an  important  and  growing 
city,  situated  near  the  center  of  the  state,  in  Hinds  County.  It  is  at  the 
junction  of  trunk-railway  lines,  running  east  and  west  and  north  and  south, 
and  enjoys  an  extensive  local  trade.  Cotton  is  bought  very  largely  for  ship¬ 
ment.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains  several  handsome  public 
buildings. 

Vicksburg  (1 1,814),  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  River,  just  below  the  lower  mouth  of  the  Yazoo.  It  is  the  commer¬ 
cial  center  of  the  richest  cotton-producing  district  in  the  state,  and  ships 
over  100,000  bales  of  cotton  annually.  In  addition  to  the  advantages  of 
river  transportation,  it  has  railroad  connections  both  east  and  west.  The 
site  of  the  city  is  irregular;  but  it  is  generally  well  built,  and  contains  many 
fine  residences.  It  has  excellent  public  schools  under  the  management  of 
a  city  board  of  education. 

Natchez  (7,058),  county  seat  of  Adams  County,  is  a  beautiful  city,  situated 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  130  miles  below  Vicksburg.  The  residence 
portion  of  the  city  is  on  a  high  bluff,  commanding  an  extended  prospect  of 
many  miles  to  the  south  and  west.  The  city  has  a  large  trade  in  cotton  and 
general  merchandise.  There  are  several  educational  institutions  of  high 

o  o 

grade  located  here. 


Meridian  —  county  seat  of  Lauderdale  County, 
is  a  thriving  trading,  manufacturing,  and 
railroad  center.  Has  some  manufactures 
of  cotton  goods,  machinery,  furniture,  etc. 
Here  are  good  public  and  private  schools. 

Columbus  —  county  seat  of  Lowndes  County,  at 
the  head  of  regular  steamboat  navigation 
on  the  Tombigbee  River.  The  city  is  favor¬ 
ably  situated  for  trade,  and  is  on  the  line  of 
an  important  east  and  west  trunk-railway. 
It  has  good  educational  advantages. 

Yazoo  City  —  on  the  Yazoo  River.  Has  a  large 
trade  in  cotton  and  planters’  supplies.  Man¬ 
ufacture  of  cotton-seed  oil. 


Corinth  —  is  a  growing  railroad  center  and  cot- 
ton-market  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the 
state. 

Aberdeen  — on  the  Tombigbee,  which  is  here 
navigable  part  of  the  year,  is  a  prosperous 
town  and  cotton-market.  Good  schools. 

Holly  Springs  —  county  seat  of  Marshall  Coun¬ 
ty.  Is  noted  for  its  excellent  educational 
institutions.  Has  good  railroad  facilities 
and  large  trade. 

Grenada — county  seat  of  Grenada  County.  Is 
an  important  railroad  junction  on  the  Chi¬ 
cago,  St.  Louis,  and  New  Orleans  Rail¬ 
road. 


LOUISIANA. 


Oxford  —  county  scat  of  Lafayette  County.  Is 
a  pleasant  and  enterprising  railroad  town. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  University. 

Booneville,  Tupelo,  Okolona,  West  Point, 
Macon,  and  Enterprise  — are  prosperous 
and  growing  places  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  state  on  the  line  of  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio  Railroad. 


Wesson,  the  seat  of  extensive  cotton-mills; 
Brookhaven,  the  center  of  a  large  lumber 
trade;  and  Summit  and  McComb  City, 
thriving  manufacturing  towns  in  Pike  Coun¬ 
ty, —  are  on  the  line  of  railroad  between 
New  Orleans  and  Jackson. 

Winona  in  Montgomery  County,  and  Canton 
in  Madison  County,  are  county  seats  and 
prosperous  towns  on  the  Chicago,  St. 


Louis,  and  New  Orleans  Railroad,  between 
Jackson  and  Grenada. 

Kosciusko  —  on  the  most  important  branch  of  the 
same  road,  is  county  seat  of  Attala  County. 
It  is  located  in  the  geographical  center  of  the 
state,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  cotton 
trade. 

Sardis,  Senatobia,  and  Hernando  —  are  county 
seats  and  growing  towns  on  the  Mississippi 


13  I 


and  Tennessee  Railroad,  between  Grenada 
and  Memphis. 

Bay  Saint  Louis,  Pass  Christian,  Mis¬ 
sissippi  City,  Biloxi,  Ocean  Springs, 
and  Scranton  —  are  important  places  on  the 
line  of  the  New  Orleans  and  Mobile  Rail¬ 
road.  They  are  favorite  places  of  resort 
and  summer  residence  for  the  citizens  of  the 
large  towns  and  cities. 


LOUISIANA. 


MAGNOLIA  GROVE. 


Boundaries.  —  What  two 
states  border  Louisiana  on  the 
north  ?  What  state  borders  it  on 
the  east  ?  What  natural  boun¬ 
dary  has  it  on  the  south  ?  What 
state  borders  it  on  the  west  ? 

Seacoast.  —  What  are  the 
four  principal  bays  on  the  south¬ 
ern  coast?  Locate  Chandeleur 
Islands.  What  are  the  prin¬ 
cipal  passes  of  the  Mississippi  ? 

Lakes.  —  What  lake  is  in  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  state?  What 
three  lakes  in  the  north-western  part?  What  lake  is  in  the  central  part  of 
the  state  ?  What  three  lakes  are  in  the  south-eastern  part?  What  three 
lakes  are  in  the  southern  part  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  two  rivers  form  most  of  the  eastern  boundary?  What 
river  forms  most  of  the  western  boundary?  What  great  river  receives 
most  of  the  drainage  of  the  state?  What  large  tributary  does  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  receive  near  latitude  310?  What  is  the  principal  tributary  of  the 
Red  River  in  Louisiana?  What  are  the  principal  Louisiana  tributaries 
of  the  Washita  River?  What  river  flows  into  Lake  Calcasieu?  What 
river  flows  into  Vermilion  Bay?  Name  the  bayous  flowing  into  Grand 
Lake.  What  bayou  flows  from  the  Mississippi  at  Donaldsonville  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Arkansas ?  On  Mississippi?  On 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  On  Texas?  In  what  county  is  the  capital?  [What 
is  the  name  of  the  county  in  which  you  live?  What  are  the  adjoining 
counties  ? 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Describe  the  situation  of  New  Orleans.  (See 
small  map.)  In  what  county  and  on  what  river  is  Baton  Rouge  ?  In  what 
county  and  on  what  river  is  Shreveport?  Locate  Monroe,  Natchitoches, 


Alexandria,  Plaquemine,  Donaldsonville,  Port  Hud¬ 
son,  Franklin,  Brashear,  Opelousas,  Jackson.  [What 
is  the  county  town  of  this  county?] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  48,720  square  miles.  Population,  939,946 .] 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  Louisiana  is 
situated  at  the  foot  of  the  great  Mississippi 
valley,  where  it  reaches  its  lowest  level, 
and  projects  far  out  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

The  state  is  very  irregular  in  shape.  The 
longest  line  (north  and  south)  is  225  miles 
on  the  meridian  of  the  mouth  of  the  Red 
River.  The  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn 
in  the  state  is  from  the  extreme  north-west  corner  to  Port 
Eads,  at  the  South  Pass  of  the  Mississippi,  and  measures  400 
miles. 

Surface.  —  The  highest  elevation  in  Louisiana  does  not 
reach  250  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf ;  and  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  area  of  the  state  does  not  rise  ten  feet  above  that 
level. 

It  is  stated  on  good  authority,  that,  if  the  entire  state  were  spread  out  on 
a  uniform  average  level,  it  would  be  about  ten  feet  above  high  tide  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  bluffs  that  border  the  immediate  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  on 
the  east  are  generally  of  clay  and  sand  formation ;  while  the  elevations 
in  the  north-western  part  of  the  state  consist  mostly  of  clay  rocks 
and  sandstones.  These  elevations  are  nowhere  great;  but  in  many 
places  the  surface  is  very  uneven,  and  the  changes  of  level  are  abrupt 
and  precipitous. 

The  Mississippi  and  Red  River  bottom-lands  merge  into  the  great  delta 
of  that  river,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Red  River;  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  state  south  and  west  of  this  point  is  of  alluvial  formation, 
lying  below  the  level  of  the  river  at  high  water. 

Originally  this  whole  delta,  and  the  bottom-lands  to  the  north  of  it, 
were  traversed  by  numerous  large  bayous,  and  submerged  frequently 
for  months  at  a  time.  The  construction  of  levees  has  cut  off  many 
of  these  bayous  from  connection  with  the  Mississippi  River  dur¬ 
ing  low  water,  and  has  reclaimed  vast  areas  from  overflow ;  but 
breaks  sometimes  occur  which  expose  thousands  of  acres  to  inunda¬ 
tion. 

This  great  delta,  as  distinguished  from  the  smaller  delta  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  comprises  over  12,000  square  miles,  or  about  one-fourth 
the  entire  area  of  the  state.  The  other  lowlands  consist  of  extensive 
salt-marshes,  swamps,  and  dense  tropical  forests. 


132 


LOUISIANA. 


Drainage.  —  The  location  and  surface  features  of  the  state 
render  its  river-system  very  interesting  to  study.  All  the 
streams  belong  to  the  Gulf  system  ;  but  the  Mississippi  is  so 
important  as  to  constitute  a  distinct  river-system  of  itself  and 
its  tributaries. 

There  are  two  classes  of  streams  in  Louisiana  belonging  to  this  system. 
The  first  class  is  composed  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  Mississippi ; 
and  the  second,  of  those  flowing  out  of  that  river.  The  chief  tributary 
of  the  Mississippi  within  the  state  is  the  Red  River.  Through  this 
river  it  receives  the  waters  of  Lake  Bistineau,  and  the  Saline,  Little, 
Black,  Ouachita,  and  Tensas  rivers. 

The  lower  course  of  the  Mississippi  being  above  the  level  of  the  deltoid 
region,  except  at  low  water,  the  river  begins  to  send  out  branches 
several  hundred  miles  above  its  mouth.  These  branches,  generally 
called  bayotis,  are  broad  sluggish  streams,  and  many  of  them  are 
navigable  throughout  their  whole  length.  The  Atchafalaya  River, 
Bayou  La  Fourche,  Bayou  Terrebonne,  Bayou  Plaquemine,  and  numer¬ 
ous  smaller  bayous ,  connecting  these  with  one  another  and  with  other 
bayous ,  belong  to  this  system. 

The  Mississippi  is  the  longest  and  by  far  the  most  important  river  in  the 
United  States.  Its  width,  in  its  course  through  the  state,  is  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile,  and  its  depth  frequently  exceeds  ioo  feet.  It  dis¬ 
charges  its  water  into  the  Gulf  through  five  principal  channels.  The 
entrances  to  these  are  very  much  obstructed  by  the  deposit  of  sand 
and  sediment;  but,  by  the  construction  of  a  system  of  jetties,  the  chan¬ 
nel  of  the  South  Pass  has  been  greatly  improved,  and  a  depth  of 
water  of  30  feet  is  maintained,  thus  making  the  river  accessible  for 
vessels  of  the  largest  class. 

Climate.  —  The  climate  of  Louisiana  is  semi-tropical.  The 
summers  are  long  and  warm,  and  the  winters  are  delightful, 
being  cooled  by  winds  from  the  north-west. 

Resources. — The  Mississippi  River  is  directly  or  indirectly 
the  source  of  most  of  the  natural  wealth  of  Louisiana. 

About  one-third  of  the  state  is  the  direct  creation  of  the  river  itself. 
The  great  alluvial  tracts,  containing  over  15,000  square  miles  of  the 
richest  land  in  the  world,  are,  for  1,000  feet  deep,  built  out  of  mud  and 
detritus  brought  down  by  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries. 

The  river,  with  its  affluents  and  outlets,  furnishes  steamboat  navigation 
to  nearly  every  part  of  the  state.  It  also  brings  to  the  state,  as  a  dis¬ 
tributing  center,  a  large  share  of  the  varied  productions  of  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  valley. 

The  climate  of  the  region  south  of  the  latitude  of  310  north,  adapts  that 
part  of  the  state  to  the  growth  of  the  sugar-cane.  The  swamps  are 
peculiarly  adapted  to  the  growth  of  rice;  and  cotton  flourishes  in 
both  the  upland  and  lowland  districts. 

Many  of  the  flowers  and  fruits  of  the  tropics  flourish  here  in  perfection. 
Among  these  are  the  orange,  fig,  pomegranate,  and  the  magnolia 
grandiflora. 

The  state  is  not  rich  in  minerals.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that  in 
Calcasieu  Parish  are  extensive  deposits  of  sulphur  and  gypsum,  and 
that  at  Petite  Anse,  in  Iberia  Parish,  there  is  a  mass  of  fine  rock-salt 
more  than  150  acres  in  area,  and  of  unknown  depth.  It  was  dis¬ 
covered  during  the  war,  and  is  now  largely  mined. 

Industries.  —  Louisiana  is  an  agricultural  state.  The  staple 
products  are  cotton,  rice,  and  sugar.  The  location  of  New 
Orleans,  the  chief  commercial  metropolis  of  the  South,  within 
the  state,  also  gives  it  important  character  commercially. 
Manufactures  employ  large  numbers  of  people. 

Cotton  is  extensively  cultivated,  and  Louisiana  ranks  as  seventh  amon°- 

© 

the  cotton-producing  states.  The  total  cotton-production  for  the  year 
1880  was  508,569  bales.  In  the  average  product  per  acre,  the  state 
stands  first  among  the  cotton-states  proper. 

In  the  production  of  rice,  this  state  ranks  high;  and  the  product  is  in¬ 
creasing  both  in  quality  and  quantity. 

Louisiana  is  the  only  part  of  the  country  (except  limited  areas  in  Florida 


and  Texas)  that  is  adapted  to  the  growth  of  the  true  sugar-cane.  The 
culture  of  the  cane  began  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  and  has 
developed  into  a  leading  industry  in  the  state. 

The  manufacturing  interests  are  not  diversified,  but  consist  mainly  of 
the  manufacture  of  cotton-seed  oil,  sugar,  and  molasses.  The  next 
most  important  articles  are  tobacco,  cigars,  boots  and  shoes,  flour, 
clothing,  iron  castings,  and  plantation  machinery. 

On  the  1  st  of  January,  1882,  there  were  999  miles  of  rail¬ 
road  built  and  in  operation  in  the  state.  Several  other  im¬ 
portant  lines  have  since  been  built,  or  are  now  in  process  of 
construction. 

Government. — The  present  constitution  of  Louisiana  was 
adopted  in  December,  1879.  ^  is  one  of  the  most  recent  con¬ 

stitutions  framed,  and  contains  many  provisions  which  are 
considered  of  peculiar  merit. 

The  executive  department  consists  of  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor, 
secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  attorney-general,  superintendent 
of  education,  and  commissioner  of  agriculture  ;  all  of  whom  are  elected 
by  the  people  for  terms  of  four  years. 

The  legislative  department  embraces  a  Senate  of  thirty-six  members, 
and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  ninety-six  members.  Senators 
and  representatives  are  both  elected  for  terms  of  four  years,  one-half 
being  elected  every  two  years.  The  Legislature  meets  biennially  in 
May  of  the  even  years,  and  its  sessions  are  limited  to  ninety  days. 

The  judicial  department  comprises  a  Supreme  Court  (a  chief  justice 
and  four  associates),  and  appellate,  district,  parish,  and  justices’  courts. 
There  are  also  municipal  courts  in  the  larger  cities. 

The  system  of  jurisprudence  in  this  state  is  peculiar,  inasmuch  as  the 
civil  law  prevails,  instead  of  the  common.  The  civil  code  of  Louisiana 
is  based  upon  the  Code  Napoleon  of  France,  and  the  laws  of  the  state 
are  therefore  very  similar  to  those  of  the  French  Republic.  The  code, 
as  revised  in  1870,  is  considered  one  of  the  best  expositions  of  the 
civil  law  in  existence. 

The  general  state  election  occurs  on  Tuesday  after  the  third  Monday  in 
April,  every  fourth  year,  beginning  with  the  year  1880. 

Education.  —  The  general  interests  of  education  in  Loui¬ 
siana  are  under  charge  of  a  state  superintendent  of  public 
education,  a  state  board  of  education  (composed  of  the  gov¬ 
ernor  and  other  state  officers),  and  boards  of  parish  school 
directors. 

The  public  schools  are  supported  by  the  proceeds  of  the  state  school 
fund  and  by  special  taxation.  In  New  Orleans  and  some  other  cities 
these  are  supplemented  by  generous  appropriations  made  by  the  city 
administration. 

Normal  education  is  provided  in  two  Peabody  normal  schools  in  New 
Orleans,  —  one  for  white,  and  one  for  colored  teachers,  —  and  in  the 
normal  departments  of  several  collegiate  institutions. 

There  are  several  excellent  city  and  parish  high  schools  in  the  state, 
besides  many  academies,  seminaries,  and  colleges  of  good  reputation. 

The  State  University  and  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  the 
Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  the  Institution  for  the  Educa¬ 
tion  of  the  Blind,  are  at  Baton  Rouge. 

History.  —  “Louisiana,”  at  the  opening  of  the  present  cen¬ 
tury,  was  the  name  applied  to  an  extensive  territory  including 
the  whole  country  westward  from  the  Mississippi  not  occupied 
by  Spain,  and  northward  to  the  southern  boundary  of  British 
America,  — a  vast  region  then  in  the  possession  of  France. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  within  the  present  state  had  been  made 
about  a  hundred  years  before  (in  1699)  at  Iberville,  and  the  country 
already  gave  promise  of  great  wealth  and  commercial  importance. 

In  1803,  during  the  administration  of  Jefferson,  this  domain  was  pur¬ 
chased  from  France  for  $15,000,000;  and,  on  the  twenty-third  day  of 
December  of  that  year,  the  American  flag  was  first  raised  in  New 
Orleans.  The  territory  of  Orleans,  nearly  co-extensive  with  the  present 


ARKANSAS. 


133 


state,  was  organized  in  1804.  The  state  of  Louisiana,  with  its  present 
limits,  was  organized  in  1812;  and  the  territory  of  Louisiana  took  the 
name  of  Missouri. 

This  new  and  distant  part  of  the  national  domain  was  the  object  of 
special  attack  by  the  British  in  the  war  of  1812-15;  and  the  battle 
of  New  Orleans,  fought  Jan.  8,  1815,  was  the  crowning  event  of  that 
war. 

In  the  civil  war  (1861-65)  Louisiana  was  again  the  scene  of  important 
military  movements.  New  Orleans  was  captured  by  the  Federal 
forces  in  April,  1862,  and  from  that  time  was  made  the  base  of  their 
military  and  naval  operations  in  the  south-west. 

Since  its  admission  to  the  Union  in  1812,  the  state  has 
grown  rapidly  in  wealth  and  population,  except  during  the 
decade  of  the  civil  war.  From  1870  to  1880  the  increase  of 
population  was  over  213,000,  or  29.3  per  cent,  which  is  almost 
exactly  the  rate  of  increase  of  the  country  at  large. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Louisiana  contains  fifty-eight  par¬ 
ishes,  corresponding  to  counties  in  other  states. 

The  subdivisions  of  the  parish  are  called  police  jury  wards.  There  were 
in  1880,  according  to  the  census  report,  439  jury  wards,  4  cities,  and  60 
towns  and  villages. 

The  more  important  cities  and  towns  are  the  following  :  — 

Baton  Rouge  (7,197),  the  capital  of  the  state  from  1847  till  1864,  and 
again  since  1881,  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  in  the  parish 
of  East  Baton  Rouge.  The  city  is  beautifully  located  on  a  bluff  from  30  to 
50  feet  above  the  river  level,  and  commands  an  extended  view  of  the  bot¬ 
tom-land  and  the  river  course.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  state  institutions, — 
among  them,  the  State  University,  the  Institutions  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
and  for  the  Blind,  the  State  Prison,  and  the  State  Arsenal. 

New  Orleans  (216,090),  the  largest  city  of  the  South,  and  the  metropolis 
of  the  Lower  Mississippi  and  Gulf  states,  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi 
River  about  100  miles  from  its  mouth  at  the  South  Pass.  The  city  is  co¬ 
extensive  with  the  parish  of  Orleans,  having  an  area  of  187  square  miles, 
bounded  mostly  by  the  river,  and  Lakes  Borgne  and  Ponchartrain.  Much 
of  this  area,  however,  is  low,  and  not  compactly  built. 

The  city  proper,  covering  about  50  square  miles,  is  regularly  laid  out,  and 
substantially  built.  The  city  level  is  below  that  of  the  river  and  the  lakes ; 
and  this  makes  necessary  an  extensive  system  of  levees,  which  forms  a 
marked  feature  of  the  city.  The  most  prominent  public  buildings  are  the 
custom-house,  the  United-States  mint,  the  city-hall,  court-houses,  Cotton 
Exchange,  Washington  Artillery  Hall,  etc. 


The  commercial  advantages  of  New  Orleans  are  remarkable.  It  is  the 
converging  point  of  the  greatest  system  of  river  navigation  in  the  world. 
This  and  its  numerous  lines  of  railway  give  it  communication  with  all 
parts  of  the  great  cotton,  wheat,  corn,  tobacco,  and  sugar  producing  sections 
of  the  country.  Ocean  vessels  drawing  thirty  feet  of  water  can  enter  the 
river,  and  load  at  its  wharves.  Thus  the  city  ranks  among  the  great  com¬ 
mercial  centers  of  the  world.  In  the  value  of  its  foreign  commerce,  it 
ranks  next  to  New  York.  It  is  the  leading  sugar-market  of  this  country, 
and  the  second  largest  cotton-market  in  the  world. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  sugar,  sirup,  cotton-seed  oil,  tobacco, 
cotton  goods,  ice,  machinery,  etc. 

The  educational  institutions  of  New  Orleans  are  of  superior  character. 
The  public  schools  are  liberally  supported,  and  are  not  surpassed  by  any  in 
the  country.  There  are  also  many  private  and  church  schools  of  high 
grade. 


Shreveport — in  Caddo  Parish,  on  the  Red 
River  —  is  the  chief  city  in  North-western 
Louisiana.  It  has  good  commercial  facili¬ 
ties  by  railroad  and  river  transportation, 
and  is  growing  rapidly  in  population  and 
commercial  importance  The  city  does  a 
large  trade  in  cotton,  lumber,  and  cattle. 
Steamers  connect  the  city  with  New  Orleans 
and  Red  River  ports. 

Natchitoches  —  is  situated  on  Cane  River,  about 
four  miles  from  the  Red  River  River 
steamers  come  to  its  wharves,  and  connect 
it  with  Shreveport,  New  Orleans,  and  inter¬ 
mediate  points.  The  town  is  growing  rapid¬ 
ly,  having  doubled  in  population  between 
1870  and  1880. 

New  Iberia  —  in  Iberia  Parish  —  is  situated  on 
Bayou  Teche,  which  is  here  navigable  for 
steamers.  There  is  considerable  trade  in 
lumber,  cotton,  and  sugar.  Good  educa¬ 
tional  advantages. 

Donaldsonville  —  in  Ascension  Parish  —  is  a  rail¬ 
road  and  river  town  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
at  the  entrance  into  Bayou  La  Fourche.  The 
place  has  excellent  advantages  for  trade. 

Monroe  —  in  Ouachita  Parish —  is  the  largest  town 
on  the  Ouachita  River.  It  has  railroad  con¬ 
nections  east  and  west,  and  has  a  large  trade 
in  Northern  Louisiana. 

Plaquemine  —  in  Iberville  Parish  —  is  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  ioo  miles  above  New 
Orleans.  Has  a  fine  local  trade,  and  is  a 
market  for  cotton  and  sugar. 

Morgan  City  —  in  St.  Mary’s  Parish,  on  the 
Atchafalaya  River,  here  generally  called 
Berwick  Bay  It  is  a  growing  city  on  the 
Louisiana  and  Texas  Railroad.  It  has  ex¬ 


cellent  shipping  facilities,  and  is  connected 
by  lines  ot  steamers  with  Galveston  and 
other  Gulf  ports.  Franklin  —  in  the  same 
parish.  A  prosperous  town  on  the  Bayou 
Teche,  which  is  here  navigable  for  large 
steamers.  Trade  in  sugar,  cotton,  lumber, 
oranges,  etc. 

Alexandria  —  in  Rapides  Parish,  on  the  Red 
River.  The  river  is  here  navigable  at  all 
seasons.  The  town  carries  on  a  considerable 
business  in  shipping  and  general  trade. 

Opelousas  —  in  St.  Landry  Parish.  An  interior 
town,  surrounded  by  a  rich  cotton  and  sugar 
producing  district. 

Gretna — in  Jefferson  Parish,  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  opposite  New  Orleans. 

Vermillionville  —  in  La  Fayette  Parish  —  is  an 
important  and  growing  railroad  junction  on 
Morgan’s  Louisiana  and  Texas  Line. 

Lake  Charles  —  in  Calcasieu  Parish  on  the  New- 
Orleans  and  Texas  Railroad  —  is  fast  growing 
in  population  and  business  importance. 

Mansfield  —  in  De  Solo  Parish — is  a  thriving 
railroad  town  in  the  north-western  part  of 
the  stale. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  towns,  with 
a  population  of  over  1,000  inhabitants  each, 
are  worthy  of  note:  St.  Martinsville, 
in  St.  Martin’s  Parish,  a  growing  business 
town:  Thibodeaux,  on  Bayou  La  Fourche, 
in  La  Fourche  Parish;  Clinton,  in  East 
Feliciana  Parish,  the  terminus  of  a  local 
railroad:  Amite  City,  a  thriving  railroad 
town  in  Tangipahoa  Parish;  Washington, 
in  St.  Landry  Parish;  Minden,  in  Webster 
Parish;  and  Houma,  in  Terre  Bonne  Par¬ 
ish. 


ARKANSAS. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  state  borders  Arkansas  on  the  north?  What  three 
states  border  it  on  the  east?  What  state  borders  it  on  the  south?  What 
state  and  territory  border  it  on  the  west  ? 

Surface.  —  What  mountains  extend  from  Missouri  into  Arkansas  ? 
What  other  mountains  are  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  state  ?  Judging 
by  the  course  of  the  rivers,  what  is  the  general  direction  of  the  slope  of 
the  surface  in  this  state  ? 

Rivers  and  Lakes.  —  What  large  river  forms  most  of  the  eastern  bound¬ 
ary  ?  What  other  river  forms  a  partial  eastern  boundary  ?  What  lakes 


are  in  the  north-eastern  part?  What  great  tributary  of  the  Mississippi 
flows  entirely  across  the  state  ?  What  tributaries  does  the  Arkansas  receive 
in  this  state  ?  What  river  forms  part  of  the  south-western  boundary? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Missouri?  On  the  Mississippi 
1  River?  On  Louisiana?  On  Texas?  On  Indian  Territory?  In  what 
county  is  the  state  capital  ?  [In  what  county  do  you  live  ?  What  counties 
adjoin  it  ?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  On  what  river  is  the  capital  ?  In  what  county  and 
,  on  what  river  is  Fort  Smith?  Van  Buren  ?  Camden?  Pine  Bluff?  Lo¬ 
cate  Hot  Springs,  Fayetteville,  Arkadelphia,  Helena,  Texarkana,  Hopefield. 

I  [What  is  the  county  town  of  the  county  in  which  you  live  ?] 


134 


ARKANSAS. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  53,850  square  miles.  Population,  802,525 .] 


of  the  state  have  a  soil  of  exhaustless  fertility.  The  leading 
farm  products  are,  in  the  north,  wheat,  corn,  oats,  potatoes, 
hemp,  butter,  apples,  wool,  and  live-stock  ;  in  the  south,  corn, 


Situation  and  Extent.  —  Arkansas  (pronounced  Ar'kansaw )  ;  cotton,  tobacco,  lice,  sweet-potatoes,  honey,  and  beeswax. 


has  for  its  eastern  boundary  the  Mississippi  River,  and  extends  j 
westward  to  longitude  940  40'  west.  Its  extent  (north  and 
south)  is  3!  degrees,  or  about  242  miles, — from  Missouri  on 
the  north,  to  Louisiana  and  Texas  on  the  south. 

Surface. — The  eastern  part  of  the  state,  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi,  is  low,  level,  and  swampy.  In  the  interior  it 
becomes  hilly,  and  in  the  west  it  rises  into  a  mountain  region. 

The  Mississippi  bottom-lands  are  from  thirty  to  a  hundred  miles  wide, 
and  are  covered  by  extensive  forests,  interspersed  with  swamps  and 
sluggish  streams.  This  portion  of  the  state  is  frequently  overflowed, 
except  where  prevented  by  levees,  or  artificial  embankments. 

The  central  portion  of  the  state  rises  gradually  from  the  river  levels. 
It  is  interspersed  with  numerous  extensive  prairies,  becoming  hilly 
toward  the  west.  These  eleva¬ 
tions  are  the  foot-hills  leading 
up  to  the  mountain  region 
proper,  which  includes  the 
Ozark  Montains,  the  Boston 
Mountains,  and  the  Ouachita 
range. 

Drainage.  —  The  state  be¬ 
longs  entirely  to  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  all  its 
streams  are  directly  or  indi¬ 
rectly  tributary  to  that  river. 

The  courses  of  the  rivers  are 
nearly  all  uniformly  from  the 
north-west  to  the  south-east. 

Beside  the  Mississippi,  the  prin¬ 
cipal  rivers  are  the  Arkansas, 

Red,  St.  Francis,  White,  Oua¬ 
chita,  and  Black.  All  these  streams  are  navigable,  and  afford 
facilities  for  an  extensive  system  of  internal  commerce. 

Climate.  —  The  climate  of  Arkansas  varies  with  the  locality 
and  the  surface  features.  In  the  eastern  part  there  is  con¬ 
siderable  tendency  to  malaria  in  the  summer  months.  The 
western  portion  of  the  state  is  considered  very  healthful,  the 
winters  being  especially  salubrious  and  invigorating. 

Resources.  —  The  natural  resources  of  Arkansas  are  very 
great.  T.  he  soils  are  rich  and  varied.  Vast  forests  of  valu¬ 
able  timber  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  The  moun¬ 
tains  abound  in  rich  deposits  of  minerals,  and  in  quarries  of 
valuable  stone.  The  natural  facilities  for  transportation  by 
water  aie  unusually  good,  there  being  over  1,500  miles  of  river 
navigation  in  the  state  and  on  its  borders. 


ARKANSAS  RIVER  SCENE. 


Corn  and  cotton  are  the  great  staples.  The  production  of  corn  in  1880 
was  24,156,000  bushels;  and  in  1882,  according  to  reports  of  the 
United-States  Agricultural  Bureau,  it  was  35,000,000  bushels. 

Among  the  great  cotton  states,  Arkansas  ranks  as  the  fifth,  the  produc¬ 
tion  in  1880  being  over  608,000  bales. 

The  production  of  wheat  in  1880  was  1,270,000  bushels  ;  of  oats,  2,220,000 
bushels. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  lumber,  leather,  wool,  mill  products, 
cotton-seed  oil,  and  farm  machinery. 

There  were,  Jan.  1,  18S1,  about  900  miles  of  railroad  in  the  state,  nearly 
all  of  which  had  been  built  within  ten  years. 

Government. — The  government  of  Arkansas  is  adminis¬ 
tered  under  the  constitution  adopted  in  1874. 


The  legislative  department  con¬ 
sists  of  a  Senate  of  thirty-one 
members,  and  a  House  of 
Representatives  of  ninety-three 
members.  Senators  are  elect¬ 
ed  for  terms  of  four  years, 
one-half  being  chosen  every  two 
years.  Representatives  hold 
office  for  two  years.  The  Legis¬ 
lature  meets  biennially,  the  sec¬ 
ond  Monday  in  January,  odd 
years,  and  the  session  is  limited 
to  sixty  days. 

The  executive  department  com¬ 
prises  a  governor,  secretary  of 
state,  treasurer,  auditor,  attor¬ 
ney-general,  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  and  land  com¬ 
missioner,  all  of  whom,  except 
the  last  named,  are  chosen  by 
The  land  commissioner  is  appointed 


Several  varieties  of  coal  are  found  along  the  Arkansas  River.  Other 
minerals  are  iron,  zinc,  and  lead  ores,  manganese,  gypsum,  salt,  oil¬ 
stone,  granite,  etc. 

I  he  oil-stone  of  the  Ouachita  mineral-spring  region  is  the  best  in  the 
world.  In  the  Ouachita  valley,  about  sixty  miles  from  Little  Rock, 
theie  aie  many  hot-springs,  remarkable  for  their  high  temperature, 
which  varies  from  ioo°  to  150°.  Of  these  the  most  famous  are  at 
Hot  Springs  in  Garland  County.  They  possess  great  curative  proper¬ 
ties,  and  are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids. 

Industries.  Arkansas  is  chiefly  an  agricultural  state.  The 
rich  bottom  and  prairie  lan.ds  of  the  eastern  and  central  parts 


the  people  for  terms  of  two  years, 
by  the  governor. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court  of  three  justices, 
elected  by  the  people,  and  holding  office  for  eight  years  each,  and 
various  inferior,  circuit,  chancery,  and  justices’  courts. 

The  general  state  election  occurs  on  the  first  Monday  in  September  of 
even  years,  and  officers  take  their  places  in  January  following. 

Arkansas  is  represented  in  the  National  Congress  by  two  senators  and 
five  representatives,  and  thus  has  seven  votes  in  the  electoral  college. 

Education. — The  officers  of  the  educational  system  of 
Arkansas  are  the  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
county  examiners  in  each  county,  and  boards  of  district  direct¬ 
ors  for  each  district. 

Excellent  public  schools  are  maintained  in  many  of  the  larger  towns 
and  cities  of  the  state,  notably  at  Little  Rock,  which  has,  in  addition 
to  the  ordinary  grades,  two  superior  high  schools,  one  for  white,  and 
one  for  colored  pupils. 

The  Arkansas  Industrial  University  is  located  at  Fayetteville.  This 
institution  has  a  normal  department  for  white  teachers.  The  normal 
school  for  colored  teachers  is  at  Pine  Bluff.  Normal  departments  are 
also  maintained  in  Judson  University  at  Judsonia,  and  in  St.  John’s 
College  at  Little  Rock. 

The  Medical  Department  of  the  Industrial  University,  the  Deaf-Mute 
Institute,  and  the  Institution  for  the  Blind,  are  located  at  Little  Rock. 

History.  —  Arkansas  was  included  in  the  great  Louisiana 
Purchase,  which  became  a  part  of  the  United  States  in  1803. 


ARKANSAS. 


135 


The  first  permanent  settlement  within  the  limits  of  the  state 
was  made  by  the  French  at  Arkansas  Post  in  1685. 

Arkansas  constituted  a  part  of  Missouri  Territory  from  1812  to  1819. 
In  1819  it  became  a  separate  territory  under  its  present  name;  and,  in 
1836,  it  was  admitted  as  a  state,  being  the  twenty-fifth  state  in  the 
order  of  admission. 

Arkansas  passed  the  ordinance  of  secession  from  the  Union  in  May, 
1861  ;  and  the  state  was  the  scene  of  some  of  the  most  important 
military  movements  west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Among  these 
were  the  actions  at  Pea  Ridge  or  Elk  Horn,  Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas 
Post,  and  Helena. 

Attempts  at  reconstruction  began  early  in  1864;  but  it  was  not  till  1869 
that  martial  law  finally  ceased  throughout  the  state,  and  civil  govern¬ 
ment  was  fully  resumed. 

Since  the  war  and  reconstruction  period,  Arkansas  has 
progressed  very  rapidly  in  population  and  material  wealth. 

During  the  decade  1870  to  1880,  railroads  increased  from  128 

_  • 

miles  to  over  800  miles.  The  population,  during  the  same 
time,  increased  from  484,471  to  802,525,  —  a  gain  of  over  sixty- 
five  per  cent,  and  a  rate  of  growth  exceeded  by  only  six  states. 

Political  Divisions. — Arkansas  is  divided  into  seventy-four 
counties. 

The  primary  divisions  of  the  counties  are  called  townships.  According 
to  the  tenth  census,  in  1880,  there  were  893  townships,  3  cities,  and 
103  towns  and  villages. 

Among  the  cities  and  towns,  the  following  are  the  most 
important ;  — 

Little  Rock  (13,138),  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Arkansas,  is  situated 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Arkansas  River,  in  Pulaski  County,  near  the  center 
of  the  state.  The  city  has  very  important  railroad  connections  in  addition 
to  its  shipping  facilities  by  river,  and  commands  a  large  wholesale  and 
retail  trade. 

The  city  is  handsomely  situated  on  a  high  bluff  commanding  an  exten¬ 
sive  view  down  the  valley  of  the  river. 

Little  Rock  is  an  important  market  for  the  productions  of  the  state,  and 
is  also  developing  considerable  manufactures. 

The  educational  institutions  of  the  city  are  of  a  high  character.  The 
public  schools  are  well  maintained,  and  include  the  ‘Sherman  High  School 
for  white,  and  the  Union  High  School  for  colored  pupils.  Here  are  also 
located  St.  John’s  College,  the  Deaf-Mute  Institute,  and  the  State  Institu¬ 
tion  for  the  Blind. 

Eureka  Springs  (3,984),  in  Carroll  County,  is  a  rapidly-growing  town 
which  has  suddenly  sprung  into  prominence  on  account  of  the  fame  of  its 
mineral  waters.  It  is  delightfully  located  in  the  most  picturesque  section 
of  the  north-western  part  of  the  state.  The  adjacent  country  is  growing 


rapidly,  the  township  having  increased  in  population  from  51 1  in  1870,  to 
nearly  5,000  in  1880. 

Helena  (3,652),  county  seat  of  Phillips  County,  is  the  largest  town  on 
the  Mississippi  River  within  the  state.  It  has  a  large  river  trade,  and  is 
an  important  cotton-market.  The  Arkansas  Central  Railroad  has  its  east¬ 
ern  terminus  at  this  place,  and  the  town  is  rapidly  growing  in  wealth  and 
commercial  importance. 


Hot  Springs  —  county  seat  of  Garland  County  — 
is  a  famous  resort  for  invalids  and  pleasure- 
seekers.  It  is  located  in  a  narrow  valley 
about  five  miles  from  the  Ouachita  River, 
and  has  over  fifty  springs  whose  temperature 
ranges  from  ioo°  to  150°.  Formerly  the 
Hot  Springs  reservation  belonged  to  the 
General  Government  of  the  United  States; 
but  recently  it  has  been  largely  sold  to  pri¬ 
vate  parties,  and  many  fine  improvements 
have  been  made. 

Texarkana  —  county  seat  of  Miller  County  —  is 
an  important  railway  center,  situated  about 
one-half  in  Arkansas,  and  the  rest  in  Texas. 
It  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Iron  Mountain 
Road  with  the  great  Texas  system  of  rail¬ 
ways,  and  is  an  important  point  on  the 
southern  line  to  the  Pacific  coast.  The 
post-office  is  in  the  state  of  Arkansas. 

Pine  Bluff  —  county  seat  of  Jefferson  County  —  is 
situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Arkansas 
River,  about  fifty  miles  from  Little  Rock. 
The  city  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  high 
bluff.  It  has  good  railroad  connections,  and 
ships  cotton  and  other  productions  very 
largely  by  rail  and  river.  It  has  consider¬ 
able  manufactures  of  iron,  carriages,  flour, 
lumber,  cotton-seed  oil,  etc.  Here  are  good 
schools,  including  an  excellent  high  school 
and  a  normal  school. 

Fort  Smith  —  in  Sebastian  County,  on  the  ex¬ 
treme  western  boundary  line  where  the 
Arkansas  River  enters  the  state  —  is  an  im¬ 
portant  city,  having  a  large  trade  in  the 
Indian  Territory.  It  has  considerable 
manufactures  of  lumber,  leather,  farming 
implements,  etc.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the 
United-States  District  Court  for  the  west¬ 
ern  district  of  Arkansas,  having  jurisdiction 
over  the  Indian  Territory. 

Fayetteville  —  county  seat  of  Washington  Coun¬ 
ty  —  is  a  prosperous  and  growing  town. 
It  is  very  pleasantly  situated  in  the  moun¬ 
tain  region  of  the  north-western  part  of  the 
state.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Arkansas  State 
Industrial  University,  and  is  the  center  of  a 
large  local  trade. 

Arkadelphia  —  county  seat  of  Clarke  County  —  is 
situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Ouachita 
River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  St.  Louis, 
Iron  Mountain,  and  Southern  Railroad. 
Since  the  extension  of  this  railroad  system, 
the  town  has  grown  in  population  and  im¬ 
portance,  and  does  a  large  local  trade. 
Salt  of  excellent  quality  is  manufactured 
here.  Superior  schools. 

Camden  —  county  seat  of  Ouachita  County,  on 


the  west  bank  of  the  Ouachita  River. 
Steamboats  come  up  the  river  to  this  point 
during  high  water.  The  town  carries  on 
considerable  manufactures,  has  a  good  local 
trade,  and  is  the  market  for  large  quantities 
of  cotton  and  other  farm  produce. 

Batesville  —  county  seat  of  Independence  County 
—  is  a  prosperous  town  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  White  River.  It  is  growing  steadily, 
has  a  good  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  several 
educational  institutions,  among  them  the  Ar¬ 
kansas  College  and  Batesville  Academy. 

Prescott  —  county  seat  and  commercial  center  of 
the  rapidly-growing  and  prosperous  county 
of  Nevada.  The  town  is  pleasantly  situ¬ 
ated  in  a  healthful  region,  and  has  excellent 
facilities  for  trade  and  shipment  by  the  Iron 
Mountain  Railroad. 

Van  Buren — county  seat  of  Crawford  County, 
on  the  Arkansas  River,  a  few  miles  from  the 
western  boundary  of  the  state.  It  has  con¬ 
siderable  trade  and  manufactures.  Excel¬ 
lent  schools. 

Conway  —  county  seat  of  Faulkner  County  —  is 
the  buisness  center  of  a  rich  and  rapidly- 
developing  country.  The  town  is  on  the 
Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith  Railroad,  and 
is  largely  engaged  in  trade.  Excellent 
educational  facilities. 

The  following  towns  are  rapidly  growing  in  popu¬ 
lation  and  importance;  they  are  located  on 
new  lines  of  railroad,  and  share  in  the  great 
development  of  the  natural  wealth  of  the 
state:  Atkins  and  Russellville  in  Pope 
County,  Morrillton  in  Conway  County, 
Clarksville  in  Johnson  County,  and 
Ozark  in  Franklin  County,  on  the  line  of 
the  Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith  Railroad; 
Forest  City  in  St.  Francis  County,  and 
Lonoke  in  Lonoke  County,  on  the  Mem¬ 
phis  and  Little  Rock  Railroad;  Corning 
in  Clay  County,  Newport  in  Jackson 
County,  Benton  in  Saline  County,  and 
Fulton  in  Hempstead  County,  on  the  Iron 
Mountain  Railroad;  Monticello  in  Drew 
County,  on  the  Little  Rock  and  Mississippi 
River  Railroad;  Marianna  in  Lee  County, 
on  the  Helena  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad; 
and  Clarendon  in  Monroe  County,  on  the 
Arkansas  Midland  Railroad. 

Hamburgh  in  Ashley  County,  Dardanelle  in 
Yell  County,  Augusta  in  Woodruff  Coun¬ 
ty,  Searcy  in  White  County,  Jacksonport 
in  Jackson  County,  and  Arkansas  City 
in  Desha  County,  are  county  seats  of  their 
respective  counties,  and  towns  of  local 
importance. 


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TEXAS. 


DESCRIPTION. 

f Area ,  265,780  square  miles.  Population,  1,591,749 .] 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  Texas  is  the 
most  southerly  state  of  the  American  Union, 
with  the  exception  of  Florida,  its  most  south¬ 
ern  point  being  in  latitude  25 0  50'  north. 

It  extends  through  nearly  eleven  degrees  of  lati¬ 
tude,  and  thirteen  degrees  of  longitude.  Its  area 
is  larger  than  all  the  New  England  and  the  Mid¬ 
dle  States,  together  with  Maryland,  Virginia,  and 
North  Carolina.  It  has  a  greater  extent  than 
France  or  the  German  Empire. 

The  outline  of  the  state  is  very  irregular.  The 
longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  from  north  to 
south  is  about  700  miles ;  that  from  east  to  west, 
about  800  miles. 


Surface. — Between  the  level  plain  bordering  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  the 
south-eastern  part,  and  the  mountain  plateau  region  in  the  west,  the  surface 
of  Texas  presents  three  well-marked  terraces. 


THE  PLAINS. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


Situation.  —  Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  does  Texas  extend? 
Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  does  it  extend  ?  By  the  scale  of  miles, 
measure  the  greatest  extent  of  Texas  from  east  to  west.  From  north  to  south. 

Seacoast.  —  What  are  the  principal  bays  on  the  Texas  coast?  On  what 
island  is  Galveston?  What  four  islands  south  of  Pass  Cavallo?  What 
large  river  flows  into  Galveston  Bay  ?  Where  is  Point  Isabel? 

Surface. — Judging  from  the  course  of  the  rivers,  in  what  general  direc¬ 
tion  is  the  slope  of  the  surface  ?  Where  is  the  Llano  Estacado  ?  What 
mountains  are  in  El  Paso  County?  In  Pecos  County?  In  Tom  Green 
County?  Where  is  Double  Mountain? 

Rivers.  —  What  river  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  northern  boundary  ? 
What  lake  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  state  ?  What  river  forms  part 
of  the  eastern  boundary?  Into  what  lake  does  the  Sabine  River  flow? 
Describe  the  Brazos  River?  What  large  river  flows  into  Matagorda  Bay? 
What  river  flows  into  Corpus  Christi  Bay?  What  river  forms  the  entire 
boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico?  What  is  the  principal  tributary  in 
Texas  of  the  Rio  Grande? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  Arkansas?  On  Louisiana?  On 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  On  Mexico?  In  what  county  is  the  state  capital? 
[In  what  county  do  you  live?  What  counties  adjoin  it?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  What  is  the  principal  seaport  of  Texas?  What 
county  towns  are  on  the  railroad  between  Denison  and  Houston?  Between 
Texarkana  and  Houston?  Between  Galveston  and  Austin?  Between 
Houston  and  San  Antonio?  Between  Dallas  and  Shreveport,  La.?  [What 
is  the  county  town  of  the  county  in  which  you  live  ?]  What  is  the  most 
southern  seaport  of  Texas?  What  city  is  opposite  Matamoras?  In  what 
county  and  on  what  river  is  Houston?  Dallas?  In  what  county  is  San  An¬ 
tonio?  Jefferson?  Locate  Sherman,  Waco,  Fort  Worth,  Denison,  Marshall, 
Indianola. 


The  first  terrace  is  the  coast  plain,  extending  from  25  to  60  miles  inland  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  It  consists  mainly  of  fertile  lowlands,  wooded  only  along  the  banks  of 
the  rivers. 

The  second  te?race  is  the  region  of  hill-lands,  —  high  rolling  prairies,  narrow  wooded 
bottoms,  and  “islands”  of  timber. 

The  third  terrace  is  a  tableland  rising  to  the  height  of  over  2,000  feet, 
and  forming  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  some  outlying 
ridges  of  which  extend  into  the  western  part  of  the  state.  This  region 
has  been  known  from  early  Spanish  times  as  the  Llano  Estacado,  or 
“staked  plain.”  Its  characteristic  vegetation  consists  of  the  cactus, 
the  aloe,  mesquite,  etc. 

Drainage.  —  The  rivers  of  Texas  belong  entirely  to  the 
Gulf  system.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  is  drained  by  rivers  tributary  to  the  Mississippi 
through  the  Red  and  Arkansas  rivers.  All  the  other  waters 


of  Texas  reach  the  Gulf  within  the  state,  or  on  its  borders. 

The  main  boundary  rivers  are  the  Red  River  on  the  north,  the  Sabine  on 
the  east,  and  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  south-west. 

The  chief  rivers  belonging  wholly  to  Texas  are  the  Trinit)',  which  is 
navigable  as  far  as  Liberty  throughout  the  year;  the  Brazos  (950  miles 
long),  navigable  to  Richmond,  about  75  miles;  the  Nueces;  and  the 
Colorado  (about  900  miles  long). 

Climate.  —  Extending  through  eleven  degrees  of  latitude, 
from  the  parallel  of  Southern  Virginia  to  that  of  Southern 
Florida,  Texas  presents  a  great  variety  of  climate. 

On  the  coast  plain  the  climate  is  semi-tropical;  but  the  heat  is  tempered 
by  the  winds  from  the  Gulf,  and  the  region  is  generally  healthful,  being 
more  free  from  malarial  fevers  than  any  other  portion  of  the  Gulf 
coast.  The  middle  country  has  a  dry  and  healthful  climate,  which  is 
delightful  throughout  the  year.  In  the  highlands,  and  on  the  northern 
border,  the  winters  are  cool,  and  considerable  snow  falls  at  times. 

Texas  is  noted  for  its  clear  and  beautiful  skies,  rivaling  those  of  Italy 
in  their  brightness  and  splendor. 


GALVESTON  HARBOR. 


TEXAS. 


T  -  i  < 

150 


Resources.  —  Texas  has  the  finest  facilities  for  agriculture, 
stock-raising,  and  commerce ;  and  these,  for  the  time,  have 
received  the  greatest  share  of  the  attention  of  the  people. 
But  the  extent  of  the  natural  wealth  of  the  state  can  hardly 
be  realized  ;  and,  in  addition  to  the  interests  already  developed, 
it  also  possesses  many  other  resources,  and  vast  capabilities 
of  future  growth. 

There  is  an  abundance  of  most  valuable  timber;  and  great  deposits  of 
coal,  iron,  salt,  and  other  useful  minerals,  are  found  in  various  localities. 
These  attractions  draw  a  superior  class  of  immigrants  from  other 
states,  and  also  from  the  most  intelligent  European  countries. 

Industries.  —  Texas  is  pre-eminently  an  agricultural  state, 
and  produces  all  the  leading  staples  of  the  South,  such  as 
cotton,  sugar,  rice,  sweet  potatoes,  oranges,  etc. 

Among  these,  cotton  takes  the  first  rank.  In  18S0  Texas  ranked  third 
among  the  great  cotton-states.  At  present  the  state  probably  leads 
all  others,  producing  over  1,000,000  bales  per  year.  In  the  production 
of  sugar  the  state  ranks  next  to  Louisiana. 

Indian-corn  is  the  chief  cereal;  but  other  grains  are  grown  finely  in  the 
northern  part.  The  product  of  corn  in  1880  was  nearly  30,000,000 
bushels ;  of  oats,  nearly  5,000,000  bushels ;  and  of  wheat,  over  2,500,- 
000  bushels. 

The  official  report  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  estimates  the  corn 
crop  of  1S82  at  74,000,000  bushels. 

Sweet  potatoes  are  a  great  crop ;  and  a  good  article  of  tobacco  is  grown. 
All  the  semi-tropical  fruits  thrive  well  along  the  coast. 

Texas  raises  more  livestock  than  any  other  state.  Immense 
ranches,  having  herds  of  thousands  of  cattle,  horses,  and 
sheep,  are  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

There  are,  upon  the  ranches  in  the  state,  5,000,000  head  of  cattle,  4,000,- 
000  sheep,  and  500,000  horses  and  mules.  Much  attention  is  now 
being  paid  to  improving  the  quality  of  the  stock;  and  the  finest  breeds 
are  being  largely  imported. 

The  vast  extent  of  Texas,  and  its  level  surface,  make  it  one 
of  the  leading  railroad  states  in  the  country.  There  are  now 
more  than  6,000  miles  of  railroad  in  operation  in  the  state;  and 
construction  of  new  lines  is  going  forward  at  the  rate  of  nearly 
1,000  miles  per  year. 

In  1870  there  were  less  than  300  miles  of  railway  in  operation  in  the 
state.  Every  year  since  then,  the  building  and  extension  of  lines  have 
gone  on  more  rapidly.  During  the  twelve  months  from  Oct.  1,  1880, 
to  Oct.  1,  1881,  there  were  built  over  1,400  miles. 

A  large  share  of  the  transcontinental  trade  of  the  country  passes  over 
Texas  lines  to  and  from  the  Pacific  coast.  Important  lines  are  also 
being  pushed  beyond  the  Texas  border  into  Mexico,  over  which  there 
promises  to  be  an  immense  international  trade. 

Government.  —  The  present  constitution  of  Texas  was 
adopted  in  1875.  Under  its  provisions  a  thorough  revision  of 
the  laws,  under  the  name  of  the  “Revised  Code,”  was  enacted 
and  put  in  force  in  the  year  1879.  In  general,  the  constitution 
is  considered  very  liberal  and  effective  in  its  character. 

The  legislative  department,  consists  of  a  Senate  of  thirty-one  members, 
and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  ninety-one  members.  Senators 
are  elected  for  terms  of  four  years,  one-half  being  elected  every  two 
years.  Representatives  are  elected  for  terms  of  two  years.  The 
Legislature  meets  biennially  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  January,  odd 
years,  and  its  sessions  are  limited  to  sixty  days. 

The  executive  department  comprises  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  j 
secretary  of  state,  comptroller  of  public  accounts,  treasurer,  commis-  j 
sioner  of  the  land  office,  attorney-general,  adjutant-general,  and  com- , 
missioner  of  insurance,  statistics,  and  history.  The  secretary  of  state, 


adjutant-general,  and  commissioner  of  insurance,  are  appointed  by  the 
governor.  The  other  executive  officers  are  elected  by  the  people  for 
terms  of  two  years. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  a  court  of  appeals, 
and  a  commission  of  appeals.  These  courts  meet  at  Galveston  the 
first  Monday  in  January;  at  Austin,  the  first  Monday  in  April;  and  at 
Tyler,  the  first  Monday  in  October.  Besides  these  courts,  there  are 
also  thirty-six  district  courts,  and  county  courts  in  each  organized 
county.  All  judicial  officers  are  elected  by  the  people. 

The  regular  state  election  occurs  on  Tuesday  following  the  first  Monday 
in  November,  even  years,  and  state  officers  take  their  seats  on  the 
second  Tuesday  in  January  following. 

Education.  —  The  constitution  of  Texas  directs  the  Legis¬ 
lature  “to  establish  and  make  suitable  provision  for  the  sup¬ 
port  and  maintenance  of  an  efficient  system  of  free  public 
schools.”  The  schools  are  under  the  general  supervision  of 
a  state  board  of  education,  of  which  the  secretary  is  the  chief 
executive  officer. 

The  schools  are  supported  by  the  interest  of  the  general  school  fund,  a 
part  of  the  general  state  revenue  (not  exceeding  one-fourth),  a  poll-tax, 
and  special  local  taxation. 

The  available  school  fund  amounts  to  #3,500,000.  This  is  to  be  largely 
increased  by  the  sale  of  the  school  lands,  which  amount  now  to  over 
50,000,000  acres. 

The  State  University,  recently  established,  is  under  charge  of  a  board 
of  regents ;  and  its  prospective  endowment  arising  from  the  sale  of 
lands  is  very  large.  The  Main  University  is  located  at  Austin,  and 
the  medical  department  at  Galveston.  The  State  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  is  located  at  College  Station,  in  Brazos  County. 

Normal  instruction  is  provided  for  white  teachers  at  the  Sam  Houston 
Normal  Institute,  at  Huntsville,  and  for  colored  teachers,  at  the  Prairie 
View  Normal  Institute,  at  Hampstead. 

Besides  these,  there  are  private  and  church  schools  of  high  grade  in 
nearly  all  the  cities  and  towns  of  the  state. 

History.  —  Texas  originally  belonged  to  the  Spanish  province 
of  Mexico,  and  was  a  part  of  the  republic  of  Mexico  when 
that  country  threw  off  the  Spanish  yoke  in  1822.  Early  in 
this  century  the  country  became  the  resort  of  large  numbers 
of  adventurous  characters  from  “  the  states,”  who  found  in 
the  wild  freedom  of  the  plains  an  arena  for  their  active  spirits. 
These  men,  under  the  direction  of  leaders  of  unquestioned 
ability  and  statesmanship,  greatly  assisted  the  Texans  in  as¬ 
serting  their  independence  of  Mexican  control.  Texas  became 
an  independent  republic  in  1836.  In  1845  it  was  annexed 
to  the  United  States,  and  was  admitted  as  a  state  Dec.  29 
of  the  same  year. 

The  first  settlement  within  the  limits  of  Texas  was  made  on  Matasrorda 
Bay  in  1685;  but  permanent  settlement  did  not  begin  until  early  the 
next  century. 

For  a  long  time  the  boundary  between  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Texas, 
and  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  was  a  matter  of  dispute;  but  in  1819  the 
Sabine  was  fixed  as  the  boundary  by  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Spain. 

Texas  originally  claimed  a  large  territory  beyond  its  present  limits, 
reaching  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  west,  and  to 
the  forty-second  parallel  on  the  north.  In  1850  the  state  ceded  to 
the  United  States  all  its  claim  to  this  territory  for  the  sum  of  $10,000,- 
000  in  bonds,  with  which  its  state  debt  was  paid.  As  thus  originally 
constituted,  the  area  of  the  state  was  over  375,000  square  miles, — an 
extent  greater  than  that  of  the  original  thirteen  states. 

The  annexation  of  Texas  to  the  United  States  was  the  direct 
cause  of  the  Mexican  war.  The  war,  however,  was  only  the 
continuation  and  conclusion  of  the  long  struggle  for  Texan 


TEXAS. 


1 39 


rights  and  independence,  which  began  near  the  opening  of  this 
century,  and  ended  with  the  treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo, 
Feb.  2,  1848. 

The  most  important  battles  fought  in  Texas  during  the  struggle  for 
independence  were  at  Gonzales,  Goliad,  San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  the 
Alamo,  and  San  Jacinto.  The  battles  of  the  Mexican  war  proper, 
fought  within  the  limits  of  Texas,  were  at  Fort  Brown,  Resaca  de  la 
Palma,  and  Palo  Alto. 

Texas  passed  the  ordinance  of  secession  on  Feb.  1,  1861, 
and  was  represented  in  the  Provisional  Congress  at  Mont¬ 
gomery,  Ala.,  which  organized  the  Confederate  government. 

No  important  battles  of  the  civil  war  were  fought  in  Texas;  but  the  last 
skirmish  of  the  war  took  place  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  May 
13,  1865,  and  there  Gen.  Kirby  Smith  surrendered  the  last  Confederate 
army. 

After  the  war,  the  state  remained  under  provisional  and  military  gov¬ 
ernment  until  April  16,  1870,  when  it  was  turned  over  to  the  civil 
authorities. 

Political  Divisions.  — Texas  contains  227  counties,  of  which 
166  are  now  organized. 

According  to  the  tenth  census,  in  1880,  there  were  30 
cities,  and  78  towns  and  villages,  in  the  state.  Of  these,  the 
most  important  are  the  following  ;  — 

Austin  (10,960),  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  a  beautiful  city,  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Colorado  River.  The  city  has  handsome  public  build¬ 
ings,  including  a  United  States  court-house,  and  a  state  Capitol  now  in  pro¬ 
cess  of  construction.  The  city  has  a  large  local  trade  extending  through 
several  counties.  It  has  excellent  railroad  connections  in  all  directions,  and 
considerable  manufactures,  including  flour,  ice,  iron  goods,  furniture,  leather, 
lime,  and  dressed  lumber. 

Austin  is  the  seat  of  the  State  University,  the  Texas  Military  Institute, 
and  the  asylums  for  the  blind,  for  the  insane,  and  for  the  deaf  and  dumb. 

Galveston  (22,245),  hie  largest  city  and  commercial  metropolis  of  the 
state,  is  situated  on  an  island  at  the  entrance  to  Galveston  Bay.  The  city 
is  regularly  and  handsomely  built.  The  business  portion  abounds  in  spacious 
stores  and  warehouses;  and  the  residence  section  is  noted  for  its  elegant 
residences  surrounded  by  luxuriant  tropical  gardens. 

The  harbor  is  the  best  in  the  state;  and  the  city  has  an  active  trade  with 
many  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  cotton-markets  in 
the  country;  and  its  fine  commercial  position,  together  with  its  railroad  con¬ 
nections,  gives  it  command  of  a  large  and  rapidly  increasing  trade.  It  has 
good  public  and  private  schools.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the  medical  depart¬ 
ment  of  the  State  University,  and  of  the  University  of  St.  Mary. 

San  Antonio  (20,550)  is  historically  the  most  interesting  city  in  the  state. 
It  has  been  the  scene  of  many  of  the  fiercest  conflicts  in  Texan  history, 
and  contains  many  buildings  of  unusual  interest  and  antiquity.  Of  late 
years  it  has  become  an  important  railroad  center;  and  its  trade  and  popula¬ 
tion  are  increasing  very  rapidly. 

The  city  has  excellent  water-power,  and  considerable  manufactures.  It 
carries  on  a  large  trade  in  livestock,  cotton,  wool,  and  hides.  The  public 
and  private  schools  are  of  superior  grade. 


Houston  (16,513),  county  seat  of  Harris  County,  is  an  important  railroad 
center,  having  intimate  business  relations  with  Galveston,  with  which  city  it 
has  communication,  both  by  water  and  by  railroad.  Railroad  lines  leave  the 
city  in  eight  different  directions,  giving  it  command  of  an  extensive  trade. 
The  city  is  an  important  cotton-market,  and  has  considerable  manufacturing 
interests,  especially  of  machinery,  railroad  repairs  and  supplies,  and  cotton 
goods. 

The  city  has  good  public  schools,  including  high  school,  grammar  school, 
and  primary  grades. 


Dallas  —  an  important  railroad  town  in  North¬ 
eastern  Texas.  It  is  situated  in  the  midst 
of  a  fine  agricultural  country,  and  is  the 
commercial  center  of  a  large  and  rapidly 
growing  district.  The  city  has  fine  water¬ 
works,  gas-works,  street-railways,  etc.  Man¬ 
ufactures  of  flour,  cotton-seed  oil,  agricul¬ 
tural  implements,  ice,  cement,  artificial 
stone,  soap,  wagons,  carriages,  etc.  Large 
grain-elevators.  Excellent  public  and  pri¬ 
vate  schools.  Large  shipments  of  cotton, 
grain,  hides,  etc. 

Waco  —  county  seat  of  McLennan  County.  A 
fine  city,  and  the  trading  and  shipping  point 
for  several  counties.  The  city  has  consid¬ 
erable  manufactures  of  cotton,  ice,  lum¬ 
ber,  flour;  has  extensive  grain-elevators, 
street-cars,  gas  and  water  works;  and  is 
growing  rapidly.  Ships  cotton,  grain,  live¬ 
stock,  hides,  and  wool.  Seat  of  Waco  Uni¬ 
versity  and  Waco  Female  College.  Excel¬ 
lent  public  and  private  schools. 

Fort  Worth — a  beautiful  and  substantial  city 
about  30  miles  west  of  Dallas.  Has  excel¬ 
lent  railroad  and  shipping  facilities,  street- 
railroads,  gas-works,  and  water-works  sup¬ 
plied  from  artesian  wells.  Large  wholesale 
and  retail  trade,  and  rapidly  growing  manu¬ 
facturing  interests.  The  city  has  many  fine 
church  edifices,  and  excellent  schools. 

Sherman,  county  seat  of  the  rich  and  prosperous 
county  of  Grayson,  and  Denison  in  the 
same  county,  nine  miles  north,  are  pros¬ 
perous  railroad  towns,  with  excellent  con¬ 
nections  and  facilities  for  trade.  They  do 
a  large  general  trade,  and  ship  large  quan¬ 
tities  of  cotton,  stock,  grain,  etc.  They 
have  fine  churches,  good  schools,  gas-works, 
etc. 

Marshall  —  is  a  rapidly  growing  city  in  Eastern 
Texas,  in  the  old  and  wealthy  county  of 
Harrison.  The  city  does  a  large  trade,  and 
has  considerable  manufactures.  Here  are 
large  railroad,  machine,  and  repair  shops. 
The  seat  of  Wiley  University,  Marshall 
Female  College,  etc. 

Brownsville  —  on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite 
Matamoras.  The  most  important  city  on 
the  Mexican  border.  It  is  a  port  of  entry, 
and  has  a  large  river  trade. 

Brenham  —  county  seat  of  Washington  County. 
The  trading  and  shipping  center  of  a  very 
rich  cotton-growing  section.  The  city  has 
excellent  railroad  facilities.  The  county 
contains  several  other  intelligent  and  pros¬ 
perous  towns. 

Paris  —  a  thriving  town  on  the  Texas  and  Pacific 
Railroad.  Has  a  large  trade,  extensive 


manufactures,  good  schools.  The  county 
is  well  watered,  and  has  an  abundance  of 
timber  and  rich  prairies. 

Laredo  —  is  a  well  built  and  growing  city  on  the 
Rio  Grande.  Several  railroads  from  the 
north  and  from  Mexico  are  built,  or  projected 
to  meet  at  this  place;  and  it  is  thus  becoming 
one  of  the  most  important  places  on  the 
border. 

Corsicana  —  a  handsome  city,  county  seat  of 
Navarro  County,  in  the  heart  of  a  fine 
agricultural  and  grazing  region.  Ships  large 
quantities  of  cotton,  wool,  hides,  grain, 
horses,  cattle,  etc.  Has  good  schools,  and 
fine  school  buildings. 

Jefferson — an  important  city  in  North-eastern 
Texas.  Has  good  shipping  facilities  by  rail¬ 
road,  and  also  by  steamboats,  during  the 
rainy  season.  Ships  large  quantities  of  cot¬ 
ton,  and  many  cattle.  Considerable  manu¬ 
factures,  and  good  schools. 

Texarkana  —  situated  partly  in  Texas,  and  partly 
in  Arkansas.  Is  an  important  railroad 
town,  at  the  junction  of  the  St.  Louis  Iron 
Mountain  and  Southern  Railroad  with  sev¬ 
eral  leading  Texas  lines. 

The  following  places,  by  the  census  of  1880,  had 
a  population  of  from  2,000  to  3,000:  Pales¬ 
tine,  an  important  railroad  junction  on  the 
Houston  and  Great  Northern  Railroad,  the 
location  of  extensive  railroad  shops;  Gaines¬ 
ville,  the  county  seat  of  Cooke  County, 
center  of  a  fine  farming  region;  Terrell, 
a  thriving  trading  and  shipping  point  in 
Kaufman  County;  Tyler,  a  growing  town 
and  railroad  junction  in  Smith  County,  the 
seat  of  the  United  States  and  state  courts 
for  North-eastern  Texas;  Calvert,  a  pros¬ 
perous  business  center  in  Robertson  County; 
and  Weatherford,  an  important  point  on 
the  Texas  and  Pacific,  growing  rapidly  since 
the  completion  of  that  line. 

Other  important  towns  in  North  eastern  Texas 
are,  Bonham,  Sulphur  Springs,  Mc¬ 
Kinney,  Longview,  Cleburne,  Waxa- 
hatchie,  Ennis,  and  Mineola.  All  these 
places  share  the  rapid  growth  and  prosperity 
of  their  section. 

In  Central  Texas  are  the  following  thriving  places: 

Belton,  Hearne,  Bastrop,  Mexia, 
Georgetown,  San  Marcos,  and  Rock¬ 
dale. 

The  following  towns  in  Southern  Texas  are  also 
worthy  of  note:  Gonzales,  Hempstead, 
Navosata,  Cuero,  Huntsville,  Colum¬ 
bus,  and  Seguin. 

Ysleta  and  El  Paso  — are  important  railroad 
towns  on  the  Upper  Rio  Grande. 


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KENTUCKY 


KENTUCKY. 


[Area,  40,400  square  miles.  Population,  1,648,690 .] 


IN  THE  MAMMOTH  CAVE. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Boundaries.  —  What  river  forms  the 
entire  northern  boundary  of  Kentucky  ? 
What  three  states  border  Kentucky  on 
the  north  ?  What  two  states  border 
it  on  the  east  ?  What  state  forms 
the  southern  boundary?  What  natural 
boundary  has  the  state  on  the  west? 

Surface.  —  Which  part  of  the  state  is  most  hilly  or  mountainous?  What 
mountains  form  the  south-eastern  boundary?  In  what  part  of  the  state  is 
Pine  Mountain?  Where  are  Green  Knobs? 

Rivers.  —  In  what  part  of  the  state  do  most  of  the  large  rivers  of 
Kentucky  rise  ?  Describe  the  Ohio  River.  What  large  river  receives  the 
drainage  of  most  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state?  What  large’ river 
receives  the  drainage  of  most  of  the  southern  part?  What  river  and  fork 
form  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  ?  What  river  flows  into  the  Ohio  be¬ 
tween  Newport  and  Covington?  What  into  the  Ohio  at  Carrollton?  On 
what  river  is  the  capital  of  the  state  situated?  Describe  Green  River. 
What  large  rivers  flow  northward  from  Tennessee  through  Kentucky  into 
the  Ohio  ? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  West  Virginia?  What  counties 
border  on  Virginia ?  What  counties  border  on  the  Mississippi  River?  In 
what  county  is  the  state  capital  ?  In  what  county  is  Mammoth  .Cave  ?  [In 
what  county  do  you  live  ?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  What  and  where  is  the  largest  city  in  Kentucky? 
In  what  county  is  it?  What  are  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  Louisville? 
What  two  cities  are  opposite  Cincinnati?  Locate  Maysville,  Lexington, 
Henderson,  Columbus.  What  city  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee  River? 
Describe  the  location  of  the  capital  with  reference  to  its  natural  and 
political  situation.  What  county  towns  are  on  the  railroad  between  Louis¬ 
ville  and  Nashville?  What  towns  and  cities  of  Kentucky  on  the  railroad 
from  Cincinnati,  O.,  to  Chattanooga,  Tenn.  ?  What  county  towns  are  on 
the  Ohio  River  ?  [What  is  the  county  town  of  the  county  in  which  you 
live  ?] 


Location  and  Extent.  —  Kentucky  lies  just 
south  of  the  great  central  states  of  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois.  The  state  extends 
along  the  south  side  of  the  Ohio  River  for 
about  two-thirds  of  its  course,  and  is  very 
irregular  in  form. 

Its  greatest  length  on  the  line  of  the  thirty- 
seventh  parallel  is  350  miles.  Its  greatest 
breadth  is  178  miles. 

Surface.  —  Kentucky  extends  from  the 
crests  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  on  the 
east,  to  the  Mississippi  River  on  the  west, 
and  within  these  limits  presents  a  great 
variety  of  surface  features. 

The  south-eastern  quarter  of  the  state  is  broken 
by  the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  their  off¬ 
shoots.  The  average  height  of  these  mountains 
is  2,000  feet,  and  the  highest  summits  are  about 
3,000  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

North  and  west  of  the  hill  country  is  an  upland  region  (from  the  Big 
Sandy  River  to  longitude  86°  west),  occupying  more  than  half  the 
whole  area  of  the  state.  This  region  includes  within  its  limits  the 
famous  “  Blue  Grass”  country,  the  most  fertile  part  of  Kentucky. 

The  western  part  of  the  state  has  a  generally  level  surface,  diversified 
by  oak  knobs.  A  range  of  hills  runs  parallel  with  the  Ohio  River. 

Drainage.  —  Kentucky  is  abundantly  provided  with  noble 
streams.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  western  limit  for  80  miles  ; 
the  Ohio  skirts  the  northern  border  for  over  600  miles  ;  and 
the  Big  Sandy,  flowing  into  the  Ohio  at  the  north-eastern  cor¬ 
ner  of  the  state,  gives  it  an  additional  river  boundary  of  about 
100  miles.  Thus  there  is  a  continuous  river  boundary  from 
the  point  where  the  Big  Sandy  River  breaks  through  the  crest 
of  the  Alleghanies  to  the  south-western  corner  of  the  state,  — 
a  distance  of  fully  800  miles. 

Most  of  the  other  rivers  of  the  state  flow  into  the  Ohio.  The  most  im¬ 
portant  are  the  Licking,  the  mouth  of  which  is  opposite  Cincinnati ;  the 
Kentucky,  navigated  by  steamboats  80  miles;  Green  River,  navigable 
for  steamboats  to  Greensburg,  200  miles ;  the  Cumberland,  navigable 
to  Nashville,  Tenn.;  and  the  Tennessee  River,  navigable  nearly  its 
entire  course  of  over  500  miles. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Kentucky  is  healthful  and  pleas¬ 
ant.  The  state  is  free  from  the  malarial  influences  of  the 
lower  Mississippi-valley  states.  In  the  upland  and  mountain 
districts  the  summers  are  long  and  delightful,  and  the  winters 
short  and  seldom  severe. 

Resources. — Kentucky  possesses  a  soil  of  great  fertility, 
extensive  forests  of  valuable  woods,  rich  deposits  of  coal  and 
iron  ore,  and  an  abundance  of  excellent  building-stone. 


1 


142 


KENTUCKY. 


The  soil  of  the  Blue  Grass  region  is  unequaled  in  its  fertility;  and  there 
is  hardly  any  part  of  the  state  that  does  not  yield  abundant  harvests. 
The  forests  abound  in  valuable  woods,  and  over  half  the  state  is  under¬ 
laid  by  exhaustless  beds  of  iron  and  coal. 

Hydraulic  limestone  abounds,  and  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
cements.  Limestones  are  also  extensively  found  in  caves  produced 
by  the  action  of  flowing  water.  The  most  famous  of  these  is  the 
Mammoth  Cave  in  Edmonson  County,  the  largest  in  the  world.  The 
cave  is  about  ten  miles  long,  and  the  aggregate  length  of  all  its 
chambers  and  passages  is  nearly  200  miles. 

The  rivers  of  the  state  are  of  great  service  to  commerce  ;  and  their 
navigation  has  been  much  improved  by  appropriations  from  the  National 
Government,  and  by  state  and  local  enterprise. 

Industries. — Agriculture  is  the  chief  industrial  pursuit. 
Mining,  manufacturing,  and  commerce  also  engage  large  num¬ 
bers  of  the  people  of  the  state. 

Tobacco  is  the  most  valuable  product.  The  annual  yield  is  over  one- 
third  the  whole  amount  produced  in  the  United  States.  In  1880  the 
crop  amounted  to  171,120,784  pounds. 

Of  hemp  and  flax  the  state  raises  two-thirds  of  all  that  is  grown  in  the 
country.  In  1880  it  produced  72,852,000  bushels  of  corn,  4,582,000 
bushels  of  oats,  and  11,356,000  bushels  of  wheat. 

In  stock-raising  it  ranks  as  one  of  the  leading  states,  not  only  on 
account  of  its  great  numbers  of  horses,  mules,  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs, 
but  on  account  of  the  excellence  of  their  breeds. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  mill-products,  distilled  liquors,  lumber, 
forged,  rolled,  and  pig  iron,  castings,  bagging,  and  prepared  tobacco. 

The  principal  exports  are  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  horses,  mules,  hogs,  cattle, 
bagging,  and  rope. 

The  domestic  commerce  of  the  state  is  large.  Jan.  1,  18S2,  there  were 
1,715  miles  of  railroad  in  operation  in  the  state. 

Government.  —  The  state  constitution  now  in  force  in  Ken¬ 
tucky  was  adopted  in  1850;  but  numerous  important  changes 
have  been  made  in  the  organic  law  since  that  date. 

The  legislative  department  is  called  the  General  Assembly,  consisting 
of  two  houses,  —  a  Senate,  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  The 
Senate  has  thirty-eight  members,  holding  office  for  four  years,  one- 
half  being  elected  every  two  years.  The  House  consists  of  a  hundred 
members,  who  are  elected  for  two  years.  The  Legislature  meets 
biennially  in  December  of  odd  years,  and  its  sessions  are  limited  to 
sixty  days. 

The  executive  department  comprises  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor, 
secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  attorney-general,  and  superintend¬ 
ent  of  public  instruction.  The  secretary  of  state  is  appointed  by 
the  governor.  All  the  rest  are  elected  by  the  people.  The  term  of 
office  of  all  executive  officers  is  four  years,  except  that  of  the  treas-  j 
urer,  which  is  two  years. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  of  four  justices 
elected  by  the  people  for  a  term  of  eight  years.  There  are  various 
inferior  circuit  and  county  courts,  and  also  municipal  courts  in  the  j 
larger  cities. 

Kentucky  sends  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  two  senators  and 
eleven  representatives. 

Education. — The  educational  officers  provided  by  law  are 
the  state  superintendent,  the  state  board  of  education,  the  j 
state  board  of  examiners,  county  school  commissioners  and 
examiners,  and  district  boards  of  school  trustees. 

T. he  state  school  fund  amounts  to  $1 ,755,682.  In  1880  there  were 

265,581  children  enrolled  in  the  schools,  taught  by  6,764  teachers;  and 
over  $800,000  was  expended  in  maintaining  the  schools. 

Excellent  systems  of  schools  are  maintained  in  Louisville,  Covington, 
Newport,  Paducah,  and  several  other  cities  and  towns. 

There  are  several  normal  schools  in  the  state  which  are  well  attended, 
and  teachers’  institutes  are  required  by  law  to  be  held  annually  in 
each  county. 


The  State  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  is  at  Lexington.  The 
State  Institution  for  the  Blind  is  at  Louisville;  that  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb  is  at  Danville;  and  that  for  the  feeble-minded,  at  Frankfort. 

There  are  also  many  excellent  schools  and  colleges  maintained  at 
private  expense,  or  endowed  by  the  liberality  of  various  religious 
denominations. 

History. — The  first  lasting  settlements  in  Kentucky  were 
made  by  Daniel  Boone  and  others,  in  the  first  year  of  the 
Revolutionary  war  (1775),  when  Boonesborough  was  founded. 

The  settlements  at  first,  suffered  greatly  from  the  Indians;  and  many 
dreadful  deeds  were  done  which  gave  peculiar  significance  to  the  name 
“Kentucky,”  which,  in  the  Indian  language,  means  the  “dark  and 
bloody  ground.” 

In  1796  Kentucky  was  regularly  organized  as  a  county  of  Virginia;  and, 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  Virginians  and  North  Carolinians  flocked 
to  the  new  country  in  large  numbers.  At  the  census  of  1790  there 
were  73,677  inhabitants  within  its  bounds;  and,  in  1792,  it  was  ad¬ 
mitted  to  the  Union,  —  the  first  state  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  Ken¬ 
tucky  remained  a  part  of  Virginia  until  its  admission  as  a  state. 

The  growth  of  Kentucky  has  been  steady  and  substantial ;  and,  at  every 
census,  it  has  ranked  within  the  first  nine  states  in  population. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Kentucky  is  divided  into  117  coun- 
1  ties,  and  the  counties  are  sub-divided  into  magisterial  districts 
(voting-precincts). 

By  the  census  of  1880  there  were,  in  the  state,  896  magisterial  precincts, 
19  cities,  and  304  towns  and  villages. 

The  following  are  among  the  more  important  cities  and 
towns  in  the  state  :  — 

Frankfort  (6,958),  capital  of  the  state,  and  county  seat  of  Franklin 
County,  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Kentucky  River.  It  is  in- the 
heart  of  the  Blue  Grass  region,  and  is  the  center  of  a  large  trade  and 
shipping  interest.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  important  state  institutions. 

Louisville  (123,788),  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  in  Jefferson 
County  at  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  River  It  is  the  metropolis  of  a  large 
section  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys,  and  carries  on  an  extensive 
trade.  It  is  the  most  important  tobacco  market  in  the  country. 

The  city  is  beautifully  laid  out,  and  contains  a  number  of  fine  public 
and  business  buildings,  and  many  handsome  private  residences.  There  are 
numerous  large  manufacturing  establishments.  The  public  schools  are 
liberally  maintained,  and  include  two  fine  high  schools,  —  one  for  boys,  and 
one  for  girls. 

Covington  (29,720),  in  Kenton  County,  and  Newport  (20,433),  >n  Camp¬ 
bell  County,  are  situated  on  the  Ohio  River  opposite  Cincinnati.  Their 
business  and  manufacturing  interests  are  closely  connected  with  those  of 
Cincinnati,  and  they  together  constitute  one  of  the  most  enterprising  com¬ 
mercial  centers  in  the  country. 

Lexington  (16,656),  county  seat  of  Fayette  County,  is  the  largest  city  in 
the  Blue  Grass  region.  It  is,  next  to  Boonesborough,  the  oldest  town  in  the 
state.  Several  railroads  center  here.  Lexington  is  the  seat  of  Kentuckv 
University  and  the  State  Insane  Asylum.  Excellent  public  schools. 


Paducah — county  seat  of  McCracken  County  — 
is  an  important  business  center,  located  on 
the  Ohio  River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ten¬ 
nessee.  Large  manufacturing  interests. 
Extensive  trade  by  railroad  and  river. 
Good  schools. 

Owensboro  —  county  seat  of  Daviess  County, 
on  the  Ohio  River.  It  is  the  trading  and 
shipping  center  of  a  fine  tobacco-growing 
section.  Manufactures  of  lumber,  flour, 
leather,  and  distilled  spirits. 

Henderson  —  county  seat  of  Henderson  County  — 
is  a  city  on  the  Ohio  just  below  Evansville, 
Ind.,  with  which  it  has  close  business  con¬ 
nections.  Large  tobacco  market.  Good 
local  trade.  Excellent  schools. 

Maysville  —  county  seat  of  Mason  County,  on 
the  Ohio  River  above  Cincinnati.  It  is  well 
situated  for  trade  by  river  and  railroad,  and 
has  considerable  manufacturing  interests. 


Bowling  Green  —  county  seat  of  Warren  County 

—  is  the  most  important  town  in  the  region 
known  as  the  “  Barrens.”  It  is  hand¬ 
somely  laid  out,  and  well  built.  Seat  of 
several  excellent  educational  institutions. 

Hopkinsville — county  seat  of  Christian  County 

—  the  richest  tobacco-growing  county  in  the 
state.  The  city  does  a  large  trade  and 
shipping  business.  It  is  the  seat  of  one  of 
the  state  asylums  for  the  insane. 

Ashland  —  in  Boyd  County  —  is  an  iron  manufac¬ 
turing  and  railroad  town  of  growing  impor¬ 
tance  on  the  Ohio  River,  a  few  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Big  Sandy. 

Paris  —  county  seat  of  Bourbon  County  —  is  the 
business  center  of  the  finest  stock-breeding 
section  of  the  state.  The  city  is  beautifully 
situated,  has  fine  public  and  private  schools, 
and  large  trade  and  manufactures. 

Danville  —  county  seat  of  Boyd  County  —  is  a 


TENNESSEE. 


thriving  town  in  the  Blue  Grass  region. 
Here  are  located  the  State  Institution  Cot 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  also  Center  College 
(Presbyterian). 

Richmond  —  county  seat  of  Madison  County  —  is 
a  growing  town  at  the  terminus  of  a  branch 
railroad.  Trading  center  of  a  rich  farming 


and  stock  region, 
versity. 

Elizabethtown — county  seat  of  Hardin  County 
—  is  a  railroad  junction  and  business  center 
about  forty-five  miles  south  of  Louisville. 

Dayton — Campbell  County  —  is  a  manufacturing 
suburb  of  Newport  and  Cincinnati. 


The  following  enterprising  towns  are  county  seats 
of  their  respective  counties,  and  have  a 
population  of  between  2,000  and  2,500,  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  census  of  1880:  Winches¬ 
ter,  Clark  County;  Cynthiana,  Harrison 
County;  Nicholasville,  Jessamine  Coun¬ 
ty;  Russellville,  Logan  County;  Leb- 


143 


anon,  Marion  County;  Harrodsburg, 
Mercer  County;  Mt.  Sterling,  Montgom¬ 
ery  County;  Shelbyville,  Shelby  County; 
and  Versailles,  Woodford  County. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  many  beauti¬ 
ful  and  enterprising  towns  of  from  r,ooo  to 
2,000  inhabitants. 


Seat  of  Central  Uni- 


TENNESSEE. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Boundaries.  —  What  two  states  border  Tennessee  on  the  north  ?  Which 
state  on  its  eastern  boundary?  What  three  states  border  it  on  the  south  ? 
What  natural  boundary  has  the  state  on  the  west?  What  two  states  are 
immediately  west  of  Tennessee  ? 

Through  how  many  degrees  of  lon¬ 
gitude  does  Tennessee  extend? 

Surface.  —  What  part  of  the 
state  is  mountainous?  On  the 
eastern  border  of  the  state  what 
mountains  are  between  the  Hia- 
wassee  and  Little  Tennessee  riv¬ 
ers  ?  What  mountains  between  the 
Little  Tennessee  and  French  Broad 
rivers  ?  What  mountains  between 
the  French  Broad  and  Nolichucky 
rivers  ?  What  mountains  between 
the  Nolichucky  River  and  the  north¬ 
eastern  corner  of  the  state?  To 
what  system  do  these  mountains 
belong?  A  ns. —  The  Appalachian. 

Into  what  counties  of  Tennessee 
do  the  Cumberland  Mountains  ex¬ 
tend  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  four  rivers  flow 
from  Virginia  into  Tennessee? 

What  five  flow  from  North  Caro¬ 
lina  into  Tennessee?  Describe  the 
course  of  the  Tennessee  River. 

What  are  the  principal  streams 
flowing  into  the  Cumberland  in  this  state?  What  tributaries  does  the 
Tennessee  receive  in  the  western  part  of  the  state?  What  are  the  princi¬ 
pal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  in  this  state? 

Counties.  —  What  counties  border  on  North  Carolina?  What  counties 
border  on  the  Mississippi  River?  In  what  county  is  the  state  capital? 
[In  what  county  do  you  live?  What  counties  adjoin  the  county  in  which 
you  live  ?] 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Describe  the  location  of  the  capital  with  reference 
to  its  natural  and  political  situation.  What  is  the  largest  city  of  Last 
Tennessee?  In  what  county  is  it?  Locate  Memphis,  Chattanooga,  Mur¬ 
freesboro’,  Jackson,  Clarksville,  Columbia.  Through  what  county  seats  does 
the  railroad  from  Bristol  to  Chattanooga  pass?  What  county  towns  in 
the  eastern  part  are  on  the  Tennessee  River?  What  county  towns  in  the 
western  part  are  on  the  Tennessee  River? 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  42,050  square  miles.  Population,  1 ,542,359.] 

I 

Location  and  Extent.  —  Tennessee  is  one  of  the  central! 
Southern  States,  extending  from  the  Mississippi  River  on  the ! 


west  to  the  crests  of  the  Appalachian  mountain  system  on  the 
east. 

Its  greatest  width  (north  and  south)  is  iio  miles.  Its  great¬ 
est  length  is  about  430  miles.  The  northern  and  southern 

boundaries  follow  parallels  of 
latitude,  the  eastern  follows 
the  crests  of  mountain  ranges, 
and  the  western  boundary  is 
•the  Mississippi  River. 

Surface.  —  The  whole  of 
the  state  belongs  to  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  valley;  but  it  is  usually 
divided  into  three  sections,  — 
East  Tennessee,  Middle  Ten¬ 
nessee,  and  West  Tennessee. 

East  Tennessee  lies  between  the 
crest  of  the  Cumberland  Pla¬ 
teau  and  the  eastern  boundary 
line.  It  is  a  mountain  valley 
region  about  100  miles  in  width, 
and  is  intersected  by  numerous 
parallel  ridges  bearing  various 
local  names.  This  region  con¬ 
tains  some  of  the  grandest 
mountain  scenery  to  be  found 
on  the  continent. 

Middle  Tennessee  extends  from 
East  Tennessee  westward  to  the  Tennessee  River.  It  is  a  moderately 
hilly  region,  with  an  average  elevation  of  750  feet. 

West  Tennessee  extends  from  the  Tennessee  River  to  the  Mississippi. 
The  surface  is  either  level  or  gently  undulating,  the  extreme  western 
part  being  marked  by  high  bluffs,  with  a  narrow  tract  of  bottom-lands 
along  the  river  border. 

Drainage. —  The  Mississippi  River  forms  the  western  bound¬ 
ary  for  160  miles;  and  into  this  great  reservoir  flow  ulti¬ 
mately  all  the  waters  of  the  state. 

The  Cumberland  enters  the  state  from  Kentucky,  and,  after  flowing 
about  150  miles  through  the  north-central  part  of  the  state,  passes 
again  into  Kentucky.  It  is  navigable  nearly  its  whole  course  in 
Tennessee. 

The  Tennessee,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Clinch  and  Holston,  after 
leaving  this  state,  and  flowing  through  the  northern  part  of  Alabama 
and  into  Mississippi,  re-enters  the  western  part,  takes  a  northerly 
course  across  its  whole  breadth,  passes  into  Kentucky,  and  joins  the 
Ohio  River  at  Paducah.  It  is  navigable  up  to  Florence,  Ala.,  at  the 
foot  of  Muscle  Shoals,  and  above  the  shoals  to  the  junction  of  the 
Clinch  and  Holston,  and  by  the  latter  as  far  as  Knoxville.  The  Hol- 


MEMPHIS. 


>44 


TENNESSEE. 


ston,  from  the  point  where  it  is  joined  by  the  French  Broad,  is  some¬ 
times  called  the  Tennessee. 

Climate.  —  Tennessee  is  generally  healthful.  The  moun¬ 
tain  and  upland  regions  are  most  delightful  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year,  and  are  favorite  resorts  for  tourists  and  invalids. 

The  winters  are  mild  and  pleasant,  while  the  summers  are  long,  and  free 
from  oppressive  heat.  The  only  malarial  region  is  the  swampy  parts 
of  West  Tennessee. 

Resources.  —  Middle  and  West  Tennessee  have  a  highly 
productive  soil,  and  the  larger  valleys  and  mountain  slopes  of 
East  Tennessee  are  very  fertile.  In  mineral  resources  the 
state  is  very  rich,  and  the  natural  facilities  for  transportation 
by  water  are  an  important  element  of  business  prosperity.  The 
mountain  streams  furnish  an  abundance  of  power  for  driving 
mills  and  machinery. 

The  state  has  over  5,000  square  miles  of  coal  lands,  and  28  counties 
filled  with  inexhaustible  beds  of  iron  ore.  Copper,  zinc,  and  manga¬ 
nese  are  also  found  in  paying  quantities  in  several  localities.  The 
marbles  of  Tennessee  are  esteemed  for  their  beauty  and  variety ;  and 
excellent  stone  for  building  purposes  is  abundant. 

Mineral  springs  are  numerous,  and  are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids. 

The  forests  are  also  a  great  source  of  wealth,  on  account  of  their  valu¬ 
able  timber,  and  their  great  variety  and  abundance  of  medicinal  herbs. 

Industries.  —  Agriculture  is  the  most  important  industry. 
The  iron  and  coal  interests  are  rapidly  growing  ;  and  the  manu¬ 
facturing  industries  are  more  developed  than  in  any  other  of 
the  Southern  States  of  the  Mississippi  valley. 

The  great  agricultural  staples  are  wheat,  corn,  cotton,  hemp,  and  tobacco. 
In  the  production  of  the  last-named  article,  it  ranked  as  the  fifth  state 
in  1880.  In  the  same  year,  there  were  produced  7,331,000  bushels  of 
wheat,  4,722,000  bushels  of  oats,  and  62,765,000  bushels  of  corn.  The 
official  estimate  of  the  corn  crop  of  1882  was  about  70,000,000  bushels. 

Stock-raising,  including  horses,  mules,  cattle,  and  hogs,  is  largely  car¬ 
ried  on. 

The  production  of  iron  in  1880  amounted  to  over  104,000  tons;  and  this 
industry  is  being  developed  very  rapidly. 

There  are  many  cotton-mills,  woolen-mills,  manufactories  of  machinery 
and  hardware,  tobacco  factories,  potteries,  paper-mills,  etc.  The  value 
of  manufactured  articles  is  about  $ 40,000,000  a  year. 

An  extensive  internal  commerce  is  carried  on  through  the  rivers  and 
railroads  of  the  state. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1882,  there  were  1,974  miles  of  rail¬ 
road  in  Tennessee,  and  the  mileage  considerably  exceeds  2,000 
miles  at  the  present  time. 

Government.  —  Tennessee  is  governed  under  the  constitu¬ 
tion  adopted  in  1870. 

The  legislative  department  comprises  a  Senate  of  thirty-three  members, 
and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  ninety-nine  members.  Senators 
and  representatives  are  elected  for  two  years.  The  Legislature  meets 
biennially  on  the  first  day  of  January  of  odd  years,  and  its  sessions 
are  limited  to  seventy-five  days. 

The  executive  department  consists  of  a  governor,  secretary  of  state,  treas¬ 
urer,  comptroller,  attorney-general,  superintendent  of  public  schools, 
adjutant-general,  and  commissioner  of  agriculture  and  statistics.  The 
governor  is  elected  by  the  people,  and  holds  office  for  two  years  from 
the  1st  of  January  of  odd  years.  Other  executive  officers  are  appointed 
by  the  governor,  or  chosen  by  the  General  Assembly. 

The  judicial  department  embraces  the  Supreme  Court,  and  county, 
circuit,  chancery,  and  justices’  courts.  All  judges  and  justices  are 
elected  by  the  people. 

Tennessee  sends  to  the  National  Congress  two  senators  and  ten  repre¬ 
sentatives.  The  state  thus  casts  twelve  electoral  votes  for  President 
of  the  United  States. 


Education.  —  The  state  superintendent  of  public  schools, 
nominated  biennially  by  the  governor,  and  confirmed  by  the 
Senate,  has  general  supervision  of  the  school  system  of  the 
state.  There  are  also  county  superintendents  in  each  county, 
chosen  biennially  by  the  county  courts,  and  boards  of  three 
district  directors  in  each  district,  chosen  by  the  people. 

Normal  instruction  is  provided  in  the  Normal  College  at  Nashville  (under 
the  patronage  of  the  trustees  of  the  Peabody  fund),  in  Knoxville  Col¬ 
lege,  Marysville  College,  LeMoyne  Normal  Institute  at  Memphis,  Fisk 
University,  Tennessee  Central  College,  and  Nashville  Normal  Institute 
at  Nashville. 

Fine  systems  of  graded  and  high  schools  are  maintained  at  Chattanooga, 
Knoxville,  Memphis,  Nashville,  and  many  other  places;  and  higher 
instruction  is  also  secured  in  many  excellent  academies  in  the  state. 

At  the  present  time  the  permanent  school  fund  amounts  to  $2.51 2,500 ; 
and  the  total  expenditure  for  free  schools  is  1881  was  nearly  $850,000. 

There  are  over  twenty  institutions  of  collegiate  rank  in  the  state,  several 
of  which  are  of  high  grade,  and  are  well  endowed. 

The  State  University  and  the  School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  are  at 
Knoxville.  The  School  for  the  Blind,  and  the  medical  department  of 
the  State  University,  are  at  Nashville. 

History.  —  The  Tennessee  country  was  originally  a  part  of 
North  Carolina,  for  North  Carolina  was  claimed  to  run  west¬ 
ward  to  the  Mississippi.  Occasional  settlements  were  made 
in  East  Tennessee  as  early  as  1754  and  1768,  but  active  col¬ 
onization  did  not  begin  until  near  the  close  of  the  Revolution. 
It  then  advanced  so  rapidly,  that  the  population  in  1790  was 
over  35,000;  and  in  1796  the  state  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
with  a  population  of  over  75,000. 

In  1777  the  Legislature  of  North  Carolina  organized  the  county  of  Wash¬ 
ington,  which  comprised  the  whole  state  of  Tennessee.  In  the  next 
year,  a  colony  of  refugees  from  the  tyranny  of  the  British  in  Caro¬ 
lina  located  themselves  on  the  Cumberland  River,  near  the  site  of 
Nashville. 

In  1790,  after  numerous  conflicts  of  authority  between  the  settlers  and 
the  state  government  of  North  Carolina,  the  latter  ceded  the  whole 
region  to  the  United  States.  From  this  time  until  its  admission  as  a 
state,  Tennessee  belonged  to  what  was  called  the  “Territory  south  of 
the  Ohio  River.” 

The  state  derives  its  name  from  the  name  of  its  principal  river;  the 
word,  in  the  Indian  tongue,  signifying  “  the  river  of  the  great  bend.” 

Tennessee  was  the  last  state  to  withdraw  from  the  Union  in 
1861,  and  was  the  first  one  to  resume  its  full  Federal  relations 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  having  been  re-admitted  to  repre¬ 
sentation  in  Congress  in  1866. 

During  the  civil  war,  the  state  furnished  many  soldiers  to  both  sides 
in  the  contest,  and  its  soil  was  the  scene  of  several  hard-fought  battles. 
Among  these  were  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson,  Fort  Pillow  (near 
Memphis),  Murfreesboro’,  Chickamauga  (on  the  Georgia  state  line), 
Lookout  Mountain,  Mission  Ridge,  Franklin,  and  Nashville. 

The  growth  of  the  state  has  been  steady  and  continuous  from  the  first. 
In  1800,  the  population  was  105,602;  and  over  100,000  has  been  added 

•  each  decade  since  that  time.  From  1870  to  1880,  the  increase  was 
nearly  300,000,  —  about  twenty-three  per  cent. 

The  state  has  furnished  three  Presidents  of  the  United  States,  —  Andrew 
Jackson,  James  K.  Polk,  and  Andrew  Johnson. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Tennessee  is  divided  into  ninety-six 
counties,  and  the  counties  are  sub-divided  into  civil  districts, 
which  correspond  to  the  townships  of  other  states. 

In  1880  there  were  1,408  civil  districts,  7  cities,  and  265  towns  and  villages 
in  the  state. 


TENNESSEE. 


145 


Among  the  more  important  cities  and  towns  are  the  fol¬ 
lowing  :  — 

Nashville  (43,350),  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  the  state,  is  situated  in 
Davidson  County  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Cumberland  River.  The  city 
is  beautifully  located,  and  handsomely  built.  Among  the  public  buildings 
are  the  state  Capitol,  a  magnificent  structure  occupying  a  commanding  ele¬ 
vation  in  the  heart  of  the  city;  the  State  Insane  Asylum;  the  United-States 
Court-House;  and  the  buildings  of  Vanderbilt  University,  Fisk  University, 
Nashville  University,  and  Tennessee  Central  College. 

The  city  is  famous  for  its  educational  advantages.  Besides  the  institu¬ 
tions  just  named,  there  are  several  excellent  normal  schools  and  academies. 
The  system  of  free  public  schools  is  liberally  maintained,  and  rank  with  the 
best  in  the  country. 

Nashville  has  a  large  wholesale  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  South,  and  is 
extensively  engaged  in  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  iron, 
paper,  leather,  lumber,  etc.  Its  railroad  connections  extend  in  all  directions, 
and  give  it  great  commercial  advantages. 

Memphis  (33,592),  the  commercial  metropolis  of  West  Tennessee,  is 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  state. 
It  is  the  most  important  commercial  city  between  St.  Louis  and  New 
Orleans.  In  addition  to  the  commercial  facilities  afforded  by  the  river,  it 
has  numerous  railroad  lines  which  bring  the  productions  of  a  large  section 
of  country  to  its  wharves. 

The  city  is  handsomely  built  on  a  high  bluff  overlooking  the  river. 

It  is  one  of  the  greatest  cotton  markets  in  the  country,  the  shipments 
amounting  to  over  400,000  bales  per  year.  The  principal  manufactures 
are  iron,  iron  goods,  cotton-seed  oil,  lumber,  tobacco,  farm  machinery, 
etc. 

The  public  schools  are  of  superior  character,  and  there  are  a  number 
of  excellent  private  schools  and  seminaries. 

Chattanooga  (12,892),  county  seat  of  Hamilton  County,  is  a  flourishing 
city  located  on  the  Tennessee  River,  under  the  northern  spurs  of  Lookout 
Mountain.  The  city  is  one  of  the  most  enterprising  and  prosperous  in  the 
country,  the  population  having  more  than  doubled  between  the  years  1870 
and  1880. 

It  has  large  manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  machinery,  etc.,  and  its  railroad 
facilities  give  it  command  of  a  very  large  trade.  The  public  schools  are 
of  an  excellent  character,  and  are  liberally  sustained.  In  the  vicinity  are 


extensive  coal  and  iron  fields,  which  are  a  great  source  of  industrial 
wealth. 

Knoxville — the  metropolis  of  East  Tennessee  — 
is  situated  on  the  Holston  (upper  Tennessee) 

River.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the 
state,  and  was  the  first  state  capital.  It  has 
good  railroad  connections,  and  does  a  large 
wholesale  and  retail  trade.  Manufactures 
are  increasing  very  fast,  and  the  city  is 
growing  in  wealth.  The  public  schools  are 
well  maintained,  and  very  progressive  in 
their  character.  Seat  of  the  University  of 
Tennessee,  the  State  School  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  and  other  excellent  institutions. 

Jackson  —  county  seat  of  Madison  County  —  is 
a  growing  railroad  city  in  West  Tennessee. 

It  is  located  in  the  heart  of  a  very  rich  and 
fertde  farming  region,  and  is  extensively 
engaged  in  trade  and  shipping.  It  is  a  con¬ 
siderable  cotton  market,  has  large  railroad 
repair-shops  and  many  handsome  buildings. 

It  has  good  public  and  private  schools,  among 
the  latter  the  S.  W.  Baptist  University 
Clarksville  —  county  seat  of  Montgomery  County 
—  is  a  fine  city  in  the  northern  part  of  Middle 
Tennessee,  on  the  Cumberland  River.  Has 
good  shipping  facilities  by  rail  and  river, 
and  large  local  trade.  Good  public  schools. 

Seat  of  South-western  U niversity  and  Clarks¬ 
ville  Female  Academy. 

Murfreesboro’  —  county  seat  of  Rutherford 
County  — is  a  prosperous  town  of  Middle 
Tennessee,  on  the  railroad  from  Nashville 
to  Chattanooga.  The  town  has  a  large 
retail  trade,  and  considerable  manufactures 
of  lumber,  leather,  wooden-ware,  etc.  Here 
are  several  excellent  schools  and  seminaries. 

Columbia  —  county  seat  of  Maury  County  —  is  a 
thriving  town  and  railroad  junction  in  Mid¬ 
dle  Tennessee.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fine 
farming  and  stock  raising  country,  and  has 
considerable  trade  and  manufactures. 

Lebanon  —  county  seat  of  Wilson  County  —  is  a 
pleasant  town,  well  situated  for  trade.  It  is 
connected  with  Nashville  by  a  branch  of  the 
Nashville,  Chattanooga,  and  St.  Louis  Rail¬ 
road.  Seat  of  Cumberland  University. 

Fayetteville  —  county  seat  of  Lincoln  County  — 
is  a  rapidly-growing  railroad  town  of  Middle 


Tennessee.  Its  trade  and  manufactures  are 
increasing,  and  it  ships  largely  of  stock, 
grain,  and  other  products. 

Pulaski  — county  seat  of  Giles  County  — is  the 
center  of  a  rich  farming  region  of  Southern 
Tennessee.  It  ships  great  quantities  of 
stock,  cotton  grain,  etc.  Here  are  several 
excellent  educational  institutions. 

The  following  places  of  from  1,000  to  2,000 
inhabitants  are  worthy  of  mention:  — 

In  East  Tennessee:  Marysville,  Blount  County, 
an  enterprising  trading  village  and  educa¬ 
tional  center;  Cleveland,  Bradley  County, 
a  handsome  and  important  railroad  town ; 
Greenevillf,  county  seat  of  Greene  Coun¬ 
ty:  Morristown,  Hamblen  County,  a 
growing  town  and  railroad  center;  Rock- 
wood,  Roane  County,  a  new  and  enter¬ 
prising  mining  and  manufacturing  town; 
Athens,  McMinn  County,  seat  of  East 
Tennessee  Wesleyan  University;  and  Bris¬ 
tol,  Sullivan  County,  a  thriving  railroad 
town  on  the  Virginia  state  line. 

In  Middle  Tennessee:  Shelby ville,  Bedford 
County,  the  business  center  of  a  rich  farm¬ 
ing  and  grazing  region  ;  Winchester, 
Franklin  County,  terminus  of  a  branch 
railroad;  Savannah,  Hardin  County,  a  fine 
and  rapidly  growing  town  on  the  Tennessee 
River;  Gallatin,  Sumner  County,  a  manu¬ 
facturing  town  and  shipping  point  for  a  fine 
agricultural  section ;  McMinnville,  Warren 
County,  terminus  of  a  branch  railroad;  and 
Franklin,  Williamson  County,  the  business 
center  of  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  the 
state. 

In  West  Tennessee:  Dyersburg,  Dyer  County, 
on  the  edge  of  the  rich  cotton  lands  of  the 
Mississippi;  Trenton  and  Milan,  Gibson 
County,  railroad  towns  of  local  importance; 
Bolivar,  Hardeman  County,  a  town  with 
an  enterprising  population,  and  excellent 
schools;  Paris,  Henry  County,  a  growing 
railroad  and  manufacturing  town  ;  and 
Union  City,  Obion  County,  an  important 
railroad  junction  rapidly  growing  in  manu¬ 
factures  and  trade. 


1 


OHIO 


H7 


OHIO. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation  and  Outline.  —  What  partial  natural  boundary  has  Ohio  on  the 
north  ?  What  state  north-west  ?  What  two  states  on  the  east  ?  What  river 
separates  Ohio  from  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky?  Between  what  parallels 
of  latitude  is  Ohio  situated?  Between  what  meridians?  When  it  is  noon 
at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  at  Cincinnati  ?  At  Zanesville  ?  What  is  the 
general  shape  of  Ohio? 

Coast.  —  Measure  by  the  scale  of  miles  the  length  of  lake-shore  in  Ohio. 
Name  three  bays  in  the  western  part.  What  country  north  of  Ohio  ?  What 
parallel  crosses  the  national  boundary  line  ?  What  islands  in  Lake  Erie 
belong  to  Ohio  ? 

Surface.  —  Are  any  mountains  marked  on  the  map?  What  is  the  main 
watershed,  judging  by  the  courses  of  the  principal  streams  ? 

Rivers. —  What  river  receives  the  principal  drainage  of  this  state  ?  Name 
the  principal  affluents  of  the  Ohio  in  this  state.  Name  any  rivers  of  Ohio 
which  flow  into  Indiana.  What  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Erie?  What  river 
flows  into  Sandusky  Bay?  Through  what  counties,  from  what  source,  and 
into  what,  does  each  of  the  following  rivers  flow:  Great  Miami?  Little 
Miami?  Scioto?  Hocking?  Muskingum?  Cuyahoga?  Sandusky?  Auglaize? 
Name  the  chief  tributaries  of  each  of  the  following  rivers:  Muskingum, 
Scioto,  Great  Miami. 

Counties.  —  Which  counties  border  on  Michigan ?  On  Lake  Erie?  On 
Pennsylvania?  On  West  Virginia?  On  Kentucky?  On  Indiana?  Which 
is  the  most  southern  county?  The  most  northern?  In  which  county  is 
the  capital? 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Locate  Cincinnati,  the  metropolis.  What  are  the 
chief  cities  on  Lake  Erie  shore  ?  Locate  Toledo.  What  are  the  principal 
places  on  Sandusky  River?  On  Cuyahoga  River?  On  Muskingum  River? 
What  cities  on  the  Ohio?  What  places  on  Hocking  River?  On  the  Scioto? 
On  the  Great  Miami?  [What  is  the  county-seat  of  the  county  in  which  you 
live  ?] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  41,060  square  miles.  Population,  3,198,062 .  ] 

Situation,  Outline,  and  Extent.  —  Ohio,  one  of  the  “  East- 
Central  States,”  is  situated  between  38°  25'  and  420  north  lati¬ 
tude,  and  8o°  30'  and  84°  50'  west  longitude. 


In  outline  this 
state  approaches 
a  square,  its  de¬ 
parture  from  a 
regular  square 
being  due  to  the 
fact  that  it  has 
the  natural  boun¬ 
daries  of  Lake  Erie  on  the  north  and  the  Ohio  River  on  the 
south-east  and  south. 

The  longest  east  and  west  measurement  is  225  miles  ;  the 
longest  north  and  south  measurement,  210  miles.  The  area  is 
somewhat  greater  than  that  of  Virginia,  but  less  than  that  of 
New  York  or  Pennsylvania. 

Surface.  —  The  general  surface  of  Ohio  is  a  table-land  whose 
average  elevation  is  800  to  1,000  feet  above  the  sea-level.  The 
surface,  though  delightfully  varied,  nowhere  presents  any  con¬ 
siderable  elevations  above  the  plateau.  A  ridge  of  highlands 
north  of  the  middle  of  the  state  forms  the  “great  divide”  sep¬ 
arating  the  drainage  of  Lake  Erie  from  that  of  the  Ohio  River. 
From  the  summit  of  these  highlands  the  surface  slopes  gradu¬ 
ally  to  the  lake  and  the  Ohio. 


148 


OHIO. 


The  “great  divide,”  the  most  prominent  feature  in  the  topography  of 
Ohio,  passes  diagonally  across  the  state,  from  Ashtabula  County  in 
the  north-east  to  Mercer  and  Darke  counties  in  the  west.  The  high¬ 
est  summit  in  this  range  is  in  Logan  County,  and  has  an  elevation  of 
1,540  feet. 

A  subordinate  ridge  crosses  the  state  in  the  latitude  of  Zanesville  and 
Columbus;  and  between  this  and  the  Ohio  the  surface  is  diversified 
with  hill  and  dale. 

Coast.  —  The  lake-shore  of  Ohio  has  an  extent  of  230  miles. 
At  the  west  end  of  the  lake  are  Maumee  and  Sandusky  bays, 
and  there  are  good  harbors  at  Ashtabula,  Cleveland,  and 
Black  River.  There  are  several  small  islands  in  the  west 
end  of  Lake  Erie,  and  known  as  the  Wine  Islands  :  most  of 
these  are  included  within  the  limits  of  the  state. 

Drainage. — The  rivers  of  Ohio  debouch  either  into  the 
Ohio  or  into  Lake  Erie,  and  hence  belong  to  two  systems, — 
the  Gulf  (or  Mississippi)  system  and  the  Atlantic  (or  St.  Law¬ 
rence)  system. 

The  Ohio  River,  entering  the  state  from  Pennsylvania,  near 
the  middle  of  the  eastern  boundary,  flows  along  the  whole  of 
the  south-eastern  and  southern  border,  a  distance  of  436  miles. 
The  Ohio  is  navigable  throughout  its  whole  extent  in  this 
state,  and  for  light-draught  vessels  to  Pittsburgh,  except  during 
dry  seasons.  This  great  stream  is  the  immediate  reservoir 
of  three-fourths  of  the  drainage  waters  of  the  state. 

Its  principal  tributaries  are  the  Mahoning,  Muskingum  (made 
navigable  by  slack-water  improvements  to  Dresden,  95  miles 
from  its  mouth),  Hocking,  Scioto,  Little  Miami,  and  Great 
Miami  rivers. 

The  shorter  watershed,  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  “great 
divide,”  is  drained  by  the  Maumee  (navigable  to  South  Toledo), 
Portage,  Sandusky  (navigable  to  Fremont),  Huron,  Vermilion, 
Black,  Rocky,  Cuyahoga,  Chagrin,  and  Grand  rivers.  Most  of 
these  have  rapid  courses,  and  are  valuable  chiefly  for  the  water¬ 
power  they  afford. 

Climate.  —  The  climate  is  agreeable  and  healthful,  though 
the  state  is  subject  to  great  and  sudden  changes  in  tempera¬ 
ture.  In  the  southern  part  snow  rarely  lies  long  enough  to 
make  good  sleighing  ;  farther  north,  especially  in  sections  away 
from  the  modifying  effect  of  Lake  Erie,  the  winters  are  as  cold 
as  in  the  same  latitude  near  the  Atlantic.  There  is  a  differ¬ 
ence  of  about  six  degrees  between  the  mean  temperature  of 
Cincinnati  and  of  Cleveland.  The  prevailing  summer  winds 
are  from  the  south-west. 

The  annual  rainfall  along  the  Ohio  River  is  about  44  inches ;  on  the 
Lake  Shore  it  is  about  33  inches. 

Natural  Advantages.  —  The  natural  advantages  of  this 
favored  state  may  be  grouped  under  the  four  heads  of  soil, 
minerals,  forests,  and  facilities  for  transportation. 

/.  Soil.  The  soil  may  be  generally  characterized  as  fertile, 
and  much  of  it  exceedingly  so.  The  southern  slopes  of  the 
watershed  are  best  fitted  for  the  growth  of  grain  ;  while  the 
northern  slopes  are  admirably  suited  for  grazing.  The  Miami, 
Scioto,  and  Muskingum  river-bottoms  (largely  underlaid  by  the 
self-fertilizing  soil  derived  from  the  highly  fossiliferous  “Cin¬ 
cinnati  limestone  )  are  among  the  richest  corn-growing  regions 
of  the  world. 

II.  Minerals. — The  principal  mineral  products  of  Ohio  are 
coal,  iron,  clays,  gypsum,  peat,  salt,  petroleum,  lime,  hydraulic 
cement,  marl,  and  building-stone. 


The  coal-measures  occupy  the  south-eastern  third  of  the  state,  covering 
an  estimated  area  of  more  than  12,000  square  miles.  The  counties  of 
Mahoning,  Columbiana,  Stark,  Holmes,  Tuscarawas,  Carroll,  Jeffer¬ 
son,  Harrison,  Belmont,  Guernsey,  Coshocton,  Muskingum,  Perry, 
Noble,  Morgan,  Monroe,  Washington,  Athens,  Meigs,  Gallia,  and 
Lawrence,  are  entirely  underlaid  by  coal,  which  is  also  found  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  in  Jackson,  Trumbull,  Portage,  Geauga,  Sum¬ 
mit,  Medina,  Licking,  Wayne,  Hocking,  Fairfield,  Scioto,  Vinton, 
Knox,  Richland,  and  Ashland. 

Iron. — Between  Marietta  and  Portsmouth  (especially  in  Lawrence, 
Jackson,  and  Scioto  counties)  there  is  a  magnificent  development 
of  iron  ores  in  the  lower  coal-measures.  They  are  the  most  im¬ 
portant  carbonates  of  iron  in  the  United  States,  and  are  largely 
wrought.  The  most  important  deposit  of  “black-band”  ore  is  found 
in  Tuscarawas  and  Stark  counties. 

The  salt  of  Ohio  is  manufactured  from  brine  obtained  by  boring  deep 
wells  in  the  coal-bearing  region. 

III.  Forests.  —  The  state  was  originally  splendidly  timbered, 
and,  though  time  and  the  axe  have  much  reduced  the  forest 
area,  it  is  still  of  considerable  extent.  In  the  highlands  are 
found  the  oak,  chestnut,  maple,  etc.  ;  on  the  lowlands,  the 
elm,  beech,  ash,  etc. 

IV  Water-Highways.  —  Ohio  has  admirable  natural  chan¬ 
nels  of  transportation  in  its  two  great  water-highways,  —  the 
Ohio  River,  extending  along  half  the  eastern  and  the  entire 
southern  border  of  the  state,  in  a  course  of  436  miles,  and 
Lake  Erie,  the  Ohio  shore  of  which  has  an  extent  of  230 
miles  ;  thus  giving  the  state  a  navigable  water-frontier  of  666 
miles.  By  these  two  great  channels  Ohio  has  direct  communi¬ 
cation  both  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Agriculture.  —  The  agricultural  interest  is  very  large,  Ohio 
ranking  among  the  foremost  states  in  the  production  of  the 
cereals  (especially  corn,  wheat,  and  oats),  and  of  hay,  flax,  and 
tobacco,  in  stock-raising  and  wool-growing,  in  dairy  products, 
and  in  fruit-culture. 

Many  of  the  best  lands  in  the  state  were  called  “barrens  ”  by  the  early 
settlers,  and  were  supposed  to  be  too  dry  to  have  much  value. 

Mining.  —  In  the  coal  and  iron  regions  mining  is  an  im¬ 
portant  industry.  In  the  product  of  its  coal-mines,  and  in  the 
value  of  its  iron-products,  Ohio  is  second  only  to  Pennsyl¬ 
vania. 

Manufactures.  —  In  its  abundant  supply  of  water-power, 
coal,  iron,  and  timber,  Ohio  possesses  great  natural  advantages 
as  a  manufacturing  state,  and  its  active  and  intelligent  popu¬ 
lation  largely  avails  itself  of  these  advantages.  Ohio  ranks 
next  after  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Massachusetts  in  the 
amount  of  capital  employed  in  manufactures,  and  the  value  of 
products. 

The  leading  articles  of  manufacture  are  flouring  and  grist¬ 
mill  products,  iron-products,  agricultural  implements,  clothing, 
packed  meats,  sawed  and  planed  lumber,  distilled,  malt,  and 
vinous  liquors,  machinery,  carpenter-work,  boots  and  shoes, 
furniture,  tanned  and  curried  leather,  tobacco  and  cigars,  car¬ 
riages  and  wagons,  paper,  etc. 

The  fisheries  of  Lake  Erie  are  highly  important.  The  chief 
fishing-ports  are  Sandusky,  Toledo,  Cleveland,  Huron,  Conneaut, 
Put-in  Bay,  and  Ashtabula. 

Commerce.  —  The  large  production  of  food-supplies,  raw 
material,  and  manufactured  articles,  creates  for  the  state  an 
extensive  commerce.  FTom  the  geographical  position  of  Ohio, 
the  exchanges  are,  however,  for  the  most  part,  inter-state. 


OHIO. 


149 


Ohio  has  three  United  States  customs  districts,  —  Miami,  Sandusky, 
and  Cuyahoga;  the  ports  of  entry  being  Toledo,  Sandusky,  and 
Cleveland.  Cincinnati  is  a  port  of  delivery  in  the  district  of  Louisi¬ 
ana;  it  is  also  a  port  of  entry,  where  merchandise  maybe  entered 
without  appraisement  at  the  port  of  first  arrival. 

Transportation.  —  In  addition  to  the  natural  facilities  of 
cheap  transportation  afforded  by  the  Ohio  River  and  Lake  Erie, 
the  state  is  richly  equipped  with  canals  and  railroads. 

Ohio  has  a  total  of  Soo  miles  of  canal  navigation.  The  principal  canals 
are  the  Ohio,  from  Cleveland  to  Portsmouth,  309  miles,  and  the 
Miami  and  Erie ,  from  Cincinnati  to  Toledo,  246  miles. 

The  railroad  system  is  very  extensive.  The  mileage  of  track 
has  increased  from  36  miles  in  1841  to  more  than  6,000  miles 
(exclusive  of  sidings  and  extra  tracks).  The  principal  railroad 
centers  are  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Toledo,  Dayton,  Cleveland, 
and  Mansfield. 

State  Government.  — The  state  government  consists  of  three 
departments, — the  legislative,  the  executive,  and  the  judicial. 

The  present  constitution  of  Ohio  was  adopted  in  1851.  The  right  to 
vote  is  secured  to  every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  who  has  resided  one  year  in  the  state, 
thirty  days  in  the  county,  and  twenty  in  the  township,  village,  or 
ward,  next  preceding  the  election.  Colored  citizens  are  entitled  to 
vote  under  the  Federal  Constitution.  The  general  elections  are 
held  annually  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October. 

The  Legislature,  or  General  Assembly,  consists  of  a  Senate 
and  a  House  of  Representatives,  the  members  of  each  being 
elected  for  two  years.  Its  regular  sessions  are  biennial,  begin¬ 
ning  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  in  even  years. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  a  governor,  lieutenant- 
governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  and  attorney-general, 
elected  by  the  people  for  two  years  ;  a  comptroller  and  com¬ 
missioner  of  common  schools,  for  three  years  ;  and  an  auditor, 
for  four  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court  of  five  judges, 
in  district  courts,  courts  of  common  pleas,  courts  of  probate, 
and  other  minor  local  courts.  Besides  these  are  special  superior 
courts  in  certain  cities. 

Education.  —  Ohio  was  a  pioneer  state  in  the  establishment 
of  free  education,  and  in  no  part  of  the  country  does  the  com¬ 
mon  school  system  receive  a  more  liberal  and  enlightened  sup¬ 
port.  The  annual  expenditure  for  school  purposes  is  in  excess  of 
$8,000,000.  The  public  schools  include  the  common  schools, 
graded  and  ungraded,  and  the  high  schools  ;  the  whole  under 
the  supervision  of  the  state  commissioner,  and  local  boards  and 
superintendents. 

By  the  school  law  of  1873  the  state  is  divided  into  school  districts  of 
five  classes;  the  first  class  comprising  cities  with  over  10,000  pop¬ 
ulation;  the  second,  cities  of  less  than  that  number;  the  third, 
incorporated  villages ;  the  fourth,  special  districts ;  and  the  fifth, 
township  districts.  In  all  of  these  districts,  boards  of  education  are 
elected  by  the  people. 

The  higher  education  is  provided  for  in  mere  than  fifty  col¬ 
leges  and  professional  schools.  The  Ohio  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  at  Columbus  is  a  state  institution.  To 
these  should  be  added  numerous  private  educational  establish¬ 
ments  of  a  high  order,  including  various  normal  schools  for  the 
training  of  teachers,  and  furnishing  special  courses  of  instruc¬ 
tion.- 


French  pioneers,  by  right  of  whose  discoveries  the  French 
claimed  the  whole  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  By  the  treaty 
of  1763  (which  closed  the  French  and  Indian  war)  all  the 
French  possessions  between  the  Alleghanies  and  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  (except  the  island  and  city  of  New  Orleans)  were  ceded 
to  England  ;  and  by  the  treaty  of  1783  (which  ended  the  Revo¬ 
lutionary  War)  this  extensive  region  became  a  part  of  the 
United  States. 

In  the  year  1787,  Congress,  by  an  ordinance,  erected  “the 
territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio”  into  a  political  territory, 
declaration  being  made  that  slavery  should  not  be  allowed  in 
it.  The  ordinance  further  provided  that  a  certain  number  of 
future  states  (from  three  to  five)  should  be  formed  from  the 
“North-west  Territory,”  as  it  was  called,  and  admitted  into  the 
Union,  when  they  should  have  a  population  of  60,000  each. 
Gen.  St.  Clair  was  appointed  territorial  governor.  In  the 
mean  time  the  first  permanent  white  settlement  in  the  Ohio 
region  was  made  by  a  band  of  New  England  pioneers,  who, 
under  Gen.  Rufus  Putnam,  established  themselves  at  Marietta 
in  1788.  Washington  was  much  interested  in  this  first  emigra¬ 
tion  to  the  Great  West,  and  said  of  this  settlement,  “  No 
colony  in  America  was  ever  settled  under  such  favorable 
auspices  as  that  which  has  just  commenced  at  the  Muskingum. 
I  know  many  of  the  settlers  personally,  and  there  never  were 
men  better  calculated  to  promote  the  welfare  of  such  a  com¬ 
munity.” 

The  settlement  which  afterwards  grew  to  be  the  “  Queen 
City”  of  Cincinnati  was  founded  in  the  following  year,  1789. 
In  January,  a  few  pioneers  landed  on  “a  delightful  high  bank 
of  the  Ohio,”  where  they  began  a  village  which  they  called 
Losanteville ,  a  name  soon  afterwards  changed  by  Gen.  St.  Clair 
to  Cincinnati.  At  this  period  the  woods  and  prairies  of  Ohio 
swarmed  with  Indians,  among  whom  were  the  Miamis,  Wyan- 
dots,  Shawanese,  and  many  other  tribes.  They  were  very  hos¬ 
tile  to  the  whites  who  now  began  to  overrun  their  hunting- 
grounds.  In  1790  war  was  begun.  Several  encounters,  in 
which  the  Indians  were  successful,  took  place  ;  and  in  the  fol¬ 
lowing  year  Gov.  St.  Clair  was  defeated.  Soon  afterwards 
Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  was  put  in  command  of  the  forces  :  he 
overcame  the  hostiles,  and  in  1795  made  a  treaty  of  peace, 
which  buried  the  hatchet  in  Ohio. 

The  increase  of  population  in  the  north-west  territory  was 
so  rapid,  that  in  1800  it  numbered  45,000.  Large  numbers 
went  from  Connecticut  to  the  region  called  the  “  Connecticut 
Reserve,”  or  the  “Western  Reserve,” — a  part  of  Connecti¬ 
cut’s  early  charter  claim  which  that  state  had  reserved  when 
she  gave  up  her  western  lands  to  Congress.  A  large  part  of 
this  “Reserve”  1  was- sold  to  a  Connecticut  company  in  1795. 
Moses  Cleveland  was  the  surveyor ;  and  in  his  honor  the  first 
city  of  the  “  Reserve,”  Cleveland,  was  named. 

In  1800  the  north-west  territory  was  divided,  the  western 
part  taking  the  name  of  the  “  Indiana  Territory.”  In  1802  the 
eastern  part  had  a  sufficient  population  (60,000)  to  be  admitted, 
and  in  that  year  it  came  into  the  Union  as  the  state  of  Ohio. 
From  1800  to  1810  the  seat  of  government  was  in  Chillicothe  ; 
from  1810  to  1812,  at  Zanesville;  and  from  1812  to  1816,  at 
Chillicothe.  Columbus  became  the  capital  in  1816. 


History.  —  The  first  white  explorers  of  Ohio  were  the  early 


1  The  Reserve  is  bounded  by  Lake  Erie,  the  eastern  state  line,  the  parallel  of 
4 1  and  the  western  boundary  of  Huron  and  Erie  counties. 


OHIO. 


150 


I11  1 81 1  the  first  steamboat  that  navigated  the  western 
waters,  the  “  New  Orleans,”  was  launched  at  Pittsburgh.  In 
1825  the  noble  common  school  system  of  the  state  was  insti¬ 
tuted. 

The  progress  of  Ohio  up  to  the  present  time  has  been  ex¬ 
traordinarily  rapid.  The  one  hundred  log-cabins  of  Cincinnati 
in  1796  have  grown  to  a  splendid  and  populous  city.  The 
Ohio,  which  in  1788  floated  the  “Mayflower,”  the  rude  ark  of 
the  first  white  pioneers,  now  bears  its  hundreds  of  steamers, 
and  its  banks  are  filled  with  beautiful  and  flourishing  cities  and 
towns. 

Political  Divisions.  —  Ohio  contains  88  counties,  which  are 
subdivided  into  cities,  townships,  and  villages. 

Cincinnati  (population  25 5, 139)  is  the  metropolis  of  the 
state.  Located  about  midway  between  Pittsburgh  at  the  head, 
and  Cairo  at  the  mouth,  of  the  Ohio  River,  its  position  is  pecul¬ 
iarly  favorable  to  commerce.  It  is  the  southern  terminus  of 
the  Miami  Canal,  and  a  center  from  which  numerous  railroads 
radiate  in  all  directions.  A  suspension  bridge  connects  Cin¬ 
cinnati  with  Covington,  Ky.,  and  a  wrought-iron  railroad  pier 
bridge  with  Newport,  Ky.,  from  which  places,  separated  by  the 
Licking  River,  railway  lines  afford  communication  to  the  south. 
Besides  these  bridges  there  are  several  ferries  across  the  Ohio 
at  this  point.  The  central  position  of  Cincinnati  in  relation  to 
extensive  producing  regions  and  to  leading  channels  of  com¬ 
merce,  both  by  water  and  by  rail,  renders  it  one  of  the  most 
important  commercial  cities  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Its  manufactures  are  of  a  widely  diversified  character ;  the 
most  important  industries  being  pork-packing,  the  fabrication 
of  iron  and  leather  goods,  furniture,  and  clothing,  and  the  brew¬ 
ing,  distilling,  and  refining  of  liquors. 

This  city  is  specially  noteworthy  for  the  elegance  of  its  pri¬ 
vate  residences  and  public  edifices.  Among  the  latter  may  be 
mentioned  the  United  States  government  building,  the  county 
court-house,  the  Cincinnati  Hospital,  Pike’s  Opera  House,  the 
Masonic  Temple,  and  numerous  beautiful  church  edifices  and 
charitable  institutions. 

Cincinnati  supports  an  admirable  system  of  public  schools, 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  Cincinnati  University,  of  the  Cincinnati 
Wesleyan  College  for  P'emales,  of  St.  Xavier’s  College,  of  the 
McMicken  School  of  Design,  of  Lane  Theological  Seminary, 
and  other  institutions  of  learning  of  a  high  character,  besides 
numerous  libraries,  both  public  and  private. 

Cincinnati  was  first  settled  in  1789  by  emigrants  from  New  Jersey.  It 
is  said  that  its  name  was  suggested  by  Gen.  St.  Clair,  in  honor  of 
the  Cincinnati  Society  of  Officers  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  In  1790 
Hamilton  County  was  organized,  with  Cincinnati  as  the  county-seat. 
With  the  application  of  steam  to  river-navigation,  the  whole  charac¬ 
ter  of  trade  on  the  Ohio  was  changed ;  and  Cincinnati,  organized  as 
a  city  in  1814,  became  the  mart  of  a  vast  commerce,  and  the  point 
of  receipt  and  distribution  of  the  immense  surplus  products  of  the 
great  region  of  which  she  was  the  center. 

Cleveland,  the  second  city  in  population  and  importance,  is 
county  seat  of  Cuyahoga  County,  and  is  situated  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  north  of  Cuyahoga  River,  which  is 
here  spanned  by  several  bridges.  This  city  is  a  port  of  entry, 
and  its  harbor  is  provided  with  a  commodious  ship-channel. 
At  Cleveland  is  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  by 
which  this  city  is  connected  with  the  coal-fields  and  grain-dis¬ 
tricts  of  the  state.  It  has  also  an  extensive  trade  by  water 


with  the  various  lake  ports,  and  is  a  railroad  center  of  prime 
importance. 

Its  industries  are  numerous,  and  its  manufacturing  establish¬ 
ments  number  over  400.  Among  these  are  extensive  iron¬ 
works,  oil-refineries,  flouring-mills,  and  manufactories  of  agricul¬ 
tural  implements.  The  trade  with  the  Lake  Superior  mining 
region  is  very  great,  and  large  quantities  of  copper  and  iron  ore 
are  shipped  thence  to  this  port.  The  trade  in  wool,  lumber, 
and  bituminous  coal,  is  also  extensive. 

The  streets  and  squares  of  this  city  are  wide  and  spacious, 
well  lighted,  and  well  paved.  The  abundance  of  shade-trees 
has  given  it  the  title  of  the  “  Forest  City.”  It  is  a  city  of  ele¬ 
gant  residences  with  ample  grounds.  There  are  two  parks 
within  the  city  ;  and  among  other  public  buildings  the  following 
are  especially  noteworthy  :  Case  Hall,  the  Cleveland  Medical 
College,  the  government  building,  the  Union  Railway  Depot, 
and  a  number  of  fine  library-buildings  well  supplied  with  ex¬ 
cellent  libraries.  The  city  supports  an  admirable  system  of 
public  schools,  with  many  large  and  handsome  school-buildings, 
and  has  also  various  private  and  denominational  institutions 
and  seminaries. 

Toledo,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  county  seat  of  Lucas 
County,  is  situated  on  Maumee  River,  five  miles  from  its  mouth 
in  Maumee  Bay,  and  eight  miles  from  Lake  Erie.  It  is  located 
on  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal,  by  which  it  has  communication 
with  Cincinnati  and  Evansville,  Ind.,  and  it  has  extensive  rail¬ 
road  connections.  The  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern,  the 
Wabash,  St.  Louis,  and  Pacific,  and  numerous  other  railroads, 
center  here  in  an  immense  union  depot.  There  are  eleven 
elevators,  with  storage  for  more  than  4,000,000  bushels  of  grain. 
The  chief  items  of  receipt  and  shipment  are  grain  and  flour ; 

'  but  it  has  also  an  important  trade  in  live  stock,  lumber,  hides, 
wool,  iron,  etc.  The  manufactures  are  extensive,  the  establish¬ 
ments  including  the  largest  wagon-works  in  America,  planing 
:  mills,  pump-factories,  foundries,  boiler  and  locomotive  works, 
establishments  for  making  mowers  and  reapers,  furniture,  etc. 

Toledo  has  a  finely  organized  public  school  system,  numerous 
charitable  institutions,  and  a  public  library.  It  was  settled  in 
1832,  and  incorporated  in  1836. 

Columbus,  in  Franklin  County,  on  Scioto  River,  near  the 
center  of  the  state,  is  the  capital  of  Ohio.  It  is  situated  on 
a  branch  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  at  the  intersection  of  numerous 
railroads,  by  one  of  which  (the  Columbus  and  Hocking  Valley 
Railroad)  it  has  easy  communication  with  the  very  rich  iron 
and  coal  region  of  the  state. 

The  manufacturing  establishments  are  numerous  and  impor¬ 
tant,  including  foundries,  breweries,  machine-shops,  planing- 
mills,  tanneries,  flour-mills,  blast-furnaces,  and  binderies.  There 
are  also  manufactories  of  agricultural  implements,  boilers,  cars 
and  car-wheels,  and  furniture. 

The  state  capitol  is  a  very  extensive  and  very  beautiful  speci¬ 
men  of  Doric  architecture.  The  charitable  and  penal  institu¬ 
tions  are  established  in  imposing  edifices,  and  it  may  be  said 
in  respect  to  its  public  buildings,  that  Columbus  is  not  sur¬ 
passed  by  any  city  in  the  United  States,  except  Washington. 
Especially  deserving  of  notice  are  the  penitentiary  building,  the 
Central  Ohio  Lunatic-Asylum,  the  new  Asylum  for  the  Blind 
(a  handsome  Gothic  structure),  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum, 
and  the  high  school  building.  This  city  is  the  seat  of  Capitol 


OHIO. 


University,  the  Oh»o  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  and 
the  State  Library. 

Dayton,  county  seat  of  Montgomery  County,  is  located  on  the 
Miami  Canal,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mad  and  Great  Miami 
rivers,  and  is  an  important  railway  center.  It  is  a  city  of  great 
industrial  activity,  and  is  especially  noted  for  its  manufactures 
of  railroad-cars,  paper,  stoves,  and  hollow-ware.  There  are  also 
several  breweries,  iron-foundries  and  machine-shops,  linseed-oil 
mills,  and  manufactories  of  agricultural  implements. 

The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  its  spacious  streets  are 
lined  with  tasteful  private  residences.  The  public  buildings  of 
Dayton  are  very  beautiful  and  imposing.  Among  these  may 
be  mentioned  the  County  Court-House  (a  marble  structuie),  the 
public  markets,  and  the  group  of  buildings  which  comprise  the 

National  Soldiers’  Home. 

Among  the  other  principal  cities  and  towns  are, 


Akron  — the  county  seat  of  Summit  County,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  and  Little  Cuya¬ 
hoga  River.  Manufactures  of  flour  and 
paper,  iron  goods,  and  agricultural  im¬ 
plements. 

Alliance  —  a  thriving  railroad  center  in  Stark 
County,  on  the  Mahoning  River.  Manu¬ 
factures  of  white-lead,  bagging,  farming- 
implements,  etc. 

Athens  —  a  fine  village  and  county  seat  of  Athens 
County,  on  Hocking  River  and  Hocking 
Canal.  Seat  of  Ohio  University  and  a  hos¬ 
pital  for  the  insane.  Manufactories  of  fur¬ 
niture,  machinery,  etc. 

Bellaire — a  flourishing  city  of  Belmont  County, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  five  miles  below  Wheel¬ 
ing.  Manufactures  of  window-glass,  flint- 
ware,  nails,  galvanized  ware,  and  farming 
implements.  Coal  and  limestone  region. 

Bellefontaine  — a  village  and  the  county  seat  of 
Logan  County,  at  junction  of  several  rail¬ 
roads.  Varied  manufactures. 

Bucyrus  —  the  county  seat  of  Crawford  County, 
on  Sandusky  River.  Woolen-mills,  and 
manufacture  of  machinery,  agricultural  im¬ 
plements,  etc. 

Canton  —  the  county  seat  of  Stark  County,  on 
Nimishillen  Creek.  In  a  rich  mineral  and 
very  fine  wheat-region.  Most  extensive  man¬ 
ufactories  of  farming-implements  ;  works  of 
Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Company,  iron-foun¬ 
dries,  machine-shops,  paper-mills,  woolen- 
factories,  etc. 

Chillicothe  —  the  county-seat  of  Ross  County, 
situated  in  the  rich  Scioto  Valley.  Large 
local  trade;  considerable  manufactures. 

Circleville  —  the  county  seat  of  Pickaway  County, 
on  the  Scioto  River.  Canal  and  railroad 
facilities ;  mills  and  manufactories. 


Coshocton  —  the  county  seat  of  Coshocton 
County,  on  Muskingum  River  and  Ohio 
Canal.  Coal-trade;  manufactures  of  axles 
and  steel  springs,  etc. 

Delaware  —  the  county  seat  of  Delaware  County. 
A  pleasant  prosperous  town,  with  various 
manufactures.  Seat  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University  and  other  educational  institu¬ 
tions. 

Elyria  —  a  beautiful  village,  county  seat  of  Lorain 
County,  on  Black  River.  Manufactures  of 
cheese,  grindstones,  hardware,  etc.  Rail¬ 
road  center. 

Findlay —  a  village  and  county  seat  of  Hancock 
County.  Manufactures  of  carriages,  furni¬ 
ture,  machinery,  etc.  Railroad  facilities. 

Fremont  —  the  county  seat  of  Sandusky  County, 
on  Sandusky  River.  Flourishing  commer¬ 
cial  town.  Varied  manufactures,  farming- 
implements,  steam-engines,  lime,  etc. 

Galion  —  a  flourishing  city  of  Crawford  County, 
at  the  junction  of  several  railroads.  Ma¬ 
chine-shops,  cigar-factories,  foundry,  etc. 

Gallipolis — the  county  seat  of  Gallia  County,  on 
Ohio  River.  River  trade;  manufactures 

of  leather,  lumber,  furniture,  brooms,  and 
woolen  goods. 

Hamilton  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Butler 
County,  on  both  banks  of  the  Miami  River 
and  on  the  Miami  Canal.  Manufactures  of 
woolen  goods,  flour,  paper,  agricultural  im¬ 
plements,  machinery,  and  tools. 

Hillsborough  —  a  fine  town,  county  seat  of  High¬ 
land  County  Varied  manufactures.  Edu¬ 

cational  center. 

Ironton  — the  county  seat  of  Lawrence  County, 
on  Ohio  River.  In  a  rich  iron  and  bitumi¬ 
nous  coal  region.  Chief  industries  con¬ 
nected  with  the  iron  interest. 


Jackson  —  a  village,  the  county  seat  of  Jackson 
County.  Vicinity  of  beds  of  coal  and  iron- 
ore.  Blast-furnaces,  flour  and  planing 
mills. 

Lancaster —  the  county  seat  of  Fairfield  County, 
on  Hocking  River  and  Ohio  Canal.  A  thriv¬ 
ing  city.  Seat  of  Ohio  Reform  School.  * 

Lebanon  —  an  attractive  village,  county  seat  of 
Warren  County.  Superior  educational  fa¬ 
cilities. 

Lima  —  the  county  seat  of  Allen  County,  on 
Ottawa  Creek.  Railroad  center.  Manu¬ 
factures  of  steam-engines,  furniture,  rail¬ 
road-cars,  etc. 

Mansfield  —  the  county-seat  of  Richland  County. 

A  flourishing  city  with  fine  railroad  facilities. 
Extensive  manufactures,  especially  of  farm¬ 
ing-implements,  steam-engines,  saw-mills, 
etc. 

Marietta  —  the  county  seat  of  Washington  County, 
on  the  Ohio  River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mus¬ 
kingum.  Varied  manufactures,  and  exten¬ 
sive  trade  in  petroleum.  A  handsome  place 
with  picturesque  surroundings.  The  oldest 
town  in  the  state. 

Marion  —  the  county  seat  of  Marion  County. 
Important  railroad  center.  Manufactories 
of  carriages,  steam-engines,  machinery,  fur¬ 
niture,  farming-implements,  chairs,  etc. 

Massillon  — a  city  of  Stark  County,  on  Tusca¬ 
rawas  River.  Canal  and  railroad  facilities, 
and  advantages  of  rich  coal  and  iron  de¬ 
posits;  a  flourishing  mining,  manufacturing, 
and  business  center. 

Middletown  — a  village  of  Butler  County,  on 
Great  Miami  River  and  Miami  Canal 
Paper-mills,  foundries,  and  tobacco-facto¬ 
ries. 

Mt.  Vernon  —  the  county  seat  of  Knox  County, 
on  Vernon  River.  A  handsome  place,  carry¬ 
ing  on  actively  varied  manufactures. 

Newark  —  the  county  seat  of  Licking  County,  at 
confluence  of  the  three  forks  of  Licking 
River.  Canal  and  railroad  facilities. 

New  Philadelphia  —  county  seat  of  Tuscarawas 
County,  on  Tuscarawas  River.  Woolen  and 
planing  mills,  agricultural  machines;  rail¬ 
way  facilities. 

Oberlin  — a  village  of  Lorain  County.  Seat  of 
Oberlin  College.  Manufacture  of  machines, 
carriages,  flour,  etc. 

Painesville  —  the  county  seat  of  Lake  County, 
on  Grand  River.  Mills  and  divers  manu¬ 
factories;  active  trade. 

Piqua  —  a  city  of  Miami  County,  on  west  bank 
of  Great  Miami  River.  Trading  and  ship¬ 
ping  center  for  a  rich  farming  region;  man¬ 
ufactures  of  flour,  carriages,  furniture, 
woolen  goods,  etc. 

Pomeroy  —  the  county  seat  of  Meigs  County,  on 
Ohio  River.  An  important  commercial  and 
manufacturing  point.  Coal-mines,  foundries, 
salt-furnaces,  etc. 

Portsmouth  —  the  county  seat  of  Scioto  County, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 


151 


Scioto,  at  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  Canal.  Iron  and  coal  in  vicinity. 
Iron-works;  canal  and  river  trade. 

Ravenna  —  the  county  seat  of  Portage  County. 
Manufactories  of  carriages,  glass,  machines, 
woolen  goods,  flour,  etc. ;  depot  for  cheese, 
butter,  wool,  and  flax.  Railroad  and  canal 
facilities. 

Salem — a  beautiful  town  of  Columbiana  County. 
Center  of  rich  farming  country.  Varied 
manufactures. 

Sandusky  —  the  county  seat  of  Erie  County,  on 
the  shore  of  Sandusky  Bay,  three  miles  from 
Lake  Erie.  Extensive  trade  in  lumber,  ice, 
and  fish;  manufactures  of  wood;  center  of 
a  vine-growing  district. 

Sidney  —  a  beautiful  village,  county  scat  of  Shelby 
County,  on  high  ground  on  Miami  River. 
Fine  edifices;  water-power;  varied  manu¬ 
factures. 

Springfield  —  the  county  seal  of  Clark  County. 
Manufacture  of  agricultural  implements, 
water-wheels,  etc. ;  large  trade  in  grain  and 
live-stock;  railroad  center. 

Steubenville  —  the  county  seat  of  Jefferson 
County,  on  Ohio  River.  Excellent  coal; 
extensive  manufactories  of  iron,  glass,  etc.; 
large  local  and  river  trade. 

Tiffin  —  the  county  seat  of  Seneca  County,  on 
Sandusky  River.  Railroad  center  and  nu¬ 
merous  manufactories.  Seat  of  Heidelberg 
College. 

Troy  —  a  village  and  county  seat  of  Miami  County, 
on  Great  Miami  River  and  Miami  Canal. 
Beautiful  situation.  Extensive  water-power; 
flour-mills,  wagon-factories,  etc.-,  extensive 
trade. 

Urbana  —  a  beautiful  city,  county  seat  of  Cham¬ 
paign  County.  Railroad  center.  Varied 
manufactures. 

Warren  —  the  county  seat  of  Trumbull  County. 
Important  railroad  center,  and  depot  for 
varied  manufactures  and  products. 

Wooster  —  the  county  seat  of  Wayne  County. 
A  flourishing  business  and  manufacturing 
point.  The  seat  of  Wooster  University. 

Xenia  —  the  county  seat  of  Greene  County,  on 
Little  Miami  River.  Railroad  facilities  ' 
planing-mills,  saw-mills,  glass-works,  manu¬ 
factures  of  agricultural  implements,  cordage, 
twine,  carriages,  etc.  Educational  center, 
and  seat  of  the  Ohio  Soldiers’  and  Sailors’ 
Orphans’  Home. 

Youngstown  —  the  county  seat  of  Mahoning 
County,  on  Mahoning  River.  Advantageous 
situation  in  center  of  the  block  coal  region. 
Railroad  facilities.  One  of  the  finest  manu¬ 
facturing  cities  in  the  state;  twenty  blast¬ 
furnaces,  several  rolling-mills,  etc. 

Zanesville  — a  city  and  county  seat  of  Mus¬ 
kingum  County,  on  Muskingum  River,  in 
a  rich  mineral  region.  Manufacture  of 
iron,  steam-engines,  stoves,  agricultural 
implements,  glass-ware,  stone-ware,  paper, 
etc. 


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I1VDIA1VA 

EXPLANATION 

Cities  are  mrd.erlin.ecl 
County  Towns  0 
Railroads  Canals. 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


10 


30 


10 


E 


3: 


33 


9 _ Longitude  West  from  Washington  8 


"V 


INDIANA 


I53 


INDIANA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Position.  —  What  state  west  of  Indiana?  What  state  north  ?  Which  of  the 
Great  Lakes  in  the  north-western  part?  What  states  on  the  east?  What 
natural  boundary  on  the  south?  What  state  south  of  Indiana?  When  it  is 
noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  at  Indianapolis?  Measure  by  the  scale 
of  miles  the  greatest  length  of  this  state.  The  greatest  breadth. 

Surface. — Judging  from  the  course  of  the  principal  rivers,  what  can  you  say 
as  to  the  general  slope  of  the  surface?  In  which  county  is  the  highest  table¬ 
land  in  the  state?  A  us.  In  Randolph  County.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  surface 
in  the  southern  section?  Locate  “The  Knobs.”  What  hill  in  Brown  County? 
[Name  any  elevations  in  your  county.]  In  which  county  is  Wyandotte  Cave  ? 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  What  lake  in  Newton  County  ?  In  Starke  County  ?  In 
Fulton  County?  [Name  any  lakes  or  ponds  in  your  county.]  What  river  cross¬ 
ing  the  state  forms  a  partial  western  boundary?  Of  what  river  is  the  Wabash 
an  affluent?  What  is  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Wabash  River  ?  Name  the 
two  branches  of  the  White  River.  Name  six  other  tributaries  of  the  Wabash 
River.  What  great  river  forms  the  entire  southern  boundary  of  Indiana? 
What  tributary  of  the  Ohio  at  the  south-eastern  boundary  of  the  state?  What 
is  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Great  Miami  River  in  Indiana?  What  river 
traverses  the  north-western  part  of  the  state?  Of  what  river  is  the  Kankakee 
an  affluent?  What  river  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  flows  into  Lake 
Michigan?  A  ns.  St.  Joseph  River.  What  river  in  the  north-eastern  part 
flows  into  Lake  Erie?  What  are  the  two  branches  of  the  Maumee  River? 
[Name  any  streams  in  your  county.] 

Counties.  —  What  counties  on  Lake  Michigan?  What  five  counties  border 
on  Michigan?  What  counties  border  on  Ohio  ?  On  Ohio  River?  What  counties 
border  on  Illinois?  [Bound  the  county  in  which  you  live.] 

Cities.  —  Name  and  locate  the  capital  of  the  state.  What  city  in  the  south¬ 
western  part  of  the  state?  Wha*  city  at  the  confluence  of  the  St.  Joseph’s  and 
St.  Mary’s  rivers?  What  city  in  Vigo  County?  What  two  cities  on  the  Ohio 
are  opposite  Louisville?  What  city  in  Tippecanoe  County?  What  city  is  the 
county-seat  of  Cass  County?  What  city  on  the  Ohio  is  the  county-seat  of 
Jefferson  County?  What  city  in  Wayne  County?  Name  the  county-seat  of  St. 
Joseph  County.  What  two  cities  in  La  Porte  County?  What  important  railroad 
center  in  Knox  County  ? 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  36,350  Square  Miles.  Population,  1,978,301.] 

Position.  —  Indiana  is  situated  between  37°  41'  and  41 0 
46'  north  latitude,  and  between  84°  44'  and  88"  6  west 
longitude.  The  parallel  which  forms  its  northern  boun¬ 
dary  line  passes  near  the  cities  of  Boston,  Constantinople, 
and  Pekin.  Its  southern  extremity  nearly  corresponds  in 
latitude  to  Richmond,  Va.,  Athens  in  Greece,  and  the 
|  mouth  of  the  Hoangho  River. 


154 


INDIANA 


On  the  north  the  boundary  line  extends  through  a  point  ten  miles 
north  of  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan  ;  on  the  east,  it 
is  the  meridian  passing  through  the  mouth  of  the  Miami  River;  on 
the  south,  it  is  low-water  mark  on  the  north  side  of  the  Ohio  River; 
on  the  west,  it  follows  the  middle  of  the  Wabash  River  for  a  dis¬ 
tance  of  125  miles  from  its  mouth  to  a  point  a  few  miles  below  j 
Terre  Haute,  and  thence  it  runs  due  north  to  the  place  of  begin¬ 
ning  in  Lake  Michigan. 

Outline  and  Extent.  —  The  state  has  the  form  of  an  irreg- 
ular  trapezoid,  with  an  extreme  length  of  276  miles,  and  an 
average  width  of  140  miles.  It  is  the  smallest  of  the  Central 
States,  and  is  about  equal  to  Maine,  South  Carolina,  Ireland, 
or  Portugal. 

Coast.  —  Indiana  has  less  than  50  miles  of  coast  on  Lake 
Michigan.  The  coast-line  is  extremely  regular,  with  no  projec¬ 
tions  or  indentations  to  form  natural  harbors.  But  an  excellent 
harbor  has  been  constructed  by  the  United  States  government 
at  Michigan  City  by  widening  and  deepening  the  mouth  of  a 
small  creek.  Large  quantities  of  lumber,  iron  ore,  and  fish  are 
received  at  this  point  from  vessels  for  transportation  inland. 

Surface. — All  the  principal  streams  of  Indiana  flow  toward 
the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  River,  —  an  evidence  that  the  general 
surface  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  state  slopes  toward  the 
south-west  corner.  The  highest  table-land  (between  the  head¬ 
waters  of  the  White  and  Whitewater  rivers  in  Randolph 
County)  is  nearly  1,000  feet  above  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash. 

Careful  measurements  have  shown  that  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  is 
about  200  feet  lower  than  the  surface  of  the  Ohio  at  Lawrencebur°\ 
about  400  feet  lower  than  the  water  in  the  Wabash  where  it  enters 
the  state,  and  about  300  feet  lower  than  the  level  of  Lake  Michigan. 

The  portion  of  the  state  lying  north  of  the  Wabash  River  is 
very  level,  and  much  of  it  bears  evidence  of  being  the  bed  of 
an  ancient  lake.  A  large  area  in  the  western  part  of  this  sec¬ 
tion,  equal  to  one-eighth  of  the  whole  surface  of  the  state,  is 
prairie-land.  About  Michigan  City  are  found  immense  hills 
of  sand,  which  have  been  built  up  by  the  action  of  the  winds 
and  waves  to  the  height  of  from  100  to  175  feet. 

Between  the  Wabash  and  the  east  fork  of  White  River  the 
surface  is  generally  undulating,  although  there  are  extensive 
tracts  of  almost  perfectly  level  land  on  the  “divides”  between 
the  streams.  South  of  the  east  fork  of  White  River,  especially 
in  the  counties  bordering  on  the  Ohio,  the  surface  is  greatly 
broken  by  hills.  The  highest  of  these  rise  to  more  than  500 
feet  above  the  adjacent  valleys.  A  range  extending  from  the 
Ohio,  near  New  Albany,  to  the  east  fork  of  White  River  in 
Brown  County,  has  received  the  name  of  “The  Knobs,”  because 
of  the  sharp  conical  shape  of  the  hills.  One  of  these  Knobs, 
called  Weed  Patch  Hill,  near  Nashville,  is  believed  to  be  the 
highest  point  in  the  state. 

A  peculiar  feature  of  the  country  west  of  the  Knobs  is  the  numerous 
‘‘sinkholes,”  as  they  are  called.  These  are  funnel-shaped  depres¬ 
sions  or  pits,  varying  in  diameter  from  a  yard  to  a  thousand  feet. 
On  the  sloping  sides  of  the  larger  of  these  pits  tall  trees  are  grow- 
ing,  and  at  the  bottom  is  an  opening  into  some  fissure  or  cavern  in 
the  limestone  beds  many  feet  below.  Through  some  of  these  sink¬ 
holes  streams  of  water  of  considerable  size  suddenly  dive  into  the 
earth,  and  find  their  way  along  underground  channels  to  other  simi¬ 
lar  orifices,  through  which  they  re-appear  upon  the  surface.  In  this 
way  Lost  River  in  Orange  County  flows  as  a  subterranean  river  for 
a  distance  of  eight  miles. 


Wyandotte  Cave,  in  Crawford  County,  is  one  of  the  most  wonderful 
natural  curiosities  in  the  world.  In  extent,  and  the  beauty  of  its 
crystal  halls,  it  is  not  inferior,  and  by  many  it  is  considered  superior, 
to  the  celebrated  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky.  Its  largest  room 
is  600  feet  long,  25  to  40  feet  wide,  and  15  to  20  feet  high.  Its 
sides  and  roof  are  completely  covered  with  gypsum  crystals  of 
snowy  whiteness. 

Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  of  Indiana  are  the  Ohio, 
Wabash,  Kankakee,  White,  and  Whitewater,  of  the  Gulf  sys¬ 
tem,  and  the  St.  Joseph  (of  Lake  Michigan)  and  the  Maumee 
of  the  Atlantic  system. 

The  Ohio,  the  largest  branch  of  the  Mississippi  from  the 
east,  flows  along  the  entire  southern  boundary  of  the  state,  —  a 
distance  of  380  miles.  It  is  navigable  throughout  its  entire 
length  ;  but  during  portions  of  the  summer  and  autumn  the 
larger  steamboats  ascend  no  farther  than  Wheeling,  W.  Va.  In 
winter  it  is  often  frozen  over ;  and  for  several  weeks  floating  ice 
prevents  its  navigation.  The  “  Falls  of  the  Ohio,”  a  series  of 
rapids  between  Jeffersonville  and  New  Albany,  obstruct  the 
passage  of  boats,  except  during  times  of  high  water.  This  ob¬ 
stacle  has  been  overcome  by  the  construction  of  a  lock  canal 
on  the  Kentucky  side  of  the  river,  through  which  the  largest 
steamboats  may  pass  in  all  stages  of  water.  The  Falls  afford 
the  finest  water-power  in  the  Ohio  Valley.  A  railroad  bridge 
one  mile  in  length  spans  the  river  from  Jeffersonville  to  Louis¬ 
ville. 

The  Wabash  is  the  most  important  tributary  of  the  Ohio 
from  the  north.  In  its  course  westward  and  southward  across 
the  state,  it  traverses  a  distance  of  over  500  miles.  Steam¬ 
boats  ascend  as  far  as  Terre  Haute,  and  in  times  of  high  water 
they  sometimes  reach  Lafayette.  Excellent  water-power  is  to 
be  had  along  the  entire  course  of  the  river. 

The  Kankakee,  a  sluggish  stream  with  low  banks,  flows  for  a  distance 
of  100  miles  through  a  swampy  region  in  the  north-western  part  of 
the  state.  Its  waters  reach  the  Mississippi  through  Illinois  River. 

The  two  branches  of  White  River,  the  East  Fork  and  the  West  Fork, 
drain  the  central  and  southern  sections  of  the  state.  They  are  clear 
streams,  and  afford  abundant  water-power.  They  unite,  to  form 
White  River  proper,  50  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Wabash. 

The  St.  Joseph  River  flows  into  Lake  Michigan;  and  the  Maumee, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  St.  Joseph’s  and  St.  Mary’s,  flows  into 
Lake  Erie. 

Lakes.  —  The  northern  section  of  the  state  is  remarkable 
for  its  many  small  lakes.  These  seldom  exceed  a  few  acres  in 
extent ;  though  several,  about  the  source  of  Tippecanoe  River, 
and  near  the  city  of  Laporte,  have  an  area  of  a  few  square 
miles.  Several  of  them  have  no  outlet.  They  are  generally 
clear,  with  sandy  shores  and  bottoms,  and  give  to  the  country 
a  charming  appearance. 

Climate.  —  Indiana,  from  its  position  in  the  interior  of  the 
continent,  receives  in  winter  the  cold  winds  from  the  north  and 
north-west,  and  in  summer  the  warm  winds  from  the  south  and 
south-west ;  while  the  winds  from  the  ocean  are  cut  off  by  the 
Alleghany  and  Rocky  mountains.  As  it  extends  over  nearly 
four  degrees  of  latitude,  a  marked  difference  in  climate  is 
observable  in  different  parts  of  the  state.  The  region  border¬ 
ing  on  the  Ohio  River  has  shorter  winters  and  less  snow  than 
the  northern  counties ;  the  difference  in  the  mean  annual 
temperature  of  the  two  portions  of  the  state  being  about  8°. 

Soil.  —  Few  states  of  the  Union  have  greater  agricultural 


INDIANA. 


155 


resources  than  Indiana.  The  soil  of  the  bottom-lands  along 
the  rivers  and  creeks  is  a  dark  sandy  loam,  very  rich  in  organic 
matter.  It  produces  bountiful  crops  of  all  kinds,  and  is  unsur¬ 
passed  for  the  production  of  Indian-corn.  The  upland  is  mostly 
a  clay  loam,  well  adapted  to  the  different  varieties  of  farm- 
products,  particularly  to  wheat  and  other  small  grains,  and 
clover.  The  prairie-lands  have  a  deep  black,  sandy  soil,  on 
which  immense  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  and  hay  are  raised. 

The  central  and  southern  portions  of  the  state  are  the  native  home  of 
the  blue-grass.  This  grass  forms  a  thick  and  permanent  sward 
upon  the  hills,  as  well  as  on  the  level  lands,  and  affords  rich  pasture 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  except  in  time  of  heavy  snows.  No 
region  better  than  this  for  grazing  and  dairying  can  be  found  any¬ 
where. 

Forests. — The  whole  area  of  Indiana,  except  the  prairies, 
was  originally  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber,  nearly 
one-half  of  which,  it  is  estimated,  is  still  standing.  Hard 
woods  are  most  common,  such  as  oak,  birch,  ash,  hickory, 
maple,  and  walnut.  The  black-walnut  of  this  state  is  of  supe¬ 
rior  excellence  for  the  manufacture  of  fine  furniture. 

Minerals.  —  Bituminous  coal  is  found  in  great  abundance  in 
the  south-western  section.  There  are  seven  workable  seams, 
varying  in  thickness  from  2\  to  1 1  feet,  at  an  average  depth 
of  80  feet  below  the  surface. 

The  coal-measures  cover  about  6,500  square  miles,  or  about  one-fifth 
of  the  entire  surface  of  the  state.  They  are  found  in  the  coun¬ 
ties  of  Warren,  Fountain,  Parke,  Vermilion,  Vigo,  Clay,  Sullivan, 
Greene,  Knox,  Daviess,  Martin,  Gibson,  Pike,  Dubois,  Vanderberg, 
Warwick,  Spencer,  Perry,  Crawford,  Monroe,  Putnam,  and  Mont¬ 
gomery.  These  beds  are  a  part  of  the  great  coal-field  which  extends 
through  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Kentucky. 

A  narrow  strip  from  one  to  three  miles  wide,  extending  along  the 
entire  eastern  margin  of  the  Indiana  coal-region,  yields  a  superior 
kind  of  coal,  called  “block  coal,”  because  it  is  taken  from  the  mines 
in  smooth  cubical  blocks  as  large  as  can  be  handled.  The  peculiar 
excellence  of  this  kind  of  coal  is  its  fitness  for  use  in  the  blast 
furnace,  just  as  it  comes  from  the  mine,  without  the  necessity  of 
coking. 

Greene,  Martin,  Lawrence,  Clay,  and  Vigo  counties  have 
extensive  beds  of  iron  ore,  some  of  which  have  been  mined 
with  profit.  Numerous  deposits  of  bog-iron  ore  are  found  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

Limestone  of  an  excellent  quality  for  building  is  found  in 
many  counties.  A  variety  called  oolitic  limestone,  possessing 
especially  valuable  properties,  is  extensively  quarried  near 
Bedford,  and  shipped  to  distant  parts  of  the  country.  The 
limestone  in  the  neighborhood  of  Huntington  makes  an  excel¬ 
lent  quality  of  lime.  Large  quarries  of  sandstone  are  found  in 
the  region  immediately  east  of  the  coal-fields. 

Porcelain  clay,  or  kaolin,  is  abundant  in  Lawrence  County, 
equal  in  quality  to  that  used  in  the  celebrated  potteries  of  New 
J  ersey. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  industry  of  the  state,  more  than 
half  the  population  being  engaged  upon  farms.  Indiana  ranks 
among  the  leading  states  in  the  production  of  wheat  and  corn, 
and  in  the  raising  of  hogs  and  cattle.  Wool-growing,  dairying, 
cheese-making,  and  hop-growing  are  pursued  to  some  extent. 

In  the  hilly  country  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Ohio  and  Wabash 
rivers  are  extensive  orchards,  some  of  them  numbering  thou¬ 
sands  of  trees.  Great  quantities  of  peaches  and  grapes  of  the 
finest  quality  are  shipped  from  that  section  every  year. 


Manufactures.  —  Manufacturing  is  the  industry  next  in  im¬ 
portance,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  both  in  extent  and  variety. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  the  products  made  from  wheat 
and  corn,  lumber,  iron  and  iron-ware,  agricultural  implements 
and  wagons,  furniture,  wooden-ware,  and  packed  pork. 

Commerce.  —  Indiana  is  crossed  in  every  direction  by  a  net¬ 
work  of  railroads,  having  an  aggregate  length  within  the  state 
of  over  5,000  miles.  These,  with  the  steamboat  lines  on  the 
Ohio  River  and  Lake  Michigan,  afford  cheap  and  rapid  trans¬ 
portation  for  commerce. 

The  commercial  advantages  of  the  state  are  increased  by  the  fact  that 
the  hills  and  mountains  south  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  the  Great 
Lakes  on  the  north,  compel  nearly  the  entire  east  and  west  com¬ 
merce  of  the  nation  to  cross  its  territory.  “It  is  not  unusual  for  cars 
laden  with  gold  and  silver  bullion  from  the  Pacific  slope,  or  trains 
filled  with  teas,  spices,  and  silks  from  China  and  Japan,  to  meet  on 
Indiana  soil,  other  trains  bearing  the  rich  manufactures  of  Europe 
and  our  own  country,  to  the  Pacific  continents  and  islands.”  1 

Education.  —  No  other  state  has  made  such  liberal  pro¬ 
vision  for  the  education  of  its  people,  in  proportion  to  its 
population,  as  Indiana.  It  has  a  permanent  school  fund 
of  over  nine  million  dollars,  the  interest  of  which,  amounting 
annually  to  over  half  a  million  dollars,  is  devoted  exclusively  to 
the  support  of  the  public  schools.  In  addition  to  this  fund,  the 
school  law  provides  for  a  property-tax  of  16  cents  on  the  $100 
and  a  poll-tax  for  school  purposes.  The  total  tuition  revenue 
for  the  year  1879  was  $2,861,837.  In  the  same  year  there  were 
in  the  public  schools  of  the  state  13,590  teachers  and  503,892 
pupils. 

The  common  schools,  the  State  University  at  Bloomington, 
with  a  medical  department  at  Indianapolis,  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Terre  Haute,  and  Purdue  University  (industrial)  at 
Lafayette,  constitute  the  public  school  system  of  the  state. 
Its  officers  are  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
the  State  Board  of  Education,  County  Superintendents,  City 
and  Town  Trustees,  and  Township  Trustees. 

There  are  special  schools  at  Indianapolis,  supported  by  the 
state,  for  the  instruction  of  the  blind  and  of  deaf-mutes,  a 
school  at  Knightstown  for  feeble-minded  children,  a  Reforma¬ 
tory  School  for  Boys  at  Plainfield,  and  a  Reformatory  School 
for  Girls  at  Indianapolis.  There  is  an  asylum  for  the  insane  at 
Indianapolis. 

The  following  are  prominent  denominational  and  private  educational 
institutions  in  the  state:  Asbury  University  at  Greencastle,  Hanover 
College  at  Hanover,  Wabash  College  at  Crawfordsville,  Earlham 
College  at  Richmond,  Butler  University  at  Irvington,  Franklin  Col¬ 
lege  at  Franklin,  Union  Christian  College  at  Merom,  and  Notre 
Dame  and  St.  Mary’s  at  South  Bend. 

Government.  —  The  officers  of  the  executive  department  are 
a  Governor  and  Lieutenant-Governor,  elected  for  four  years, 
and  a  Secretary  of  State,  Treasurer,  Auditor,  Attorney-General, 
and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  each  elected  for  two 
years. 

The  Legislature,  or  General  Assembly,  consists  of  two 
bodies,  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  There  are 
50  senators,  elected  for  a  term  of  four  years,  and  100  lepie- 
sentatives,  elected  for  two  years.  The  Legislatuie  meets  bien¬ 
nially,  beginning  on  the  i  hursday  following  the  first  Monday 
of  January  in  the  odd  numbered  years. 


1  Professor  Collett,  in  report  of  Bureau  of  Statistics. 


INDIANA. 


j56 


The  judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court  of 
five  judges,  who  are  elected  for  six  years,  of  forty-one  Circuit 
Courts  (one  in  each  judicial  circuit  of  two  or  more  counties), 
each  presided  over  by  a  judge  elected  for  six  years,  and  of 
Superior  Courts  in  the  large  cities,  each  having  one  judge 
elected  for  four  years. 

Indiana  sends  two  senators  and  thirteen  representatives  to 
the  National  Congress. 

Counties.  —  There  are  92  counties  in  the  state,  each  having 
the  following  officers :  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  Auditor, 
Treasurer,  Sheriff,  Coroner,  Surveyor,  three  County  Commis¬ 
sioners,  and  a  County  Superintendent  of  Schools.  The  term 
of  office  of  Clerk  and  Auditor  is  four  years  ;  of  the  other  offi¬ 
cers,  two  years. 

History.  —  When  first  visited  by  white  men,  Indiana  was  a 
vast  wilderness  of  heavy  forests  and  grassy  plains  inhabited 
by  a  nation  of  Indians  known  in  history  as  the  Miami  Con¬ 
federacy.  The  powerful  tribes  which  composed  this  nation 
lived  in  the  valleys  of  the  principal  rivers.  The  present  sites 
of  Fort  Wayne,  Lafayette,  and  Vincennes  were  centers  of 
Indian  population. 

Fifty  years  after  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth 
Rock  some  French  missionaries  sailed  up  the  Great  Lakes 
from  Canada,  and,  landing  upon  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Michi¬ 
gan,  explored  the  neighboring  country.  It  is  believed  that 
these  were  the  first  Europeans  who  visited  what  is  now  Indi¬ 
ana.  I  hey  were  followed  at  different  times  by  other  mission¬ 
aries  and  fur-traders;  and  in  1702  a  party  of  PTench  Canadians 
descended  the  Wabash  Rivqr,  and  established  a  number  of 
trading-posts.  One  of  these  was  at  Vincennes,  the  oldest 
town  in  the  state. 

By  reason  of  these  explorations  Indiana  was  claimed  by 
IH  ranee.  d  hirteen  years  before  the  commencement  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  it  was  ceded,  with  the  rest  of  the  Ohio 
Valley  and  the  Canadas,  to  England.  At  this  time  there  were 
about  a  hundred  white  families  within  the  region  now  compris¬ 
ing  the  state.  Their  settlements  were  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Port  Wayne,  Lafayette,  and  Vincennes. 

The  treaty  which  closed  the  Revolution  included  Indiana 
within  the  United  States.  By  an  act  of  Congress  known  as 
the  “Ordinance  of  1789,”  the  territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio 
was  organized,  which  included  the  present  states  of  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin.  Indiana  was  estab¬ 
lished  as  a  separate  territory  in  1800,  and  Gen.  William  H. 
Harrison  was  appointed  governor.  Ten  years  after  this  (1810) 
the  census  exhibited  a  population  of  24,520. 

In  1 8 16,  during  President  Madison’s  administration,  Indiana 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state.  Jonathan  Jennings 
was  elected  first  governor  of  the  new  state.  Previous  to  1813 
the  territorial  capital  was  at  Vincennes  ;  but  in  that  year  it  was 
removed  to  Corydon.  The  Legislature  continued  to  meet  at 
the  latter  place  until  1825,  when  Indianapolis  was  made  the 
capital. 

Indianapolis  (population,  75,056),  the  capital  and  metropolis 
of  Indiana,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  state,  on  the 
west  fork  of  White  River.  Twelve  different  railway  lines 
radiate  from  it,  giving  it  connection  with  all  parts  of  the  state 
and  ali  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union.  The  immense 
amount  of  freight  passing  this  point  has  led  to  the  construc¬ 


tion  of  a  belt  railway,  extending  around  the  city,  and  con¬ 
necting  the  different  lines  of  railroad,  so  that  through  freight- 
trains  may  pass  around  without  entering  the  city  limits.  Upon 
this  belt  railway  extensive  stock-yards,  grain-elevators,  and 
machine-shops  have  been  established.  The  unusual  facilities 
for  shipping  afforded  by  so  many  railroads,  and  the  con¬ 
venient  supplies  of  coal  and  timber,  have  made  Indianapolis 
an  important  manufacturing  city.  The  leading  manufactured 
products  are  lumber,  furniture,  machinery,  flour,  packed  pork, 
and  beer.  The  wholesale  trade  of  the  city  is  extensive.  It 
has  many  imposing  buildings,  among  them  Marion  County 
Court-House,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $1,500,000.  A  new  state- 
house  is  in  process  of  erection,  which,  when  completed,  will 
be  one  of  the  finest  capitols  in  the  United  States.  The 
city  has  wide  streets,  beautiful  parks,  and  an  abundant  supply 
of  water. 

Other  Cities.  —  Among  other  important  cities  and  towns 
are :  — 

Evansville,  the  second  city  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  a  bend  of  the 
Ohio  River,  and  is  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  center.  Its 
principal  wholesale  trade  is  in  ironware,  groceries,  tobacco,  and  liquors, 
and  its  leading  manufactures  are  furniture,  carriages,  iron,  and  ironware. 

Fort  Wayne,  at  the  confluence  of  the  St.  Joseph’s  and  St.  Mary’s  rivers, 
is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  carriage-wheels,  plows,  machinery,  and 
leather.  Eight  railroad  lines  meeting  here  give  to  the  city  extraordinary 
commercial  advantages. 

Terre  Haute,  on  the  Wabash  River,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  is 
an  important  railroad  center.  It  has  extensive  manufactures,  especially  of 
iron,  and  has  a  large  trade  in  the  agricultural  productions  of  the  fertile 
region  around  it.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Normal  School. 

New  Albany,  two  miles  below  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  is  the  terminus  of 
tlnee  1  ail  road  lines.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  woolen  goods  and 
iron,  and  has  the  most  extensive  plate-’glass  works  in  the  United  States. 
It  is  the  seat  of  De  Pauw  Female  College. 

Lafayette,  on  the  Wabash,  has  a  large  grain-trade,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Purdue  University. 

South  Bend,  on  St.  Joseph  River,  is  an  important  railroad  center,  and 
lias  extensive  manufactures  of  carriages  or  wagons,  furniture,  farming-imple¬ 
ments,  flour,  paper,  etc.  Near  it  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Notre 
Dame. 

Richmond,  on  the  east  fork  of  Whitewater  River,  is  a  beautiful  and 
prosperous  city.  It  has  large  railroad  facilities  and  good  water-power,  and 
carries  on  a  great  variety  of  manufactures.  It  is  the  seat  of  Earlham 
College. 

Logansport,  at  the  junction  of  Eel  River  with  the  Wabash,  carries  on 
varied  manufactures,  and  is  an  important  shipping  point  for  grain,  lumber, 
pork,  etc. 

Jeffersonville,  at  the  head  of  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  opposite  Louisville, 
possesses  splendid  water-power,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  railroad-cars,  locomotives,  farm-implements,  and  steamboats.  It 
has  a  large  river  trade. 

Madison,  the  county  seat  of  Jefferson  County,  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  Ohio  River.  It  is  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  flour,  engines  and 
boilers,  furniture,  leather,  etc.,  and  has  a  large  provision  trade. 

Laporte,  county  seat  of  Laporte  County,  is  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  carriages,  chairs,  brooms,  agricultural  implements,  flour,  etc.,  and  has  an 
important  ice-trade. 

Vincennes,  county  seat  of  Knox  County,  on  the  Wabash,  is  an  important 
railroad  center,  and  has  large  steam  flouring-mills.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in 
the  state,  having  been  settled  by  the  French-Canadians  about  1735. 

Michigan  City,  a  port  town  of  Laporte  County,  on  Lake  Michigan,  has 
varied  manufactures,  and  a  large  fish  and  lumber  trade. 

Crawfordsville,  county  seat  of  Montgomery  County,  on  Sugar  Creek,  is 
the  seat  of  Wabash  College. 

o 

Peru,  county  seat  of  Miami  County,  on  the  Wabash  River  and  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  is  engaged  in  varied  manufactures. 


ILLINOIS. 


157 


ILLINOIS. 


mm 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Name  all  bodies  of  water  forming  boundaries.  Where  is  the 
state  widest?  Where  narrowest  ?  How  does  the  width  at  the  north 
compare  with  the  greatest  width  ?  What  part  of  the  east  boundary  is 
formed  by  the  meridian  of  Vincennes?  What  part  by  the  Wabash  ? 

Beginning  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  state,  go  down  the 
Mississippi  River  to  Cairo,  naming  and  locating  the  chief  towns  on 
each  side.  What  rivers  enter  the  Mississippi  from  Illinois?  In 
what  counties  are  their  mouths?  What  towns  on  the  Ohio?  In 
what  counties  are  they?  What  rivers  enter  the  Ohio  from  Illinois? 

What  towns  in  Illinois  are  on  the  Wabash?  In  what  counties  are  they? 
What  streams  enter  the  Wabash  from  Illinois?  In  what  counties  are  their 
mouths  ?  Beginning  where  the  Rock  River  enters  the  state,  go  down  that 
stream,  naming  and  locating  the  chief  towns  on  each  side. 

What  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Illinois  River?  In  what  county  do  they 
unite?  Name  the  chief  towns  on  each.  Name  the  chief  tributaries  of  each. 
Pass  down  the  Illinois  River,  naming  and  locating  the  chief  towns  on  each 
side,  and  giving  the  chief  tributaries,  with  the  principal  towns  on  each.  Do 
the  same  with  the  Kaskaskia. 

Locate  the  following  places,  naming  the  county  in  which  each  is  found, 
and  give  the  streams,  if  any,  with  the  railroads,  —  Springfield,  Ouincy,  Peoria, 
Bloomington,  Rockford,  Aurora,  Galesburg,  Jacksonville,  Alton,  Rock  Isl¬ 
and,  Ottawa,  Joliet,  Decatur,  Freeport,  Belleville,  Galena,  Cairo,  Elgin,  La 
Salle,  Peru,  Pekin,  Danville,  Sterling,  Dixon,  Polo,  Rochelle,  Du  Ouoin, 
Clinton,  Lockport,  Carbondale,  Carlinville,  Shelbyville,  Charleston,  Paris, 
Mattoon,  Champaign,  Effingham,  Jerseyville,  Monmouth,  East  St.  Louis, 
Kankakee. 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  56,650  square  miles.  Population,  3,077,871 .] 

Position,  Outline,  and  Extent.  —  Illinois  extends  from  lati¬ 
tude  36°  59'  to  420  30'  north,  and  from  87°  35'  to  91 0  40'  west 
from  Greenwich.  It  stretches  over  about  five  and  a  half  de¬ 
grees  of  latitude,  and  over  more  than  four  degrees  of  longitude. 

The  state  is  irregular  in  shape,  owing  to  the  winding  course 
of  the  rivers  that  determine  a  portion  of  its  boundary.  Its  out¬ 


line  is  that  of  a  somewhat  flattened  ellipse  cut  off  at  its  north¬ 
ern  extremity. 

Its  greatest  length  from  north  to  south  is  about  385  miles, 
and  its  greatest  width  about  218  miles.  It  is  equal  in  extent 
to  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  all  of  New  England 
except  Maine.  Georgia  and  Michigan  are  each  a  little  larger, 
and  Arkansas,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa  a  trifle  smaller. 

Coast. — The  state  has  about  sixty-five  miles  of  lake  front¬ 
age  on  the  north-east.  There  are  no  natural  harbors  of  any 
considerable  size ;  but  at  Chicago  an  artificial  harbor  has  been 
constructed  at  great  expense. 

Surface.  — Illinois  is  a  great  plain,  slightly  descending  to¬ 
ward  the  south-west.  A  large  portion  of  the  state  is  occupied 
by  level  or  gently  rolling  prairies,  although  a  considerable  area, 
especially  along  the  courses  of  streams  and  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state,  is  quite  heavily  wooded. 

The  highest  lands  lie  along  its  northern  limits,  between  Galena  and 
Freeport,  where  the  surface  culminates  in  mound-like  elevations 
that  reach  a  height  of  850  to  900  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river  at 
Cairo.  The  surface  descends  along  the  central  line  of  the  state 
very  gradually  as  far  south  as  Carbondale,  where  it  is  not  more  than 
50  or  60  feet  above  the  river  at  Cairo.  From  here  the  surface  rises 
quite  rapidly,  the  state  being  crossed  from  Grand  lower  to  Shaw- 
neetown  by  a  low  range  of  mountains. 

River  System.  —  The  rivers  may  be  divided  into  three 


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ILLINOIS. 


classes:  i.  Those  flowing  into  the  Mississippi ;  2.  Those  flow¬ 
ing  into  the  Wabash  ;  3.  Those  flowing  into  the  Ohio. 

The  first  group  comprises  the  Rock,  the  Illinois,  and  the 
Kaskaskia  ;  the  second,  the  Embarras  and  the  Little  Wabash  ; 
the  third,  the  Saline  and  the  Cache. 

There  are  several  insignificant  streams  :  those  rising  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state  fall  into  the  Wabash,  and  those  in  the 
western  part  find  their  way  to  the  Mississippi. 

Rock  River  is  about  300  miles  in  length.  It  drains  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  fertile  regions  in  the  state.  It  is  imperfectly  navigable 
for  a  short  distance,  is  interrupted  by  falls  in  the  upper  part  of  its 
course,  and  furnishes  abundant  water-power. 

Illinois  River  is  much  the  largest  stream  in  the  state.  Like  the  Rock, 
it  follows  the  general  slope  of  the  state  to  the  south-west,  and  falls 
into  the  Mississippi  a  few  miles  above  Alton.  Its  length  is  about 
500  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  in  favorable  seasons  about  250  miles; 
Peru,  the  lower  terminus  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  being 
the  limit  of  navigation.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it  furnishes 
superior  water-power,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Marseilles.  It  is 
furnished  with  dams  at  Henry  and  at  Copperas  Creek,  which  mate¬ 
rially  aid  the  navigability  of  the  stream  above  them.  The  canal, 
100  miles  long,  connects  the  river  with  the  lake  navigation  at 
Chicago.  The  Illinois  has  a  wide,  deep  bed,  and-  in  some  places, 
as  at  Peoria,  spreads  out  into  broad,  lake-like  expanses. 

The  Kaskaskia,  sometimes  called  the  Okaw,  is  250  miles  in  length.  In 
high  water  it  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  for  a  few  miles. 

Embarras  River  has  a  general  southerly  course,  and  is  about  100  miles 
in  length.  The  watershed  is  very  low. 

The  Little  Wabash  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Wayne  County,  and, 
flowing  south,  falls  into  the  Wabash  a  short  distance  above  its 
mouth. 

The  Chicago  River  is  a  short  stream  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North 
and  South  Branch  about  one  mile  from  the  lake.  It  has  been  deep¬ 
ened  and  widened,  and  its  sides  are  lined  with  warehouses  and 
elevators.  It  admits  the  shipping  from  the  lake  to  the  heart  of  the 
city.  The  South  Branch  is  connected  with  the  Illinois  River  by 
means  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal. 

Lakes.  —  Lake  Michigan,  touching  the  state  for  about  65 
miles,  is  320  miles  long,  and  100  miles  wide.  Its  area  is  22,000 
square  miles.  Its  greatest  known  depth  is  900  feet.  Its  sur¬ 
face  is  nearly  600  feet  above  sea-level.  There  are  harbors  at 
Chicago  and  Waukegan  in  this  state.  There  are  no  lakes  of 
any  considerable  size  in  the  state.  Peoria  Lake  is  simply  a 
widening  of  the  river :  it  is  a  beautiful  body  of  water  about 
three  miles  long  and  a  mile  wide.  It  furnishes  the  water-supply 
for  the  city,  and  is  abundantly  supplied  with  fish.  There  are  a 
few  small  lakes  in  Lake  and  McHenry  counties,  near  the  Wis¬ 
consin  line. 

Climate.  —  Extending  over  five  and  a  half  degrees  of  latitude, 
Illinois  possesses  a  great  variety  of  climate.  Remote  from  the 
modifying  influences  of  large  bodies  of  water,  its  climate  is  also 
very  variable.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  the  winters 
are  long  and  severe,  and  the  summers  are  hot.  The  heat  is 
mitigated,  however,  by  continuous  breezes  across  the  level 
prairies. 

I  he  prevailing  winds  are  north  and  north-west  in  the  winter,  and 
south  and  south-west  in  the  summer;  the  latter  bringing  the  most  of 
the  rain.  Near  the  middle  of  the  north  and  south  line  of  the  state 
the  average  temperature  is  about  540  Fahr.,  being  about  770  in  the 
summer  and  330  in  the  winter.  The  average  temperature  on 
the  north  line  of  the  state  is  47A0,  and  at  Cairo  58^°.  In  the  south¬ 
ern  portion  the  winters  are  mild,  and  the  summers  long  and  warm. 

Soil.  —  Illinois  has  a  soil  of  matchless  fertility.  It  is  of 


diluvial  origin,  the  whole  state,  at  some  remote  time,  having 
probably  been  the  bed  of  a  great  lake. 

The  prairie  soils  are  extremely  rich,  very  deep,  and  free  from 
rocks.  They  produce,  year  after  year,  without  fertilizing,  luxu¬ 
riant  growths  of  vegetation. 

♦ 

The  soil  in  the  timbered  portion  is  lighter,  but  is  better 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  certain  crops,  especially  wheat. 

The  alluvial  deposits  along  the  rivers  are  of  inexhaustible 
fertility. 

The  most  remarkable  of  these  is  the  American  Bottom,  which  is  about 
five  miles  wide,  and  reaches  along  the  Mississippi  River  nearly  100 
miles.  It  is  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  state,  extending  from 
Alton  to  Chester.  The  soil  sometimes  reaches  a  depth  of  25  feet, 
and  has  produced  abundant  crops  of  corn  every  year  for  a  hundred 
and  fifty  years.  The  prairie  soil  is  admirably  adapted  to  withstand 
the  extremes  of  drought  and  wetness  to  which  the  state  is  subject. 

Timber.  —  Most  of  the  woodland  is  found  in  the  southern 
counties.  In  the  central  portion  the  woodlands  and  prairies 
are  about  equally  distributed.  In  the  northern  counties,  with 
the  exception  of  Jo  Daviess,  the  prairies  prevail,  the  wooded 
tracts  being  confined  to  the  river-bottoms. 

The  most  abundant  kinds  of  timber  are  the  oak,  black  walnut,  ash, 
elm,  sugar-maple,  locust,  linden,  hickory,  pecan,  and  persimmon. 
The  cottonwood  and  sycamore  flourish  in  many  river-bottoms.  Large 
tracts  have  been  plentifully  planted  with  trees  within  a  few  years. 
Almost  all  kinds  thrive  on  the  prairies,  when  planted,  and  protected 
for  a  time. 

Facilities  for  Transportation.  —  Few  inland  states  enjoy  so 
many  natural  facilities  for  transportation.  The  Mississippi 
forms  the  entire  western  boundary,  —  more  than  600  miles;  — 
and  affords  river  frontage  to  18  counties.  The  Ohio  bounds  the 
state  on  the  south-east  for  140  miles,  touched  by  five  counties. 
The  navigable  portion  of  the  Illinois  touches  14  counties  not 
reached  by  the  Mississippi.  Lake  and  Cook  counties  lie  on 
Lake  Michigan,  while,  by  the  construction  of  the  canal  connect¬ 
ing  the  lake  and  the  Illinois  River  at  Peru,  three  additional 
counties  have  direct  water  transportation  to  the  seaboard. 
These  water  facilities  are  supplemented  by  numerous  railroads 
that  put  almost  every  county  in  the  state  into  easy  communica¬ 
tion  with  the  markets  of  the  world. 

Minerals.  —  Illinois  is  a  vast  coal-field.  More  than  one-half 
of  its  surface  is  underlaid  with  this  valuable  mineral,  the  coal 
area  being  computed  at  30,000  square  miles.  A  line  extending 
from  the  mouth  of  Rock  River  east  to  the  Indiana  line,  marks 
the  northern  limits  of  the  coal-measures.  About  one-seventh 
of  the  whole  amount  in  the  United  States  is  supposed  to  be 
in  this  state.  It  is  bituminous,  and  most  of  it  of  excellent 
quality. 

A  portion  of  the  gr-eat  western  lead-bearing  belt  projects  into 
the  north-western  part  of  the  state.  The  productive  portion  is 
in  the  vicinity  of  Galena,  where  the  deposits  are  very  rich,  and 
are  extensively  worked. 

Good  limestone  suitable  for  building  purposes  and  for  cement, 
clay  fit  for  brick-making,  and  superior  sandstone,  are  found  in 
different  parts  of  the  state.  Salt  is  procured  from  springs 
about  the  head-waters  of  the  Big  Muddy,  Saline  Creek,  and  the 
Little  Wabash. 

Mineral  springs  possessing  medicinal  properties  are  found  at 
Peoria,  Waukegan,  near  Ottawa,  in  Perry  County,  and  in  some 
other  parts  of  the  state. 


ILLINOIS. 


1 6 1 


Fisheries.  —  The  most  valuable  food  fishes  are  white-fish  and 
lake  trout:  they  abound  in  Lake  Michigan.  Of  the  river  fish 
the  buffalo  and  cat-fish  are  of  most  importance  commercially  : 
they  are  taken  from  the  Illinois  in  large  numbers. 

The  game  fish  are  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  northern 
portions.  The  most  important  aie  the  black  bass,  the  peich, 
the  pike-perch,  and  the  pickerel. 

Agriculture.  —  The  leading  industry  of  the  state  is  agricul¬ 
ture.  Illinois  contains  more  acres  of  improved  land  than  any 
other  state  in  the  Union,  and  more  than  half  of  its  population 
is  engaged  in  its  cultivation. 

The  leading  crops  are  Indian-corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley, 
flax,  castor-beans,  the  grasses,  potatoes,  garden  vegetables 
generally,  and  the  various  kinds  of  fruits. 

Illinois  is  a  leading  state  in  the  production  of  corn,  this  cereal  occu¬ 
pying  one-fourth  of  the  whole  area  in  1878,  and  producing  over 
250,000,000  bushels. 

Illinois  takes  high  rank  also  in  the  amount  of  wheat  produced.  About 
one-sixteenth  of  the  state  was  occupied  by  it  in  1878,  and  34,000,000 
bushels  were  produced. 

The  pastures  cover  4,000,000  acres,  and  oats  are  extensively  grown. 
Orchards  occupy  over  400,000  acres.  Apples  are  abundant  in  cen¬ 
tral  and  northern  sections;  while  the  southern  portion  yields  im¬ 
mense  quantities  of  peaches  and  small-fruits. 

Live  Stock.  —  Illinois  raises  great  numbers  of  hogs  and 
horses.  Wool-giuwing  is  a  very  important  industry.  Cattle- 
raising  has  long  been  a  leading  and  profitable  occupation. 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  fine  stock,  the  state  having  become 
famous  for  its  superior  breeds  of  horses  and  cattle.  Dairying 
is  a  large  and  growing  industry,  and  the  production  of  butter 
and  cheese  is  rapidly  increasing. 

Manufactures. — Although  Illinois  is  so  admiiably  adapted 
to  agriculture,  it  also  possesses  superior  advantages  for  manu¬ 
factures.  Water-power  is  abundant  in  some  portions,  and  the 
facilities  for  transportation  are  very  great.  It  ranks  among 
the  leading  states  in  the  amount  of  capital  invested  and  in  the 
value  of  its  productions. 

The  chief  manufactured  articles  are  distilled  liquors,  agricul¬ 
tural  implements,  carriages  and  wagons,  flouring  and  grist  mill 
products,  boots  and  shoes,  planed  and  sawed  lumber,  etc. 

Mining  and  Lumbering.  —  Coal-mining  employs  a  large 
number  of  people.  The  mines  are  very  numerous,  and  the 
yield  is  immense. 

The  lumber  product  of  the  state  is  not  large.  The  black 
walnut  is  abundant,  and  is  being  rapidly  exported.  Timber  for 
building  purposes  is  not  extensively  grown. 

Commerce.  —  The  leading  exports  are  grain,  live  stock, 
packed  pork,  and  agricultural  implements.  The  chief  imports 
are  manufactured  goods  and  staple  groceries. 

Railroads.  —  Railroads  traverse  nearly  every  county  in  the 
state.  Trunk-lines  connect  all  the  important  towns  with  one 
another,  and  with  the  principal  cities  in  the  adjacent  states  ; 
while  of  the  minor  roads  or  branches  there  are  a  very  great 
number.  The  first  railroad  in  the  state  was  built  in  1840.  It 
extended  from  Jacksonville  to  the  Illinois  River,  about  30  miles. 
Illinois  has  now  over  9,000  miles  of  railroad. 

Education.  —  Ample  provision  is  made  for  the  maintenance 
of  free  public  education.  The  school  law  provides  for  a  state 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  a  county  superintendent 


in  each  county,  three  school  trustees  in  each  school  township, 
and  three  school  directors  in  each  district. 

The  state  superintendent  serves  four  years,  and  is  elected  in  Novem¬ 
ber  of  the  same  year  as  the  President.  The  county  superintendent 
serves  four  years,  and  is  elected  in  November,  one  year  after  the 
President.  The  trustees  serve  three  years,  one  being  elected  eacli 
year,  on  the  second  Saturday  in  April.  The  school  directors  serve 
three  years,  one  being  elected  each  year,  on  the  third  Saturday  in 
April. 

According  to  the  Tenth  United-States  Census,  in  1880  there 
were  in  the  state  15,203  public  schools,  including  113  high 
schools,  attended  by  704,041  pupils,  and  taught  by  15,912 
teachers  (employed  at  one  time).  The  total  value  of  school 
property  was  $15,876,000,  and  the  total  expenditure  for  school 
purposes  $7,536,000. 

There  are  two  state  normal  schools,  one  at  Normal,  the  other 
at  Carbondale.  They  are  both  admirably  equipped  for  purposes 
of  instruction. 

The  State  Industrial  University  (established  in  Champaign 
in  1867)  contains  schools  of  agriculture,  horticulture,  engineer¬ 
ing,  natural  science,  literature  and  science,  and  several  minor 
schools. 

The  state  sustains  schools  in  connection  with  its  benevolent 
or  reformatory  institutions. 

There  are  numerous  colleges  and  universities  in  the  state 
under  denominational  control,  together  with  many  excellent 
private  seminaries  and  academies. 

Government.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  fifty-one  senatorial 
districts  ;  each  elects  one  senator  (term  of  service  four  years) 
and  three  representatives  (term  of  service  two  years).  The 
sessions  of  the  legislature  are  biennial. 

Each  voter  is  entitled  to  cast  three  votes  for  representative.  He  may 
cast  them  for  one,  two,  or  three  candidates.  This  feature  of  the 
constitution  is  peculiar,  and  is  called  the  “minority  representation” 
clause. 

The  Executive  Department  consists  of  the  governor,  lieu¬ 
tenant-governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor  of  public  accounts, 
treasurer,  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  attorney- 
general. 

All  are  elected  for  four  years,  except  the  treasurer,  who  is  elected  for 
two  years,  and  is  ineligible  for  re-election  until  two  years  after  his 
term  has  expired.  The  elections  occur  with  the  election  for  Presi¬ 
dent. 

The  judicial  powers  are  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  Appel¬ 
late  Courts,  Circuit  and  County  Courts,  justices  of  the  peace, 
police  magistrates,  and  certain  special  courts. 

Public  Institutions.  —  There  are  two  penitentiaries  in  the  state,  — one 
at  Joliet,  and  the  other  at  Chester.  There  is  also  a  Reform  School 
for  Boys  at  Pontiac. 

The  Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Children  at  Lincoln  occupies  a  fine 
building,  and  is  chiefly  educational  in  its  character. 

There  are  four  hospitals  for  the  insane,  — the  Northern  at  Elgin,  the 
Central  at  Jacksonville,  the  Southern  at  Anna,  and  the  Eastern  at 
Kankakee. 

Institutions  for  the  education  of  the  blind,  and  of  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
are  located  at  Jacksonville. 

The  Soldiers’  Orphans’  Home  is  located  at  Normal.  Its  benefits  are 
chiefly  for  the  children  of  soldiers  in  the  late  war.  There  are  about 
300  inmates.  Good  schools  are  connected  with  the  institution. 

The  state  sustains  an  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  at  Chicago. 


1 62 


ILLINOIS. 


History.  —  The  name  of  the  state  is  derived  from  Mini ,  a 
Delaware  word  meaning  “superior  men  the  termination,  ois, 
is  French. 

Remains  found  in  various  localities  indicate  that  this  state, 
in  common  with  much  more  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  was  once 
the  home  of  the  “mound-builders,” — a  race  superior  to  the 
Indians  who  succeeded  them. 

When  the  white  man  entered  the  north-western  territory,  he 
found  it  occupied  by  numerous  tribes  of  Indians.  Their  resem- 
b  ance  in  lan^ua^e  and  mental  and  physical  characteristics 
denoted  a  common  origin.  They  all  belonged  to  the  great 
Algonquin  family. 

The  French  were  the  first  white  explorers  of  the  north-west. 
Among  these  early  pioneers  the  most  distinguished  were  Mar¬ 
quette,  Joliet,  La  Salle,  and  Father  Hennepin. 

The  first  French  mission  established  in  Illinois  was  at  the 
village  near  Starved  Rock,  in  1682:  it  was  called  Kaskaskia. 
Within  three  or  four  years  it  was  removed  to  the  site  of  the 
present  Kaskaskia,  near  Chester.  Soon  after,  missions  were 
established  at  Cahokia  and  two  or  three  neighboring  points. 

Fort  Chartres,  on  the  Mississippi,  22  miles  above  Kaskaskia, 
was  the  seat  of  government  during  most  of  the  French  occu¬ 
pation. 

In  1763,  at  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian  war,  Illinois 
was  ceded  to  the  English.  In  1778,  during  the  Revolutionary 
War,  it  was  taken  from  the  English  by  Col.  George  Rogers 
Clark,  who  had  been  sent  from  Virginia  for  that  purpose.  Illi¬ 
nois  was  then  joined  to  Virginia,  and  was  called  Illinois 
County. 

In  1784  Virginia  ceded  it  to  the  general  government,  and  in 
1787  it  became  a  part  of  the  North-west  Territory. 

In  1809  that  part  of  the  North-west  Territory  now  included 
m  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  was  organized  into  the  Territory  of 
Illinois,  with  Kaskaskia  as  its  capital.  The  population  was 
about  10,000,  and  it  included  168  slaves. 

During  the  war  of  1812  many  of  the  Indians  were  hostile, 
and  committed  a  number  of  murders.  Numerous  stockade 
forts  were  constructed  in  the  southern  portion  for  the  protec¬ 
tion  of  the  white  settlers.  Fort  Russell,  near  the  present  site 
of  Edwardsville,  was  the  chief  of  these.  It  marked  the  north¬ 
ern  frontier  of  the  settled  portion. 

In  1804  hurt  Dearborn  was  built,  where  Chicago  now  stands. 
In  1812  the  troops  were  ordered  to  evacuate  the  fort.  Shortly 
aftei  they  had  started  for  bort  Wayne,  they  were  attacked  by 
their  escoit,  about  500  Pattawatomies,  and  several  of  them 
were  massacred,  and  the  remainder,  with  their  wives  and  chil¬ 
dren,  were  made  prisoners.  This  occurred  Aug.  15,  1812. 

Several  expeditions  were  sent  against  the  Indians  in  Central 
Illinois;  but  the  close  of  the  war  in  1814  put  an  end  to  hos¬ 
tilities. 

In  1818  Illinois  was  admitted  to  the  Union.  Shadrach  Bond 
•was  the  first  governor.  Kaskaskia  continued  to  be  the  capital 
until  1820,  when  it  was  removed  to  Vandalia.  It  remained  in 
Vandalia  until  1839,  when  it  was  removed  to  Springfield.  The 
population  at  this  time  was  about  55,000. 

In  1824  an  effort  was  made  to  establish  slavery  in  the  state  ; 
but  after  a  bitter  contest  it  was  defeated. 

In  1834  the  state  attempted  a  gigantic  system  of  internal 
improvements.  A  money-panic  occurred  in  1837,  and  the  im¬ 


provement  scheme  ingloriously  failed.  The  state  was  reduced 
to  the  verge  of  bankruptcy,  and  did  not  recover  for  many 
years. 

In  1850  Congress  made  an  immense  grant  of  land  to  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company,  in  consideration  of  which 
the  road  was  built  from  Galena  to  Cairo,  and  a  branch  from 
Chicago  to  Centralia.  This  road  gave  an  immense  impetus  to 
immigration,  and  the  state  filled  very  rapidly.  Seven  per  cent 
of  the  gross  earnings  of  the  road  goes  to  the  state  treasury,  — 
a  sum  now  almost  sufficient  to  pay  the  ordinary  expenses  of 
the  state  government. 

In  1870  the  present  constitution  was  adopted.  “Minority 
representation  ”  is  its  most  peculiar  feature. 

Counties  and  Cities. — There  are  102  counties  in  the  state. 
The  largest  is  McLean,  containing  1,154  square  miles:  the 
smallest  are  Hardin  and  Putnam,  each  containing  about  175 

square  miles.  These  contain  many  important  cities,  the  prin¬ 
cipal  of  which  are  described  below. 

Springfield  (population  19,743),  the  capital  of  the  state,  is 
|  situated  on  a  fine  prairie  five  miles  south  of  the  Sangamon 
Ivi\er,  and  a  little  south-west  of  the  center  of  the  state.  It 
has  many  railroad  lines,  numerous  mills  and  manufacturing 
establishments,  a  large  coal  trade,  fine  public  schools,  several 
newspapers,  etc.  It  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  Sangamon 
River.  It  contains  a  United  States  custom-house  and  many 
fine  private  buildings.  The  State-house  is  one  of  the  best  in 
the  country.  Oak  Ridge  Cemetery,  two  miles  north  of  the 
city,  is  the  burial-place  of  Lincoln,  and  contains  the  monument 
erected  to  his  memory. 

Chicago  (population,  503,185),  the  metropolis  of  Illinois,  is 
I  situated  near  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan.  The  city  extends 
j  a^onS  the  lake  about  eight  miles,  and  to  the  west  about  five 
j  miles.  It  is  divided  by  the  Chicago  River  and  its  two  branches 
into  three  parts,  known  respectively  as  the  North,  South,  and 
^Aest  divisions.  The  river  affords  a  large  water  frontage,  and 
j  admits  \  essels  to  the  heart  of  the  city.  The  South  Branch 
connects  with  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal.  The  different 
parts  of  the  city  are  connected  by  33  bridges  and  two  stone  tun- 
:  nels.  The  harbor  has  been  greatly  improved  by  the  construc¬ 
tion  of  immense  piers  and  break-waters.  They  inclose  a  basin 
comprising  275  acres  with  a  spacious  opening  on  the  north. 

The  city  is  well  built.  The  streets  are  generally  80  feet  wide, 
j  and  ci  oss  each  other  at  right  angles.  It  has  the  best  water- 
[  supply  of  any  city  in  the  world.  Immense  tunnels  extend  two 
miles  into  the  lake,  and  furnish  an  abundant  supply  of  the 
purest  quality. 

The  public  buildings  are  very  large  and  expensive.  The  gov¬ 
ernment  building  is  an  immense  structure  used  as  a  post-office 
and  custom-house.  It  cost  more  than  $3,000,000.  The  court¬ 
house  and  city-hall,  built  jointly  by  the  city  and  Cook  County, 
is  a  large  and  imposing  structure. 

The  business  of  the  city  is  very  great,  and  includes  direct 
transactions  with  every  part  of  the  civilized  world. 

Chicago  is  the  greatest  grain-market  in  the  world,  handling  100,000,000 
bushels  of  grain  in  a  year.  In  1S81  there  were  24  elevator-ware¬ 
houses  for  grain,  the  largest  having  a  capacity  of  1,800,000  bushels. 
They  are  located  on  the  river  slips  for  convenience  in  loading  ships. 

It  is  also  the  most  important  live  stock  center  in  the  United  States. 
This  business  is  transacted  at  the  great  Union  Stock  Yards,  situ- 


ILLINOIS. 


ated  near  the  south  limits  of  the  city. 

hundred  acres,  and  have  ample  accommodations  for  stock, 
are  connected  with  all  of  the  railroads. 

Railroads  reach  Chicago  from  all  points  of  the  compass.  More  than 
350  trains  enter  and  leave  the  city  daily. 

During  the  shipping  season,  in  the  business  hours,  a  ship  leaves  Chi¬ 
cago  every  ten  minutes. 

The  city  has  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools,  which  are  liberally 
maintained  and  are  very  popular.  There  are  also  many  private 
schools.  Higher  and  professional  education  is  provided  for  in  a 
university,  three  theological  seminaries,  several  medical  colleges 
(one  of  which  is  exclusively  for  women),  a  law  school,  public  library, 
an  academy  of  design,  etc. 

Chicago  has  a  magnificent  system  of  parks  connected  by  boulevards 
250  feet  wide,  that  extend  around  the  land  side  of  the  city. 

The  city  was  incorporated  in  1837.  The  great  fire,  in  October,  1871, 
burned  over  2,100  acres,  destroyed  over  17,000  buildings,  and  ren¬ 
dered  nearly  100,000  people  homeless,  and  caused  a  loss  of  from 
$100,000,000  to  $200,000,000.  The  destroyed  portion  has  been 
almost  entirely  rebuilt. 

The  growth  of  Chicago  has  been  marvelous.  In  1850  it  had  a  popula¬ 
tion  of  30,000.  In  1880  its  population  was  over  half  a  million. 

Peoria,  the  second  city  of  the  state,  is  surrounded  by  a  very 
fertile  country.  It  is  regularly  laid  out  with  wide  streets.  It 
is  one  of  the  important  railroad  centers  of  the  West.  The  man¬ 
ufactures  are  extensive,  including  machinery,  agricultural  imple¬ 
ments,  carriages,  glucose,  starch,  and  malt  and  distilled  liquors. 
The  city  has  a  large  grain-trade,  receiving  more  corn  than  any 
other  city  in  the  state,  except  Chicago.  It  is  chiefly  used  in 
the  immense  distilleries.  It  also  has  a  large  wholesale  trade, 
and  is  extensively  engaged  in  pork-packing.  The  public 
schools  are  supplied  with  excellent  buildings,  and  there  is  a 
fine  public  library. 

Quincy,  county  seat  of  Adams  County,  is  handsomely  situated  on  a  bluff 
of  the  Mississippi  (here  spanned  by  a  fine  bridge).  The  streets  are  wide 
and  well  shaded,  and  the  buildings  are  excellent  in  quality.  There  are  four 
small  parks,  and  commodious  fair-grounds  lie  near  the  city.  Several  rail¬ 
roads  center  here,  and  trade  is  extensive.  The  manufactures  are  chiefly 
wagons,  agricultural  implements,  flour,  and  distilled  and  malt  liquors.  Pork¬ 
packing  is  an  important  business,  and  the  grain-trade  is  quite  extensive. 
It  has  good  public  and  private  schools,  and  several  charitable  institutions 
sustained  by  churches. 

Bloomington  is  regularly  laid  out,  has  an  excellent  system  of  water¬ 
works,  is  well  lighted,  and,  owing  to  the  uneven  character  of  the  site,  is 
well  drained.  Many  railroad  lines  pass  through  the  city,  and  here  are  lo¬ 
cated  the  large  shops  of  the  Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad.  The  public  school 
buildings  are  very  superior,  and  the  Illinois  Wesleyan  University  occupies 
a  spacious  building  in  the  north  part  of  the  city. 

Rockford,  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural  region,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  cities  in  the  state.  The  Rock  River  supplies  abundant  water¬ 
power,  which  is  employed  in  a  number  of  manufactories.  The  leading 
articles  of  manufacture  are  watches,  agricultural  implements,  paper,  flour, 
tacks,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  and  machinery.  It  has  a  fine  system  of 
public  schools  and  a  flourishing  female  seminary. 

Aurora  has  several  manufactories  that  receive  their  power  from  the  Fox 
River.  It  contains  the  car-shops  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington,  and  Quincy 
Railroad.  The  public  schools  hold  a  high  rank  in  the  state. 

Galesburg  contains  railroad-shops  and  stock-yards,  a  manufactory  of 
agricultural  implements,  and  enjoys  a  good  trade  from  the  rich  farming- 


163 


region  about  it.  It  is  the  seat  of  Knox  College  and  Lombard  University, 
two  flourishing  institutions. 

Jacksonville  has  four  railroads,  contains  the  Central  Insane  Hospital,  the 
Asylum  for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  the  Blind  Asylum.  It  is  a  noted  educa¬ 
tional  center,  being  the  location  of  Illinois  College,  three  female  seminaries, 
and  a  conservatory  of  music. 

Alton  has  several  manufactories,  two  railroads,  and  is  the  seat  of  Shurt- 
leff  College. 

Belleville  is  a  prosperous  town  largely  occupied  by  a  German  population. 

Rock  Island  has  fine  water-power,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  man¬ 
ufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  lumber,  and  glass.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  River  just  below  an  island  of  the  same  name.  This  island,  one 
of  the  old  land-marks  of  the  West,  belongs  to  the  United  States  Govern¬ 
ment,  and  contains  a  United  States  Arsenal. 

Ottawa  has  two  railroads,  a  canal,  and  a  fine  township  high  school. 

Joliet  is  the  seat  of  the  Northern  Penitentiary,  one  of  the  largest  civil 
prisons  in  the  world.  There  are  several  quarries  of  excellent  limestone 
suitable  for  building  purposes  in  the  vicinity.  Four  railroads  and  the  Illi¬ 
nois  and  Michigan  Central  pass  through  the  town. 

Decatur  has  seven  lines  of  railroad,  a  system  of  water-works,  and  several 
manufacturing  establishments. 

Freeport,  the  county  seat  of  Stephenson  County,  on  Pecatonica  River, 
has  excellent  railroad  facilities,  and  is  engaged  in  trade  and  manufactures. 

Galena,  the  county  seat  of  Jo  Daviess  County,  is  picturesquely  situated 
on  Fevre  River.  It  has  fine  facilities  for  trade,  and  its  leading  exports  are 
lead  (mined  and  smelted  in  the  vicinity),  zinc,  dairy  products,  and  grain. 

Lincoln,  county  seat  of  Logan  County,  is  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural 
region,  and  has  manufactures  of  farm-implements.  Coal  is  mined  here. 
Lincoln  is  the  seat  of  Lincoln  University. 

Cairo,  county  seat  of  Alexander  County,  is  situated  at  the  southern  ex¬ 
tremity  of  the  state,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  with  the  Mississippi. 
The  city  is  very  advantageously  situated  for  trade  and  navigation. 

Pekin,  a  city,  and  county  seat  of  Tazewell  County,  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  Illinois  River,  and  is  an  important  railroad  center.  It  has  steam- 
mills,  distilleries,  manufactories  of  farming-implements,  carriages,  etc.,  and 
ships  large  quantities  of  grain  and  other  products. 

Elgin,  in  Kane  County,  is  situated  on  Fox  River,  which  is  here  spanned 
by  a  bridge,  and  affords  excellent  water-power.  It  has*  important  manu¬ 
factures,  especially  of  watches,  washing-machines,  carriages,  farm-imple¬ 
ments,  etc.,  and  is  the  center  of  a  large  dairy  business. 

La  Salle,  in  La  Salle  County,  is  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  Illinois  River, 
and  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Illinois  Canal.  It  is  engaged  in  the  man¬ 
ufacture  of  glass,  in  coal-mining,  and  in  the  smelting  and  rolling  of  zinc. 

Danville,  county  seat  of  Vermilion  County,  is  situated  on  Vermilion 
River,  and  is  an  important  railroad  center.  It  has  varied  manufactures, 
and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  mining  and  shipment  of  coal. 

Monmouth,  county  seat  of  Warren  County,  has  varied  manufactures,  and 
valuable  coal-deposits.  It  is  the  seat  of  Monmouth  College. 

Champaign,  in  Champaign  County,  is  a  prosperous  and  thriving  place 
with  good  railroad  facilities.  Between  this  city  and  Urbana,  the  county 
seat,  is  located  the  Illinois  Industrial  University,  with  its  extensive  experi¬ 
mental  farm,  shops,  and  laboratories. 

Waukegan,  county  seat  of  Lake  County,  is  situated  on  the  western  shore 
of  Lake  Michigan.  It  has  valuable  mineral  springs,  varied  manufactures, 
and  exports  grain,  wool,  butter,  and  manufactured  articles. 

Moline,  in  Rock  Island  County,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  has  extensive 
water-power  and  important  manufactures,  especially  of  every  variety  of  agri¬ 
cultural  implements. 

Sterling,  a  city  of  Whiteside  County,  situated  on  the  Rock  River,  has  an 
extensive  water-power,  and  is  the  seat  of  very  important  manufacturing 
interests. 

Dixon,  the  county  seat  of  Lee  County,  also  on  the  Rock  River,  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  flour  and  agricultural  implements. 


These  yards  cover  several 

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1 66 


MICHIGAN. 


MICHIGAN. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation  and  Divisions.  —  What  country  north  and  east  of  Michigan?  What 
states  south?  West?  Between  what  parallels  is  the  state?  Between  what 
meridians  ? 

What  two  natural  divisions  does  the  state  comprise?  Ans.  Two  peninsulas, — 
the  Upper  Peninsula  and  the  Lower  Peninsula.  Bound .  the  Upper  Peninsula. 
Bound  the  Lower  Peninsula.  When  it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  at 
Detroit  ? 

Coast.  —  What  are  the  principal  peninsulas  and  capes  in  the  Northern  Penin¬ 
sula?  In  the  Southern  Peninsula?  What  are  the  principal  bays  indenting  the 
Northern  Peninsula?  The  Southern  Peninsula? 

What  large  island  in  Lake  Superior  belongs  to  Michigan?  {See  Small  Map) 
What  other  important  islands  in  Lake  Superior  belong  to  the  state?  What 
island  in  St.  Mary’s  River  belongs  to  the  state?  What  islands  in  Lake  Michigan 
belong  to  the  state  ?  In  Lake  Huron? 

Rivers  and  Lakes.  —  What  are  the  principal  rivers  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  flow¬ 
ing  into  Lake  Huron?  Of  the  Lower  Peninsula  flowing  into  Lake  Erie?  Of 
the  Lower  Peninsula  flowing  into  Lake  Michigan?  Name  the  principal  streams 
of  the  Upper  Peninsula.  What  two  rivers  serve  as  boundary-lines  between 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin? 

Name  the  principal  lakes  within  the  Upper  Peninsula.  Within  the  Lower 
Peninsula. 

Counties. —  Name  the  counties  of  the  Upper  Peninsula.  What  island  in  Lake 
Superior  forms  a  county?  What  counties  on  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw?  What 
counties  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  on  Lake  Huron  ?  On  Lake  Michigan?  Name  the 
counties  in  the  southern  tier.  In  what  county  is  the  state  capital?  In  what 
county  is  Detroit  ? 

Cities.  Give  the  situation  (including  county)  of  the  following  cities  and  towns: 
Grand  Rapids,  Bay  City,  East  Saginaw  and  Saginaw  City,  Jackson,  Kalamazoo, 
Muskegon,  Port  Huron,  Flint,  Ann  Arbor,  Adrian,  Battle  Creek,  Monroe,  Mar¬ 
quette,  \  psilanti,  Manistee,  Ishpeming,  Marshall,  Niles,  Grand  Haven,  Coldwater, 
Alpena,  Negaunee,  Hillsdale,  Pontiac,  Wyandotte,  Ionia,  Greenville,  Big  Rapids, 
Three  Rivers. 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  58,915  Square  Miles.  Population,  1, 636,937.] 

Position,  Outline,  and  Extent.  —  Michigan  is  situated  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  United  States,  somewhat  east  of  the  center  of 


North  America.  It  lies  between  the  parallels  4i'°42/and 
47°  29'  north,  and  between  the  meridians  82°  24'  and  90° 
32'  west. 

Michigan  is  known  as  the  “  Peninsular  State,”  and 
comprises  two  peninsulas  :  the  Upper  Peninsula  and  the 
Lower  Peninsula. 

Having  mainly  a  water-line  boundary,  Michigan  is  ex- 


MICHIGAN 


167 


ceedingly  irregular  in  form.  The  shape  of  the  Lower  Peninsula 
has  sometimes  been  compared  to  a  mitten,  with  the  thumb 
extending  into  Lake  Huron,  east  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

The  Upper  Peninsula  has  its  greatest  extent  from  east  to 
west,  about  320  miles  :  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  130  miles. 
The  Lower  Peninsula  has  its  greatest  extent  from  north  to 
south,  about  280  miles  :  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  200  miles. 

The  area  of  the  state  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  Illinois  or 
Iowa,  nearly  a  fifth  larger  than  New  York  or  Pennsylvania, 
and  more  than  a  fifth  larger  than  Ohio. 

Coast.— The  coast-line  of  Michigan  is  computed  to  be  1,620 
miles  long.  The  shores  of  the  lakes  are  broken  by  numerous 
peninsulas  and  capes.  The  principal  projections  in  the  Upper 
Peninsula  are  Points  Keweenaw,  Abbaye,  White  Pish,  St. 
Ignace,  and  Detour ;  in  the  Lower  are  Mackinaw.  North,  Aux 
Barques,  and  Leelenaw  Points.  Some  are  extensive  penin¬ 
sulas  ;  as  Keweenaw  County  terminating  in  Keweenaw  Point, 
and  Leelenaw  County  which  terminates  in  Lighthouse  Point. 

Numerous  bays  indent  the  coast.  Prominent  among  these 
are  Keweenaw,  White  Fish  (or  Tequamenon),  Green,  and  Little 
and  Big  de  Noquette  (pronounced,  and  frequently  spelled,  Noc) 
in  the  Upper  Peninsula;  and  Thunder,  Tawas,  Saginaw,  and 
Grand  and  Little  Traverse  in  the  Lower. 

There  are  within  the  limits  of  the  state  179  islands,  having 
an  area  of  one  acre  or  more  each.  Many  of  these  are  of 
considerable  size.  Isle  Royale  in  Lake  Superior  has  a  length 
of  45  miles,  with  a  width  of  eight  miles,  and  constitutes  a 
county  by  itself. 

Surface. — The  surface  of  the  two  sections  of  the  state  is 
exceedingly  unlike. 

The  Upper  Peninsula  is  broken  and  rugged  ;  the  western 
portion  consisting  of  hills  and  mountains  rising  to  an  elevation 
of  nearly  2,000  feet.  The  Wisconsin  or  Porcupine  Mountains 
enter  at  the  extreme  west,  and  extend  along  the  coast  north¬ 
east  to  Keweenaw  Point. 

The  watershed  separating  the  streams  of  Lake  Superior  from  those 
flowing  into  the  Mississippi  and  Lake  Michigan  extends  along  the 
southern  line  of  Ontonagon  County  to  Lac  Vieux  Desert,  then  runs 
north-east  nearly  to  the  head  of  Keweenaw'  Bay,  whence  it  extends 
east,  attaining  its  greatest  elevation,  of  over  1,200  feet  above  Lake 
Michigan,  near  the  sources  of  Lake  Michigamme  :  it  continues  east 
in  a  zigzag  line  within  six  to  ten  miles  of  Lake  Superior,  and,  a  short 
distance  beyond  Grand  Island,  abuts  against  the  lake  in  bold  bluffs 
known  as  the  Pictured  Rocks.  These  cliffs  extend  along  the  lake 
for  several  miles,  and  are  composed  of  variously-colored  sandstone, 
worn  by  frost  and  storm  into  fantastic  shapes,  which,  at  a  little  dis¬ 
tance,  resemble  castles,  towers,  columns,  gateways,  etc.  They  are 
one  of  the  most  striking  and  beautiful  features  of  Michigan  scenery, 
and  are  much  visited  and  admired  by  tourists.  From  Pictured 
Rocks  the  watershed  trends  south-east  to  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Michigan,  thence  north-east  nearly  to  St.  Mary’s  River. 

The  Lower  Peninsula  is  mainly  an  undulating  plain,  rising 
gradually  into  hills  in  the  central  and  northern  parts.  With 
slight  variations,  the  streams  flow  east  and  west  from  a  water¬ 
shed  extending  north  and  south  in  an  irregular  manner,  some¬ 
what  east  of  the  geographical  center. 

The  elevation  of  the  watershed  varies  greatly.  In  Hillsdale  County 
it  reaches  an  altitude  of  600  feet;  the  lowest  point  is  in  Gratiot 
County,  between  the  tributaries  of  the  Grand  and  Saginaw  rivers, 
and  is  but  72  feet  above  Lake  Michigan;  while  the  highest  eleva¬ 
tion,  1,200  ieet,  is  reached  in  Otsego  County.  The  eastern  portion 
is  quite  level ;  the  south-western  has  a  few  small  prairies  and 


occasional  “  oak  openings.”  The  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes  are 
sometimes  low  and  marshy;  sometimes  there  is  an  abrupt  descent 
of  a  few  feet;  and  occasionally  high  bluffs  occur.  Stretching  along 
the  coast  of  Lake  Michigan  is  a  series  of  dunes,  or  sand-hills,  blown 
up  by  the  westerly  winds.  Some  of  these,  as  two  at  Grand  Haven 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  are  over  200  feet  high. 

Rivers.  —  In  the  Upper  Peninsula  the  streams,  from  the 
I  nature  of  the  surface,  are  short,  and  those  in  the  western  por¬ 
tion  have  rapid  currents. 

The  Ontonagon,  Sturgeon,  and  Tequamenon  are  tributary  to  Lake 
Superior;  the  Pine  and  Carp,  to  Lake  Huron;  Manistique,  Stur¬ 
geon,  White  Fish,  Escanaba,  and  Menominee,  to  Lake  Michigan. 
The  Montreal  and  Menominee  serve  as  parts  of  the  boundary  line 
between  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  The  Menominee  drains  an 
extensive  territory;  and  large  quantities  of  pine-logs  are  floated 
down  its  current,  and  sawed  near  its  mouth. 

The  following  are  the  principal  rivers  of  the  Lower  Penin¬ 
sula.  Flowing  into  Lake  Huron  are  the  Black,  draining  the 
north-eastern  part,  the  Thunder  Bay,  Au  Sable,  and  Saginaw. 
The  latter  is  a  large  stream,  navigable,  throughout  its  entire 
length  of  18  miles,  for  all  but  the  largest  lake  vessels.  The 
Saginaw  Valley  is  the  most  noted  lumber  region  in  the  state. 

Flowing  into  Lake  Erie  are  the  Huron  and  Raisin  rivers, 
whose  rapid  currents  afford  frequent  water-powers. 

The  following  are  tributary  to  Lake  Michigan.  The  St. 
Joseph,  about  250  miles  in  length,  and  the  Kalamazoo,  200, 
flow  through  fertile  valleys,  and  furnish  valuable  water-powers. 
The  Grand,  about  270  miles  long,  is  the  largest  river  in  the 
state:  it  drains  a  rich  country,  and  is  navigable  to  the  rapids, 
a  distance  of  40  miles.  The  Muskegon,  nearly  180  miles  long, 
and  the  Manistee,  150,  are  important  lumber  streams. 

Lakes.  —  All  the  Great  Lakes,  except  Ontario,  are  adjacent 
to  this  state.  Besides  the  Great  Lakes,  there  are  within  the 
limits  of  the  state  over  5,000  small  lakes. 

In  the  Upper  Peninsula,  Agogebic,  Vieux  Desert,  Portage,  Torch, 
Michigamme,  and  Manistique  are  the  most  important.  In  the  Lower 
Peninsula,  Oakland  and  Barry  counties  are  celebrated  for  the  num¬ 
ber  and  beauty  of  their  lakes.  In  Roscommon  County  are  Higgins 
and  Houghton  lakes.  Along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the 
mouths  of  many  of  the  rivers,  are  small  lakes,  forming  land-locked 
harbors,  which  are  of  great  advantage  to  die  lumber  and  vessel 
interests.  The  vicinities  of  Grand  Traverse  and  Mackinaw  are 
especially  lake  regions.  In  the  former  are  Carp,  Elk,  Torch,  Pine, 
and  others  :  in  the  latter,  Crooked,  Burts,  Mullet,  and  Cheboygan 
are  noteworthy.  Many  of  these  are  navigable  for  steamboats,  and 
rival  in  size  and  beauty  the  famous  lakes  of  Central  New  York. 

Climate. — The  influence  of  the  Great  Lakes  causes  the 
climate  to  be  milder  than  that  of  the  adjoining  states  of  the 
same  latitude. 

In  the  Upper  Peninsula  the  winters  are  somewhat  long; 
but  the  summers  are  cool  and  delightful,  d  he  air  is  pure  and 
bracing,  and  the  temperature  equable. 

In  the  Lower  Peninsula  the  climate  is  milder;  but  the  tem¬ 
perature  is  subject  to  frequent  and  sudden  changes.  As  the 
prevailing  winds  are  from  the  west,  the  climate  of  the  range  of 
counties  just  east  of  Lake  Michigan  is  especially  modified  :  the 
winters  are  rendered  milder,  and  the  autumn  frosts  are  delayed. 
This  section  is  the  celebrated  P'ruit  Belt  :  peaches,  grapes,  and 
other  tender  fruits  are  successfully  cultivated  throughout  its 
whole  extent. 

In  both  peninsulas  the  rainfall  is  abundant  for  agricultural 
purposes. 


MICHIGAN. 


1 68 


The  salubrious  climate,  and  the  wild  and  beautiful  scenery, 
make  the  Lake  Superior  country  and  the  Traverse  and  Macki¬ 
naw  regions  famous  summer  resorts.  Deer,  wild-fowl,  and 
other  game  are  plentiful  ;  and  the  streams  abound  with  trout 
and  other  choice  fish. 

Natural  Advantages.  —  The  natural  advantages  of  Michigan 
are  unsurpassed.  The  soil,  except  in  the  more  rugged  regions 
and  a  few  sandy  tracts,  is  fertile  and  of  all  varieties,  from  the 
deep  rich  loam  of  the  prairies  to  the  light  sandy  soil  of  the  pine- 
lands.  Extensive  forests  overspread  the  Upper,  and  large 
portions  of  the  Lower  Peninsula,  affording  vast  supplies  of 
lumber. 

The  Upper  Peninsula  has  inexhaustible  supplies  of  the  rich¬ 
est  copper  and  iron  ;  and  silver  and  lead  exist  in  considerable 
quantities.  Valuable  sandstone,  and  fine  marble  and  slate,  are 
found  in  great  abundance.  In  the  Lower  Peninsula  are  exten¬ 
sive  deposits  of  bituminous  coal,  salt,  and  gypsum. 

The  wealth  of  the  state  is  not  confined  to  its  soil,  its  forests, 
and  its  mines  ;  but  its  lakes  and  rivers  furnish  a  variety  and  j 
abundance  of  the  choicest  fish.  | 

The  situation  of  Michigan — in  the  heart  of  the  continent, 
and  in  the  midst  of  the  Great  Lakes  —  gives  it  peculiar  com¬ 
mercial  advantages.  Its  products  reach  the  great  markets  of 
the  world  at  a  low  cost  for  transportation,  and  high  prices  are 
realized  by  the  producer.  History  shows  that  a  coast-line 
extensive,  in  proportion,  to  the  size  of  a  country,  is  an  element 
of  greatness. 

Agriculture,  on  account  of  the  propitious  climate  and  extent 
of  fertile  soil,  is  the  principal  pursuit.  Wheat  is  the  leading 
staple  ;  but  hay,  corn,  oats,  and  potatoes  are  raised  in  large 
quantities,  and  butter  and  cheese  are  extensively  produced. 
In  the  amount  of  the  wool-clip  Michigan  is  one  of  the  fore¬ 
most  states  of  the  Union.  Orchards  flourish  in  nearly  every 
part  of  the  Lower  Peninsula ;  while  in  the  Fruit  Belt  fruit¬ 
raising  is  extensively  followed,  the  value  of  the  orchard  prod¬ 
ucts  exceeding  that  of  New  Jersey  or  California. 

Lumbering  is  a  prominent  industry,  and  the  products  of  the 
foi  est  ai  e  next  in  value  to  those  of  the  farm.  More  sawed  lum¬ 
ber  is  produced  than  in  any  other  state,  for  which  a  ready 
market  is  found  in  the  adjoining  states,  the  seaboard,  and  even 
the  countries  of  Europe. 

The  principal  lumber  regions  are  the  Huron  shore,  and  the  Saginaw, 
Giand,  Muskegon,  Manistee,  and  Menominee  valleys:  there  are 
also  large  tiacts  of  pine  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Ontonagon  River. 

Mining  is  the  third  industry  in  importance.  A  majority  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  are  engaged  in  occupa¬ 
tions  connected  with  the  mining,  smelting,  and  shipping  of 
copper  and  iron.  In  the  amount  of  copper  produced  Michigan 
exceeds  any  region  in  the  world,  and,  in  iron,  any  state  in  *the 
Union,  except  Pennsylvania. 

In  the  Lower  Peninsula  coal  is  mined  at  Jackson,  Williamstown,  and 
Corunna.  Gypsum  is  quarried  near  Grand  Rapids  and  at  Alabaster, 
and,  when  ground  into  plaster,  is  extensively  used  in  agriculture  and 
the  mechanic  arts.  Salt-wells  have  been  bored  in  the  lower  por¬ 
tions  of  the  Saginaw  Valley,  and  along  the  shores  of  lakes  Huron 
and  Michigan.  Strong  brine  is  obtained  in  abundance;  and  salt 
of  fine  quality  is  easily  manufactured  by  boiling  down,  or  evapo¬ 
rating;  the  necessary  heat  being  furnished  at  small  expense  by  the 
“  waste  ”  of  the  saw-mills,  or  by  the  surplus  steam.  In  the  produc¬ 
tion  of  salt  Michigan  is  the  leading  state. 


The  Fisheries  give  employment  to  a  large  number  of 
people,  and  are  a  steady  and  profitable  occupation.  Whitefish 
and  trout  are  taken  in  large  quantities  for  home  use  and 
export.  The  principal  fishing-stations  are  Green  and  Saginaw 
bays,  and  the  vicinities  of  Detroit,  Mackinaw,  Grand  Haven, 
and  Marquette. 

The  Commerce  of  the  state  is  very  important  and  con¬ 
stantly  increasing.  Michigan  controls  the  toll-gates  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  The  interstate  and  foreign  trade  are  large,  the 
lattei  being  chiefly  with  Canada.  The  chief  exports  are  lumber, 
wheat,  floui,  iron,  copper,  salt,  wool,  live-stock,  and  orchard  and 
dairy  products. 

The  Manufactures  of  the  state,  while  extensive  and  varied, 
have  not  yet  reached  the  development  that  the  abundance  and 
availability  of  the  raw  material  warrant  :  they  are,  however, 
rapidly  increasing.  The  leading  articles  are  flour,  engines,  and 
machinery,  stoves,  wagons  and  carriages,  furniture,  tobacco  and 
cigars,  agricultural  imolements,  and  sashes,  doors,  and  blinds. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  There  are  in  the  state  more 
than  4,000  miles  of  railroad.  The  southern  portion  of  the 
state  is  well  supplied,  and  the  northern  part  is  being  fur¬ 
nished  with  railroad  facilities  as  rapidly  as  the  settlement  and 
condition  of  the  country  demand.  The  principal  railroads 
of  the  Upper  Peninsula  are  Marquette,  Houghton,  and  Ontona¬ 
gon,  the  Chicago  and  North-western,  and  the  Marquette  and 
Mackinaw  :  of  the  Lower  Peninsula,  Chicago  and  Grand 
Trunk ;  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette ;  Detroit,  Grand  Haven, 
and  Milwaukee ;  Detroit,  Lansing,  and  Northern ;  Michigan 
Central;  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern;  Grand  Rapids 
and  Indiana;  and  the  Chicago  and  West  Michigan. 

A  canal  connects  Portage  Lake  with  Lake  Superior  on  the 
north,  thus  enabling  vessels  to  pass  across  the  peninsula, 
instead  of  roilnding  Keweenaw  Point.  A  ship  canal  has  also 
been  constructed  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  around  the  rapids  of  the 
St.  Mary’s  River,  which  here  has  a  descent  of  18  feet  within 
thi ee-quai tei s  of  a  mile:  this  work  was  undertaken  and  com¬ 
pleted  by  the  state,  but  has  been  transferred  to  the  national 
government. 

Education.  Michigan  has  a  system  of  free  schools,  which 
i  stands  deservedly  high.  In  1880  there  were  5*963  ungraded 
districts,  and  389  graded  schools.  The  whole  number  of  school- 
houses  was  6,400;  teachers,  13,949;  children  enrolled,  362,556; 
while  the  value  of  school-buildings  and  grounds  was  nearly 
$10,000,000,  and  the  amount  expended  for  school  purposes 
during  the  year  was  over  $3,000,000.  In  many  of  the  graded 
districts  well  organized  high  schools  are  maintained. 

The  common  schools,  while  under  the  general  supervision  of 
the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  are  managed  by  the 
people  of  the  different  districts  through  local  superintendents, 
county  examiners,  township  inspectors,  and  district  boards  ; 
but  the  following  institutions  are  under  control  of  the  state  :  — 

i.  The  University  at  Ann  Arbor.  This  noble  institution  has  depart¬ 
ments  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts,  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
Pharmacy,  Law,  Engineering,  Dentistry,  a  School  of  Mines,  and  a 
school  of  Political  Science;  it  may  properly  be  considered  the  cap- 
sheaf  of  the  public  school  system. 

“■  TK  Normal  School  at  h  psilanti.  1  his  is  designed  for  the  special 
instruction  and  preparation  of  teachers  for  the  public  schools  of  the 
state. 


MICHIGAN. 


169 


3.  The  Agricultural  College  at  Lansing.  This  was  the  first  institution 
of  the  kind  in  the  United  States. 

4.  The  Reform  School  at  Lansing,  for  boys  convicted  of  minor 
offences. 

5.  The  Reform  School  at  Adrian,  for  girls. 

6.  The  State  Public  School  at  Coldwater.  This  educates  and  finds 
homes  for  dependent  children  from  the  county  poor-houses,  and  is 
designed  to  prevent  pauperism. 

7.  The  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Flint. 

8.  The  Institution  for  the  Blind  at  Lansing. 

The  following  chartered  colleges  and  higher  institutions  are 
maintained  by  denominational  and  private  enterprise :  Kala¬ 
mazoo,  Hillsdale,  Albion,  Olivet,  Adrian,  and  Battle  Creek 
Colleges,  Grand  Traverse  College  at  Benzonia,  Hope  College 
at  Holland,  Michigan  Female  Seminary  at  Kalamazoo,  Young 
Ladies’  Collegiate  Institute  at  Monroe,  German  American 
Seminary  at  Detroit,  Raisin  Valley  Seminary  near  Adrian, 
and  Michigan  Military  Academy  at  Orchard  Lake,  near  Pon¬ 
tiac.  There  are  also  two  medical  colleges  at  Detroit. 

Penal  and  Benevolent  Institutions.  —  The  State  Prison  is 
located  at  Jackson,  and  the  state  House  of  Correction  at  Ionia: 
the  latter  is  designed  for  the  younger  and  less  hardened  crimi¬ 
nals.  Both  institutions  are  largely  supported  by  the  labor  of 
the  convicts.  The  state  maintains  two  hospitals  for  the  care 
and  treatment  of  the  insane,  —  the  Michigan  Asylum  located 
at  Kalamazoo,  and  the  Eastern  Asylum  at  Pontiac. 

Government.  —  The  Legislature  consists  of  two  houses, — 
the  Senate,  of  32  members  ;  and  the  House  of  Representatives, 
of  100  members,  —  and  meets  biennially,  on  the  first  day  of 
January  in  the  odd  years.  The  executive  department  is  com¬ 
posed  of  the  Governor  and  a  number  of  subordinate  officers. 

The  members  of  the  Legislature  and  the  state  officers  are  elected  in 
November  of  the  even  years,  to  serve  for  two  years  from  the  first 
of  January  following. 

The  judiciary  consists  of  a  supreme  court,  which  sits  at 
Lansing  ;  of  circuit  and  probate  courts,  which  are  held  at  the 
county  seats  ;  of  justices  courts,  held  in  every  township  by  jus¬ 
tices  of  the  peace ;  and  of  special  municipal  courts  in  certain 
cities.  All  judges  and  justices  are  elected  by  the  people. 

The  different  counties,  townships,  and  cities  have  various  officers 
elected  or  appointed  to  enforce  the  state  and  local  statutes,  to 
secure  order,  and  preserve  the  public  peace. 

History.  —  Michigan  was  originally  under  the  dominion  of 
France.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  the  French,  and 
consisted  of  missionary  and  trading  posts  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
Mackinaw,  Port  Huron,  and  Detroit.  In  1763,  at  the  close  of 
the  French  and  Indian  war,  Canada  was  ceded  to  the  English, 
and  Michigan  and  the  North-west  were  also  included  in  the 
treaty.  By  the  treaty  of  peace  in  1783,  at  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  Michigan  was  ceded  to  the  United  States, 
and  was  included  in  the  North-west  territory;  in  1802  it  be¬ 
came  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Indiana,  with  Gen.  William 
Henry  Harrison  as  governor,  and  in  1805  was  organized  as  a 
territory,  with  Gen.  William  Hull  as  governor,  Detroit  being 
the  capital. 

Michigan  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state  in  1837, 
Stevens  T.  Mason  having  been  elected  governor.  The  popula¬ 
tion  was  then  estimated  at  nearly  200,000. 

When  Michigan  was  organized  as  a  territory,  the  Upper  Peninsula 
was  not  included  in  its  boundaries.  When  it  asked  to  become  a 


state,  it  claimed,  under  an  act  of  Congress  known  as  the  Ordi¬ 
nance  of  1787,  a  portion  of  Ohio,  which  includes  the  port  and  site 
of  Toledo.  This  was  resisted  by  Ohio,  and  Congress  gave  the  new 
state  the  Upper  Peninsula  in  lieu  of  the  territory  claimed.  The 
troubles  over  the  disputed  boundary  gave  rise  to  what  is  known  as 
the  “Toledo  War.” 

The  growth  and  development  of  the  state  have  been  steady 
and  wholesome  :  its  advancement  in  material  prosperity  and  all 
the  elements  of  real  progress  has  kept  pace  with  the  increase 
in  population. 

Counties.  —  Michigan  contains  eighty  counties.  Eleven 
belong  to  the  Upper  Peninsula,  and  sixty-nine  to  the  Lower. 
These  are  divided  into  townships,  which  are  ordinarily  six 
miles  square :  the  number  organized  is  over  one  thousand. 
The  township  constitutes  the  political  unit  of  the  state. 

Lansing  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  has  an  excellent 
situation,  on  both  banks  of  the  Grand  River,  which  is  here 
spanned  by  several  iron  bridges.  The  manufacturing  inter¬ 
ests  are  important,  and  steadily  increasing.  The  capitol,  one 
of  the  finest  buildings  of  its  kind,  is  an  ornament  to  the  city. 
The  Agricultural  College,  the  Reform  School  for  Boys,  and 
the  Institution  for  the  Blind,  are  located  here. 

Detroit  (population,  116,340)  is  the  commercial  metropolis 
and  largest  city  of  Michigan.  It  is  situated  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Detroit  River,  and  is  known  as  the  “  City  of  the  Straits.” 
It  has  the  largest  and  best  harbor  on  the  lakes,  and  is  exten¬ 
sively  engaged  in  foreign  and  domestic  commerce.  I  he  river¬ 
front,  for  nearly  seven  miles,  is  lined  with  docks,  shipyards, 
mills,  foundries,  grain-elevators,  and  warehouses. 

Steamboats  and  sailing-vessels  connect  Detroit  with  all  points  on  the 
Great  Lakes  ;  while  ten  lines  of  railway  afford  rapid  communication 
with  all  sections  of  the  country.  Its  industrial  and  mercantile  in¬ 
terests  are  of  the  most  solid  character:  it  has  large  establishments 
for  smelting  iron  and  copper,  and  for  the  manufacture  of  engines, 
bridges,  cars,  machinery,  tools,  stoves,  furniture,  boots  and  shoes, 
and  tobacco.  The  city  is  well  laid  out,  with  wide  streets  intersect¬ 
ing  at  right  angles,  and  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  homes,  substantial 
business  structures,  and  excellent  public  buildings. 

Grand  Rapids  is  the  second  city  in  the  state.  It  is  beauti¬ 
fully  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Grand  River,  at  the  head  of 
navigation.  Six  railways  center  here.  It  has  the  best  water¬ 
power  in  the  State,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  manufac¬ 
turing  ;  the  principal  articles  being  furniture  (in  the  production 
of  which  this  city  exceeds  any  other  in  the  country),  lumber, 
wooden-ware,  agricultural  implements,  machinery,  and  flour. 
The  gypsum  beds  yield  about  100,000  tons  of  plaster  annually. 

Bay  City  has  a  commanding  situation  for  commerce,  near  the  mouth  of 
Saginaw  River  and  the  deep  waters  of  Saginaw  Bay :  it  also  has  important 
railroad  connections.  It  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  fisheries,  and  in  the 
manufacture  and  shipment  of  lumber,  salt,  machinery,  and  wooden-ware. 

East  Saginaw  and  Saginaw  City  are  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Saginaw 
River,  —  one  15,  the  other  17,  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  river  is  spanned 
by  several  swing-bridges,  and  the  places  are  connected  by  a  street  railroad. 
The  industries  of  the  “  Saginaws  ”  are  essentially  the  same  :  they  constitute 
a  great  center  for  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  lumber,  lath,  shingles,  salt, 
staves,  and  heading.  The  railroad  facilities  are  excellent,  and  both  cities 
enjoy  a  large  trade  in  lumbermen’s  supplies. 

Jackson  has  many  natural  advantages,  and  is  centrally  located  in  a  fine 
agricultural  district.  Sandstone  and  common  and  fire  clay  are  found  in 
its  immediate  vicinity,  and  beds  of  bituminous  coal  furnish  abundance  of 
cheap  fuel  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Several  branches  of  the  Michigan 


I/O 


MICHIGAN. 


Central  Railroad  unite  at  this  point,  and  the  locomotive-works  and  repair- 
shops  of  the  road  are  located  here. 

Kalamazoo,  though  still  a  village,  ranks  as  the  sixth  town  in  size.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  region,  with  which  it  carries  on  an  active 
trade.  Four  lines  of  railway,  intersecting  at  this  point,  afford  excellent 
shipping  facilities.  It  is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  plows,  har¬ 
rows,  windmills,  fanning-mills,  steel  springs,  paper,  and  sash,  doors,  and 
blinds.  It  is  famed  for  its  beautiful  streets  and  grounds,  and  for  the  excel¬ 
lence  of  its  institutions.  It  is  an  important  educational  center. 

Muskegon  is  the  largest  town  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 
Lines  of  steamers  run  to  Chicago,  and  it  enjoys  a  large  coasting  trade. 
Three  railroads  give  excellent  communication  with  the  interior.  This  is 
one  of  the  principal  points  in  the  state  for  the  production  of  sawed  lumber. 
Muskegon  is  also  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  flour,  salt,  saws,  engines, 
boilers,  etc.  Fruit  is  extensively  raised  in  the  vicinity. 

Port  Huron  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  has  an  advantageous  position  on  St. 
Clair  River,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron.  It  has  important  railroad  connec¬ 
tions.  The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada  enters  the  state  at  this  point, 
and  sends  off  branches  to  Detroit  and  Chicago.  The  shops  of  the  com¬ 
pany  are  located  here.  The  coasting-trade,  fisheries,  and  the  manufacture 
of  lumber,  are  the  most  important  industries. 

Flint  is  a  beautiful  city  surrounded  by  a  fine  farming  country.  For  an 
inland  town  it  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  It 
has  large  flouring-mills  and  other  manufactories. 

Ann  Arbor  has  a  beautiful  location  on  the  banks  of  the  Huron,  on  the 
Michigan  Central  Railroad,  40  miles  from  Detroit.  It  manufactures  flour, 
agricultural  implements,  and  furniture.  This  place  is  distinguished  as 
being  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Michigan. 

Adrian  is  situated  on  the  new  Wabash  line  to  Detroit,  at  the  junction 
of  several  branches  of  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Railroad. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  has  large  planing  and  flouring 
mills,  foundries,  and  machine-shops.  It  is  the  seat  of  Adrian  College. 

Battle  Creek  is  a  flourishing  city  at  the  intersection  of  the  Michigan 
Central  and  Grand  Trunk  railroads.  It  has  a  large  local  trade,  and  ex¬ 
tensive  manufactures  of  threshing-machines,  portable  engines,  farm  tools, 


woolen  goods,  and  school-furniture.  This  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Ad¬ 
ventist  denomination  ;  and  their  college,  tabernacle,  publishing-house,  and 
sanitarium  are  located  here. 

The  following  brief  description  presents  the  principal  fea¬ 
tures  of  some  of  the  other  important  towns  of  the  state  :  — 


Albion — in  Calhoun  County.  Large  plow  fac¬ 
tory;  flouring-mills.  Albion  College  con¬ 
trolled  by  the  Methodist- Episcopal  Church. 

Alpena  —  in  Alpena  County,  mouth  of  Thunder 
Bay  River,  on  Thunder  Bay.  Large  lum¬ 
ber  interests;  rapid  growth. 

Big  Rapids — in  Mecosta  County,  on  the  Mus¬ 
kegon  River.  Great  water-power;  lumber; 
machine-shops. 

Coldwater —  in  Branch  County.  Fine  country. 
Local  trade;  flour;  cigars.  Seat  of  State 
Public  School. 

Escanaba  —  in  Delta  County,  Fine  harbor. 
Great  shipping  point  for  iron;  largest  iron 
docks  in  the  world. 

Grand  Haven  —  in  Ottawa  County.  Port  of 
entry,  mouth  of  Grand  River.  Fine  har¬ 
bor;  steamers  to  Chicago  and  Milwaukee; 
lumber;  machine-shops;  mineral  springs. 

Greenville  —  in  Montcalm  County.  Farming 
country;  water-power;  lumber  and  plan¬ 
ing  mills. 

Hancock  )  — in  Houghton  County,  in  center  of 

Houghton  i  the  copper  region. 

Hillsdale  —  in  Hillsdale  County.  Flour-mills; 
grain-trade.  Hillsdale  College,  under  con¬ 
trol  of  Freewill  Baptists. 

Ionia  —  in  Ionia  County.  Farming  trade  and 
lumber  interests;  fine  building  stone; 
railroad  machine-shops;  state  House  of 
Correction. 

Ishpeming  —  in  Marquette  County;  largest 
town  in  Upper  Peninsula.  Iron  mines  in 
city  limits. 

Ludington  —  in  Mason  County,  mouth  Pere 
Marquette  River.  Lumber,  fruit. 


Manistee  —  in  Manistee  County,  mouth  of 
Manistee  River.  Great  lumber  interests; 
tanneries:  salt;  machine-shops,  etc. 

Marquette  —  in  Marquette  County.  Port  of 
entry.  Blast-furnaces  and  rolling-mills; 
headquarters  for  iron  interests,  and  ship¬ 
ping  point  for  iron. 

Marshall — in  Calhoun  County,  on  Kalamazoo 
River.  Water-power;  mills  and  foundries; 
fine  public  buildings. 

Monroe  —  in  Monroe  County,  on  Raisin  River, 
two  miles  from  Lake  Erie.  Good  harbor; 
manufactories;  nurseries;  shipments  of 
grain  and  glass  sand. 

Mount  Clemens  —  in  Macomb  County.  Salt, 
lumber,  mineral  springs. 

Negaunee  —  in  Marquette  County.  Iron  mines 
and  blast-furnaces. 

Niles  —  in  Berrien  County.  Extensive  water¬ 
power;  flour  and  paper  mills;  wagon  and 
machine  shops. 

Pontiac  —  in  Oakland  County.  Rich  country; 
active  trade;  woolen  mills;  Eastern  Asy¬ 
lum  for  Insane. 

Three  Rivers  —  in  St.  Joseph  County.  Water¬ 
power;  varied  manufactures. 

West  Bay  City  —  in  Bay  County,  near  mouth 
of  Saginaw  River,  opposite  Bay  City.  In¬ 
dustries  similar. 

Wyandotte  —  in  Wayne  County,  on  the  Detroit 
River.  Rolling-mills,  blast-furnaces,  smelt¬ 
ing-works. 

Ypsilanti  —  in  Washtenaw  County.  Fine 
water-power  ;  large  paper,  flour,  and 
woolen  mills;  brisk  trade;  seat  of  State 
Normal  School. 


WISCONSIN. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation  and  Extent.  —  Bound  Wisconsin  on  the  north.  On  the  north¬ 
east  and  east.  What  is  the  distance  in  miles  from  Milwaukee  to  the  state 
boundary  through  Lake  Michigan?  What  state  south  ?  What  states  west? 
What  natural  boundary  on  the  south-west?  What  two  rivers  form  partial 
boundary  between  Wisconsin  and  the  North  Peninsula  of  Michigan?  Be¬ 
tween  what  parallels  does  the  state  extend  ?  Between  what  meridians  ? 
Measure  the  greatest  length  and  breadth  of  the  state.  When  it  is  noon  at 
Washington,  what  time  is  it  at  Milwaukee  ? 

Coast.  —  What  northern  county  forms  a  peninsula?  What  group  of 
islands  off  the  northern  coast  ?  Name  the  principal  islands  of  the  Apostle 
Group.  What  bay  indents  the  northern  coast  ?  What  county  of  the  eastern 
shore  forms  a  peninsula  ?  What  bay  west  of  this  peninsula? 

Rivers  and  Lakes.  —  By  what  two  river  systems  is  the  surface  of  Wiscon¬ 
sin  drained?  Ans.  By  the  Mississippi  and  the  St.  Lawrence  systems. 
Which  drains  much  the  larger  area?  What  are  the  two  principal  rivers  of 
Wisconsin  flowing  into  Lake  Superior  ?  What  river  flows  into  Green  Bay? 
What  streams  are  discharged  by  Fox  River  and  Green  Bay  into  Lake 
Michigan?  What  are  the  four  principal  streams  flowing  directly  into  Lake 
Michigan?  What  are  the  seven  principal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  in 
Wisconsin  ? 

What  is  the  largest  lake  wholly  in  Wisconsin?  Which  sections  of  the 


state  are  dotted  with  numerous  lakes?  Name  the  largest  of  these.  Which 
lake  on  the  western  boundary  is  an  expansion  of  the  Mississippi?  Which 
one  of  the  St.  Croix? 

Counties.  —  Which  counties  border  on  Lake  Superior?  On  the  Upper 
Peninsula  of  Michigan?  On  Green  Bay?  On  Lake  Michigan?  Name  the 
counties  in  the  southern  tier.  Which  counties  border  on  the  Mississippi  ? 
On  the  St.  Croix?  In  which  county  is  the  state  capital? 

Cities.  —  What  cities  of  Wisconsin  are  situated  on  Lake  Michigan? 
What  cities  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Green  Bay  ?  What  cities  on  Fox 
River?  What  cities  on  or  near  Lake  Winnebago?  What  cities  on  Rock 
River?  What  cities  on  Wisconsin  River,  or  its  branches?  What  cities  on 
the  Mississippi?  What  city  on  the  St.  Croix?  [What  is  the  county-town 
of  the  county  in  which  you  live  ?] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  56,040  square  miles.  Population,  1,315,497 .] 

Position  and  Extent.  —  The  latitude  of  the  southern  boun¬ 
dary  is  420  30'  N. ;  of  the  northern  extremity  of  Devil’s  Island, 
the  most  northern  of  the  Apostle  Islands,  470  6'  N.  The  longi- 


WISCONSIN 


i 


i 


tude  of  the  eastern  shore  of  Rock  Island  in  Lake  Michigan 
is  863  49'  W.  of  Greenwich  ;  of  the  western  extremity  of 
Polk  County,  920  54'  W. 

Extent  in  latitude  in  miles,  317  ;  in  longitude,  300. 

Surface.  —  Wisconsin  has  no  mountains.  The  surface  in 
some  sections  is  hilly,  but  may  be  described,  in  general,  as 
an  elevated  rolling  plain  from  600  to  1,200  feet  above  the 
sea  level. 

The  chief  highland  is  a  ridge  which  runs  in  an  easterly  and  westerly 
direction  through  the  counties  bordering  upon  Lake  Superior,  and 
extends  into  Northern  Michigan.  It  attains  its  greatest  height,  about 
1,800  feet  above  the  sea,  in  the  Penokee  Range. 

From  this  highland  the  surface  slopes  in  two  general  directions. 

The  northward  slope  has  a  short  and  rapid  descent  toward  Lake 
Superior :  the  southward  is  long  and  gentle,  extending  to  the  south¬ 
ern  limit  of  the  state.  I  his  long  slope  is  divided  by  a  low  watershed, 
having  a  general  northerly  and  southerly  direction,  into  two  subordi¬ 
nate  slopes, — one  inclined  south-westerly  toward  the  Mississippi;  the 
other  south-easterly,  toward  Lake  Michigan. 

The  uniformity  of  the  southward  incline  is  broken  by  a  remarkable  diagonal 
valley  which  crosses  the  state  from  north-east  to  south-west.  This  valley  is  occupied  by 
Green  Bay,  Fox  River,  and  the  Lower  Wisconsin,  and  contains  the  great  depression  of 
Lake  Winnebago.  Another  notable  valley,  extending  southward  from  Lake  Winnebago, 
is  occupied  by  Rock  River.  The  Rock  River  and  Green  Bay  valleys  are  bounded  east 
by  a  limestone  ridge,  which  extends  from  the  state  line,  in  a  northerly  and  north-easterly 

direction,  to  the  extremity  of  Door  Peninsula.  This 
ridge  presents  an  abrupt  face  toward  the  valleys,  and 
inclines  gently  eastward  toward  Lake  Michigan. 

In  the  western-central  part  of  the  state  are  many 
isolated  peaks  and  ridges  of  sandstone,  or  sandstone 
capped  with  limestone,  which  rise  abruptly  and  often 
precipitously  from  100  to  300  feet  above  the  general 
level.  A  ridge  extends  between  the  Mississippi  and 
Lower  Wisconsin,  through  which,  in  Monroe  County, 
several  railroad  tunnels  have  been  cut.  These  various 
elevations  owe  their  origin  to  erosion. 


MADISON. 


172 


WISCONSIN. 


Rivers. — The  surface  of  Wisconsin  is  drained  by  two  great 
river  systems,  —  the  Mississippi  and  the  St.  Lawrence.  The 
former  drains  much  the  larger  area. 

The  St.  Lawrence  system  drains  the  northerly  and  south¬ 
easterly  slopes.  The  principal  rivers  flowing  into  Lake  Supe¬ 
rior  are  the  St.  Louis  and  Montreal.  Fox  River  and  Green 
Bay,  which  lie  in  the  north-eastern  basin  of  the  diagonal  valley, 
receive  the  waters  of  the  Menominee,  Peshtigo,  Oconto,  and 
Wolf,  and  discharge  them  into  Lake  Michigan.  The  principal 
streams  flowing  directly  into  Lake  Michigan  are  the  Manitowoc, 
Sheboygan,  Milwaukee,  and  Root. 

The  Fox  is  navigable  by  the  aid  of  locks  to  the  portage.  The  Lower 
Fox  has  a  fall  of  170  feet  between  Lake  Winnebago  and  Green 
Bay,  and,  having  this  large  lake  as  a  reservoir,  affords  one  of  the 
most  extensive  and  reliable  water-powers  in  the  United  States. 
The  Wolf  is  navigable  to  New  London. 

The  Mississippi  system  drains  the  south-westerly  slope.  Its 
principal  tributaries  are  the  St.  Croix,  Chippewa,  Black,  Wis¬ 
consin,  Rock,  Southern  Fox,  and  Des  Plaines. 

*  Of  these  tributaries  the  St.  Croix  is  navigable  to  Taylor’s  Falls, 
Minn.;  the  Chippewa,  to  Chippewa  Falls;  the  Wisconsin,  to  Port¬ 
age.  The  navigation  of  the  latter  is  much  obstructed  by  bars  of 
shifting  sand.  It  is  the  longest  river  wholly  in  the  state,  its  length 
being  about  500  miles. 

Lakes.  —  Wisconsin  is  situated  in  that  remarkable  lake 
region  of  the  United  States  which  is  drained  by  the  St.  Law¬ 
rence  and  the  Upper  Mississippi.  The  northern  and  eastern 
portions  of  the  state  are  dotted  with  small  lakes  ;  while  its 
borders  lie  upon  the  upper  Great  Lakes,  —  Superior  and 
Michigan.  Winnebago,  the  largest  lake  wholly  in  Wisconsin,  is 
28  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide.  Lakes  Pepin  and  St.  Croix, 
on  the  western  boundary,  are  respectively  expansions  of  the 
Mississippi  and  of  the  St.  Croix.  What  was  formerly  Lake 
Horicon  has  been  drained  by  the  removal  of  Horicon  dam,  and 
the  result  is  Horicon  Marsh. 

Scenery.  —  The  most  striking  feature  of  Wisconsin  scenery 
is  that  afforded  by  the  numerous  beautiful  lakes,  the  great 
majority  of  which  have  high  wooded  banks,  rocky  or  sandy 
beaches,  and  clear,  deep  water.  These  lakes  are  becoming  the 
summer  resort  of  people  from  the  cities  of  Wisconsin  and 
adjoining  states.  They  are  stocked  with  choice  varieties  of 
fish,  while  myriad  water-fowl  frequent  their  borders.  Among 
the  most  noted  for  their  beauty  are  Winnebago,  Geneva,  and 
Devil’s  Lake.  One  of  the  most  attractive  features  of  Lake 
Superior  scenery  is  found  in  the  sandstone  cliffs  of  Bayfield 
Peninsula  and  the  Apostle  Islands. 

In  the  Wisconsin,  St.  Croix,  and  other  northern  streams,  the 
currents  have  worn  deep,  narrow  gorges  through  the  rocks, 
called  “dalles.”  The  finest  example  of  these  is  the  dalles  of 
the  Wisconsin,  where  the  canon  is  about  eight  miles  in  length, 
the  stream  narrow,  deep,  and  swift,  and  the  rocky  walls,  worn 
into  curious  shapes,  rise  frequently  to  a  perpendicular  height 
of  80  feet.  The  western  border  of  the  state  is  rendered  exceed¬ 
ingly  picturesque  by  the  bold  bluffs,  varying  in  height  from 
200  to  500  feet,  that  line  the  courses  of  the  Upper  Mississippi 
and  its  tributaries  ;  while  the  streams  flowing  down  the  abrupt 
descent  from  the  northern  watershed  to  Lake  Superior  are 
characterized  by  numberless  beautiful  cascades  and  rapids. 

Climate.  —  Lying  as  it  does  in  the  center  of  a  great  conti¬ 


nent,  Wisconsin  might  be  expected  to  possess  seasons  charac¬ 
terized  by  extremes  of  temperature  ;  and  such  is  to  a  consider¬ 
able  extent  the  case ;  but  the  Great  Lakes  have  a  marked 
influence  in  moderating  the  heat  and  cold,  causing  those  por¬ 
tions  of  the  state  that  border  upon  them  to  have  an  average 
temperature  from  6°  to  io°  higher  in  winter,  and  lower  in  sum¬ 
mer,  than  the  portions  along  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  winters  are  generally  long  and  cold.  The  average  winter  temper¬ 
ature  in  the  south  is  20°,  in  the  north,  1 50 ;  but  the  mercury  often 
falls  below  zero,  and  in  the  north-west,  on  rare  occasions,  stands  at 
— 40°.  The  springs  are  often  backward;  but  in  that  case  the  sum¬ 
mer  comes  so  rapidly,  that  vegetation  is  not  permanently  retarded. 
The  summers  are  generally  cool,  with  the  exception  of  an  occa¬ 
sional  “heated  term”  that  lasts  but  a  few  days,  and  is  frequently 
terminated  by  an  abrupt  change  of  temperature.  The  average 
summer  temperature  in  the  south  is  70° ;  in  the  north,  6o°.  The 
mercury  often  rises  to  90°,  very  seldom  to  ioo°.  The  autumns  are 
long,  frequently  lasting  into  December. 

The  winds  are  chiefly  westerly,  except  in  spring,  when  north¬ 
easterly  currents  prevail. 

Lying  in  the  belt  of  equinoctial  rains,  Wisconsin  has  its 
greatest  rainfall  in  spring  and  autumn,  with  a  preponderance 
in  spring.  Moisture  is  however  abundant  throughout  the  year, 
copious  showers  falling  during  the  summer  months ;  while  the 
winter  usually  brings  plenty  of  snow. 

The  dry,  clear  air,  pure  water,  and  good  drainage  of  Wiscon¬ 
sin,  combine  to  make  it  one  of  the  most  healthful  states  in  the 
Union. 

Soil  and  Native  Vegetation.  —  The  rocks  underlying  the 
surface  soils  of  Wisconsin  may  be  described  as  crystalline, 
sandstone,  and  limestone.  The  surface  soils  are  largely  the 
result  of  the  breaking-up  of  these  underlying  rocky  forma¬ 
tions. 

Occupying  nearly  the  whole  of  the  state  north  of  the  center,  except  a 
region  of  sandstone  rock  along  Lake  Superior,  is  an  elliptical-shaped 
area  of  crystalline  rocks,  having  its  longer  axis  east  and  west. 
Around  the  southern  edge  of  this  region  of  crystalline  rocks  runs 
a  curved  belt  of  sandstone,  with  its  broadest  part  in  the  valley  of 
the  Wisconsin,  where  it  extends  as  far  south  as  Columbia  and 
Dane  counties  ;  while  the  extremities  rest  respectively  upon  the 
Menominee  and  St.  Croix  rivers,  in  Marinette  and  Polk  counties. 
Around  the  southern  edge  of  this  sandstone  belt,  occupying  the 
remainder  of  the  state,  lies  the  region  of  limestone  which  stretches 
southward  along  the  shores  of  Green  Bay,  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
Lake  Michigan,  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  regions  of  crystalline  rocks  and  of  Lake  Superior  sand¬ 
stone  are  covered  nearly  everywhere  with  “drift,”  its  fertility 
depending  upon  the  relative  amount  of  sand  and  clay  found  in 
it.  In  the  higher  lands,  these  are,  as  a  rule,  mixed,  producing  a 
loamy  soil  which  supports  a  heavy  growth  of  mingled  pine  and 
hardwood  timber,  and,  when  cleared,  furnishes  excellent  tillable 
land.  Where  the  soil  is  very  sandy,  it  is  sterile,  although  now 
covered,  for  the  most  part,  with  pine-forests.  Where  clay 
largely  predominates,  the  soil  is  not  at  first  very  productive, 
but  steadily  improves  upon  working. 

The  curved  belt  of  sandstone  is  characterized  by  a  loose, 
sandy  soil  of  the  poorest  quality,  upon  which  the  prevailing 
growth  is  small  oaks.  It  possesses,  however,  streaks  of  highly 
fertile  soil,  that  occur  where  it  is  invaded  by  tongues  of  loamy 
“  drift,”  or  crossed  by  the  alluvial  bottom-lands  of  streams. 

In  the  limestone  region,  the  soil,  being  mingled  with  lime 


WISCONSIN. 


173 


from  the  underlying  rock,  constitutes  a  marly  loam,  in  which 
clay  usually  predominates.  This  entire  region  is  one  of  great 
fertility,  and  affords  an  agricultural  area  among  the  finest  in 
the  West.  It  is,  in  the  main,  quite  evenly  divided  between 
grassy  prairies  and  thinly-timbered  districts  called  “openings,” 
in  which  the  characteristic  growth  is  oak.  The  exceptions 
occur  in  two  portions,  which  were  originally  heavily  tim¬ 
bered, —  the  one  lying  mainly  to  the  north  of  Milwaukee,  along 
the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Green  Bay ;  and  the  other 
in  the  east  side  of  the  Rock  River  valley,  dhe  prairies  and 
“  openings  ”  are  so  arranged,  that  a  farm  of  moderate  size  will 
usually  afford  both  arable  land  and  woodland. 

Water  and  Timber  Supply.  —  The  plentiful  rainfall  and 
numberless  lakes  and  streams  mark  Wisconsin  as  a  well-watered 
state  ;  but  it  is  particularly  so  in  the  unfailing  supply  of  pure 
drinking-water  that  is  everywhere  found. 

Mineral  springs,  some  of  them  highly  valued  for  their  medi¬ 
cinal  qualities,  are  numerous.  One  of  the  most  noted  is  the 
Bethesda  Spring  at  Waukesha.  The  underlying  porous  sand¬ 
stones  and  overlying  impervious  limestones  and  clays  furnish 
the  necessary  conditions  for  the  artesian  wells  throughout  the 

south-eastern  portion  of  the  state. 

The  supply  of  pine  timber  is  not  yet  exhausted  in  any  of  the 
lumbering  districts  of  the  state,  notwithstanding  the  immense 
quantities  manufactured  yearly  during  the  last  quarter  of  a 
century.  At  the  present  rate  of  cutting,  it  is  estimated  that 
the  supply  would  last  for  fifty  years.  As  the  cutting  continues, 
however,  it  must  of  necessity  progress  more  and  more  slowly, 
because  of  the  increasing  distance  of  the  timber  from  streams 
and  railways,  and  the  consequent  difficulty  of  getting  out  the 
logs.  It  is  therefore  likely  to  be  long  before  the  pine-forests 
of  Wisconsin  are  exhausted. 

Mineral  Products.  —  Rich  deposits  of  lead  and  zinc  exist  in 
the  region  west  of  Sugar  River,  and  south  of  the  Wisconsin. 
Iron  is  found  in  the  Penokee  range  in  Lincoln,  Ashland,  and 
Bayfield  counties,  also  in  northern  Marinette  County,  and  at 
various  points  in  the  central  part  of  the  state.  Coppei  is 
found  in  Ashland  County.  The  iron  and  copper  of  the  regions 
bordering  upon  Northern  Michigan  occur  in  the  westward 
extensions  of  the  ranges  which  furnish  the  rich  ores  of  that 

^  The  clav-beds  afford  material  for  the  manufacture  of  large  quantities 
of  brick,  which  are  mostly  of  a  beautiful  cream-color,  and  are  widely 
known  as  “  Milwaukee  brick.” 

Porcelain  clay  is  found  at  Grand  Rapids.  A  very  superior  quality  of 
hydraulic  cement  is  manufactured  from  a  deposit  in  the  vicinity 
of  Milwaukee. 

Throughout  the  south-eastern  portion  of  the  state,  limestone  rock  is 
burned  for  quicklime,  producing  an  article  of  exceptional  excellence. 

Sand  of  good  quality  for  glass-making  occurs  in  various  places  in  the 
sandstone  rocks.  All  of  the  rocky  formations  are  used  as  building- 
stone,  and  an  abundance  of  one  or  more  of  them  is  found  in  all 
parts  of  the  state.  The  most  beautfful  is  the  rich  brown  sandstone 
of  the  Lake  Superior  coast  and  the  Apostle  Islands 


Hops  are  cultivated  in  large  quantities,  chiefly  to  supply  the  demand 
made  by  the  breweries  of  the  state. 

Flax  is  raised  both  for  fiber  and  seed;  its  culture  is  increasing 
throughout  the  state. 

Tobacco  is  grown  principally  in  Rock  and  Dane  counties,  lhe  varie¬ 
ties  having  a  large,  tough  leaf,  suitable  for  cigar-wrappers,  do  well. 

The  production  of  maple-sugar  is  likely  to  increase  as  the  settlement 
of  the  timbered  regions  of  the  north  advances  ;  while  the  raising  of 
sorghum  for  sugar  bids  fair  to  grow  in  importance. 

The  marshes  of  the  state,  almost  without  exception,  admit  of  easy 
drainage,  and  will  be  in  the  future  among  its  most  valuable  lands. 
Large  numbers  of  them  are  now  valuable  for  hay,  and  many  produce 
cranberries  spontaneously.  Some  of  the  latter,  especially  in  south¬ 
eastern  Waushara  County,  have  been  improved  :  and  the  fruit  pays 
well  for  cultivation,  both  in  the  amount  and  quality  produced. 

In  addition  to  cranberries,  most  ot  the  fruits  adapted  to  this  latitude 
are  successfully  cultivated,  especially  the  grape,  which  grows  in 
great  abundance  and  perfection. 


Agriculture.  —  Agriculture  ranks  first  among  the  industries 
of  the  state.  At  present  it  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  the 
southern  half  and  the  counties  on  the  western  border.  Meth¬ 
ods  of  farming  are  steadily  improving.  Grain-growing  is  the 
chief  branch  of  husbandry;  but  stock  and  dairy  farming  are 
rapidly  increasing  in  importance,  and  are  likely,  at  no  distant 
day,  to  become  leading  industries. 


Manufactures.  —  Foremost  among  the  manufactures  of  the 
state  is  that  of  lumber.  The  immense  forests  of  the  north  yield 
annually  over  1,000,000,000  feet  of  pine  timber,  which  finds  a 
ready  market  in  the  prairie  states  farther  west  and  south.  The 
streams  that  flow  through  the  forest  region  are  of  the  utmost  im¬ 
portance  to  the  lumbering  interests,  as  they  furnish  facilities  for 
floating  the  logs  to  the  mills,  and  in  many  instances  the  power 
which  saws  them  into  lumber.  Quite  extensive  operations  are 
also  conducted  upon  various  railway  lines  which  penetrate  the 
timbered  regions  lying  remote  from  lumbering  streams. 

The  amount  and  variety  of  manufactured  products  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Besides  lumber,  the  principal  articles  manufac¬ 
tured  are  threshing-machines  and  other  agricultural  imple¬ 
ment,  matches,  sashes  and  doors,  malt  liquors,  iron  products, 
paper,  wagons,  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  boots  and  shoes,  etc. 

The  abundant  water-powers  of  the  state  are  of  gieat  advan¬ 
tage  to  its  manufacturing  interests,  though  comparatively  few 
of  them  have  as  yet  been  utilized. 

Mining  and  Fisheries.  —  Only  lead,  zinc,  and  iron  ores  are 
at  present  mined.  The  most  important  iron-mines  in  the  state 
are  at  Iron  Ridge  in  Dodge  County,  Ironton  in  Sauk  County, 
Cazenovia  in  Richland  County,  and  Florence  in  Marinette 

County. 

Fishing  is  extensively  carried  on  along  the  shores  of  lakes 
Superior  and  Michigan,  and  immense  quantities  of  whitefish 

and  lake-trout  are  annually  taken. 

Commerce.  —  The  commerce  of  the  state  is  constantly  in¬ 
creasing  to  keep  pace  with  the  increasing  products  of  its  indus¬ 
tries  and  those  of  the  country  farther  west.  Its  lines  of  rail¬ 
way,  reaching  out  into  the  great  agricultural  regions  of  the  west 
and  north-west,  and  carrying  products  which  seek  an  outlet  to 
the  Eastern  markets  by  way  of  the  Great  Lakes,  centet  in 
Milwaukee,  making  it,  by  reason  of  its  location  on  Lake  Michi¬ 
gan,  and  its  railroad  connections,  the  commercial  metropolis  of 
the  state.  The  products  of  the  extreme  north  find  a  natural 
outlet  through  Lake  Superior ;  while  the  Mississippi  River  fur¬ 
nishes  a  water-way  for  commerce  with  the  South. 

Transportation.  — Wisconsin  is  crossed  in  every  direction 
by  a  network  of  railroads  having  an  aggregate  length  of  more 
than  3,000  miles  within  the  state.  The  chief  systems  are  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul,  the  Chicago  and  North¬ 
western,  the  Wisconsin  Central,  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  Minne¬ 
apolis,  and  Omaha,  the  Green  Bay  and  Minnesota,  and  the 


174 


WISCONSIN. 


Milwaukee,  Lake  Shore,  and  Western,  all  of  which  have  numer¬ 
ous  tributary  branches. 

A  canal  about  two  miles  in  length  has  been  cut  between  the  Fox 
and  Wisconsin  rivers,  at  Portage.  There  is  also  a  short  canal 
around  the  rapids,  near  the  foot  of  Lake  Winnebago.  By  means  of 
these,  water-communication  is  established  between  the  Great  Lakes 
and  the  Mississippi.  The  Sturgeon  Bay  ship-canal  cuts  through 
Door  Peninsula,  and  shortens  the  route  by  water  between  the  ports 
of  Green  Bay  and  those  of  Lake  Michigan  farther  south. 

Education. — The  public  school  system  is  under  the  super¬ 
vision  of  the  state  superintendent,  and  comprises  district 
schools,  graded  and  high  schools,  state  normal  schools,  and  the 
State  University.  The  latter  is  located  at  Madison.  It  com¬ 
prises  colleges  of  letters,  arts,  and  agriculture,  and  departments 
of  law  and  engineering.  It  is  open  to  both  sexes. 

The  normal  schools  are  four  in  number :  they  are  located  at 
Platteville,  Whitewater,  Oshkosh,  and  River  Falls.  Each  as¬ 
sembly  district  in  the  state  is  entitled  to  eight  representatives 
in  the  normal  schools  :  these  are  nominated  by  county  or  city 
superintendents.  The  University  and  normal  schools  are  con¬ 
trolled  by  boards  of  regents  appointed  by  the  governor :  they 
are  supported  by  the  proceeds  of  public  lands.  Tuition  is  free 
to  residents  of  the  state.  The  high,  graded,  and  district 
schools  are  supported  in  part  by  the  proceeds  of  public  lands, 
and  in  part  by  taxation.  They  are  under  the  supervision  of 
city  and  county  superintendents. 

The  charitable  and  reformatory  institutions  are  the  Institu¬ 
tion  for  the  Blind  at  Janesville,  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  at  Delavan,  the  Hospitals  for  the  Insane  near  Madison 
and  Oshkosh,  the  Industrial  School  for  Boys  at  Waukesha,  that 
for  Girls  at  Milwaukee,  and  the  State  Prison  at  Waupun. 

The  most  important  denominational  schools  are  Beloit,  Mil- 
ton,  Ripon,  and  Racine  Colleges,  Lawrence  University  at 
Appleton,  and  the  Seminary  of  St.  Francis  of  Sales,  and  Pio 
Nono  College,  near  Milwaukee. 

Government.  —  The  state  is  divided  into  33  senatorial,  and 
100  assembly  districts.  At  the  fall  election,  which  occurs  on 
the  Tuesday  succeeding  the  first  Monday  of  November,  the 
qualified  voters  in  each  district  elect  senators  and  assemblymen. 
Ihese,  on  the  second  Wednesday  in  January  in  each  year,  meet 
at  Madison  in  their  respective  Houses,  the  Senate  and  Assem¬ 
bly,  and  together  constitute  the  Legislature  of  the  state.  Sena¬ 
tors  are  elected  for  a  term  of  two  years,  one-half  of  the  whole 
number  each  year  ;  assemblymen  are  elected  for  one  year. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor.  The  lieu¬ 
tenant-governor  is,  cx-officio ,  president  of  the  Senate.  The 
administrative  officers  are  the  secretary  of  state,  who  is  ex- 
officio,  auditor,  the  state  treasurer,  attorney-general,  railroad 
commissioner,  insurance  commissioner,  and  state  superintend¬ 
ent  of  public  instruction.  These  executive  and  administrative 
officers  are  elected  at  the  fall  election,  in  the  years  whose  num¬ 
bers  are  odd,  and  hold  office  two  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court  and  circuit 
courts  :  the  former  consists  of  one  chief  justice  and  four  asso¬ 
ciate  justices,  who  are  elected,  one  every  two  years,  for  the 
term  of  ten  years  each.  The  state  is  divided  in  thirteen  judi¬ 
cial  circuits.  A  judge  is  elected  in  each  circuit  for  a  term 
of  six  years.  Supreme  and  circuit  judges  are  elected  at  the 
spring  elections  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  April. 


P'or  purposes  of  local  government  the  state  is  divided  into 
66  counties,  and  these  are  again  divided  into  “towns.” 

The  county  government,  like  that  of  the  state,  consists  of  legislative, 
executive  and  administrative,  and  judicial  departments.  The  legis¬ 
lative  power  is  vested  in  a  board  of  supervisors,  which  consists  of 
the  chairmen  of  the  town  boards,  and  a  supervisor  elected  by  each 
incorporated  village  and  each  ward  of  a  city.  These  supervisors 
are  elected  at  spring  elections,  and  hold  office  one  year.  The  execu¬ 
tive  officers  are  sheriff  and  coroner.  The  administrative  officers 
are  clerk,  treasurer,  register  of  deeds,  surveyor,  district-attorney, 
and  school  superintendent.  The  judicial  officers  are  county  judge 
and  clerk  of  the  circuit  court.  These  officers  are  elected  by  the 
qualified  voters  of  the  county  at  the  fall  elections,  and  hold  office 
two  years,  except  the  county  judge,  who  is  elected  in  the  spring, 
and  holds  office  four  years. 

The  town  government  is  in  form  nearly  that  of  a  pure  democracy. 
The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  entire  body  of  voters.  They, 
however,  elect  the  following  officers:  a  town  board  of  three  super¬ 
visors,  one  of  whom  is  chairman,  a  clerk,  treasurer,  assessor,  over¬ 
seers  of  highways,  four  constables,  and  four  justices  of  the  peace. 
At  the  regular  spring  election  all  town  officers  are  elected  for  one 
year,  except  justices  of  the  peace,  who  are  elected  for  two  years, 
two  each  year. 

History.  —  In  1634,  fourteen  years  after  the  landing  of  the 
Pilgrims,  Jean  Nicolet,  a  Frenchman,  visited  the  country  now 
called  Wisconsin.  He  passed  through  the  state  by  way  of 
the  Fox  River  and  Lake  Winnebago,  nearly  to  the  Wisconsin, 
and  was  the  first  white  man  to  set  foot  upon  its  soil.  A  quar¬ 
ter  of  a  century  later  he  was  followed  by  the  French  missiona¬ 
ries,  among  them  Claude  Allouez,  who  in  1665  established  a 
mission  at  Chequamegon  Bay,  and  another  at  La  Pointe.  In 
1669  he  also  founded  the  mission  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  on 
Green  Bay.  In  1673  Louis  Joliet  and  James  Marquette  passed 
through  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin,  and  discovered  the  Upper 
Mississippi. 

French  rule  began  in  1671,  when,  by  right  of  discovery, 
France  took  formal  possession  of  the  country  of  the  Upper 
Lakes.  She  held  it  until  1763,  when,  at  the  close  of  the 
French  and  Indian  War,  it  was  ceded  to  the  English,  who,  in 
their  turn,  held  it  just  twenty  years,  until  the  close  of  the  war 
of  the  Revolution,  in  1783,  when  they  ceded  it  to  the  United 
States. 

Wisconsin  was  originally  a  part  of  the  great  North-West 
Territory  of  the  United  States.  In  1836  it  became  a  separate 
territory,  and  was  admitted  as  a  state  in  1848. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  within  the  present  limits  of  the  state 
was  made  at  Green  Bay,  in  1745,  by  a  small  colony  led  by  Augustin 
de  Langlade  and  his  son  Charles. 

The  south-western  part  of  the  state  was  the  first  to  be  settled  by 
Americans.  This  was  on  account  of  the  lead-mines,  which  be<ran 
to  attract  general  attention  in  1S26,  and  to  bring  large  numbers  of 
miners  and  settlers  into  the  region.  The  famous  Black  Hawk  War 
occurred  in  1832.  It  was  caused  by  trouble  that  arose  between  the 
settlers  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  led  by  Black  Hawk,  in  regard  to 
certain  lands  claimed  by  each.  The  principal  engagements  were 
the  battle  of  Wisconsin  Heights  in  Dane  County  and  the  battle  of 
the  Bad  Axe.  The  latter  closed  the  war. 

The  climate  of  Wisconsin  has  attracted  large  numbers  of 
emigrants  from  the  countries  of  Northern  Europe,  especially 
Germans  and  Scandinavians.  These  have  settled  in  the  state 
in  such  numbers  as  to  form  almost  the  entire  population  of 
certain  districts. 


WISCONSIN. 


175 


Qities> — Wisconsin  contains  forty-five  incorporated  cities,  of 
which  the  most  important  are  :  — 

Madison  (population,  10,325),  in  Dane  County,  is  the  capital. 
It  is  situated  between  lakes  Mendota  and  Monona,  and  is 
justly  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  location.  The  city  is 
finely  planned,  with  the  Capitol  Park  in  the  center;  and  the 
capitol  building  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United  States. 
Madison  is  an  important  railroad  center. 

Milwaukee  (population,  1 15’5^7)»  situated  on  Lake  Michigan 
and  Milwaukee  River,  is  the  commercial  metropolis,  railroad 
center,  and  port  of  entry,  of  the  state.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  wheat  markets  in  the  country,  and  has  extensive 
manufactures  of  iron,  flour,  malt  liquors,  and  leather. 

In  appearance  it  is  a  beautiful  city.  It  stands  on  elevated 
ground  overlooking  the  lake,  and  is  mainly  built  of  cream- 
colored  brick.  Milwaukee  is  noted  for  the  excellence  of  its 
school  system  and  the  healthfulness  of  its  situation. 

Racine,  beautifully  situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Root 
River,  has  excellent  railroad  connections  and  a  considerable  amount  of 
shipping.  It  is  the  center  of  a  fertile  farming-region,  and  contains  one 
of  the  largest  manufactories  of  threshing-machines  in  the  world.  Among 
other  important  industries  are  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  woolens,  and 
silver-plating. 

Oshkosh,  on  Lake  Winnebago  and  Fox  River,  and  near  the  mouth  of 
Wolf  River,  is  the  most  important  commercial  town  on  the  line  of  the  Fox 
and  Wisconsin  River  Improvement.  It  is  the  center  of  the  lumber  trade 
of  the  Wolf  River  district,  and  manufactures  lumber,  sash,  doors,  blinds, 
and  matches  in  very  large  quantities.  It  is  well  built  of  cream-coloied 
brick,  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  has  excellent  railroad  facilities. 

La  Crosse,  in  La  Crosse  County,  has  a  picturesque  situation  on  the 
Mississippi  River.  It  has  good  railroad  connections  and  a  large  river 


trade.  It  is  the  center  of  the  lumbering  interests  of  the  Black  River  dis¬ 
trict.  It  is  growing  in  business  importance,  and  in  population. 

Fond  du  Lac  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Winnebago,  in  a  fine 
farming-region.  It  has  good  water  communications  and  excellent  railioad 
connections.  Its  principal  manufactures  are  lumber,  sash,  doors  and  blinds, 
and  agricultural  implements.  It  is  noted  for  the  number  and  excellence 
of  its  artesian  wells. 

Eau  Claire,  on  Eau  Claire  and  Chippewa  rivers,  is  the  center  of  impor¬ 
tant  lumber  interests,  and  is  a  prosperous,  growing  city,  with  excellent  rail¬ 
road  facilities. 

Janesville  is  prettily  situated  on  Rock  River,  which  affords  abundant 
water-power.  It  is  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  country,  and  has  good 
railroad  facilities.  Its  principal  manufactures  are  agi  icultural  implements, 
cotton  and  woolen  goods,  flour,  boots  and  shoes,  and  perfumery. 


Appleton  — on  the  Lower  Fox.  The  navigation 
of  the  Fox,  and  excellent  railroad  connec¬ 
tions,  give  it  good  commercial  advantages. 
Immense  water-power,  with  considerable 
fall,  and  steady  flow  Extensive  manufac¬ 
tures  of  wood-pulp,  paper,  iron,  flour,  and 
lumber. 

Beloit  — on  Rock  River.  Water-power.  Two 
railroads.  Varied  manufactures,  —  paper, 
machinery  for  paper-mills,,  water-wheels, 
iron  and  steel  goods,  windmills,  agricultural 
implements,  flour,  and  shoes. 

Chippewa  Falls  —  on  Chippewa  River.  Water¬ 
power.  Railroad  communication.  Head 
of  steamboat  navigation.  Extensive  manu¬ 
facture  of  lumber. 

Green  Bay  —  On  Green  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Lower  Fox.  Excellent  natural  harbor.  A 
lake-port  of  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  River 
Improvement.  Railroad  connections.  Ex- 

*  tensive  fisheries,  and  important  manufac¬ 
tures  of  lumber  and  shingles,  staves,  spokes, 
and  hubs. 

Kenosha  — on  Lake  Michigan.  Manufactures 
of  machinery,  wagons,  fanning-mills. 

Manitowoc  —  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth 


of  Manitowoc  River.  Excellent  harbor. 
Lake  commerce  and  ship-building. 

Neenah  —  on  Fox  River,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake 
Winnebago.  Water-power.  Important 
railroad  connections.  Manufactures  of 
paper  and  flour.  Beautiful  situation. 

Oconto  — on  Green  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Oconto  River.  Extensive  manufactures  of 
lumber. 

F^ortage  —  on  the  Wisconsin  River.  Important 
railroad  point;  on  the  line  of  water  commu¬ 
nication  by  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers. 
Head  of  navigation  in  the  latter. 

Sheboygan— on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth 
of  Sheboygan  River.  Two  railroads.  Manu¬ 
facturing  and  shipping  point. 

Stevens  Point  — on  Wisconsin  River.  Impor¬ 
tant  point  on  the  Wisconsin  Central  Rail¬ 
road.  Large  lumbering  interests. 

Watertown  —  on  Rock  River.  Good  water¬ 
power.  Three  railroads.  Manufactures  of 
agricultural  implements,  flour,  and  brick. 

Wausau — on  Wisconsin  River.  Lumber  manu¬ 
facture. 

Whitewater  —  important  manufactures  of  wag¬ 
ons,  paper,  and  agricultural  implements. 


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MINNESOTA 


MINNESOTA. 


between  latitude  430  30'  and  490  24'  north,  and  longitude  89°  30'  and  9 70  5' 
west  from  Greenwich. 

Boundaries.  —  Minnesota  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  provinces  of  Manitoba  and 
Keewatin  (in  the  Dominion  of  Canada),  the  dividing  line  being  formed  west  of  the 
Lake  of  the  Woods  by  the  49th  1  parallel,  and  east  of  that  lake  by  Rainy  Lake  River, 
Rainy  Lake  and  a  chain  of  small  lakes,  Arrow  River,  and  Pigeon  River;  east  by  Lake 
Superior,  and  by  Wisconsin,  —  from  which  state  it  is  separated  by  a  line  drawn  due 
south  from  the  first  rapids  in  the  St.  Louis  River  to  the  St.  Croix  River,  —  and  by  the 
St.  Croix  and  Mississippi  rivers;  south  by  Iowa;  and  west  by  Dakota,  from  which  it 
is  divided  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  the  Bois  des  Sioux  River,  Lake  Traverse, 
and  Big  Stone  Lake,  and  a  line  drawn  directly  south  from  the  outlet  of  the  last-named 
lake  to  the  Iowa  boundary. 

Extent.  —  The  extreme  length  north  and  south  is  about  380  miles;  breadth, 
from  183  miles  in  the  middle  to  262  miles  on  the  southern  boundary,  and  337 
miles  near  the  northern  boundary.  Its  area  is  greater  than  that  of  all  New 
England,  and  nearly  double  that  of  New  York. 

II.  SURFACE. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  83,365  square  miles.  Population,  780,773  ] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Minnesota,  one  of  the  “West- 
Central  States,”  occupies  the  central  part  of 
North  America,  and  includes  the  “  Height  of 
Land  ”  which  divides  the  Arctic  Plain  from 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  situated 


Watershed.  —  Minnesota  occupies  the  most  elevated  plateau  between 
Hudson  Bay  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  forms  the  watershed  of  the  three 
great  river-systems  of  North  America,  —  that  of  the  Mississippi  (Gulf  System), 
that  of  the  St.  Lawrence  (Atlantic  System),  and  that  of  the  Red  River  of  the 
North  (Arctic  System). 

The  north-eastern  part  of  the  state  is  in  the  St.  Lawrence  basin;  the  northern  and  north¬ 
western  parts  are  in  that  of  Hudson  Bay;  the  extreme  south-western  part  is  in  the  Mis¬ 
souri  basin;  but  the  greater  part  of  the  state  is  in  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

1  Except  that  there  is  a  small  detached  area  north-west  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  with  a  few  islands  in  that  lake 
north  of  that  parallel. 


MINNESOTA. 


l7  9 


“Height  of  Land.”— The  “Height  of  Land,”  a  group  of 
low  rocky  hills  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  state,  is  the 
highest  elevation,  and  its  ranges  form  the  divides,  or  water¬ 
sheds,  of  the  river-systems  already  named. 

The  “  Height  of  Land”  (French  Hauteurs  des  Terres ,  and  hence 
properly  '■'■Heights  of  Land”)  reaches  nowhere  a  greater  elevation 
than  i, 680  feet  above  the  sea-level,  which  is  little  more  than  600  feet 
above  the  general  level  of  the  state,  and  not  more  than  100  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  adjacent  lakes.  'I  he  ascent  from  the  plateau 
to  the  highest  summits  of  these  hills  is  very  gradual,  except  from 
Lake  Superior,  where,  within  a  few  miles,  there  is  an  ascent  of  759 
feet. 

The  Minnesota  Plain.— The  greater  part  of  the  surface  of 
Minnesota  is  an  undulating  plain,  with  an  average  elevation 
of  about  1,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

The  lowest  point  within  the  state,  on  the  Mississippi,  has  an  elevation 
of  660  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

Objects  of  Interest. — The  state  presents  many  natural 
objects  of  interest.  The  Mississippi  is  bordered  with  pictur¬ 
esque  scenery,  and  studded  with  numerous  islands,  among 
which  Mountain  Island  (400  feet  high)  is  of  particular  interest. 
St.  Anthony’s  Falls  and  the  Minnehaha  Falls,  though  not 
notable  for  any  great  perpendicular  pitch,  are  romantic  and 
beautiful  cascades.  Among  other  objects  of  interest  may  be 
named  the  dalles  of  the  St.  Louis  and  St.  Croix  rivers,  and  the 
great  Indian  pipestone  quarry,  regarded  as  a  common  sanctuary 
by  the  Indians. 

III.  WATER-SYSTEM. 

Lakes.  —  Minnesota  is  distinguished  for  the  number  and 
beauty  of  its  lakes,  with  generally  clear,  sweet  water,  and 
abounding  in  fish.  They  vary  in  size  from  a  few  rods  to  30 
miles  in  length,  and  have  been  estimated  as  numbering  from 
7,000  to  10,000. 

These  lakes  are  especially  numerous  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Height  of 
Land.  Among  the  largest  are  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Rainy, 
Leech,  Red,  Namekin,  Vermilion,  Bois  Blanc,  Winibigosish,  and 
Mille  Lacs. 

Rivers. —  in  regard  to  its  rivers  Minnesota  is  remarkably 
interesting  from  the  fact  that  within  its  limits  is  the  water¬ 
shed  of  the  three  great  river-systems  of  North  America. 

The  Mississippi,  which  drains  the  greater  part  of  the  state, 
rises  in  Lake  Itasca,  on  the  Height  of  Land,  and  flows  in  a 
south-easterly  direction,  797  miles  of  its  course  within  or 
bordering  on  Minnesota.  It  is  navigable  during  the  season 
of  high  water  more  than  half  this  distance. 

Lake  Itasca,  regarded  as  the  source  of  the  Mississippi,  receives  the 
waters  of  various  creeks.  Of  these,  the  principal  one  has  its  origin 
about  six  miles  distant,  in  a  pond  formed  by  water  oozing  from 
crevices  in  the  Height  of  Land.  Lake  Itasca  is  a  sheet  of  clear, 
deep  water,  seven  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  three  miles  wide. 

The  name  “  Mississippi  ”  ( Miche  Sepe  as  spelled  by  some  old  writers) 
signifies  “Great  River,”  or  “the  Great  Father  of  Waters.”  At  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Itasca  it  is  ten  or  twelve  feet  wide,  and  about  eighteen 
inches  deep. 

The  chief  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  in  this  state  are  the 
Minnesota,  which  has  a  course  through  the  state  of  450  miles, 
and  which  is  navigable  for  steamers  as  far  as  Mankato  ;  and  the 
St.  Croix,  which  forms  129  miles  of  the  eastern  boundary,  and 
is  navigable  about  50  miles. 

Other  rivers  are  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  which  rises  in 


Elbow  Lake,  flows  in  a  south-westerly  direction,  and  then  turns 
northward,  forming  about  half  the  western  boundary  of  the 
state  ;  the  St.  Louis,  which  flows  into  Lake  Superior,  and  thus 
forms  a  head-stream  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  and  the  West  I'ork 
of  the  Des  Moines,  an  affluent  of  the  Mississippi. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

Characteristics.  —  The  range  of  temperature  from  the  ex¬ 
treme  of  summer  heat  to  the  extreme  of  winter  cold  is  great  ; 
but  on  the  whole  the  climate  of  Minnesota  is  exceedingly 
pleasant.  The  winters  are  severe  ;  but  the  cold  is  dry  and 
steady,  and  the  snows  are  usually  light.  Spring  and  fall  are 
long  and  pleasant  seasons  ;  the  summers  are  warm,  but  with 
breezy  nights. 

Salubrity. — The  dry,  pure  air  and  even  temperature  make 
the  climate  very  salubrious,  and  have  given  the  state  a  wide 
reputation  as  a  sanitary  resort. 

V.  NATURAL  ADVANTAGES. 

Soil. —  The  soil  of  Minnesota  is  generally  fertile,  two-thirds 
of  the  surface  being  admirably  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  all 
the  grains  of  the  temperate  zone  ;  and  both  soil  and  climate 
are  peculiarly  favorable  to  wheat-growing. 

The  soil  is  composed  generally  of  “  a  dark  calcareous  loam,  abounding 
in  organic  and  saline  ingredients,  and  is  retentive  of  moisture.” 

Minerals.  —  The  north-east  corner  of  the  state  possesses  the 
general  characteristics  of  the  mineral  fields  to  the  south  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  iron-ore  and  copper  have  been  found  there 
to  a  limited  extent.  Peat  suitable  for  use  as  fuel  is  found  in 
many  parts  of  the  state  ;  and  also  salt  springs  of  considerable 
value  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  Among 
other  useful  minerals  are  slate,  granite,  sandstone,  limestone, 
and  beds  of  clay  and  glass-sand.  The  mineral  wealth  of  Min¬ 
nesota  is  still,  however,  very  imperfectly  known. 

A  o-eoloMcal  survey  of  the  state  is  now  in  progress  under  the  direction 
of  officers  of  the  State  University. 

Forests.  —  Minnesota  is  rich  in  forests,  of  which  the  most 
important  are  the  pineries  and  the  “Big  Woods.” 

The  former,  the  great  white  pine  belt,  covering  nearly  one- 
fourth  of  the  state  (over  20,000  square  miles),  are  chiefly  north¬ 
eastward  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  extend  indefinitely 
northward.  The  “Big  Woods  are  a  great  forest  of  oak,  elm, 
maple,  ash,  and  other  deciduous  trees,  covering  a  region  of  100 
miles  in  length  by  40  in  breadth  (4,000  square  miles)  south  of 
Crow  Wing  River. 

The  state  gives  generous  bounties  to  encourage  tree-planting,  and,  in 
consequence  of  this  wise  policy,  the  wooded  area  is  rapidly  spread- 
in°\  and  the  effect  is  felt  in  an  increased  rainfall  in  sections  of  the 
state  subject  to  drought. 

Water  Facilities.  —  Minnesota,  commanding  the  head  of 
navigation  of  the  two  great  river  systems,  the  St.  Lawience 
system,  by  which  she  has  continuous  communication  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  ;  and  the  Mississippi,  by  which  she  has  outlet 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, —  is  in  a  highly-favored  position  for  the 
cheap  transportation  of  her  products  both  to  domestic  and  to 
foreign  markets. 

The  numerous  falls  and  rapids  in  the  rivers  of  Minnesota 
supply  unlimited  water-power. 


i8o 


MINNESOTA. 


industry  in  Min- 


The  judicial  department  comprises  a  supreme  court,  twelve 
district  courts,  and  a  probate  court  in  each  county,  besides 
justices  of  the  peace. 


VI. 

Agriculture.  —  Agriculture  is  the  leading 
nesota,  about  two-thirds  of  the  population  (ten  years  old  and 
upward)  being  engaged  in  its  various  branches. 

The  leading  staple  is  wheat,  and  the  next  most  important 
crops  are  oats,  corn,  potatoes,  rye,  barley,  and  flax.  The 
hardier  varieties  of  fruits  are  also  extensively  cultivated. 

A  leading  authority  says,  “The  capacities  of  Minnesota  as  a  wheat- 
producing  state  are  prodigious.  Spring  wheat  succeeds  best  here; 
and,  since  the  introduction  of  the  recent  new  processes  of  milling 
and  bolting,  the  spring  wheat  of  Minnesota  has  commanded  the 
highest  market-prices,  and  has  produced  a  greater  percentage  of 
flour  than  any  winter  wheat,  the  best  grades  heading  the  list  of 
high-priced  flours,  both  in  eastern  and  western  markets.” 

Stock-raising  is  a  growing  interest  :  cattle,  horses,  and  hogs 
are  largely  shipped  to  the  seaboard  ;  and  there  is  a  large 
production  of  butter  and  cheese.  Pork-packing  is  an  increas¬ 
ing  industry. 

Lumbering.  —  The  cutting  and  sawing  of  logs  in  the  great 
northern  pineries  furnish  extensive  employment  for  men  and 
money.  The  logs  are  floated  down  from  the  head-waters  of  the 
Mississippi,  St.  Croix,  and  St.  Louis  rivers,  a  part  to  be  sawed 
at  mills  within  the  state,  and  a  part  sent  in  rafts  to  be  manu¬ 
factured  at  more  southern  points. 

Manufactures. — The  presence  of  unlimited  water-power 
and  vast  forests  of  the  most  valuable  timber-trees,  in  a  state 
producing  great  quantities  of  grain  and  wool,  forms  the  basis  of 
a  manufacturing  interest  already  large,  and  certain  to  expand. 

The  leading  products  are  flour  and  lumber,  woodenware, 
carriages,  and  furniture.  The  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes, 
lime,  bricks,  saddlery,  leather,  and  woolens,  is  large  and  in¬ 
creasing. 

Commerce.  —  The  jorincipal  articles  of  export  are  wheat, 
flour,  and  lumber. 

The  state  comprises  the  United  States  customs  district  of  Duluth  and 
that  of  Minnesota,  of  which  the  port  of  entry  is  Pembina.  St.  Paul 
is  a  port  of  delivery. 

Railroads.  —  In  1862  the  state  had  no  railroads:  she  has 
now  about  3,200  miles  of  track.  Seven  of  the  railroads  cross 
the  entire  state  from  east  to  west,  and  railroad  lines  connect 
the  leading  towns  with  one  another  and  with  important  places 
outside  the  state. 

The  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  (which  now  joins 
Lake  Superior  with  the  Red  River  and  upper  Missouri  water- 
systems)  will  give  Minnesota  direct  communication  with  the  Pacific 
coast. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  senate  of  forty-one 
members,  and  an  assembly  of  one  hundred  and  six  representa¬ 
tives  ;  the  former  elected  for  four  years,  the  latter  for  two  years. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  the  governor,  lieu¬ 
tenant-governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  attorney-general 
(all  elected  for  two  years),  and  an  auditor,  who  is  elected  for 
three  years. 

These  are  elected  by  the  people:  the  superintendent  of  public  in¬ 
struction  and  several  other  officers  are  appointed  by  the  governor. 

The  election  is  held  on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  in  Novem¬ 
ber  of  each  alternate  year,  and  the  Legislature  meets  on  the  Tuesday 
after  the  first  Monday  in  January  following  the  election.  The  Legis¬ 
lature  can  sit  but  sixty  days. 


All  judges  are  elected  by  the  people ;  those  of  the  supreme  and  dis¬ 
trict  courts  for  seven  years,  and  the  others  for  two  years. 

State  Constitution.  —  The  present  constitution  of  Minnesota 
was  adopted  in  1857. 

Voters  must  have  lived  in  the  United  States  one  year,  and  in  the 
state  four  months. 

Indians  and  mixed  breeds,  who  have  adopted  “the  language,  customs, 
and  habits  of  civilization,”  are  also  allowed  to  vote  in  any  distiict 
in  which  they  have  resided  for  the  ten  days  next  preceding  election. 

Federal  Representation.  —  Minnesota  is  represented  in  the 
national  Congress  by  two  senators,  and  by  the  tenth  census  is 
entitled  to  five  representatives.  The  state  therefore  has  seven 
electoral  votes. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

The  public  school  system  of  Minnesota  ranks  among  the 
best  in  the  Union,  and  is  generously  provided  for  by  a  perma¬ 
nent  school  fund. 

The  permanent  school  fund  is  derived  from  the  proceeds  of  the  school 
lands,  which  comprise  every  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  section,  or 
one-eighteenth  of  the  entire  public  domain.  It  is  estimated,  that, 
when  the  remainder  of  these  lands  is  sold,  the  permanent  school 
fund  will  exceed  $15,000,000. 

There  are  three  state  normal  schools,  situated  at  Winona, 
Mankato,  and  St.  Cloud. 

The  State  University  is  at  Minneapolis,  and  is  beautifully 
situated  on  a  bluff  of  the  Mississippi,  one  mile  below  the  falls  of 
St.  Anthony.  It  comprises  various  colleges,  —  of  science,  lit¬ 
erature,  and  the  arts,  and  of  agriculture,  and  the  mechanic 
arts.  Tuition  is  free  in  all  departments,  and  both  sexes  are 
admitted. 

Other  Institutions.  —  In  addition  to  the  public  school  system 
of  the  state  are  numerous  private  seminaries,  academies,  etc.  ; 
while  the  higher  education  is  provided  for  in  various  colleges 
and  professional  schools. 

Most  of  these  will  be  found  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  treat¬ 
ment  of  cities  and  towns. 

Benevolent  Institutions,  etc.  —  The  State  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  is  at  St.  Peter ;  the  Institution  for  the  Education  of 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Faribault ;  and  the  Soldiers’  Orphans’ 
Home,  at  Winona.  The  State  Prison  is  at  Stillwater;  and  the 
Reform  School,  at  St.  Paul. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

Territorial  History.  —  That  part  of  Minnesota  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River  was  part  of  the  original  domain  of  the  United 
States  (by  the  treaty  of  1783),  and  has  belonged  successively 
to  the  “  North-west  Territory  ”  and  to  the  territories  of  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota. 

That  part  west  of  the  Mississippi  was  included  in  the  vast 
region  of  “Louisiana”  purchased  by  the  United  States  from 
France  in  1803.  It  has  belonged,  in  turn,  to  the  District  of 
Louisiana,  and  to  the  territories  of  Louisiana,  Missouri,  Michi¬ 
gan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota. 

Soon  after  the  United  States  acquired  “Louisiana,”  Lieut. 
Pike  was  sent  to  explore  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi ;  and  in 


INDUSTRIES. 


MINNESOTA. 


1 8 1 


1805  he  penetrated  as  far  as  Sandy  and  Leech  lakes.  But  it 
was  not  till  1812  that  the  United  States  had  any  authority 
within  the  limits  of  Minnesota.  At  this  time  northern  Min 
nesota  was  the  abode  of  the  Chippewa  Indians,  and  the  rest 
was  possessed  by  bands  of  Sioux,  the  two  tribes  being  deadly 
enemies.  In  1816  a  law  was  passed  excluding  foreigners  from 
the  Indian  trade;  and  the  military  post  at  Fort  Snelling 
was  established  and  permanently  garrisoned  by  United  States 
troops  in  1819.  Lumbering  operations  on  the  St.  Croix  were 
commenced  about  1837. 

In  1849  Congress  organized  the  territory  of  Minnesota,  which 
comprised  nearly  twice  the  area  of  the  present  state,  its  west¬ 
ern  limits  extending  to  the  Missouri  and  White  Earth  rivers. 
At  this  time,  though  the  Indians  were  the  chief  inhabitants,  a 
small  population  of  about  5,000  whites  and  half-breeds  had 
grown  up  around  the  trading-posts  and  mission-stations.  In 
1857  the  Sioux  ceded  to  the  United  States  all  their  lands  in 
the  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  Big  Sioux  River ; 
and  after  this  the  population  increased  so  rapidly,  that  in  1857 
application  was  made  for  admission  into  the  Union.  At  this 
time  the  territory  contained  150,000  inhabitants. 

State  Period. — The  act  authorizing  the  formation  of  a 
state  government  passed  Congress  February  26,  1 85  7»  and  the 
state  was  admitted  into  the  Union  May  11,  1858. 

In  the  summer  of  1862,  when  many  of  the  inhabitants  were 
absent,  fighting  the  battles  of  the  great  civil  war,  Minnesota 
was  made  to  feel  the  horrors  of  an  Indian  massacre.  The 
Sioux  fell  upon  the  settlements,  and  killed  more  than  700 
persons,  but  were  at  last  thoroughly  subdued  by  the  United 
States  troops.  A  large  number  of  the  Indians  were  hanged, 
and  their  chief,  Little  Crow,  was  killed.  The  Sioux  were  then 
removed  from  the  state,  and  the  Chippewas  placed  upon  reser¬ 
vations  in  the  northern  part. 

Since  the  civil  war,  the  progress  of  Minnesota  has  been 
rapid  and  continuous.  Her  intelligent  native  population  is 
drawn  chiefly  from  the  northern  states,  and  her  foreign  element 
comprises  a  desirable  class  of  settlers,  including  Swedes,  Nor¬ 
wegians,  Danes,  and  Germans. 

The  name  “  Minnesota  ”  is  an  Indian  term  signifying  cloudy 
water ,  or  whitish  water. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties  and  Towns.  —  Minnesota  contains  seventy-eight 
counties,  and  the  following  chief  cities  and  towns  : 

St.  Paul  (population,  41,473),  the  capital  of  Minnesota,  is  a 
flourishing  and  healthful  city  and  port  of  delivery  in  Ramsey 
County,  on  both  banks  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  2,000 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation. 
The  greater  part  of  the  city  is  built  on  an  elevated  terrace, 
which,  at  its  highest  point,  rises  90  feet  above  the  river,  this 
terrace  being  underlaid  with  blue  limestone,  of  which  many  of 
the  buildings  of  the  city  are  constructed. 

St.  Paul  is  an  important  railroad-center,  being  the  terminus 
of  several  lines,  as  well  as  the  junction  of  numerous  others.  It 
is,  during  an  annual  period  varying  from  seven  to  eight  months, 
the  scene  of  immense  river  commerce.  Its  large  wholesale 
business  is  rapidly  increasing.  A  fine  bridge  over  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  connects  St.  Paul  proper  with  that  portion  of  the  city 
lying  on  the  west  bank. 


The  principal  manufactures  are  machinery  ;  agricultural  im¬ 
plements  ;  sash,  doors,  and  blinds  ;  carriages  ;  boots  and  shoes  ; 
and  ale  and  beer.  Limestone  for  building-purposes  is  quarried 
in  considerable  quantities. 

St.  Paul  is  an  extensive  shipping  point  for  wheat  and  flour, 
the  export  of  which  is  facilitated  by  several  grain-elevators, 
among  the  largest  in  the  state. 

Numerous  fine  structures,  public  and  private,  adorn  its 
streets,  and  an  extensive  public  park  has  recently  been  laid  out. 
The  state  house,  city  hall,  and  custom  house,  are  the  most 
considerable  of  the  public  edifices. 

St.  Paul  supports  a  complete  system  of  public  schools,  em¬ 
bracing  high,  grammar,  and  primary  schools.  It  is  also  the 
seat  of  an  academy  of  natural  sciences,  and  a  state  historical 
society.  There  are  also  several  large  libraries,  and  charitable 
institutions. 

Minneapolis  (population,  46,887),  the  metropolis,  situated  on 
both  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  here  spanned  by  several  bridges 
at  St.  Anthony’s  Falls,  is  the  capital  of  Hennepin  County.  It 
is  built  on  a  broad,  natural  plain  overlooking  the  falls  and  the 
river ;  the  scenery  at  this  point  being  very  picturesque.  The 
falls  afford  extensive  water-power,  which  is  effectively  utilized 
by  means  of  dams.  The  celebrated  Minnehaha  Kails  are 
situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city. 

In  respect  to  its  transportation  facilities,  Minneapolis  is 
especially  worthy  of  note.  At  this  point  several  important 
railroad-lines  have  their  junction  ;  and  during  the  season  of 
navigation  it  has  steamboat  communication  with  the  Upper 
Mississippi. 

The  two  principal  items  of  manufacture  are  lumber  and  flour, 
the  numerous  mills  being  among  the  largest  in  the  country. 
There  are  extensive  grain-elevators  and  works  for  the  manu 
facture  of  iron-machinery,  engines,  boilers,  etc  ,  besides  manu¬ 
factories  of  farming  implements,  furniture,  doors  and  blinds, 
carriages,  soap,  beer,  woolen  goods,  paper,  etc.  This  city,  now 
enlarged  by  the  incorporation  with  it  of  St.  Anthony,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  is  one  of  the  most  important 
commercial  centers  in  the  north-west. 

Minneapolis  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  of 
the  Augsburg  Theological  Seminary,  and  of  Minnesota  College 
Hospital,  and  has  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools. 

The  first  settlement  was  made  here  in  1849,  and  the  city  vvas 
incorporated  in  1867. 

Winona,  a  flourishing  city,  and  the  county  seat  of  Winona  County,  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  Its  railway  facilities  are  con¬ 
siderable,  three  lines  centering  at  this  place.  It  is  substantially  and  hand¬ 
somely  built,  containing  numerous  fine  residences  and  business  structures. 

In  manufactures  Winona  presents  much  diversity,  the  chief  items  being 
flour,  lumber,  iron-castings,  carriages,  and  barrels.  The  article  of  largest 
export  is  wheat,  in  which  it  ranks  third  or  fourth  among  the  cities  of  the 
North-West.  This  city  is  also  a  very  important  distributing  point  for  lumber, 
and  lumber  manufactures. 

Winona  is  the  seat  of  one  of  the  State  Normal  Schools,  and  its  public 
schools  rank  among  the  best  in  the  state. 

Red  Wing,  a  city,  and  the  county  seat  of  Goodhue  County,  is  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  upper  end  of  Lake  Pepin, 
and  on  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul  Railroad. 

It  has  manufactures  of  flour,  engines,  and  farming  machinery,  lumber, 
and  lumber  products,  etc.  Red  Wing  is  an  important  market  foi  wheat, 
which  is  its  chief  article  of  export. 

This  city  is  the  seat  of  the  Hauge  Seminary,  and  maintains  a  superior 
system  of  common  schools. 


182 


IOWA. 


Stillwater,  the  county  seat  of  Washington  County,  is  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  St.  Croix  River,  about  20  miles  from  St.  Paul.  In  commerce 
and  manufactures  it  ranks  as  third  city  in  the  state.  It  has  excellent  rail¬ 
road  facilities,  and  receives  by  river  immense  quantities  of  pine  logs,  which 
are  here  manufactured  into  lumber,  and  reshipped  by  rail  and  water  to 
various  points.  There  are  also  extensive  manufactures  of  railroad  cars  and 
farm  machinery. 

The  state  prison  is  located  here. 

Rochester  is  a  thriving  city  of  Olmsted  County,  on  the  south  fork  of 
the  Zumbro  River,  about  50  miles  west  of  Winona,  and  on  the  Winona  and 
St.  Peter  Railroad.  Its  manufactures  are  extensive,  comprising,  among 
other  articles,  furniture,  pumps,  wagons,  flour,  etc.  It  has  water-power  from 
Zumbro  River,  and  is  an  important  wheat  depot. 

Mankato,  the  county  seat  of  Blue  Earth  County,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Minnesota  River,  in  the  vicinity  of  several  beautiful  lakes.  It 
is  an  important  railroad  center,  and  small  steamboats  can  ascend  the  river 
to  this  place.  The  manufactures  are  varied,  including,  among  other  items, 
flour,  carriages,  furniture,  iron-castings,  etc. 

There  are  several  large  grain-elevators.  Mankato  is  the  seat  of  one  of 
the  state  normal  schools,  and  of  a  Catholic  college. 

Hastings,  a  city,  and  the  county  seat  of  Dakota  County,  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  Vermilion  River.  It  has 
considerable  railway  facilities,  and  the  Mississippi  is  here  crossed  by  a 
railroad  bridge. 


Albert  Lea  —  a  thriving  village  and  county  seat 
of  Freeborn  County.  Fine  situation  on  lake 
of  same  name ;  manufactures  of  brick ,  flour, 
lumber,  iron  goods,  etc.;  numerous  grain- 
elevators. 

Anoka  —  county  seat  of  Anoka  County,  about 
30  miles  north-west  of  St.  Paul,  on  the  St. 
Paul  and  Pacific  Railroad.  Seat  of  exten¬ 
sive  trade  and  manufactures  of  lumber,  etc. 

Austin  — a  city  and  county  seat  of  Mower  County, 
on  Red  Cedar  River.  Manufactures  of 
farming  tools,  barrels,  etc.;  northern  ter¬ 
minus  of  the  Burlington,  Cedar  Rapids, 
and  Northern  Railroad. 

Brainerd  —  county  seat  of  Crow  Wing  County, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  is  the 
most  important  town  on  the  Northern  Pa¬ 
cific  Railroad,  between  Duluth  and  the  Red 
River  of  the  North. 

Caledonia  —  a  village  and  the  county  seat  of 
Houston  County.  Manufactory  of  wagons, 
etc. ;  seat  of  Caledonia  Academy ;  has  local 
trade. 

Fergus  F alls  —  county  seat  of  Otter  Tail  County, 
on  Otter  Tail  River;  good  water  power; 
center  of  an  extensive  farming  country; 
rapidly  growing  in  trade  and  manufactures. 

Henderson  — a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Sibley 
County,  on  the  west  bank  of  Minnesota 
River,  fifty  miles  south-west  of  Minneapo¬ 
lis.  Varied  industries. 


The  principal  manufactures  are  those  of  lumber  and  flour;  other  manu¬ 
factures  are  furniture,  wagons,  cigars,  etc.  Abundant  water-power  is  fur¬ 
nished  by  the  Vermilion  River. 

Duluth,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  county  seat  of  St.  Louis  County,  is  finely 
situated  at  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Superior.  Its  commercial  position 
is  very  advantageous,  being  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Great  Lakes. 
It  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  The  harbor  of 
Duluth,  naturally  land-locked  by  Minnesota  Point,  has  been  improved  by 
dredging  and  the  construction  of  an  artificial  breakwater  by  the  United 
States  government. 

Numerous  regular  lines  of  steamers  connect  it  with  the  lake  ports. 

Faribault,  the  county  seat  of  Rice  County,  is  situated  at  the  junction  of 
Cannon  and  Straight  rivers,  and  on  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Paul 
Railroad.  Its  principal  manufactures  are  flour,  bricks,  carriages,  furniture, 
plows,  etc. 

Faribault  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Institution  for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and 
Blind,  of  the  Seabury  Divinity  School,  and  of  other  educational  institutions, 
public  and  private. 


Hokah  — a  village  of  Houston  County,  on  Lake 
Como,  and  on  Root  (or  Hokah)  River. 
Manufactures  of  flour,  furniture,  plows, 
etc. ;  educational  facilities. 

Kasson  —  a  village  of  Dodge  County.  Varied 
industries;  grain-elevators;  center  of  local 
trade. 

Lake  City  —  a  village  of  Wabasha  County,  on 
Lake  Pepin.  Picturesque  situation;  iron¬ 
works,  flour-mills,  carriage-factories,  etc. 

Litchfield — county  seat  of  Meeker  County,  an 
enterprising  and  prosperous  town,  sur¬ 
rounded  by  a  beautiful  farming  country. 

Moorhead  —  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  and  at  the  cross¬ 
ing  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad;  is  fast 
growing  in  importance. 

New  Ulm  —  a  borough  and  county  seat  of  Brown 
County,  on  the  Minnesota  River.  Manu¬ 
factures  of  flour,  sash  and  doors,  etc. 

Northfield  —  a  city  of  Rice  County,  on  the 
Cannon  River.  Varied  manufactures;  seat 
of  Carleton  College  and  of  St.  Olaf  College. 


Owatonna  —  a  city,  county  seat  of  Steele 
County,  on  Straight  River.  Railway  cen¬ 
ter;  manufactures  of  flour,  carriages,  farm¬ 
ing  implements,  etc.;  mineral  springs; 
educational  facilities. 

Sauk  Center  —  a  thriving  railroad  town  and 
trading  center  in  Stearns  County. 

Shakopee  —  a  village  and  county  seat  of  Scott 
County,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Minne¬ 
sota  River.  Manufactures  of  flour,  bricks, 
etc.;  lime-kilns,  machine-shops,  railway 
facilities. 

St.  Charles  —  a  city  of  Winona  County. 
Varied  industries;  center  of  local  trade. 

St.  Cloud — a  city  and  county  seat  of  Stearns 
County,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  Lofty  situation;  abundant  water¬ 
power;  excellent  railroad  facilities;  seat  of 
a  state  normal  school;  manufactures  of 
lumber,  wagons,  etc. 

St.  Peter  —  a  city  and  county  seat  of  Nicollet 
County,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Minnesota 
River.  Varied  industries;  railway  center; 
seat  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  College,  and  of 
a  state  insane-hospital. 

Waseca  —  county  seat  and  largest  village  of 
Waseca  County.  Railway  facilities,  flour¬ 
mills,  etc. ;  local  trade. 

Among  other  noteworthy  places  in  this  state  may 
be  mentioned  Preston,  the  county  seat, 
and  Spring  Valley,  Chatfield,  Lanes- 
borough,  and  Rushford,  all  thriving 
places  of  local  importance  in  Fillmore 
County,  extensively  engaged  in  manufac¬ 
tures  and  trade:  Chaska,  county  seat  of 
Carver  County,  a  railroad  town  of  grow¬ 
ing  importance  on  the  Mississippi  River; 
Blue  Earth,  county  seat,  and  Winnebago 
City,  prosperous  trading  centers  in  Fari¬ 
bault  County;  and  Taylor’s  Falls,  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  St. 
Croix  River.  Willmar,  county  seat  of 
Kandiyohi  County;  Sauk  Rapids,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  county  seat 
of  Benton  County;  Alexandria,  county 
seat  of  Douglas  County;  and  Glencoe, 
county  seat  of  McLeod  County,  are  well- 
established  and  flourishing  towns  in  the 
central  part  of  the  state.  Crookston 
and  St.  Vincent  are  important  places 
recently  established  in  the  extreme  north¬ 
western  part  of  the  state,  on  the  line  of  the 
immense  immigration  into  the  Red  River 
Valley. 


IOWA. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  56,025  square  miles.  Population,  1,624,615.] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Iowa,  one  of  the  “West-Central  States,”  is 
situated  between  latitude  40°  20'  and  430  30'  north,  and  longi¬ 
tude  90°  12'  and  96°  38'  west.  The  northern  boundary  is  the 
parallel  of  430  30'  north  latitude.  The  southern  boundary, 
in  its  eastern  part,  departs  slightly  from  a  true  parallel  of  lati¬ 
tude.  The  east  and  west  boundaries  follow  the  courses  of  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Missouri  and  Big  Sioux  Rivers. 

The  southern  boundary  line  of  Iowa  was  for  a  time  in  dispute,  and 
became  the  subject  of  many  reports  and  much  discussion.  It  was 
finally  settled  by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1849.  The 


court  decided  to  adopt  the  old  Indian  boundary  line  surveyed  by 
commissioners  in  1816,  under  a  treaty  with  the  Osage  tribe.  Com¬ 
missioners  were  appointed  to  mark  the  line,  and  their  report  was 
confirmed  in  1850.  The  initial  point  taken  was  exactly  one  hundred 
miles  due  north  from  a  point  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Missouri 
River  opposite  the  middle  of  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  River.  To 
the  west  of  this  initial  point  the  southern  boundary  runs  due  west 
till  it  intersects  the  Missouri  River;  and  to  the  east  it  runs  a  little 
north  of  east  till  it  strikes  the  Des  Moines  River.  Thence  it  follows 
the  middle  line  of  that  river  to  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi. 

Extent.  —  Its  greatest  length  (from  east  to  west)  is  about 
300  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  (from  north  to  south)  is  about 
220  miles.  It  is  larger  than  New  York  or  Pennsylvania,  and 
nearly  the  same  size  as  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  or  Michigan. 


IOWA. 


II.  SURFACE. 

General  Character.  —  In  general  the  surface  of  the  state  is  prairie, 
either  level,  or  with  long  wave-like  elevations  of  gentle  slope.  There  is 
a  marked  incline  in  a  south-easterly  direction ;  the  highest  land  (1,694 
feet  above  the  sea-level)  being  near  Spirit  Lake  in  Dickinson  County, 
and  the  lowest  point  (the  low-water  surface  of  the  Mississippi  at  the 
south-east  angle  of  the  state,  444  feet)  being  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Des  Moines  with  the  Mississippi. 


Special  Features.  —  The  rivers  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  state  often 
flow  in  deep  narrow  valleys,  or  between  bold,  rocky  bluffs.  The  country  is 
broken  and  hilly,  and  was  originally  well  wooded.  Farther  south  and  west  the 
rivers  occupy  sinuous  channels  in  wider  valleys:  the  valleys  are  not  so  deeply 
cut  below  the  level  of  the  adjacent  country,  and  the  surface  is  level,  or  “  rolling.” 
In  some  parts  of  the  state  (e.g.,  in  Butler  and  Floyd  counties)  the  rivers  have 
not  formed  valleys  in  all  parts  of  their  course ;  and  they  often  flow  in  channels 
that  have  been  cut  but  little  below  the  general  level  of  the  region,  cultivated 
fields  frequently  extending  to  the  water’s  edge. 

In  general  all  surface  irregularities  in  Iowa  are  due  to  erosion  (wearing  away  by 
the  action  of  flowing  water).  The  valley  of  the  Missouri  is  a  remarkable  ex¬ 
ample  of  this.  Along  the  western  border  of  the  state  this  valley  is  from  three 
to  twelve  miles  in  width,  and  bounded  by  clayey  bluffs  that  often  exceed  300 
feet  in  height.  From  Sioux  City  to  the  south-west  corner  of  the  state  the 
river  runs  near  the  western  bluffs,  leaving  nearly  all  the  great  valley  with  its 
half-million  acres  of  rich  alluvial  soil  in  Iowa. 

The  dividing  ridge  that  forms  the  watershed  separating  the  sources  of  the  streams 
flowing  into  the  Mississippi  from  those  of  the  affluents  of  the  Missouri  trav¬ 
erses  the  counties  of  Dickinson,  Clay,  Buena  Vista,  Sac,  Carroll,  Audubon, 
Guthrie,  and  Adair;  thence  trending  south-eastward,  it  passes  into  Missouri. 


Scenery.  —  The  scenery  of  Iowa  presents  but  few  striking  features, 
and  yet  the  region  has  a  just  reputation  for  beauty.  The  greater  part 
of  the  state  was  originally  undulating  prairie,  recalling  something  of  the 
grandeur,  and  at  the  same  time  the  monotony,  of  the  ocean.  High  pic¬ 
turesque  bluffs,  however,  often  wall  in  the  valleys  of  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi ;  while  bluffs  of  less  imposing  proportions  border  the  streams 
in  other  parts  of  the  state.  No  more  pleasing  pictures  can  be  seen 
than  those  presented  from  the  broken,  fantastic  bluffs  that  border  the 


Missouri.  From  some  of  these  bluffs  the  expanse  of 
the  valley  for  twenty  or  thirty  miles  can  be  seen  at  a 


glance. 


Local 


Time 


A.  M. 


when 


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Bongitude  West  from  Greenwich 


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fl) 

Preston 


flora 
ville 

Crespo 

D-clv.’  1 


Caledonia 

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IOWA 


EXPLANATION 

Cities  of  over  2000  inhabitants  underlined. 

^  County  Towns  ®  Railroads 


* 


O  •  - 

-Beulah- 


e  d  u 
f  Chien 


Fan'¬ 
ll  Maynard 


'$'*  !  .Read  \J 

Elkader\\<  •GarnaV. 

Wadena  p>y4/*«  XL  Guttenberk  j 
YoiglS  ' 


City  S&o*. 


UaBCsv 
ford 


•  Oelwein 

Fair7® 


/^V% 

W'  0-frf,  \  *GUberivUli 

j9  u  /  i  \ 

<J,VLaPortck£nterPrise, 
i 


a.nk 

Chatham.  / 

l^ervdel'A 

^  WWt 


Brush  Cr!  '(Enfield)  , - -  w. 

n  ^  strawberry  Pt>^l,ortTui^^ 

^  S _ L _ __.Edgewood 

ton 


SCALE  OF  MILES 


10 


20 


30 


9>/iu  . 

j\m> 

Rowley  J?  ’’ 


<A 


Sherrill’s  Mount 


<L 

Colesbufgh  i  .  T“‘..T  'XI® 

|  Cottage  Hill  Durango  JV"S 


<  |  I  O  w  A 


id 

H 

/f- 
.  Id 

I  ^ 

I  *  rr* 


I 


*  W?  l^yersVille 


-pc' 


thr 


Delhi 


‘  ^  &ycravn„_ 

^  r  0  v.  B  u  q  <va 

1  ^  F-  /Farley*  *Rnworth  J 


*  E.Dubuque 


*Epworth . 


.  .Worthington 


!  vergreen_ 

fTraer 
Dysart’ 

\ 


'ey  m. 

"^VS  Auburn 


Hopkinto 
Sand  Sp: 


Garrison 

Vinton*8 


W  alker  •  Prairieburgli 

W^st  Prairie.  -Paris)  - 

rhanna 


Melleray 

_  /  Zwihgle 

La  Motte 

Garry  \)  wen  Bellevue 


I 


.Langivorthy 

Center  PorntW  • 

Waubeck*“S  r\  JONES, 
ij.  Stone\City\  Centre  June..  Onflow 

Shellsburgli  /  _  HC-Af  Anamosa  *T 

L  .  .1  .  N  N  Pairylew* - 

B  E  N  T  |0  N 1  T  .S  T  ‘ 


- *  A  - 

St.Donatus 


Galena* 


WaW^' 


,  'Koszta 


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Situation. — What  parallel  forms  the  northern  boundary  of 
Iowa?  What  state  north?  What  natural  boundary  on  the  east? 
What  two  states  border  Iowa  on  the  east?  Bound  Iowa  on  the 
south.  What  natural  boundary  on  the  west  ?  What  state  and 
what  territory  west?  What  river  between  Iowa  and  Dakota? 
Measure  by  the  scale  of  miles  the  extreme  length  and  width  of  the 
state.  When  it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  at  Des 
Moines  ? 

Surface.  —  Are  any  mountains  marked  on  the  map  ?  Judging  by 
the  course  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  in  what 
general  direction  does  the  surface  slope  ? 

Rivers.  —  Name  the  two  great  boundary  rivers  of  the  state. 
Name  two  minor  boundary  rivers.  What  are  the  principal  tribu¬ 
taries  of  the  Mississippi  ?  What  is  their  general  direction  ?  What 
is  the  chief  branch  of  the  Iowa?  What  are  the  head  streams  of 
Cedar  River?  What  is  the  chief  branch  of  the  Des  Moines? 
Name  the  chief  tributaries  of  the  Missouri.  What  is  their  direc¬ 
tion?  What  are  the  principal  streams  flowing  from  Iowa  into  the 
state  of  Missouri? 

Counties.  —  Which  counties  border  on  Minnesota?  Which  on 
the  Mississippi?  Which  county  extends  farthest  east?  Which 
farthest  south  ?  Name  the  counties  of  the  southern  tier.  Which 
counties  border  on  the  Missouri?  Which  on  the  Big  Sioux? 
Which  county  extends  farthest  west?  In  which  county  is  the 
capital?  [In  which  county  do  you  live  ?] 

Cities.  —  What  city  at  the  south-eastern  angle  of  the  state? 
Name  the  principal  cities  or  towns  on  the  Mississippi,  beginning 
at  the  north.  Which  is  opposite  the  boundary  between  Wiscon¬ 
sin  and  Illinois?  What  city  opposite  Rock  Island?  Name  the 
chief  cities  or  towns  on  or  near  the  Iowa  River.  Name  the  chief 
cities  or  towns  on  or  near  Des  Moines  River.  Between  Iowa  and 
Des  Moines  rivers.  Name  the  chief  cities  on  or  near  Cedar 
River.  In  Winneshiek  County.  What  are  the  principal  places 
on  Missouri  River?  What  city  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Sioux? 
[What  is  the  county  seat  of  the  county  in  which  you  live  ?  ] 


COUNTIES  OF  IOWA. 


V-- 


Adair 

Davis 

Jefferson 

Pocahontas 

Adams 

Decatur 

Johnson 

Polk 

Allamakee 

Delaware 

Jones 

Pottawattamie 

Appanoose 

Des  Moines 

Keokuk 

Poweshiek 

Audubon 

Dickinson 

Kossuth 

Ringgold 

Benton 

Dubuque 

Lee 

Sac 

Black  Hawk 

Emmet 

Linn 

Scott 

Boone 

Fayette 

Louisa 

Shelby 

Bremer 

Floyd 

Lucas 

Sioux 

Buchanan 

Franklin 

Lyon 

Story 

Buena  Vista 

Fremont 

Madison 

Tama 

Butler 

Greene 

Mahaska 

Taylor 

Calhoun 

Grundy 

Marion 

Union 

Carroll 

Guthrie 

Marshall 

Van  Buren 

Cass 

Hamilton 

Mills 

Wapello 

Cedar 

Hancock 

Mitchell 

Warren 

Cerro  Gordo 

Hardin 

Monona 

Washington 

Cherokee 

Harrison 

Monroe 

Wayne 

Chickasaw 

Henry 

Montgomery 

Webster 

Clarke 

Howard 

Muscatine 

Winnebago 

Clay 

Humboldt 

O’Brien 

Winneshiek 

Clayton 

Ida 

Osceola 

Woodbury 

Clinton 

Iowa 

Page 

Worth 

Crawford 

Jackson 

Palo  Alto 

Wright 

Dallas 

Jasper 

Plymouth 

1 86 


IOWA. 


III.  DRAINAGE. 

River  Systems.  —  All  the  rivers  of  Iowa  belong  either  to 
the  Mississippi  system  on  the  east  or  to  the  Missouri  system 
on  the  west.  The  areas  drained  by  these  systems  are  sepa¬ 
rated  by  the  low  watershed  already  mentioned. 

The  Mississippi  flows  along  the  eastern  border  for  about  450  miles, 
and  the  Missouri  along  the  western  border  from  the  mouth  of  Big 
Sioux  River  to  latitude  430  35',  a  distance  of  more  than  300  miles. 
Each  of  these  rivers  is  a  great  natural  highway  of  commerce. 

Mississippi  System.  —  From  the  situation  of  the  divide  be¬ 
tween  the  affluents  of  the  Missouri  and  those  of  the  Mississippi, 
the  larger  streams  flow  into  the  latter  river,  and  its  tributaries 
drain  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  surface  of  the  state. 

The  chief  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  are  the  Upper  Iowa, 
Turkey,  Makoqueta,  Wapsipinicon,  Iowa  (with  its  affluent  the 
Cedar),  Skunk,  and  Des  Moines  rivers. 

These  rivers  supply  abundant  water-power.  They  flow  noticeably 
parallel  with  one  another. 

The  Des  Moines,  the  largest  interior  river  of  the  state,  flows  from 
Minnesota,  and  through  more  than  300  miles  in  Iowa.  It  drains  an 
area  of  10,000  square  miles. 

Missouri  System. — The  short  western  slope  from  the  main 
watershed  is  drained  by  various  streams,  among  which  may  be 
named  Boyer,  Soldier,  Little  Sioux,  Floyd,  and  Rock  rivers. 

The  Big  Sioux  forms  a  portion  of  the  western  boundary.  The  Chari¬ 
ton,  Grand,  Platte,  Nodaway,  and  Nishnabotna  rise  in  the  south  of 
Iowa,  pass  into  Missouri,  and  join  the  Missouri  River  in  its  course 
through  that  state. 

Lakes.  —  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  are  many  small 
but  beautiful  lakes,  forming  part  of  the  system  of  lakes  extend¬ 
ing  into  Minnesota. 

Among  the  most  noted  of  these  are  the  Okoboji  lakes,  “  East  ”  and 
“  West,”  and  Spirit,  Storm,  Clear,  and  White  lakes. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

General  Character.  —  As  Iowa  is  in  the  heart  of  the  conti¬ 
nent,  and  removed  from  the  influence  of  large  bodies  of  water, 
its  climate  is  “  continental,”  with  hot  summers  and  cold 
winters.  But  the  summer  heats  are  relieved  by  cool  nights, 
while  the  winter  cold,  though  keen,  is  dry  and  bracing ;  and 
Iowa  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  healthful  sections  of  our  country. 

Details.  —  The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is  47.470  :  the  tempera¬ 
ture  is  rarely  lower  than  io°,  or  higher  than  90°.  The  prevailing 
winter  winds  are  northerly  and  north-westerly:  the  summer  winds 
are  from  the  west  and  south.  The  rainfall  is  ample  for  farming 
purposes,  though  not  excessive,  the  mean  annual  amount  being  32.07 
inches. 

V.  NATURAL  ADVANTAGES. 

Soil.  —  The  soil  of  Iowa  is  highly  productive,  there  being 
few  parts  of  the  state  that  do  not  richly  reward  tillage.  It  is 
estimated  that  less  than  five  per  cent  of  the  area  is  waste 
land. 

A  leading  authority  says,  “  The  prairies  are  everywhere  covered  with 
a  deep  friable  loam,  with  few  stones  and  stumps,  and  with  but  little 
marsh  or  slough  land.  The  bluff  country  of  the  West  has  a  very 
deep  soil  of  good  character,  always  free  from  surplus  moisture.” 

Minerals.  —  The  chief  mineral  wealth  of  the  state  consists 
of  extensive  deposits  of  coal  and  lead. 


The  coal-field  of  the  state  (an  extension  of  the  Illinois  coal¬ 
field)  comprises  an  area  of  about  20,000  square  miles,  and  is 
practically  inexhaustible.  The  coal  is  bituminous  and  of  excel¬ 
lent  quality. 

The  “lower  coal-measures  ”  are  the  most  important,  and  extend  to  the 
north-west  about  175  miles,  along  the  Des  Moines  River,  from  near 
Keokuk  to  a  point  beyond  F ort  Dodge.  The  “  middle  coal-measures  ” 
extend  to  the  south-west  5  and  along  the  Nodaway  River  there  is  a 
development  of  the  “upper”  carboniferous. 

The  lead  ore  of  Iowa  is  found  in  the  belt  occupied  by  the 
“Galena  limestone,”  —  a  tract  which  extends  from  Illinois  into 
the  state  at  Dubuque. 

The  crevices  in  the  “  Galena  limestone  ”  are  frequently  found  to  expand 
into  what  are  called  “openings,”  and  large  caves  several  hundred 
feet  long.  The  walls  of  these  are  incrusted  with  the  sulphuret  of 
lead,  of  which  a  single  cave  sometimes  furnishes  several  million 
pounds. 

Among  other  minerals  may  be  mentioned  peat,  lime,  gypsum, 

I  sandstone,  limestone,  granite  bowlders,  brick  materials,  and 
'  fictile  clays. 

Timber.  —  Though  Iowa  is  a  prairie  state,  one-eighth  of 
its  surface  is  covered  by  natural  forests.  Belts  of  timbered 
land,  often  several  miles  in  width,  skirt  the  streams  in  all  the 
eastern  half  of  the  state.  The  same  is  true  of  some  portions 
of  the  Missouri  slope.  Hard  woods,  such  as  oak  and  hickory, 
abound  in  the  east  :  elm  and  cottonwood  predominate  along 
the  western  border.  The  forests  in  all  parts  of  the  state  are 
made  up  almost  exclusively  of  deciduous  trees.  The  area  of 
timber-land  is  also  extending  on  account  of  the  arrest  of  prairie 
fires  and  the  very  general  planting  of  trees  by  the  people. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture.  — -  Iowa  ranks  among  the  leading  food-producing 
states,  farming  operations  being  favored  by  its  excellent  soil, 
fine  climate,  and  the  advantages  which  the  nature  of  the  surface 
offers  for  the  use  of  agricultural  machinery.  Much  the  larger 
part  of  the  population  (of  ten  years  and  upwards)  are  engaged 
in  agriculture. 

The  leading  farm  products  are  corn,  oats,  potatoes,  barley 
hay,  and  dairy  products.  The  conditions  of  soil  and  climate 
are  favorable  to  the  production  of  tobacco,  flax,  sorghum,  etc. 
Fruit-culture  is  attracting  much  attention,  and  is  profitably 
conducted.  The  southern  section  is  generally  well  adapted  to 
vine-growing. 

In  stock-raising,  also,  Iowa  ranks  among  the  leading  states. 
Large  numbers  of  horses  and  mules,  and  immense  quantities  of 
beef  and  pork,  are  every  season  shipped  eastward.  The  dairy 
products  of  the  state  are  large  and  rapidly  increasing,  one 
county  alone  shipping  more  than  4,000,000  pounds  of  butter 
in  1881.  The  clear  water  and  nutritious  grasses  render  the 
northern  half  of  the  state  one  of  the  finest  dairy  countries  in 
the  world.  Wool  is  also  an  important  product. 

Manufactures.  —  The  manufacturing  interest  is  largely  on 
the  increase,  both  steam  and  water  power  being  extensively 
employed. 

Extensive  manufactories  in  many  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  state 
consume  vast  quantities  of  agricultural  products  in  the  manufacture 
of  glucose,  flour,  pork,  and  woolen  goods ;  while  creameries  are 
being  established  in  nearly  every  county  in  the  state. 


IOWA. 


187 


Other  leading  articles  of  manufacture  are  lumber  (in  the 
towns  on  the  Mississippi  River),  agricultural  implements, 
wagons,  carriages,  machinery,  brick,  and  pottery. 

Commerce.  —  Though  Iowa  has  no  direct  foreign  commerce, 
she  forwards  to  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  heavy  shipments 
of  the  products  of  her  soil,  manufactories,  and  mines.  The  im¬ 
ports  are  eastern  and  foreign  manufactures,  groceries,  etc. 

The  state  has  three  United  States  ports  of  delivery,  —  Burlington, 
Dubuque,  and  Keokuk. 

Transportation.  —  The  great  boundary  rivers  are  the  natural 
highways  of  an  immense  local  and  interstate  trade  by  means 
of  barges  and  steamboats. 

The  extensive  railroad  system  is  the  growth  of  a  very  brief 
period.  In  1855  there  were  but  68  miles  of  railroad  in  the 
state,  whereas  the  total  mileage  is  now  nearly  6,000  miles. 

Six  great  trunk  lines  are  now  in  operation  across  the  state 
from  east  to  west.  Four  of  them  have  their  western  terminus 
at  Council  Bluffs.  These  are  intersected  by  other  lines  extend¬ 
ing  across  the  state  in  other  directions.  Excellent  facilities 
are  thus  afforded  for  the  transportation  of  the  products  of  the 
state.  The  Mississippi  is  spanned  by  iron  railroad  bridges  at 
Keokuk,  Burlington,  Davenport,  Clinton,  Sabula,  and  Dubuque  ; 
and  at  Council  Bluffs  and  Plattsmouth  (Neb.)  similar  bridges 
span  the  Missouri.  The  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad 
crosses  the  Mississippi  on  a  pontoon  bridge  at  McGregor. 

The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  has  its  eastern  terminus  at 
Council  Bluffs. 

VI!.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  a  governor,  lieutenant- 
governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attorney-general, 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  all  of  whom  are  elected 
by  the  people  for  two  years. 

The  Legislature  consists  of  a  Senate,  of  fifty  members, 
elected  for  f  ur  years  (half  biennially),  and  a  House  of  Repre¬ 
sentatives,  of  one  hundred  members,  elected  biennially. 

The  Legislature  meets  on  the  second  Monday  of  January  biennially 
(even  years). 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  district 
courts,  and  circuit  court,  all  the  judges  being  elected  by  the 
people. 

County  Officers. —  The  county  officers  consist  of  a  board  of  super¬ 
visors,  auditor,  clerk,  treasurer,  recorder,  sheriff,  superintendent  of 
schools,  surveyor,  and  coroner. 

National  Representation.  —  Iowa  is  represented  in  Congress 
by  two  senators,  and,  by  the  census  of  18S0,  is  entitled  to  eleven 
representatives  ;  and  hence  has  thirteen  electoral  votes. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Common  Schools.  —  Iowa  has  a  thoroughly  organized  and 
liberally  endowed  system  of  common  schools.  These  schools 
are  cared  for  by  state,  county,  and  city  superintendents,  and  by 
local  boards  of  directors.  Women  may  hold  educational  offices. 

The  total  annual  expenditure  for  public  schools  amounts  to  over 
$5, 000, 000.  There  is  a  permanent  school  fund,  derived  from  the 
sale  of  public  land.  It  now  amounts  to  about  $4,000,000. 

Higher  Education.  —  The  state  institutions  for  higher 
education  are  the  State  University,  located  at  Iowa  City, 
embracing  collegiate,  law,  and  medical  departments  ;  the  State 


Agricultural  College  at  Ames  ;  and  the  State  Normal  School 
at  Cedar  Falls.  All  these  are  amply  aided  by  the  state,  and 
are  largely  patronized. 

Many  private  and  denominational  colleges  supplement  the 
state  institutions.  These  are  mostly  prosperous,  and  well 
endowed  by  the  liberality  of  individuals.  Of  these,  Upper 
Iowa  University  at  Fayette,  Cornell  College  at  Mount  Vernon, 
and  Iowa  College  at  Grinnell,  are  most  largely  attended. 

Other  State  Institutions.  —  The  state  has  made  generous 
provision  for  the  unfortunate.  There  is  a  college  for  the  blind, 
at  Vinton  ;  a  state  institution  for  deaf-mutes,  at  Council  Bluffs  ; 
an  institution  for  the  feeble-minded,  at  Glenwood  ;  an  orphans’ 
home,  at  Davenport  ;  and  asylums  for  the  insane,  at  Mount 
Pleasant  and  Independence.  The  state  has  also  provided  a 
reform  school  for  boys,  at  Eldora  ;  and  one  for  girls,  at  Mitchell- 
ville.  Two  state  penitentiaries  are  maintained,  —  one  at  Fort 
Madison,  and  one  at  Anamosa. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

Territorial  History.  —  Iowa  (a  name  said  to  signify  “the 
beautiful  land  ”)  was  originally  a  part  of  the  vast  region  known 
as  the  “Louisiana  Purchase,”  ceded  by  PTance  to  the  United 
States  in  1803. 

The  first  settlement  of  whites  within  the  present  limits  of 
the  state  was  made  by  Julien  Dubuque,  a  French  Canadian, 
who  in  1788  obtained  from  the  Spanish  authorities  the  grant  of 
a  large  tract,  including  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Dubuque 
and  the  rich  mineral  lands  in  its  vicinity.  For  many  years 
after  this,  however,  Iowa  was  too  literally  the  “Far  West”  to 
invite  immigrants,  and  it  was  not  till  about  1832  (after  the 
close  of  the  Black-Hawk  war)  that  its  fertile  prairies  began  to 
attract  settlers.  In  the  following  year  several  families  settled 
in  the  vicinity  of  Burlington  ;  and,  at  a  later  period,  settlements 
were  made  at  other  points  along  the  Mississippi. 

From  1812  to  1834  the  territory  now  included  in  Iowa 
formed  part  of  the  Missouri  Territory.  In  the  latter  year  it 
was  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Michigan,  and  in  1836 
under  that  of  Wisconsin.  In  1838  Iowa  was  erected  into  a 
separate  territory,  with  the  capital  at  Burlington.  In  the 
following  year  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  to  Iowa 
City. 

Under  its  territorial  organization,  Iowa  included  all  the  country  north 
of  Missouri,  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri,  and  to  the 
British  line,  and  consequently  the  greater  part  of  the  present  state  of 
Minnesota,  and  the  whole  of  Dakota  (nearly  200.000  square  miles). 
This  great  region  was,  however,  curtailed  to  the  present  limits 
before  the  admission  of  Iowa  as  a  state. 

State  History.  —  In  1846  (Dec.  28)  Iowa  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  a  state, — the  sixteenth  state  admitted  under  the 
Federal  Constitution.  In  1857  the  present  state  constitution 
was  framed,  and  in  the  same  year  the  capital  was  removed  to 
Des  Moines. 

The  subsequent  history  of  Iowa  has  been  one  of  unexampled 
and  uninterrupted  prosperity.  Its  population  has  increased 
from  97,588  in  1846  (when  the  state  was  admitted)  to  1,624,615 
by  the  census  of  1880. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties  and  Towns.  —  Iowa  contains  ninety-nine  counties 
and  the  following  leading  cities  and  towns  :  — 


1 88 


IOWA. 


Des  Moines  (population  22,408),  in  Polk  County,  is  the  capi¬ 
tal  of  the  state.  It  is  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Coon  River.  Four  trunk  lines  of  railroad 
center  here,  and,  with  other  shorter  lines,  give  facilities  for 
traffic  unsurpassed  by  any  other  city  in  the  state. 

The  principal  public  buildings  are  the  fine  new  state  capital, 
the  United  States  court-house  and  post-office  building,  the 
county  court-house,  and  several  large  public-school  buildings. 
Des  Moines  University,  Drake  University,  and  Collanan  Col¬ 
lege  are  located  here. 

Des  Moines  is  the  center  of  one  of  the  most  productive  coal 
areas  in  the  state  ;  and  mining,  pork-packing,  and  the  manufac¬ 
ture  of  alcohol  and  glucose,  give  employment  to  a  large  number 
of  people.  Des  Moines  has  a  large  wholesale  trade,  extending 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  state. 

Dubuque  (population  22,254),  the  county  seat  of  Dubuque 
County,  is  built  on  a  commanding  site  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Mississippi,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  costly  railroad  bridge 
of  iron.  It  is  an  important  railroad  point,  is  the  headquarters 
for  the  business  of  the  lead  region  of  the  North-west,  carries 
on  varied  manufactures,  and  is  the  center  of  a  large  trade  by 
river  and  rail.  The  lumber  and  pork-packing  interests  are 
large;  and  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  wagons,  and  plows,  is 
carried  on  more  extensively  than  anywhere  else  in  the  state. 
Dubuque  has  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools.  It  is  an 
old  and  very  wealthy  city,  finely  built,  with  streets  excellently 
paved.  It  has  a  superior  system  of  water-works. 

Davenport,  a  flourishing  city,  the  county  seat  of  Scott  County,  is  beauti¬ 
fully  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  foot  of  the  Upper  Rapids, 
opposite  Rock  Island,  Ill.  This  city  is  an  important  railroad  center,  and  a 
splendid  wrought-iron  bridge  for  railroad  and  other  traffic  crosses  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  at  this  point.  Opposite  this  city  is  a  beautiful  island  several  miles 
in  length  (Rock  Island  by  name),  from  which  the  neighboring  city  receives 
its  title.  This  island,  which  is  of  limestone  formation,  is  the  property  of 
the  United  States  government,  which  has  located  on  it  an  arsenal  and  mili¬ 
tary  headquarters,  portions  of  it  being  also  used  as  a  public  park. 

Davenport  is  the  seat  of  Griswold  College,  and  maintains  a  fine  system 
of  public  schools.  It  is  an  important  depot  for  shipment  of  grain,  and  has 
diversified  manufactures,  including  farming-implements,  carriages,  woolen 
goods,  flour,  glucose,  etc. 

Burlington,  a  thriving  city,  the  county  seat  of  Des  Moines  County,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  about  80  miles  below  Davenport.  Its 
railroad  facilities  are  very  extensive,  and  its  commerce,  both  by  rail  and  by 
the  river,  is  large  and  increasing.  The  city  is  substantially  built,  and  many 
of  its  residences  occupy  elevated  positions  commanding  beautiful  views. 
The  Burlington  University  is  located  at  this  place.  The  industries  of  Bur¬ 
lington  are  varied,  its  manufactures  comprising,  among  others,  machinery 
and  farming  implements,  flour,  cars  and  carriages,  etc. 

Council  Bluffs,  an  important  commercial  point,  is  the  county  seat  of 
Bottawattamie  County,  and  is  situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  opposite 
Omaha  in  Nebraska,  with  which  it  is  connected  bv  a  fine  railroad  bridge 
over  the  Missouri.  Occupying  a  central  position  between  the  two  oceans, 
Council  Bluffs  has  railroad  facilities  of  the  first  importance.  The  Union 
Pacific  is  joined  at  this  point  by  seven  roads  tributary  to  its  transcontinental 
traffic.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

Keokuk,  a  thriving  city  of  Lee  County,  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the 
state,  occupies  an  elevated  situation  on  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Lower  Rapids.  The  river  is  crossed  at  this  point  by  a  fine  railroad 


bridge.  It  is  a  very  impotant  railroad  center,  and  has  also  an  extensive 
river  traffic,  the  Mississippi  being  navigable  at  this  point  for  the  largest 
steamboats.  The  United  States  government  has  constructed  a  magnificent 
ship  canal  around  the  rapids,  which  is  over  7  miles  long,  and  300  feet  wide. 
Keokuk  is  built  on  a  limestone  foundation,  affording  excellent  material  for 
building  purposes.  The  manufactures  are  various  and  in  a  thriving  con¬ 
dition. 

Cedar  Rapids,  a  city  of  Linn  County,  on  Cedar  River,  is  an  important 
railroad  center.  The  river  here  supplies  immense  water-power,  which  is 
utilized  in  numerous  mills.  The  chief  manufactures  are  flour,  oatmeal, 
pork,  carriages,  machinery,  etc.  The  poik-packing  industry  is  especially 
important. 


Atlantic  —  county  scat  of  Cass  County,  is  the 
most  important  town  between  Des  Moines 
and  Council  Bluffs.  It  has  an  extensive 
canning  factory,  and  is  in  the  center  of  a 
very  fine  agricultural  section. 

Cedar  Falls  —  a  city  of  Black  Hawk  County,  is 
situated  on  Cedar  River,  about  ioo  miles 
west  of  Dubuque.  It  has  fine  water-power 
from  the  river,  and  manufactories  of  flour, 
lumber,  carriages,  pumps,  etc. 

Clinton  —  the  county  seat  of  Clinton  County,  is 
a  very  enterprising  manufacturing  point, 
located  on  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the 
junction  of  several  railroads,  about  60  miles 
below  Dubuque.  A  splendid  iron  railroad 
bridge  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long  crosses 
the  river  at  this  point.  Sawed  lumber  is 
largely  exported,  and  Clinton  is  also  a 
thriving  grain  depot.  Manufactures  of 
paper,  chairs,  etc. 

Creston — in  Union  County,  at  the  junction  of 
several  railroads,  is  an  important  center  of 
trade.  Extensive  railroad  shops  are  located 
here. 

Decorah  —  county  seat  of  Winneshiek  County,  is 
a  finely-built  town  in  the  valley  of  the 
Upper  Iowa  River.  Near  this  place  is  a 
remarkable  ice  cave,  where  ice  forms  on  the 
walls  during  the  summer,  and  disappears 
during  the  winter  months. 

Fairfield  —  the  county  seat  of  Jefferson  County, 
occupies  a  beautiful  situation  25  miles  east 
of  Ottumwa.  Parsons  College  is  located 
here. 

Fort  Dodge  —  is  the  county  seat  of  Webster 
County,  on  Des  Moines  River.  The  manu¬ 
factures  comprise  furniture,  plaster,  stucco, 
etc.  Fort  Dodge  is  an  extensive  grain- 
market,  and  there  are  quarries  of  building- 
stone,  and  gypsum  and  coal  mines  in  the 
vicinity. 

Fort  Madison  —  the  county  seat  of  Lee  County, 
is  located  on  the  Mississippi,  about  25  miles 
above  Keokuk.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  south¬ 
ern  Penitentiary.  Here  are  large  lumber- 
mills,  and  manufactories  of  chairs,  boots  and 
shoes,  etc. 

Independence  —  the  county  seat  of  Buchanan 
County,  is  located  on  Wapsipinicon  River, 
at  the  junction  of  two  railways,  about  40 
miles  to  the  north  of  Cedar  Rapids.  The 
northern  Iowa  Hospital  for  the  Insane  is 
located  near  this  place. 

Iowa  City  —  the  county  seat  of  Johnson  County, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  Iowa  River,  about 
50  miles  to  the  west  of  Davenport.  This 
city  was  until  1856  the  capital  of  the  state, 
the  former  capitol  building  being  now  occu¬ 
pied  by  the  Iowa  State  University.  The 
manufactures  include  flour,  alcohol,  car¬ 
riages,  linseed-oil,  pumps,  plows,  glucose, 
paper,  oatmeal,  pork-packing,  etc. 

Le  Mars  —  county  seat  of  Plymouth  County,  is 
the  business  center  of  a  fine  farming  region 
largely  settled  by  wealthy  English  colonists. 

Manchester — county  seat  of  Delaware  County, 
is  a  finely-built  and  wealthy  town,  and  is 


the  largest  shipping-point  for  butter  in  the 
state. 

Marshalltown  —  a  thriving  city,  the  county  seat 
of  Marshall  County,  occupies  an  elevated 
site  in  the  valley  of  the  Iowa  River.  It 
contains  extensive  grain-elevators,  and  man¬ 
ufactories  of  flour,  oil,  soap,  etc.  The  car- 
shops  of  the  Central  Iowa  Railroad  are 
located  here,  and  also  extensive  glucose- 
works. 

Mason  City  —  county  seat  of  Cerro  Gordo  Coun¬ 
ty,  at  the  junction  of  several  railroads,  is  a 
large  and  rapidly  growing  town  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state. 

Mount  Pleasant  —  the  county  seat  of  Henry 
County,  is  the  seat  of  the  Iowa  Wesleyan 
University  and  of  other  institutions  of 
learning.  The  southern  Iowa  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  is  located  here. 

Muscatine  — the  county  seat  of  Muscatine 
County,  is  mostly  built  on  rocky  bluffs 
overlooking  the  Mississippi  River.  It  is 
advantageously  situated  for  commerce  both 
by  water  and  by  rail,  and  is  accordingly 
an  important  shipping-point  for  grain,  flour, 
and  lumber.  Here  are  extensive  saw-mills, 
besides  manufactories  of  furniture  and 
plows. 

Oskaloosa  —  the  county  seat  of  Mabaska  Coun¬ 
ty,  is  situated  in  the  center  of  one  of  the 
most  extensive  coal  areas  in  the  state.  It 
has  excellent  railroad  connections,  affording 
the  best  facilities  for  the  shipment  of  the 
great  quantities  of  coal  which  are  mined  in 
this  region.  It  has  an  excellent  system  of 
water-works,  and  a  most  complete  pork¬ 
packing  establishment.  Penn  College  and 
Oskaloosa  College,  located  here,  are  thriv¬ 
ing  institutions. 

Ottumwa  —  the  county  seat  of  Wapello  County, 
is  situated  on  the  Des  Moines  River,  which 
here  affords  abundant  water-power.  Sev¬ 
eral  railways  have  their  junction  in  this 
city,  and  an  iron  railroad  bridge  crosses 
the  river.  The  manufactures  are  varied, 
and  pork-packing  and  the  manufacture  of 
starch  are  extensively  carried  on. 

Sioux  City  —  an  enterprising  city,  the  county 
seat  of  W'oodbury  County,  is  situated  on  the 
Missouri  River,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Big 
Sioux  River.  It  is  the  terminus  of  five 
important  railroads,  and  has  varied  and  ex¬ 
tensive  manufactures  and  a  large  wholesale 
trade. 

Waterloo  —  a  flourishing  city,  the  county  seat  of 
Black  Hawk  County,  is  built  on  both  banks 
of  the  Cedar  River,  six  miles  below  Cedar 
Falls.  The  river  is  very  wide  at  this  place, 
and  its  water-power  is  largely  utilized  in 
various  manufactures.  This  city  has  supe¬ 
rior  railroad  facilities,  and  makes  large 
shipments  of  produce. 

Among  other  important  and  growing  places  in 
this  state  may  be  mentioned  Glenwood, 
McGregor,  Makoqueta,  Waverly.Win- 
TERSET,  AlGONA,  Red  Oak,  DeNISON, 
Webster  City,  and  Grinnell. 


MISSOURI 


189 


MISSOURI. 


DESCRIPTION 

[Area,  69,415  square  miles. 
Population,  2,168,380.] 


S.  POSITION  AND  EXTENT. 

Position.  —  Missouri  is  one  of  the  “West-Central  States,” 
and  is  situated  between  latitude  36°  and  40°  30'  north,  and 
longitude  89°  2'  and  950  51'  west  from  Greenwich. 

Most  of  the  southern  boundary  is  on  the  parallel  of  36°  36',  only  a 
small  projection  between  the  St.  Francois  and  Mississippi  rivers 
extending  southward  to  36°. 

Extent.  —  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  about  280 
miles:  its  width  varies  from  208  miles  in  the  north  to  312 
in  the  south,  with  an  average  of  about  250  miles.  It  ranks 
as  the  ninth  state  in  respect  to  size,  has  an  area  eight  times 
that  of  Massachusetts,  and  is  as  large  as  England  and  Wales. 


II.  SURFACE. 

Northern  Section.  — The  two  sections  into  which  the  state 
is  divided  by  the  Missouri  River  differ  greatly  in  geographical 
features.  The  northern  section,  comprising  about  one-third  of 
the  state,  is  generally  undulating  prairie-land,  with  low,  level 
bottom-lands  along  the  rivers,  and  diversified  with  timber. 

Southern  Section.  —  The  southern  section  has  a  diversified 
surface  of  plain,  table-land,  mountain-ridges,  and  knobs.  1  he 
highest  land  consists  of  the  plateau  and  ridge  of  the  Ozark 
Mountains,  which  cover  nearly  one-half  of  South  Missouri,  and 
form  the  divide  between  the  affluents  of  the  Missouri  and  those 
of  the  Mississippi. 

The  Ozark  ridge  enters  the  state  from  Arkansas,  and  extends  in  a 
direction  east  by  north  into  Perry  County  on  the  Mississippi.  In 
its  western  part  this  highland  region  consists  of  a  broad  table-land, 
reaching  an  elevation  of  i,5°°  feet  in  Webster  County:  in  the 
eastern  part  the  highland  region  is  marked  by  numerous  hills,  not 
forming  continuous  ranges,  but  divided  into  various  spurs,  knobs, 
and  peaks.  Shepherd  Mountain  (i,57°  feet  above  the  sea-level)  is 
the  highest  elevation  of  the  Ozark  ridge. 

The  western  section  of  South  Missouri  consists  of  opCn  and  compara¬ 
tively  treeless  plains  continuous  with  those  of  Kansas. 


The  south-eastern  part  of  South  Missouri,  extending  along  the  Mis¬ 
sissippi  from  Cape  Girardeau  to  Arkansas,  is  a  low  track,  which 
sank  to  its  present  level  during  the  earthquakes  of  1811-12.  This 
region  comprises  fertile  and  well-timbered  bottom-lands,  inter¬ 
spersed  with  extensive  marshes,  lakes,  and  lagoons.  The  Missis¬ 
sippi  frontage  of  this  region  is  diked,  or  leveed. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

Rivers. —  The  rivers  of  Missouri  all  belong  to  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  system,  the  two  great  streams  being  the  Mississippi  and 
the  Missouri,  the  former  constituting  the  entire  eastern  bound¬ 
ary  of  the  state,  the  latter  traversing  the  state  from  its  north¬ 
western  boundary  to  the  middle  of  its  eastern  boundary,  where 
it  unites  with  the  Mississippi. 

The  Mississippi  gives  the  state  a  water-front  of  more  than 
500  miles,  navigable  throughout  the  year,  except  when  blocked 
with  ice.  Its  largest  tributary  is  the  Missouri. 

The  other  principal  direct  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  are 
Cuivre,  Salt,  Wyaconda,  Fabius,  Fox,  and  Des  Moines  rivers, 
north  of  the  Missouri,  and  the  Maramec  south  of  the  Missouri. 

Of  the  affluents  of  the  Mississippi  in  part  within  the  state 
and  flowing  into  the  Mississippi  beyond  the  state  limits,  the 


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QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


Situation  and  Extent.  —  What  state  bounds  Missouri  on  the  north? 
What  states  on  the  east?  What  states  and  what  territory  on  the  west? 
What  natural  boundary  on  the  east?  What  partial  natural  boundary 
on  the  west?  In  what  direction  is  the  state  longest?  Between  what 
parallels  is  the  state  ?  Between  what  meridians  ?  When  it  is  noon  at 
Washington,  what  time  is  it  at  St.  Louis?  At  Kansas  City? 

Surface.  —  Which  section  of  Missouri  is  the  most  mountainous? 
What  is  the  principal  range  ?  Through  which  counties  can  you  trace 
the  Ozark  Mountains?  Locate  Iron  Mountain,  Pilot  Knob,  Shepherd 
Mountain,  Simmons  Mountain.  Judging  from  the  course  of  the  rivers, 
in  what  direction  does  the  part  of  the  state  north  of  Missouri  River 
slope  ?  Where  are  swamp-lands  indicated  on  the  map  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  river  flows  wholly  across  the  state  ?  What  river 
forms  a  boundary  on  the  north-east  corner?  What  are  the  principal 
tributaries  of  the  Missouri  from  the  north?  From  the  south?  What  is 
the  largest  tributary  of  the  Mississippi?  What  are  the  principal  tribu¬ 
taries  of  the  Mississippi  north  of  the  Missouri?  South  of  the  Missouri  ? 
What  river  drains  the  low  district  in  the  south-east  ? 


Counties. — What  counties  in  the  northern  tier?  In  the  southern  tier? 
What  counties  border  Missouri  River  on  the  east?  On  the  north?  On 
the  south?  In  what  county  is  the  state  capital?  In  what  county  is  St. 
Louis  ?  [In  what  county  do  you  live  ?] 


Cities.  —  What  great  city  on  the  Mississippi?  In  what  county  is 
Kansas  City?  St.  Joseph?  On  what  river  and  in  what  county  is  Han¬ 
nibal?  In  what  county  is  Joplin?  What  city  is  the  county  seat  of 
Pettis  County?  What  city  is  the  county  seat  of  Greene  County?  On 
what  river  is  St.  Charles?  Cape  Girardeau ?  Louisiana?  Locate  Car 
thage,  Mexico,  Macon  City,  Warrensburg.  What  cities  in  your  own 
county?  What  cities  in  adjoining  counties  ? 


COUNTIES  OF  MISSOURI. 


Adair 

Dallas 

Livingston 

Ralles 

Andrew 

Daviess 

McDonald 

Randolph 

Atchison 

De  Kalb 

Macon 

Ray 

Audrain 

Dent 

Madison 

Reynolds 

Barry 

Douglas 

Maries 

Ripley 

Barton 

Dunklin 

Marion 

St.  Charles 

Bates 

Franklin 

Mercer 

St.  Clair 

Benton 

Gasconade 

Miller 

St.  Francois 

Bollinger 

Gentry 

Mississippi 

St.  Genevieve 

Boone 

Greene 

Moniteau 

St.  Louis 

Buchanan 

Grundy 

Monroe 

Saline 

Butler 

Harrison 

Montgomery 

Schuyler 

Caldwell 

Henry 

Morgan 

Scotland 

Callaway 

Hickory 

New  Madrid 

Scott 

Camden 

Holt 

Newton 

Shannon 

Cape  Girardeau 

Howard 

N  odaway 

Shelby 

Carroll 

Howell 

Oregon 

Stoddard 

Carter 

Iron 

Osage 

Stone 

Cass 

Jackson 

Ozark 

Sullivan 

Cedar 

Jasper 

Pemiscot 

Taney 

Chariton 

Jefferson 

Perry 

Texas 

Christian 

Johnson 

Pettis 

Vernon 

Clarke 

Knox 

Phelps 

Warren 

Clay 

Laclede 

Pike 

Washington 

Clinton 

La  Fayette 

Platte 

Wayne 

Cole 

Lawrence 

Polk 

Webster 

Cooper 

Lewis 

Pulaski 

Worth 

Crawford 

Lincoln 

Putnam 

Wright 

Dade 

Linn 

192 


MISSOURI. 


chief  are  the  White  River  (which  makes  a  bend  into  the  state 
from  Arkansas,  to  which  state  it  returns)  together  with  various 
tributaries  ;  the  St.  Francois  (with  its  tributary,  Little  River), 
which  drains  the  low  district  in  the  south-east ;  and  in  the 
south-west  corner  the  Elk  and  Spring,  which  flow  into  the 
Neosho,  a  tributary  of  Arkansas  River. 

The  Missouri,  though  contributing  its  waters  to  the  Missis¬ 
sippi,  may,  from  its  extent  and  volume,  be  regarded  as  a 
primary  river,  and  from  this  stream  the  state  derives  its  name. 
It  is  navigable  throughout  the  whole  year,  except  when  block¬ 
aded  with  ice. 

The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Missouri  are  Big  Tarkio, 
Nodaway,  Platte,  Grand,  and  Chariton,  from  the  north  ;  and 
La  Mine,  Osage  (the  most  important  affluent,  and  navigable  in 
high  stages  of  water  to  Papinsville),  and  Gasconade  rivers, 
from  the  south. 

Summary.  —  The  general  drainage  is  indicated  by  the  prin¬ 
cipal  slopes  that  characterize  the  surface.  These  are  the  long 
gentle  slope  south-eastward  towards  the  Mississippi  (forming 
the  valley  of  the  Missouri),  its  lateral  slope  towards  that  river, 
and  the  southern  slope  towards  the  Arkansas. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

General  Characteristics.  —  The  situation  of  the  state,  far 
removed  from  the  modifying  effect  of  the  ocean,  gives  it  a 
climate  continental  in  character,  being  subject  to  extremes  in 
the  degree  of  temperature  and  moisture ;  but  the  climate  is 
agreeable  and  healthful. 

Special  Facts.  —  The  mean  annual  temperature  of  the  state  is  about 
530.  The  average  annual  rainfall  is  45  inches  in  the  south-east 
corner,  diminishing  to  30  inches  in  the  north-west  corner.  The  prev¬ 
alent  winds  are  from  the  south-east,  though  in  winter  westerly  winds 
are  the  most  frequent. 

V.  NATURAL  ADVANTAGES. 

Soils. — The  most  fertile  soils  of  Missouri  are  those  of  the 
broad,  alluvial  or  bottom  lands,  together  with  the  swamps  in 
the  south-eastern  section,  the  latter  comprising  large  tracts  of 
some  of  the  richest  lands  in  the  world. 

The  next  richest  bodies  of  land  include  all  the  north-western 
section  of  the  state,  with  several  counties  south  of  the  Missouri 
River.  The  soil  is  composed  of  sand,  clay,  hnmas,  lime,  and 
magnesia.  This  district  is  mostly  underlaid  by  the  upper  coal- 
measures,  and  for  most  farming  purposes  is  considered  the  most 
desirable  part  of  the  state. 

In  the  Ozark  region  the  face  of  the  country  is  in  many  places 
too  rough  for  agricultural  use  ;  but  the  valleys  are  generally 
productive,  and  the  steep  hillsides  are  well  adapted  to  grape- 
culture. 

Mineral  Wealth.  —  In  mineral  resources  Missouri  is  exceed¬ 
ingly  rich.  These  resources  comprise  coal,  iron,  lead,  copper, 
tin,  zinc,  cobalt,  nickel,  fire-clays,  kaolin,  fine  marble,  granite, 
and  other  building-stone,  together  with  a  great  variety  of  other 
minerals.  In  fact,  Missouri  furnishes  an  epitome  of  the  mineral 
wealth  of  the  globe.  The  most  important  items  of  this  wealth 
are,  however,  coal,  iron,  and  lead. 

Coal.  —  The  most  useful  and  abundant  mineral  of  Missouri  is  coal  (can- 
nelite  or  bituminous),  the  “measures  ”  of  which  underlie  the  entire 
north-western  section  of  the  state,  comprising  about  25,000  square 
miles,  or  nearly  one-third  the  total  area.  The  coal-fields  are  esti¬ 


mated  to  be  capable  of  yielding  100,000  tons  a  day  for  several 
thousand  years. 

Iron.  —  Missouri  merits  the  title  of  “the  Iron  State,”  the  ore  beds  of 
that  mineral  being  excellent  in  quality,  and  inexhaustible  in  quantity. 
The  iron  districts  are  situated  chiefly  in  the  eastern  part  of  South 
Missouri ;  but  the  most  wonderful  deposits  are  found  in  Pilot  Knob 
(Iron  County),  Iron  Mountain  (St.  Francois  County),  and  Shepherd 
(Iron  County);  the  first  two  being  mountain-like  masses  of  excellent 
hematitic  and  magnetic  ores. 

Lead.  —  Missouri  has  for  1 50  years  produced  a  great  amount  of  lead, 
and  the  state  could  apparently  supply  the  world  with  this  commodity 
for  an  indefinite  period.  With  few  exceptions  it  is  found  in  every 
county  south  of  the  Missouri  River,  though  in  many  counties  beds 
known  to  exist  are  not  yet  worked. 

Forests.  —  The  principal  forests  are  found  in  the  south¬ 
eastern  section.  The  hill  country  is  well  wooded  with  pine 
and  oak,  and  the  river-bottoms  produce  much  cypress,  ash, 
locust,  hickory,  pecan,  basswood,  cottonwood,  walnut,  etc.  The 
state,  however,  does  not  produce  sufficient  lumber  for  home 
use,  and  has  to  draw  largely  on  the  Upper  Lake  states. 

Water-power  and  Navigation.  —  The  state  has  abundant 
water-power,  and  in  the  mountain-country  it  is  to  some  extent 
utilized.  By  means  of  her  two  great  rivers  and  their  navigable 
branches,  Missouri  has  direct  water  communication  with  almost 
every  state  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture.  —  The  leading  industry  of  Missouri  is  agricul¬ 
ture,  more  than  half  the  population  being  engaged  in  farming 
occupations  or  interests. 

The  staple  crops  are  corn  (in  the  production  of  which  Mis¬ 
souri  ranks  among  the  leading  states),  wheat,  oats,  hay,  and 
tobacco ;  minor  but  important  products  being  rye,  barley, 
sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  and  garden  products.  Cotton,  hemp, 
and  flax  are  cultivated  tq  some  extent  in  the  southern  counties. 

Among  fruits,  the  apple,  peach,  pear,  and  nectarine,  together 
with  strawberries,  raspberries,  and  other  small  fruit,  are  largely 
raised.  Grapes  are  extensively  cultivated  in  several  counties. 
Sorghum  and  castor-oil  beans  are  important  crops,  and  the 
yield  of  honey  is  large. 

Grazing  is  perhaps  the  leading  farm-interest,  and  Missouri 
ranks  among  the  first  of  the  states  in  the  number  of  her  live¬ 
stock,  —  horses,  neat-cattle,  mules,  swine,  and  sheep.  Dairy 
products  hold  an  important  place,  and  wool-growing  receives 
increasing  attention. 

Mining.  —  The  vast  and  varied  mineral  wealth  of  Missouri  is 
still  but  imperfectly  developed.  The  largest  production  is  in 
coal.  Of  iron  ore  millions  of  tons  are  mined  in  years  when  the 
iron  trade  is  active.  Iron  is  largely  smelted  ;  but  the  ore  is 
principally  sent  abroad  for  working.  The  production  of  lead 
and  the  quarrying  of  stone  are  important  industries. 

Manufactures.  —  All  the  conditions  for  the  growth  of  a  large 
manufacturing  interest — great  natural  resources,  abundant 
water-power,  and  an  intelligent  and  progressive  people  —  are 
present  in  Missouri ;  and  in  this  branch  of  industry  it  ranks  as 
the  fifth  state  in  the  value  of  its  products. 

The  principal  articles  are  flouring  and  grist-mill  products, 
saddlery  and  harness,  iron  and  iron  goods,  boots  and  shoes, 
building-materials,  tobacco  and  cigars,  liquors,  bags,  animal  oil, 
clothing,  furniture,  carriages,  printed  books,  and  periodicals. 
Pork-packing  is  also  a  prominent  industry  of  the  state. 


MISSOURI. 


193 


The  chief  centers  of  manufactures  are  St.  Louis,  Hannibal, 
Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph,  Cape  Girardeau,  Joplin,  Lexington  : 
other  places  are  developing  various  manufacturing  industries. 

Commerce.  —  The  commerce  of  Missouri  is  very  extensive. 
Owing  to  its  geographical  position  and  its  natural  and  artificial 
channels  of  transportation,  a  large  portion  of  the  produce  of 
the  north-west,  and  of  the  supplies  for  that  section,  is  borne 
through  the  state  or  along  its  borders.  In  addition  to  its 
domestic  trade  it  has  an  important  foreign  commerce. 

By  act  of  Congress  of  1870  foreign  merchandise  is  allowed  to  be  trans¬ 
ported  from  foreign  countries  in  bond  direct  to  interior  ports.  St. 
Louis,  St.  Joseph,  and  Kansas  City  are  United  States  ports  of  de¬ 
livery  belonging  to  the  district  of  Louisiana. 

Transportation.  —  In  addition  to  its  great  natural  highways 
of  transportation,  Missouri  is  well  equipped  with  railroads.  In¬ 
deed  the  railroad  business  now  renders  the  steam  navigation  of 
the  rivers  quite  subsidiary.  In  1852  there  were  but  38  miles 
of  railroad  in  the  state;  there  are  now  more  than  4,500  miles 
(exclusive  of  sidings,  double  tracks,  etc.).  Several  splendid  iron 
railroad  bridges  span  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers. 

VI!.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  General  Assembly, 
consisting  of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  The 
Senate  is  composed  of  thirty-four  members  elected  to  serve  four 
years. 

The  House  of  Representatives  must  not  exceed  two  hundred  members 
(at  present  it  consists  of  one  hundred  and  forty-three):  these  repre¬ 
sentatives  are  chosen  at  the  general  elections  every  two  years.  The 
sessions  of  the  General  Assembly  are  biennial,  beginning  on  the 
first  Wednesday  of  January  in  odd  years. 

Every  person  who  was  not  a  qualified  voter  prior  to  Jan.  1,  1876,  must 
be  able  to  read  and  write  as  a  qualification  for  voting. 

Members  of  both  branches  of  the  General  Assembly  must  be  white 
males. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  a  governor,  lieutenant- 
governor,  secretary  of  state,  state  auditor,  state  treasurer, 
attorney-general,  and  superintendent  of  public  schools.  The  j 
official  term  of  each  is  four  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  the  St. 
Louis  Court  of  Appeals,  circuit  courts,  criminal  courts,  probate 
courts,  county  courts,  and  municipal  corporative  courts. 

The  county  officials  are  judges  of  the  county  courts,  sheriff,  treasurer, 
recorder,  assessor,  collector,  prosecuting  attorney,  clerk  of  circuit 
court,  clerk  of  county  court,  coroner,  physician,  public  administrator, 
school  commissioner,  and  surveyor. 

State  Constitution.  —  The  present  state  constitution  of  Mis¬ 
souri  was  adopted  in  1875. 

Federal  Representation.  —  Missouri  is  represented  in  the 
national  Congress  at  Washington  by  two  senators  and  thirteen 
representatives,  and  has  therefore  fifteen  electoral  votes. 

VIII.  EDUCATION,  ETC. 

The  public  school  system  is  very  complete  and  effective, 
and  is  under  the  general  control  of  the  State  Board  of  Educa¬ 
tion,  consisting  of  the  state  superintendent  of  schools,  the' 
governor,  the  secretary  of  state,  and  the  attorney-general.  The  1 
system  comprises  : 

I.  Ungraded  district  schools. 

II.  Graded  schools ,  including  primary,  grammar,  and  high 
schools. 


III.  State  normal  schools. — There  is  a  normal  college  con¬ 
nected  with  the  State  University  at  Columbia,  and  a  city  nor¬ 
mal  school  at  St.  Louis,  and  a  normal  department  for  colored 
teachers  in  connection  with  Lincoln  Institute  at  Jefferson  City. 
Besides  these  are  the  normal  school  of  the  First  District,  lo¬ 
cated  at  Kirksville ;  the  normal  school  of  the  Second  District, 
at  Warrensburg ;  and  the  normal  school  of  the  Third  District, 
at  Cape  Girardeau. 

IV.  The  State  University.  —  This  is  the  highest  institution 
of  the  public  school  system  of  the  state,  and  is  located  at  Co¬ 
lumbia,  near  the  center  of  the  state.  It  is  open  to  persons  of 
either  sex,  and  includes,  in  addition  to  the  academic  depart¬ 
ment,  various  special  and  professional  schools  and  colleges. 

Other  Institutions.  —  In  addition  to  the  public  school  sys¬ 
tem  of  the  state  are  numerous  private  seminaries,  academies, 
etc.  ;  while  the  higher  education  is  provided  for  in  various  col¬ 
leges  and  professional  schools. 

Most  of  these  will  be  found  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  treat¬ 
ment  of  cities  and  towns. 

Benevolent  Institutions,  etc.  —  The  Missouri  Institution  for 
the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is  at  Fulton  ;  at  the  same 
place  is  State  Lunatic  Asylum  No.  1.  Lunatic  Asylum  No.  2 
is  at  St.  Joseph.  The  Missouri  Asylum  for  the  Blind  is  at 
St.  Louis;  the  State  Penitentiary,  at  Jefferson  City. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

Early  History;.  —  In  1541  De  Soto,  the  Spanish  explorer, 
with  his  followers,  entered  Missouri  by  the  valley  of  the  White 
River,  being  the  first  white  men  to  set  foot  on  the  soil  of  the 
state.  Later  the  whole  valley  of  the  Mississippi  was  claimed 
by  the  French,  under  the  name  of  “the  province  of  Louisiana.” 
Fort  Orleans,  near  where  Jefferson  City  stands,  was  built  by 
the  French  in  1719-  St.  Genevieve  was  settled  in  1755,  and 
St.  Louis  in  1764. 

In  1803  the  vast  region  called  “Louisiana”  was  purchased 
from  France  by  the  United  States  for  $15,000,000.  Two  yea’  s 
later  the  northern  part  of  the  purchase  was  established  as  the 
“District  of  Louisiana,”  and  in  1812  the  name  was  changed  to 
Missouri. 

State  History.  —  The  state  of  Missouri  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  in  1821,  after  a  long  and  excited  political  struggle, 
which  ended  in  the  “Missouri  Compromise”  of  1820,  by  which 
the  new  state  was  permitted  to  retain  slavery.  The  present 
limits  of  the  state  were  not  settled  till  1835. 

Missouri  never  passed  an  ordinance  of  secession  ;  but  the 
state  was  the  scene  of  several  active  campaigns.  After  the 
close  of  the  war,  sectional  differences  gradually  disappeared, 
and  the  state  entered  on  a  new  era  of  prosperity. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties  and  Towns.  —  Missouri  contains  114  counties,  and 
the  following  chief  cities  and  towns  : 

Jefferson  City,  in  Cole  County,  is  the  state  capital  and 
county  seat.  It  has  an  imposing  situation  on  the  south  bank 
of  the  Missouri  River;  is  a  well-built,  prosperous  city,  and  car¬ 
ries  on  various  manufactures,  including  flour,  wooden  and  iron 
ware,  furniture,  etc. 

St.  Louis  (population,  350,518),  the  metropolis  of  the  state, 
occupies  a  commanding  position  on  the  Mississippi  River, 


1 


194 


MISSOURI. 


20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri.  It  is  geographi¬ 
cally  the  most  central  of  the  large  cities  of  the  United  States, 
and  commercially  the  metropolis  of  the  middle  Mississippi 
Valley.  It  has  a  river  frontage  of  18  miles,  and  occupies  an 
area  of  more  than  60  miles.  It  is  a  railroad  center  of  the 
first  order,  more  than  twenty  railroads  meeting  here.  A  rail 
way  and  roadway  bridge  of  three  steel  arches,  resting  on 
stone  piers,  connects  the  city  with  East  St.  Louis  and  the 
eastern  railroad  system.  With  its  approaches,  it  is  a  mile  and 
a  sixth  in  length,  and  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent  structures 
of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

In  manufacturing  industry  St.  Louis  ranks  as  the  third  city 
of  this  country.  The  annual  value  of  its  manufactured  prod¬ 
ucts  exceeds  $250,000,000.  Its  manufactures  include  a  great 
variety  of  classes  and  kinds  of  articles.  In  the  manufacture 
of  flour  St.  Louis  surpasses  every  other  city  in  the  United 
States ;  and  among  other  leading  articles  are  iron  and  iron 
goods,  steel,  wooden-ware,  white-lead,  zinc,  sugar,  pork,  beer, 
whisky,  and  tobacco. 

In  commerce  St.  Louis  is  one  of  the  great  depots  of  the 
country.  Its  vast  railroad  system  and  admirable  water  trans¬ 
portation  place  it  in  daily  communication  with  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  with  the  Great  Lakes,  with  the  grain  fields  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  the  rich  gold 
and  silver  regions  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  across  these 
with  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  city  is  well  laid  out,  and  has  numerous  public  buildings 
of  great  architectural  beauty.  Among  the  notable  structures 
are  the  Pour  Courts,  the  Court  House,  the  Masonic  Temple, 
the  Merchants’  Exchange,  the  County  Insane  Asylum,  the 
Columbia  Insurance  Building,  and  the  Mercantile  Library.  A 
large  proportion  of  the  newer  buildings  are  of  iron,  brick,  and 
stone.  St.  Louis  has  more  than  2,000  acres  enclosed  as  parks 


and  pleasure-grounds,  and  as  a  place  of  residence  is  one  of  the 
most  healthful  cities  in  the  world. 

In  education  St.  Louis  has  long  enjoyed  an  exceptional  repu¬ 
tation.  The  public  schools,  which  are  of  every  grade,  from 
kindergarten  to  high  and  normal  schools,  have  more  than  a 
hundred  buildings,  and  are  attended  by  nearly  50,000  pupils. 
There  are  also  many  private  and  denominational  schools,  while 
the  higher  education  is  provided  for  in  two  colleges  and  two 
universities.  The  Mercantile  Library  and  the  Public  School 
Library  add  to  the  educational  advantages  of  the  city. 

Kansas  City  (population,  55,785),  the  second  city  in  population  and 
importance,  is  in  Jackson  County,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri  River. 
It  is  a  very  important  railroad  center,  and  the  trains  of  several  lines  here 
cross  the  Missouri  on  a  great  railroad  bridge.  The  city  is  advantageously 
located  in  the  midst  of  a  region  of  vast  agricultural  resources,  and  abound¬ 
ing  in  coal,  iron,  lead,  etc.,  —  facts  that  account  for  its  rapid  growth,  and 
insure  its  future  prosperity.  It  has  a  large  business  in  live-stock  and  grain, 
and  is  the  distributing  point  for  the  trade  of  the  Missouri  Valley.  Among 
its  manufacturing  establishments  are  foundries  and  immense  pork-packing 
houses.  The  growth  of  the  city  has  been  exceedingly  rapid. 

St.  Joseph,  a  city,  and  county  seat  of  Buchanan  County,  is  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River.  It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  and  has 
a,  costly  iron  railroad  bridge  over  the  river.  Its  manufacturing  interests  are 
large  and  varied;  and  among  the  establishments  are  iron-foundries,  manu¬ 
factories  of  woolen  goods,  carriages,  saddlery,  furniture,  boots  and  shoes, 
clothing,  together  with  packing-houses,  flour-mills,  etc. 

Hannibal,  a  city  of  Marion  County,  is  one  of  the  largest  lumber-markets 
on  the  Mississippi.  It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  and  the  river  is  here 
crossed  by  a  fine  iron  bridge.  Hannibal  has  flouring-mills,  grain-elevators, 
iron-foundries,  tobacco-factories,  car-works,  packing-houses,  and  various 
other  manufactures.  It  is  the  seat  of  St.  Paul’s  College. 

Joplin  City  is  the  center  of  the  lead  district  of  Jasper  County,  and  its 
rapid  growth  (it  was  founded  in  1872)  is  due  to  its  great  development  of  the 
lead  industry.  It  contains  numerous  smelting  furnaces. 

Sedalia,  a  city,  and  county  seat  of  Pettis  County,  is  the  chief  railroad 
center  of  west-central  Missouri.  It  has  important  manufactures,  and  a 
large  and  increasing  commerce. 


Booneville  —  a  city,  and  county  seat  of  Cooper 
County,  on  Missouri  River.  Manufactures 
of  iron,  woolen  goods,  earthenware,  wine, 
etc. 

Brookfield  —  in  Linn  County,  on  Yellow  Creek. 
Important  railroad  center.  Machine  shops. 
Coal-mines  in  vicinity.  Much  business 
enterprise 

Butler  —  county  seat  of  Bates  County.  Manu¬ 
facture  of  woolen  goods,  etc  Vicinity  of 
extensive  coal-fields. 

California  —  a  village,  and  county  seat  of  Moni¬ 
teau  County  Manufactures  of  paper,  flour, 
woolen  goods,  etc. 

Cameron  —  in  Clinton  County.  Educational 
facilities.  Important  railroad  center. 

Canton  —  the  county  seat  of  Lewis  County,  on 
Mississippi  River.  Flouring-mills,  planing 
and  lumber  mills.  Educational  center,  and 
seat  of  the  Christian  University. 

Cape  Girardeau — a  city  of  Cape  Girardeau 
County,  on  Mississippi  River.  Educational 
center.  Manufacture  of  flour,  beer,  lime, 
barrels,  etc.  River  trade  One  of  the  state 
normal  schools  is  located  here. 

Carrollton  —  county  seat  of  Carroll  County,  on 
Waconda  Creek.  Local  trade. 

Carthage  —  a  flourishing  town,  county  seat  of 
Jasper  County  Abundant  water-power 
Manufactures  of  flour,  iron  and  woolen 
goods,  carriages,  plows,  etc.  Vicinity  of 
lead-mines.  It  has  excellent  public  schools. 

Chillicothe  —  county  seat  of  Livingston  County. 
Railroad  and  trading  center. 

Columbia  —  county  seat  of  Boone  County.  Edu¬ 
cational  center.  Seat  of  State  University. 
Manufacturing  interests. 

De  Soto  —  in  Jefferson  County,  on  Joachim 
Creek.  Grist-mills.  Shipping-point  for 
grain,  lead,  and  zinc. 


Fayette  —  a  village,  and  county  seat  of  Howard 
County,  on  Bonne  Femme  Creek.  Seat 
of  Central  College  Educational  center. 

Fredericktown  —  a  village,  and  county  seat  of 
Madison  County,  on  little  St.  Francis 
River.  Manufactures  of  flour,  beer,  lum¬ 
ber,  etc 

Fulton  —  county  seat  of  Callaway  County.  Seat 
of  State  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  a  State 
Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  of 
Westminster  College.  Educational  center 

Glasgow  —  in  Howard  County,  on  Missouri 
River.  Educational  center.  Manufactures 
of  flour,  tobacco,  etc. 

Hermann  —  county  seat  of  Gasconade  County, 
on  the  south  bank  of  Missouri  River. 
Manufactures  of  flour,  wine,  cigars,  etc. 

Huntsville  —  county  seat  of  Randolph  County, 
near  East  Chariton  River.  Seat  of  Mount 
Pleasant  College.  Manufactures  of  flour, 
woolen  goods,  plows,  etc.  Coal  beds. 

Independence  —  county  seat  of  Jackson  County. 
Manufactures  of  flour,  woolen  goods, 
brooms,  etc.  Railroad  facilities. 

Iron  Mountain  —  in  St  Francois  County,  on 
St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain,  and  Southern 
Railroad.  Rich  iron  region.  Manufac¬ 
tures  of  iron. 

Ironton  —  a  flourishing  village,  county  seat  of 
Iron  County.  Iron  ore  and  beds  of  granite 
in  vicinity.  Varied  manufactures. 

Kirksville  —  county  seat  of  Adair  County.  Seat 
of  the  Normal  School  of  the  First  District. 
Manufactures  of  flour,  woolen  goods,  etc. 

Kirkwood — a  beautiful  'place  in  St.  Louis 
County,  twelve  miles  from  St.  Louis. 

La  Grange  —  in  Lewis  County,  on  Mississippi 
River.  Baptist  college.  Local  trade. 

Lexington  —  county  seat  of  Lafayette  County, 
on  Missouri  River.  Coal  fields.  Manu¬ 


facture  of  lumber,  flour,  rope,  etc.  Educa¬ 
tional  center. 

Liberty  —  county  seat  of  Clay  County,  near 
Missouri  River.  Railway  facilities.  Manu¬ 
factures  of  flour,  plows,  woolen  goods, 
wagons,  etc.  Educational  center.  Seat  of 
William  Jewell  College. 

Louisiana  —  a  thriving  city  of  Pike  County,  on 
Mississippi  River,  here  crossed  by  a  splen¬ 
did  iron  bridge.  Important  railroad  center 
Seat  of  a  Baptist  college,  and  of  Paidee 
College.  Manufactures  of  flour,  tobacco, 
lumber,  stoves,  etc. 

Macon  City  —  county  seat  of  Macon  County. 
Manufactures  of  agricultural  implements, 
wagons,  etc.  Vicinity  of  rich  coal-mines. 

Mexico  —  county  seat  of  Audrain  County.  Trade 
and  varied  manufactures.  Educational 
center. 

Moberly  —  in  Randolph  County,  is  an  impor¬ 
tant  railway  center.  Machine  shops  and 
manufactories  of  carriages,  flour,  tobacco, 
etc. 

Neosho  —  a  flourishing  village,  county  seat  of 
Newton  County  Lead-mines  ; a  the  vicinity 
Manufactures  of  flour,  woolen  goods,  wag¬ 
ons,  etc. 

Nevada  —  county  seat  of  Vernon  County.  Vi¬ 
cinity  of  coal-mines.  Varied  industries. 

Oregon  —  a  village,  and  county  seat  of  Holt 
County,  near  the  Missouri  River.  Varied 
manufactures.  The  town  has  excellent 
schools. 

Palmyra  —  county  seat  of  Marion  County.  Ed¬ 
ucational  center.  Seat  of  St.  Paul’s  College 
and  of  Ingleside  Female  College.  Railway 
center. 

Pleasant  Hill  —  the  county  seat  of  Cass  County. 
Railway  center.  Manufactures  of  flour, 
chairs,  and  woolen  goods. 


Richmond  —  county  seat  of  Ray  County,  near 
M  issouri  River.  Manufactures  of  carriages 
and  farming  implements.  Vicinity  of  coal¬ 
beds. 

Rolla  —  county  seat  of  Phelps  County.  Seat  of 
the  Missouri  School  of  Mines,  a  branch  of 
the  State  University. 

Savannah  — county  seatof  Andrew  County,  near 
Missouri  River.  Manufactures  of  brooms, 
plows,  etc. 

Springfield  —  a  city,  and  county  seat  of  Greene 
County.  Most  important  place  in  south¬ 
western  Missouri.  Seat  of  Drury  College. 
Manufactures  of  machinery,  engines  and 
boilers,  and  cotton. 

St.  Charles  —  a  city,  and  county  seat  of  St. 
Charles  County,  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
Missouri,  twenty-two  miles  north-west  of 
St.  Louis.  Elevated  situation.  Seat  of  St. 
Charles  College.  Manufactures  of  railroad- 
cars  and  flour.  Extensive  establishment  for 
building  bridges.  Limestone  quarries  and 
coal-mines  in  the  vicinity. 

St.  Genevieve  —  county  seat  of  St.  Genevieve 
County,  on  Mississippi  River.  Oldest  town 
in  the  state.  Limestone,  marble,  and  lead 
are  found  in  the  vicinity. 

Trenton  — county  seatof  Grundy  Count}',  on  the 
Crooked  Fork  of  Grand  River.  Machine 
shops,  flour  and  woolen  mills. 

W arrensburg  —  county  seat  of  Johnson  County, 
on  Black  River.  Seat  of  South  Missouri 
State  Normal  School.  Flouring  and  woolen 
mills.  Important  shipping-point  for  wheat 
and  other  grain. 

Washington  —  a  village  of  F ranklin  County,  on 
the  Missouri  River.  Shipping-point  for 
wheat,  maize,  pork,  etc. 

Weston  —  in  Platte  County,  on  Missouri  River. 
Manufactures  of  flour,  leather,  etc. 


KANSAS 


T95 


KANSAS. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 


adjoining  Missouri.  Name  the  southern  tier  of  counties.  What  are  the 
seven  counties  bordering  on  Colorado?  In  which  county  is  the  capital? 
[In  which  county  do  you  live?] 

Cities.  — Locate  the  capital.  In  what  section  of  the  state  are  most  of 
the  large  towns  ?  What  important  cities  or  towns  on  or  near  the  Missouri 
River ?&  On  or  near  Kansas  River?  On  or  near  Big  Blue  River?  What 
city  in  Nemaha  County?  In  Washington  County?  What  cities  or  towns 
on  or  near  Republican  River?  On  Smoky  Hill  River?  On  01  near  the 
Neosho?  What  city  in  Bourbon  County?  What  places  on  Osage  River? 
What  city  in  Montgomery  County?  What  places  at  the  south-eastern 
corner  of  the  state  ?  What  places  are  on  the  railroad  between  Wyandotte 
and  Salina  ?  Between  Kansas  City  and  Fort  Scott?  Between  Atchison 
and  Independence?  Between  Oswego  and  Clay  Center?  Between  Leaven- 
worth  and  Wichita?  Between  Stockton  and  Kansas  City?  [What  is  the 
county  seat  of  the  county  in  which  you  live?  What  cities  in  your  own 
countv  ?  What  cities  in  adjoining  counties  ?  ] 


Situation  and  Outline.  —  What  is  the  general  shape  of  Kansas?  What 
parallel  forms  its  northern  boundary?  What  states  north  of  Kansas?  What 
natural  boundary  on  the  north-east?  What  states  east?  What  parallel 
forms  its  southern  boundary?  Through  how  many  degrees  of  longitude 
does  the  southern  boundary  extend?  Measure  by  the  scale  of  miles  the 
length  of  this  boundary  line.  What  political  division  south  of  Kansas? 
What  meridian  forms  its  western  boundary  ?  Length  of  this  boundary  line  ? 
What  state  west  of  Kansas  ?  When  it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is 
it  at  the  western  border  of  the  state  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  great  river  forms  a  partial  boundary?  What  large  river 
in  the  state  is  a  tributary  of  the  Missouri?  What  two  rivers  unite  to  foim 
Kansas  River?  In  which  county  is  their  confluence  ?  Name  other  branches 
of  the  Kansas.  What  are  the  principal  tributaries  of  Smoky  Hill  River? 
What  river  drains  the  south-central  part  of  the  state?  What  are  the  piin- 
cipal  branches  of  Arkansas  River?  Of  what  great  river  is  the  Arkansas  a 
tributary?  What  river  drains  the  south-western  part  of  the  state?  What 
river  drains  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state?  What  river  in  the  eastein 
section  flows  into  Missouri?  Into  Indian  territory? 

Counties.  —  How  many  counties  border  on  Nebraska?  Which  counties 
border  on  the  Missouri  River?  Name  the  counties  south  of  Kansas  River 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  82,080  square  miles.  Population,  996,096 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  — Kansas,  one  of  the  “West-Central  States,”  is 
so  situated,  that  the  geographical  center  of  the  United  States 
domain  (exclusive  of  Alaska)  is  within  its  limits. 

It  extends  from  longitude  94°  4 o  west  to  102  west,  and  fiom 
latitude  3 7°  to  40°  north. 

Extent.  —  Its  greatest  length  (from  east  to  wTest)  is  410 
miles,  and  its  greatest  width  about  210  miles.  The  state  has 
the  general  form  of  a  rectangle. 

II.  SURFACE. 

General  Character.  —  The  ^eneral  surfac 
undulating  plateau,  forming  a  part  of  “  I  ho  Plains.  At  the 


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KANSAS. 


north-western  border  the  altitude  is  about  3,5°°  feet  above  the 
sea-level ;  at  the  confluence  of  the  Kansas  and  Missouri  rivers 
it  is  about  750  feet. 

Special  Features.  —  There  are  no  mountains  in  the  state; 
but  no  portion  of  the  state  is  monotonous,  the  surface  being 
varied  by  bluffs  rising  back  from  the  bottom-lands,  and  by 
rolling  prairies,  grass-covered  hills,  and  beautiful  valleys. 

111.  DRAINAGE. 

System. — All  the  rivers  of  the  state  belong  directly  or 
indirectly  to  the  Mississippi  system.  The  greater  rivers  are 
the  Missouri,  the  Kansas,  and  the  Arkansas. 

The  Missouri  forms  the  north-eastern  boundary,  where  it 
presents  a  water-front  of  more  than  150  miles.  It  is  an  impor¬ 
tant  commercial  highway,  and  is  crossed  by  four  iron  railroad 
bridges  which  connect  Kansas  with  the  railroad  system  of 
Missouri. 

Kansas  (or  Kaw)  River,  formed  by  the  union  of  Republican 
and  Smoky  Hill  rivers,  has  been  navigated  as  far  as  Fort  Riley 
by  steamers  ;  but  the  presence  of  bridges  and  dams  now  pre¬ 
vents  steam  navigation.  The  valley  of  the  Kansas  includes 
about  a  third  of  the  surface  of  the  state. 

Tributaries.  —  Republican  River  rises  by  several  branches  in  eastern 
Colorado,  and,  after  flowing  through  north-western  Kansas  into 
Nebraska,  takes  a  course  generally  eastward  until  it  reaches  longi¬ 
tude  98°  west  Greenwich,  where  it  strikes  the  northern  boundary  of 
Kansas,  and  again  enters  that  state.  It  has  a  length  of  550  miles, 
and  near  Junction  City  unites  with  the  Smoky  Hill  to  form  Kansas 
River. 

Smoky  Hill  River  also  rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Colorado,  and  after 
entering  Kansas  flows  in  an  easterly  direction  to  its  union  with 
Republican  River.  Its  length  is  about  400  miles,  and  its  two  most 
important  branches  are  the  Saline  and  the  Solomon  rivers. 

Besides  its  two  main  constituents,  the  other  principal  tributaries  of 
Kansas  River  are  the  Blue,  the  Grasshopper,  and  the  Wakarusa. 

Arkansas  River  rises  on  or  near  Mount  Arkansas,  in  Colo¬ 
rado,  and  in  Kansas  has  a  winding  course  (first  eastward,  and 
then  south-eastward)  of  about  450  miles,  passing  into  Indian 
Territory  at  about  970  west  longitude.  The  valley  of  the 
Arkansas  includes  about  two-thirds  of  the  southern  part  of 
the  state. 

Other  Rivers.  —  All  the  other  rivers  of  the  state  are  tributaries  of  the 
Missouri,  the  Kansas,  or  the  Arkansas.  Among  these  the  most 
important  is  the  Neosho,  which  rises  in  the  east-central  part  of  the 
state,  and  flows  south-east,  passing  into  Indian  Territory  near  the 
south-east  corner  of  Kansas. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

General  Characteristics.  —  The  climate  of  Kansas  is  “con¬ 
tinental  ;  ”  that  is,  it  presents  extremes  of  temperature.  But 
the  cold,  though  sometimes  severe,  is  of  brief  duration,  and 
the  dry  air  makes  it  the  more  easily  borne  ;  while  the  summer 
heats  are  tempered  by  cool,  refreshing  nights. 

The  rainfall  decreases  from  the  eastern  section,  where  it  is 
usually  abundant,  to  the  western  section,  where  it  is  less  plenti¬ 
ful,  but  generally  sufficient  for  a  pastoral  country. 

The  climate  of  Kansas  is  famed  for  its  salubrity. 

Details.  —  As  regards  rainfall,  authorities  divide  the  state  into  three 
sections,  —  Eastern,  Middle,  and  Western  Kansas;  and  the  obser¬ 
vations  thus  far  made  give  the  average  annual  number  of  inches  of 
rain  as  37  in  the  eastern,  23  in  the  middle,  and  19  in  the  western 
section. 


The  most  disagreeable  feature  of  the  climate  is  the  severe  winds 
which  sweep  over  the  prairies  during  the  winter  months  from  the 
north-west :  during  summer,  pleasant  south-west  breezes  prevail. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

Soil.  —  The  bottom-lands,  bench-lands,  and  table-lands  of 
Kansas,  are,  for  the  most  part,  a  rich  black  loam,  finely  suited 
to  farming-purposes.  In  the  western  section  and  in  the  Ar¬ 
kansas  valley  the  soil  is  sandy  ;  in  the  entire  state  it  is  rich  in 
mineral  constituents. 

Minerals.  —  In  the  south  eastern  section  of  the  state  is  an 
area  of  about  10,000  square  miles  containing  excellent  bitumi¬ 
nous  coal,  fairly  abundant,  and  readily  accessible. 

This  section  belongs  to  the  “  middle  coal-measures  of  the  true  car¬ 
boniferous  system.”  These  coal-fields  are  yearly  developing  value. 
Large  mines  are  also  being  worked  near  Leavenworth  in  the  north¬ 
eastern  part  of  the  state.  In  the  western  part  are  beds  of  lignite, 
which  is  very  useful  as  a  domestic  fuel. 

Other  valuable  minerals  are  limestone,  gypsum,  sandstone, 
good  chalk  (in  the  western  section),  lead,  zinc  (which  is  mined 
and  smelted  at  several  points),  salt  (abundant  in  the  salines  of 
Kansas,  and  of  great  excellence),  fire-clay,  hydraulic  limestone, 
excellent  building-stone,  etc. 

Vegetation.  —  Only  about  five  per  cent  of  the  area  is  forest¬ 
land  ;  but  the  river-bottoms  throughout  most  of  the  state  have 
belts  of  timber,  including  ash,  elm,  hackberry,  cottonwood, 
box-elder,  black-walnut,  sycamore,  pecan,  oak,  hickory,  mul¬ 
berry,  and  other  species. 

Among  other  native  productions  abundantly  found  are  the 
plum  and  cherry,  the  grape,  strawberry,  raspberry,  and  goose¬ 
berry. 

The  timber  area  is  increasing  in  consequence  of  tree-planting  and 
the  restricting  of  prairie  fires.  Considerable  plantations  of  trees 
have  been  made;  the  favorites  being  the  locust,  ailanthus,  eucalyp¬ 
tus  (the  presence  of  which  is  known  to  destroy  the  germs  of 
malaria),  and  the  more  rapidly  growing  native  trees. 

The  native  grasses  of  all  parts  of  the  state  afford  excellent 
pasturage,  which  endures  throughout  the  year.  The  buffalo- 
grass,  which  covers  the  plains  in  the  western  section,  is  exceed¬ 
ingly  sweet  and  nutritious. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture.  — -  Agriculture  is  the  leading  industry.  Winter 
and  spring  wheat,  Indian-corn,  rye,  oats,  and  potatoes,  are  the 
great  staples  ;  and  large  crops  of  sorghum,  broom-corn,  hay, 
hemp,  flax,  and  orchard  and  garden  products,  are  raised. 

Among  other  of  the  very  varied  products  of  Kansas  should  also  be 
mentioned  cotton,  tobacco,  and  castor-beans.  As  a  wine-producing 
state  it  has  great  possibilities,  and  promising  experiments  have 
been  made  in  silk-raising.  Bee-keeping  and  the  production  of  honey 
is  also  a  growing  industry. 

The  rearing  of  cattle  is  a  prominent  industry,  and  an  im¬ 
mense  business  is  done  in  fattening  and  shipping  cattle  driven 
in  from  Texas  and  the  Cherokee  country,  as  well  as  from  the 
•ranches  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  Sheep-husbandry,  for 
which  the  western  section  of  the  state  presents  unusual  advan¬ 
tages,  is  attracting  much  attention. 

Manufactures.  —  The  absorption  of  so  large  a  proportion  of 
labor  in  the  primary  industries  of  agriculture  and  grazing  has 
retarded  manufactures  ;  but  this  interest  is  attracting  increased 


KANSAS. 


199 


attention  :  and  its  speedy  development  is  assured  by  the  exist¬ 
ence  of  abundant  water-power  and  good  coal  in  proximity  to 
he  raw  materials. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  those  of  lumber,  flour,  furniture  and 
cabinet  goods,  castings,  metallic  wares,  woolens,  castor  and  linseed 
oils,  soap,  dressed  stone,  paint,  ground  plaster,  lime,  salt,  sirup, 
bricks,  leather,  cheese,  wagons,  carriages,  machinery,  cigars,  brooms, 
and  farm  utensils. 

Transportation.  —  Transportation  facilities  are  afforded  by 
the  Missouri  River,  and  by  the  numerous  railroads,  the  con¬ 
struction  of  which,  aided  by  government  land-grants  and  the 
universal  ease  of  grades,  has  been  extraordinarily  rapid.  In 
1863  there  were  but  40  miles  of  railroad  in  Kansas;  whereas 
the  total  mileage  is  now  over  2,500  miles. 

The  two  great  railway  systems  of  the  state  are  the  Kansas  Pacific  (the 
Kansas  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific)  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  Fd.  The  former  is  part  of  the  transcontinental  line  by  way  of 
the  Union  Central  Pacific  route,  and  the  latter  by  way  of  the  South¬ 
ern  Pacific.  The  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas  Railway  is  an  im¬ 
portant  line  connecting  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state  with  the 
Gulf,  as  well  as  with  the  North  and  East. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  executive  officers  of  the  state  are  the  governor,  lieu¬ 
tenant-governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attorney- 
general,  and  superintendent  of  schools.  All  of  these  are 
elected  by  the  people  for  a  term  of  two  years. 

The  Legislature  consists  of  a  Senate,  whose  members  are 
elected  for  four  years,  and  a  House  of  Representatives,  whose 
members  are  elected  for  two  years.  The  sessions  are  biennial. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  and  district 
and  other  local  courts. 

Municipal  Corporations.  —  The  cities  are  divided  into  three  classes: 
those  having  a  population  of  over  15  000  are  cities  of  the  first  class; 
those  between  2,000  and  15,000,  of  the  second  class;  and  those  of 
under  2,000  population,  of  the  third  class. 

National  Representation.  —  Kansas  is  represented  in  Con¬ 
gress  by  two  senators,  and  by  the  census  of  1880  is  entitled  to 
seven  representatives,  and  hence  has  nine  electoral  votes. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Public.  —  The  public  school  system  is  under  the  supervision 
of  the  state  superintendent  and  state  board  of  education,  of 
county  and  city  superintendents,  and  of  district  boards  and 
directors.  It  comprises  district  schools,  graded  and  high 
schools,  state  normal  schools,  and  the  state  university,  and  is 
liberally  provided  for  in  the  constitution  and  by  enlightened 
legislation. 

The  state  normal  schools  are  at  Emporia,  Leavenworth,  and 
Concordia.  The  State  University  is  at  Lawrence;  it  is  open  to 
both  sexes,  and  tuition  is  free.  The  State  Agricultural  College 
is  at  Manhattan  :  it  furnishes  scientific  and  industrial  education 
free  to  both  sexes. 

Among  other  institutions  for  the  higher  education  may  be 
mentioned  Washburn  College  and  the  College  of  the  Sisters  of 
Bethany  at  Topeka,  Baker  University  at  Baldwin  City,  High¬ 
land  University  at  Highland,  St.  Mary’s  Cathedral  and  Mount 
St.  Mary’s  Academy  at  Leavenworth,  St.  Mary’s  Mission  and 
St.  Mary’s  College  at  St.  Mary’s. 

Other  State  Institutions. — The  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and 


Dumb  is  at  Olathe  ;  the  Institution  for  the  Blind,  at  Wyan¬ 
dotte  ;  and  the  State  Insane  Asylums  are  at  Ossawattomie  and 
Topeka.  The  State  Penitentiary  is  near  Leavenworth. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

Territorial  Period.  —  Kansas  was  annexed  to  the  United 
States  in  1803  as  part  of  the  territory  bought  from  France 
under  the  general  designation  of  “  Louisiana.” 

By  an  act  of  Congress  in  1854  a  territorial  government 
(whose  jurisdiction  included  Nebraska  and  Colorado)  was  or¬ 
ganized.  By  this  act  the  “  Missouri  Compromise  ”  1  was  de¬ 
clared  inoperative  and  void  in  these  territories,  and  the  question 
of  slaverv  was  left  to  the  decision  of  the  inhabitants.  Kansas 

J 

thus  became  the  battle-ground  of  the  party  in  favor  of  the 
extension  of  slavery  in  their  struggle  against  the  “  Freesoilers.” 
Thousands  of  persons  immigrated  from  both  North  and  South  ; 
bloodshed  began  between  the  two  classes  of  settlers,  and  for 
years  Kansas  was  the  scene  of  lawless  violence.  In  this  long 
struggle  several  hundred  lives,  and  millions  of  dollars’  worth  of 
property,  were  sacrificed.  The  strife  was  ended  in  1861  by  the 
admission  of  Kansas  as  a  free  state. 

State  History.  —  During  the  war  of  secession  (1861-65)  the 
Kansas  borders  were  more  or  less  constantly  the  scene  of 
military  operations.  It  is  said  that  Kansas  “had  more  soldiers 
than  she  had  voters  ;  and  although  she  never  offered  a  bounty, 
or  made  a  conscription,  she  furnished  proportionately  more 
soldiers  than  any  other  state.  In  the  battle  mortality  list  she 
also  far  exceeded  all  other  states,  61  out  of  every  1,000  of  her 
soldiers  having  been  killed  in  the  field.” 

With  the  close  of  the  war  began  a  period  of  prosperity  for 
Kansas.  By  the  aid  of  the  railroad  extension  the  area  of  her 
cultivated  lands  has  wonderfully  increased,  and  her  growth  in 
wealth  and  population  has  been  uninterrupted. 

The  population  in  1855  was  8,601  ;  by  the  census  of  1880  it 
was  over  1,000,000. 

The  present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1861. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  Kansas  is  divided  into  103  counties. 
The  following  are  the  leading  cities  :  — 

Topeka  (population,  15,451),  the  county  seat  of  Shawnee 
County,  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  built  on  both  banks 
of  the  Kansas  River,  about  70  miles  west  of  Kansas  City,  in 
the  heart  of  the  most  populous  and  fertile  portion  of  Kansas. 
The  greater  portion  of  the  city,  however,  lies  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  river,  which  is  crossed  by  a  fine  iron  bridge.  In 
the  neighboring  country  are  extensive  deposits  of  bituminous 
coal.  Of  the  public  buildings  the  State  House  is  an  imposing- 
structure,  and  the  State  Asylum  for  the  Insane  is  also  worthy 
of  note. 

The  educational  facilities  of  Topeka  are  excellent,  this  city 
being  the  seat  of  Washburn  College  and  of  the  College  of  the 
Sisters  of  Bethany,  and  having  a  fine  system  of  public  schools. 

1  By  the  Missouri  Compromise  Law  of  1820  it  was  provided,  that  “  in  all  territory  ceded 
by  France  to  the  United  States  under  the  name  of  Louisiana,  which  lies  north  of  latitude 
36°  30'  north,  excepting  only  such  parts  as  are  included  within  the  limits  of  the  state  [Mis¬ 
souri]  contemplated  by  this  act,  slavery  and  involuntary  servitude,  otherwise  than  in  the 
punishment  of  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  be  and  is  hereby 
forever  prohibited.” 


200 


KANSAS. 


The  manufactures  are  widely  diversified,  and  in  a  thriving 
condition,  comprising,  among  other  items,  flour,  iron  goods, 
bricks,  tiles,  carriages,  etc.  Extensive  railway  shops  are  also 
located  here. 

Topeka  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1857,  and  became  the 
capital  of  the  state  in  1861. 

Leavenworth  (population,  16,550),  the  metropolis  of  the 
state,  and  the  county  seat  of  Leavenworth  County,  is  beautifully 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  about  40 
miles  above  Kansas  City.  A  bed  of  limestone  underlies  the 
site  of  the  city,  effectually  protecting  it  from  the  encroachments 
of  the  Missouri  River. 

In  respect  to  its  commercial  facilities  Leavenworth  is  highly 
favored.  Numerous  important  railways  center  here,  and  its 
trade  both  by  river  and  by  rail  is  flourishing  and  steadily 
increasing.  A  -magnificent  iron  railway  bridge  here  crosses 
the  Missouri. 

Among  the  numerous  thriving  industries  of  this  place  may 
be  mentioned  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  soap,  wagons,  and 
furniture,  besides  its  extensive  elevators,  flour  and  saw  mills, 
and  machine  shops. 

Leavenworth  is  the  seat  of  one  of  the  state  normal  schools, 
and  enjoys  a  well-deserved  reputation  for  the  superior  excel¬ 
lence  of  its  common-school  system. 

Atchison,  the  county  seat  of  Atchison  County,  has  a  pleasant  situation  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  about  midway  between  Leavenworth 
and  St.  Joseph,  in  Missouri.  In  common  with  these  cities  it  has  great  ad¬ 
vantages  from  its  favorable  situation  for  river  traffic,  in  addition  to  which 
numerous  important  railroad  lines  contribute  largely  to  its  prosperity. 
About  seventy-five  trains  arrive  and  depart  daily  over  the  eight  roads  which 
here  intersect,  and  a  fine  iron  bridge  crosses  the  river  at  this  point. 

The  population  of  Atchison  has  greatly  increased  during  the  last  decade, 
and  the  city  has  extensive  and  flourishing  manufactures  of  flour,  brick, 
lumber,  furniture,  carriages,  steam-engines,  etc. 

Lawrence,  the  county  seat  of  Douglas  County,  on  the  Kansas  River,  is 
a  center  of  trade  for  a  fertile  and  populous  section  of  the  state,  having  a 
favorable  situation,  between  Topeka  and  Kansas  City,  in  Missouri.  The 
manufactures,  favored  by  the  excellent  water-power,  are  in  a  thriving  condi¬ 
tion,  the  most  important  of  them  being  grain  and  lumber  products.  This 
city  is  the  seat  of  the  State  University,  which  occupies  a  commanding 
site. 

Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat  of  Bourbon  County,  is  one  of  the  most  impor¬ 
tant  places  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  situated  near  the 
Missouri  border,  and  in  a  region  rich  in  bituminous  coal,  the  mining  and 
shipping  of  which  give  Fort  Scott  its  chief  commercial  importance.  Among 


the  articles  manufactured  here  may  be  mentioned  flour,  woolen  goods,  soap, 
etc.  Here  is  situated  a  high  and  normal  school. 

Wyandotte,  the  county  seat  of  Wyandotte  County,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Kansas  and  Missouri  rivers,  is  a  thriving  and  growing  place.  Here  are 
extensive  machine  shops  and  carriage  factories,  besides  flour  and  lumber 
mills.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Institution  for  the  Blind. 

Emporia,  located  in  a  fertile  farming-country,  is  the  county  seat  of  Lyon 
County,  on  the  Neosho  River,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Cottonwood 
River.  It  is  at  the  junction  of  two  important  lines  of  railroad,  and  has 
varied  and  thriving  manufactures.  Here  is  one  of  the  state  normal  schools. 

Wichita,  the  county  seat  of  Sedgwick  County,  is  situated  at  the  conflu¬ 
ence  of  the  Arkansas  and  Little  Arkansas  rivers,  on  a  branch  of  the  Atchi¬ 
son,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  It  derives  its  chief  importance  from 
the  shipment  of  the  products  of  the  fertile  surrounding  country. 

Junction  City,  the  county  seat  of  Davis  County,  is  finely  situated  between 
Smoky  Hill  and  Republican  rivers,  at  the  junction  of  several  railroads.  Its 
manufactures  are  various  and  in  a  thriving  condition,  comprising,  among 
other  items,  flour,  furniture,  etc. 

Olathe,  the  county  seat  of  Johnson  County,  is  the  seat  of  the  State 
Asvlum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  possesses  superior  educational  advan¬ 
tages. 

Ottawa,  the  county  seat  of  Franklin  County,  on  the  Osage  River,  is  an 
important  railroad  center.  The  river  is  here  crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge 
and  a  railroad  bridge.  This  place  is  the  seat  of  Ottawa  University.  The 
chief  manufactures  are  those  of  flour,  carriages,  furniture,  soap,  lumber,  and 
wagons. 

Parsons,  in  Labette  County,  in  the  south-eastern  section  of  the  state,  is 
an  important  railroad  center.  Here  are  railroad  machine-shops,  and  manu¬ 
factories  of  plows,  furniture,  pottery  and  tiles. 

Hutchinson,  the  county  seat  of  Reno  County,  is  a  flourishing  and  pros¬ 
perous  city,  surrounded  by  a  thriving  agricultural  region.  It  has  a  large 
and  growing  trade,  extending  to  the  southern  and  south-western  borders  of 
the  state.  It  also  has  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools. 

Dodge  City,  in  Ford  County,  is  an  important  shipping-point  for  all  the 
western  part  of  the  state. 

Among  other  noteworthy  places  in  this  state  maybe  mentioned  Paola,  a 
flourishing  town  in  the  fertile  county  of  Miami;  Manhattan,  in  Riley 
County,  the  seat  of  the  State  Agricultural  College;  Oswego,  in  Labette 
County,  in  a  rich  coal  region;  Humboldt,  in  Allen  County,  a  thriving 
trading  center;  Independence,  an  enterprising  town  in  Montgomery 
County,  the  heart  of  a  fine  farming-region;  Burlington,  the  county  seat 
of  Coffey  County,  on  the  Neosho  River;  and  Concordia,  the  county  seat  of 
Cloud  County,  the  seat  of  a  state  normal  school. 

Abilene,  Beloit,  Clay  Center,  Hiawatha,  Marysville,  S alina, 
Columbus,  Girard,  Iola,  Wellington,  Wingfield,  Great  Bend,  and 
Newton  are  all  county  seats,  and  important  towns  in  their  respective 
localities,  and  have  a  large  and  growing  trade.  The  rapid  development  of 
the  country  is  equaled  only  by  the  thrift  and  prosperity  of  the  towns,  from 
which  supplies  are  furnished  and  in  which  the  increasing  products  of  the 
soil  find  a  ready  market. 


NEBRASKA. 


201 


NEBRASKA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  parallel  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  northern  boun¬ 
dary?  What  natural  boundary  on  the  east?  What  states  east?  What 
parallels  form  the  southern  boundary  ?  What  states  south  ?  What  me¬ 
ridians  form  the  western  boundary  of  the  state  ?  What  state  and  territory 
west  of  Nebraska?  When  it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  at 
Omaha?  Through  how  many  degrees  of  longitude  does  the  state  extend  ? 
Through  how  many  of  latitude  ?  Measure  by  the  scale  of  miles  the  greatest 
length  (east  to  west)  and  breadth  of  the  state. 

Rivers.  —  What  great  boundary  river  has  Nebraska?  Describe  the 
Missouri  River.  Into  what  river  do  all  the  streams  of  the  state  flow  directly 
or  indirectly?  What  is  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Missouri  in  Nebraska? 
Describe  the  Platte  River.  What  two  streams  unite  to  form  the  Platte? 
What  chief  tributaries  does  the  Platte  receive  from  the  north?  What  is 
the  principal  tributary  of  the  Missouri  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state? 
What  are  the  principal  rivers  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state?  Of  what  is 
Republican  River  an  affluent? 

Counties.  — Which  are  the  most  northern  counties  of  the  state?  Which 
counties  border  on  the  Missouri  River?  Name  the  counties  of  the  southern 
tier.  Through  which  counties  does  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  pass? 
Which  is  the  largest  county?  Which  are  the  most  western  counties?  [In 
which  county  do  you  live  ?]  What  part  is  not  yet  divided  into  counties  ? 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  Which  city  is  the  capital  of  the  state?  Locate 
Omaha,  the  metropolis.  What  city  in  Otoe  County,  on  the  Missouri  River? 
What  city  in  Dodge  County?  Name  the  principal  towns  on  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad.  On  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad.  On 
Nebraska  Railroad.  On  Omaha  and  South-western  Railroad.  On  Atchi¬ 
son  and  Nebraska  Railroad.  On  Sioux  City  and  Pacific  Railroad.  On  or 
near  the  Missouri  River.  [What  is  the  county  seat  of  the  county  in  which 
you  live  ?  ] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  77,505  square  mites.  Population,  452,402.] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Nebraska,  one  of  the  “West-Central  States,”  is 
situated  between  latitude  40°  and  430  north,  and  longitude 
95°  25'  and  104°  west  from  Greenwich. 

All  the  boundaries,  except  on  the  east  and  north-east,  are  either  paral¬ 
lels  or  meridians.  The  northern  line  is  formed  by  the  forty-third 
degree  of  north  latitude  and  the  Missouri  river;  and  the  last-named 
river  forms  the  entire  eastern  boundary.  The  southern  line  strikes 
westward  along  the  parallel  of  40°  north  to  the  meridian  of  102° 
west  from  Greenwich,  then  north  to  410  north  latitude,  then  again 
westward  to  104°  west  longitude,  and  again  northward  to  latitude 
430  north. 

Extent.  —  The  length  (from  east  to  west)  in  the  central  part 
is  about  420  miles;  the  width,  about  210  miles.  It  is  in  area 
the  eighth  state  in  the  Union.  It  is  nearly  double  the  size  of 
Ohio,  and  is  as  large  as  the  combined  New-England  states  to¬ 
gether  with  Maryland. 

II.  SURFACE. 

General  Character.  —  The  greater  part  of  Nebraska  is  a 
gently  undulating  plain,  forming  a  part  of  that  geographical 
section  of  the  United  States  called  “The  Plains.” 

The  surface  has  an  eastward  inclination,  and  nearly  the  whole 
of  it  is  prairie,  either  gently  rolling,  or  broken  into  low  hills 
and  ridges. 


Special  Features.  —  There  are  few  hills  of  magnitude,  and 
no  mountains,  except  in  the  north-western  part,  where  the  sur¬ 
face  rises  into  the  eastward  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  effect  of  erosion  is  seen  in  the  numerous  broad  river 
valleys.  The  barren  “Bad  Lands”  {Mauvaises  Tcrres )  of  Da¬ 
kota  extend  into  the  north-western  part  of  the  state ;  but  they 
occupy  a  comparatively  small  area.  Eastward  of  this  region, 
and  south  of  the  Niobrara,  is  a  tract  covered  with  sandhills  and 
interspersed  with  small  lakes. 

The  “Bad  Lands”  are  in  a  basin  “whose  surface  is  covered  with 
marvelously  formed  masses  of  clay,  standing  erect,  and  occasionally 
reaching  upward  more  than  200  feet,  with  intricate  labyrinthine  pas¬ 
sages  between.  This  strange  and  desolate  track  abounds  in  inter¬ 
esting  fossil  remains.” 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

The  Missouri.  —  The  Missouri,  which  forms  the  north¬ 
eastern  and  eastern  boundaries,  is  the  only  navigable  river  in 
Nebraska,  and  receives  the  entire  drainage  of  the  state.  Mis¬ 
souri  River  belongs  to  the  Mississippi  system. 

The  Missouri  (meaning  “Mud  River”)  is  formed  by  the  conflu¬ 
ence  of  the  Jefferson,  Gallatin,  and  Madison  rivers,  or  forks ,  which 
rise  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  unite  at  Gallatin  City,  Montana. 
( See  Map  of  the  United  States,  pages  28,  29.)  This  point  is  over 
4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  From  Gallatin  City  the  river 
flows  nearly  northward,  and  about  16  miles  east  of  Helena  passes 
through  a  deep  and  narrow  canon,  or  gorge,  five  miles  long,  called 
the  “  Gate  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,”  where  the  scenery  is  very 
sublime.  About  350  miles  from  the  junction  of  the  three  forks 
occur  the  “Great  Falls,”  and  about  40  miles  below  these  is  Fort 
Benton,  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation.  At  Fort  Buford  it 
crosses  the  eastern  boundary  of  Montana,  and  enters  Dakota, 
where,  after  receiving  its  largest  tributary,  the  Yellowstone,  it  flows 
in  a  south-easterly  direction  through  Dakota  to  the  Nebraska  line. 

The  Missouri,  from  its  source  to  where  it  joins  the  Mississippi,  20 
miles  above  St.  Louis,  is  nearly  3,000  miles  long  (without  including 
either  of  its  branches),  and  exceeds,  both  in  length  and  in  volume, 
the  part  of  the  Mississippi  above  their  confluence.  “  It  drains  an 
area  of  nearly  or  quite  1,000,000  square  miles  ”  (Hayden’s  Repot t). 
It  is  a  turbid  stream,  noted  for  the  rapidity  of  its  current.  Owing 
to  the  melting  of  the  snows  on  the  Rocky  Mountains,  it  experiences 
a  considerable  rise  in  June  ;  so  that  the  river  encroaches  on  the  land, 
and  often  carries  away  its  banks.  Bluffs,  or  terraces,  form  a  peculiar 
feature  of  the  Missouri. 

Its  Tributaries.  —  The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Missouri 
in  this  state  follow  the  easterly  incline  of  the  surface  of  Ne¬ 
braska.  Niobrara  River  flows  across  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  and  joins  the  Missouri  in  Knox  County. 

Platte  River,  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colo¬ 
rado,  is  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Missouri,  and  drains  the 
central  part  of  the  state.  It  is  formed  by  two  branches, — the 
North  Platte  and  the  South  Platte,  which  unite  in  Lincoln 
County.  The  stream  is  wide,  rapid,  and  shallow,  passing 
through  a  valley  of  great  fertility,  and  which,  for  200  miles 
west  from  Omaha,  is  from  eight  to  ten  miles  wide.  The  Platte 
from  the  north  receives  numerous  affluents,  among  the  chief 
of  which  are  Wood  River,  Loup  River  (with  many  feeders),  and 
the  Elkhorn. 


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204  NEBRASKA. 


The  southern  part  of  the  state  is  drained  by  streams  flowing  into  Kansas,  i 
the  chief  being  the  Republican  (which  is  a  narrow,  swift  stream,  with  steep 
banks),  and  the  Little  Blue,  Big  Blue,  and  Nemaha  rivers,  and  Medicine,  Red 
Willow,  and  Spring  creeks,  flowing  into  the  Republican,  all  of  which  furnish 
valuable  water-power. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

Characteristics.  —  The  climate  of  Nebraska  is  dry  and  exhilarating  :  the 
mean  temperature  in  winter  is  about  22°,  and  in  summer  about  70°.  The 
mean  annual  rainfall  in  the  eastern  section  is  about  thirty  inches.  The  pre¬ 
vailing  wind  is  south-east. 

Special  Features.  —  The  climate  is  subject  to  great  and  sudden  extremes; 
but  the  summer  heat  is  tempered  by  the  prairie  winds  ;  and  the  winter  storms, 
though  severe,  are  infrequent.  The  western  section  of  the  state  is  the  most 
liable  to  drought  ;  but,  as  agriculture  advances  westward,  the  rainfall  in  that 
section  increases. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

Soils.  —  The  soils  of  Nebraska  include  those  of  the  eastern  or  agricultural 
section,  and  those  of  the  western  or  grazing  section.  In  a  general  way,  the 
line  of  division  is  about  990  west  longitude. 

There  is,  however,  fine  farming-land  west  of  this  meridian,  and  considerable  grazing-land 
east  of  it. 


The  eastern  counties  have  everywhere  a  deep  and  fertile  soil.  This  section 
is  divided  into  bottom  and  prairie  lands,  —  the  soil  of  the  latter  being  a  rich, 
black  vegetable  mold  ;  while  the  bottom-lands  along  the  river-banks  have  a  rich 
alluvial  soil. 

Minerals.  —  Minerals  have  not  yet  been  found  to  any  considerable  extent. 
Beds  of  bituminous  and  block  coal  exist  in  the  south-eastern  counties  ;  but  the 
deposits  are  mostly  “pinched  out,”  and  lie  in  layers  too  thin  to  be  worked  with 
advantage.  In  various  parts  are  workable  beds  of  brown  lignite.  Some  iron 


ores  occur ;  but  the  coal  yet  found  is  not  suffi¬ 
cient  to  utilize  them. 

The  principal  minerals  found  in  the  state  are 
salt  (obtained  from  various  “salines,”  or  salt 
springs),  extensive  beds  of  peat,  building-stone, 
brick  clay  and  potter’s  clay,  hydraulic  limestone, 
and  lithographic  stone.  Some  granite  has  been 
found  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  state. 

Timber.  —  As  a  whole,  Nebraska  is  scantily 
supplied  with  native  timber.  Wood  is  of  free 
natural  growth  on  the  bluffs  or  river-banks, 
where  groves  of  cottonwood,  hackberry,  box- 
elder,  elm,  walnut,  chicot,  ash,  oak,  and  other 
trees,  skirt  the  water-courses  ;  and  in  the  Upper 
Niobrara  Valley  is  some  forest  land  with  yellow 
pine  timber. 


NEBRASKA. 


205 


Much  attention  has,  under  legislative  encouragement,  been 
given  to  tree-planting,  and  millions  of  forest-trees  are  now 
annually  planted  on  the  prairies. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture  and  grazing  are  the  leading  pursuits  of  the  peo¬ 
ple  of  Nebraska,  and  engage  the  attention  of  about  two-thirds 
of  the  inhabitants.  Corn,  wheat,  and  oats  are  the  staple 
products  ;  but  other  cereals,  together  with  garden  and  orchard 
products,  and  broom-corn,  sorghum,  and  tobacco,  are  also 
raised. 

Stock-raising  is  largely  carried  on  in  the  western  section. 
Many  of  the  wild  grasses  (of  which  more  than  150  species 
have  been  described)  are  exceedingly  nutritious,  and  admirably 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  sheep  and  cattle.  Great  numbers 
of  cattle  from  Kansas  and  Texas  are  sent  to  the  upland  to  be 
fattened  preparatory  to  shipment  eastward. 

Manufactures.  —  Owing  to  the  limited  supply  of  coal,  iron, 
and  wood,  Nebraska  is  not  naturally  a  manufacturing  state. 
For  the  supply  of  local  needs,  various  manufactures  are  carried 
on,  and  this  branch  of  industry  is  largely  on  the  increase. 

Among  the  articles  produced  may  be  specified  farm-implements, 
wagons,  boots  and  shoes,  harness,  lumber,  furniture,  bricks,  tiles, 
salt,  lime,  flour,  meal,  sirup,  soap,  candles,  tobacco,  cigars,  metallic 
wares,  nails,  white  lead,  and  linseed  oil. 

Commerce.  —  Nebraska  has  only  a  domestic  and  inter-state 
commerce,  the  chief  exports  consisting  of  her  leading  staples. 
Large  quantities  of  grain  and  great  numbers  of  cattle  are 
regularly  forwarded  eastward. 

Omaha  is  a  United  States  port  of  delivery,  belonging  to  the  customs 
district  of  Louisiana. 

Transportation.  —  The  Missouri  is  the  only  navigable  water¬ 
way  in  Nebraska;  but  the  state  is  well  equipped  with  railroads. 
In  1865  the  first  railroad  trains  were  run  in  the  state:  it  has 
now  three  lines  crossing  the  state  from  east  to  west,  with  nine 
branches  north  and  south. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  executive  department  comprises  a  governor,  lieutenant- 
governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  attorney-general, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  commissioner  of  lands 
and  buildings.  The  term  of  office  is  two  years,  except  that  of 
the  auditor,  which  is  four  years. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Senate  of  thirty- 
three  members,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  one  hundred 
members.  Senators  and  representatives  are  elected  for  two 
years. 

The  Legislature  meets  biennially  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  January,  odd 
years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  and  dis¬ 
trict,  probate,  and  justices’  courts.  All  the  judges  are  elected 
by  the  people. 

State  Constitution. — The  present  Constitution  was  adopted 
in  1875. 

National  Representation.  —  Nebraska  is  represented  in 
Congress  by  two  senators  and  three  representatives,  and  ac¬ 
cordingly  has  five  electoral  votes. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Public.  —  Education  receives  special  attention  in  Nebraska, 
intelligent  legislation  on  the  subject  being  heartily  supported 


by  the  people.  The  general  supervision  of  the  public  school 
system  is  intrusted  to  the  state  superintendent  and  to  county 
and  local  superintendents.  There  is  a  large  permanent  schooi 
fund. 

Graded  and  high  schools  are  maintained  in  the  principal 
towns,  and  there  is  a  state  normal  school  at  Peru.  The  State 
University,  which  constitutes  a  part  of  the  public  educational 
system,  is  at  Lincoln.  It  embraces  various  departments,  or 
colleges,  and  is  open  to  both  sexes. 

Other  institutions  supported  by  the  state  are  the  Institute 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Omaha,  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane 
at  Lincoln,  the  Asylum  for  the  Blind  at  Nebraska  City,  the 
State  Penitentiary  at  Lincoln,  and  the  State  Reform  School  at 
Kearney. 

IX  HISTORY  AND  INHABITANTS. 

Territorial  History.  —  In  1803,  during  the  presidency  of 
Jefferson,  the  United  States  purchased  from  France  the  vast 
region  between  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains,  called  “  Louisiana.”  Nebraska  formed  successively  a 
part  of  the  territories  of  Louisiana  and  of  Missouri. 

In  1854  both  Kansas  and  Nebraska  were  formed  into  terri¬ 
tories.  The  bill  for  the  territorial  organization  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  (the  “  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill”),  introduced  into  Con¬ 
gress  by  Senator  Douglas,  provided  that  the  question  whether 
these  territories  should  be  slave  or  free  should  be  determined 
by  “popular  sovereignty;”  that  is,  by  the  votes  of  the  inhabit¬ 
ants.  This  created  a  rivalry  between  the  pro-slavery  and  the 
anti-slavery  parties,  which  led  to  years  of  lawless  violence  and 
bloodshed  in  Kansas  ;  and  in  the  mean  time  the  general  interest 
in  the  fate  of  Kansas  drew  the  stream  of  immigrants  in  that 
quarter  rather  than  to  Nebraska. 

In  i860  the  question  of  forming  a  state  government  was 
submitted  to  the  people,  but  was  disapproved.  In  1864  an 
enabling  act  was  passed  by  Congress,  providing  for  the  admis¬ 
sion  of  Nebraska  into  the  Union  ;  but  the  necessary  action  for 
admission  was  not  at  that  time  taken  by  the  territory.. 

After  the  civil  war  the  growth  of  the  territory  in  popula¬ 
tion  and  prosperity  was  rapid.  In  1 866  the  territorial  legisla¬ 
ture  framed  a  constitution,  which  was  ratified  by  the  people, 
and  in  the  same  year  a  bill  for  the  admission  of  Nebraska  as  a 
state  was  passed  by  Congress,  but  vetoed  by  the  President. 
In  the  following  year  the  bill  was  passed  over  the  President’s 
veto,  and  Nebraska  was  admitted  as  a  state  March  1,  1867. 

The  territory  of  Nebraska  as  formed  in  1854  comprised  about  352,000 
square  miles,  extending  from  latitude  40°  north  to  the  national 
boundary,  and  from  the  Missouri  River  west  to  the  crest  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  In  1861  a  large  tract  of  the  territory  was  set 
off  to  Colorado,  and  an  immense  tract  (over  200,000  square  miles) 
to  Dakota. 

State  History.  —  Soon  after  Nebraska  became  a  state,  Lin¬ 
coln  was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  government.  The  growth  of 
the  state  was  greatly  stimulated  by  the  building  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad,  the  construction  of  which  was  begun  in  1865. 
In  that  year  the  first  forty  miles,  from  Omaha  to  Fremont,  were 
completed.  In  1868  the  railroad  was  finished  through  the 
whole  length  of  the  state,  and  was  thence  pushed  westward 
into  Wyoming.  In  the  mean  time  the  Central  Pacific  road  had 
been  under  construction,  and  in  May,  1869,  the  railroad  com¬ 
munication  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  was  opened.  As 


206 


NEBRASKA. 


the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  was  building,  centers  of  popula¬ 
tion  were  formed  along  the  line,  and  some  of  them  grew  to  be 
fixed  and  permanent  towns. 

The  population  of  Nebraska  in  i860  was  28,841,  and  by  the 
census  of  1870  it  was  122,993.  Since  1870  the  population  has 
increased  at  a  rate  unparalleled  by  that  of  any  other  state  in 
the  Union,  the  census  of  1880  showing  452,402,  exclusive  of 
Indians  not  taxed. 

There  are  in  the  state  several  thousand  Indians,  who  live  on 
“reservations.”  They  comprise  Sioux,  Pawnees,  Winnebagoes, 
Omahas,  Iowas,  Sacs,  Foxes,  Otoes,  and  Missouris.  They  have 
missions  and  schools  ;  and  efforts  looking  to  their  civilization 
*ire  made  by  the  National  Government. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  Nebraska  comprises  sixty-eight  or¬ 
ganized  counties.  The  following  are  the  chief  places:  — 

Lincoln  (population,  13,003),  the  county-seat  of  Lancaster 
County,  on  the  right  bank  of  Salt  Creek,  is  the  capital.  It  is 
at  the  intersection  of  six  railroad  lines,  under  the  control  of  the 
Burlington  and  Missouri  and  Union  Pacific  companies. 

The  city  is  built  on  a  beautiful  undulating  prairie,  and  has 
wide  streets  and  avenues  (the  former  100,  the  latter  120  feet 
in  width),  which  are  lighted  with  gas.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
State  University  and  Agricultural  College  (open  to  both  sexes), 
and  has  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools,  including  a  high 
school.  It  has  also  an  opera-house  and  an  academy  of  music. 
The  State-PIouse  is  a  handsome  edifice  of  white  limestone,  and 
among  other  notable  structures  are  the  United  States  post- 
office  and  court-house  building.  Beyond  the  city  limits  are  the 
State  Penitentiary  and  Insane  Asylum.  Both  the  commercial 
and  the  manufacturing  interests  of  Lincoln  are  important  and 
increasing.  Near  the  city  is  a  salt  basin,  where  good  salt  is 
manufactured.  Lincoln  was  laid  out  in  July,  1867. 

Omaha  (population,  30,518),  in  Douglas  County,  on  Missouri 
River,  is  the  metropolis  of  the  state.  A  costly  iron  railroad- 
bridge  spans  the  Missouri  at  the  southern  part  of  the  city,  and 
connects  Omaha  with  numerous  railroad  lines  at  Council  Bluffs. 

The  city  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  plateau  flanked  by 
bluffs.  Among  the  principal  buildings  are  the  United  States 
court-house  and  post-office,  the  Omaha  High  School,  the 
Creighton  College,  and  the  Union  Pacific  car-shops.  The 
chief  sources  of  support  are  the  extensive  western  trade,  the 
smelting  and  refining  of  silver,  gold,  and  lead,  nail  making, 
distilling,  and  the  industries  growing  out  of  the  large  railroad 
interests. 

Omaha  is  justly  noted  for  the  excellence  of  its  public  schools. 

Ashland,  in  Saunders  County,  is  situated  on  Salt  Creek,  two  miles  from 
its  entrance  into  the  Platte  River,  on  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  Railroad, 
about  40  miles  south-west  of  Omaha.  Important  shipping-point.  Valuable 
stone-quarries.  Extensive  water-power.  Flour-mills,  machine-shops,  etc. 

Beatrice,  the  county  seat  of  Gage  County,  on  Big  Blue  River,  is  40  miles 
south  of  Lincoln.  Railroad  facilities.  Quarries  of  limestone,  used  for 


building  purposes.  Manufactures  of  cement,  flour,  lumber,  etc.  Water¬ 
power. 

Blair,  the  county  seat  of  Washington  County,  three  miles  west  of  the 
Missouri  River,  and  30  miles  from  Omaha,  is  an  important  railroad  center. 
Large  local  trade  and  varied  industries. 

Brownville,  the  county  seat  of  Nemaha  County,  has  an  elevated  situation 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  120  miles  below  Omaha  by  river,  and  on  the 
Nebraska  Railroad.  Several  mills  and  factories.  River  and  local  trade. 

Columbus,  the  county  seat  of  Platte  County,  near  the  Platte  River,  and 
on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  is  an  important  depot  for  the  shipment  of 
grain. 

Crete,  a  village  of  Saline  County,  on  Big  Blue  River,  is  at  the  junction 
of  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad  and  the  Beatrice  Branch 
Railroad.  Center  of  local  trade.  Seat  of  Doane  College. 

Falls  City,  the  county  seat  of  Richardson  County,  and  on  the  Atchison 
and  Nebraska  Railroad,  is  center  of  local  trade  for  populous  surrounding 
country.  Varied  industries. 

Fremont,  the  county  seat  of  Dodge  County,  is  situated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Platte  River,  and  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  at  its  junction 
with  the  Sioux  City  and  Pacific  Railroad.  Fremont  is  an  important  market 
for  grain,  and  here  are  several  large  grain-elevators.  The  manufactures 
comprise  carriages,  cheese,  cigars,  etc. 

Grand  Island,  the  county  seat  of  Hall  County,  is  situated  on  the  Platte 
River  and  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  whose  extensive  repair-shops  are 
located  at  this  point.  Large  trade  in  grain;  flour-mill,  and  varied  indus¬ 
tries. 

Hastings,  the  county  seat  of  Adams  County,  is  an  important  railroad 
center,  and  a  rapidly  growing  town. 

Kearney,  the  county  seat  of  Buffalo  County,  on  Platte  River,  is  located 
at  the  junction  of  several  railroads.  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  and  the 
Burlington  and  Missouri  Railroad  center  here.  Vicinity  of  Fort  Kearney. 
Seat  of  State  Reform  School,  Manufactures  of  flour,  furniture,  wagons, 
shoes,  plows,  etc. 

Nebraska  City,  the  county  seat  of  Otoe  County,  is  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  on  the  Nebraska  Railroad,  about  75  miles 
south  of  Omaha.  This  flourishing  place  is  an  important  depot  of  river 
trade,  the  Missouri  being  navigable  in  both  directions  for  steamboats  of 
large  size.  The  manufactures  are  varied,  including  flour,  leather,  tiles, 
bricks,  carriages,  plows,  soap,  etc.  Nebraska  College  and  the  State  Blind 
Asylum  are  located  here. 

Norfolk,  in  Madison  County,  is  an  important  railroad  center  in  the  north¬ 
eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Peru,  in  Nemaha  County,  on  the  Missouri  River  and  the  Nebraska 
Railroad,  is  the  seat  of  State  Normal  School. 

Plattsmouth,  the  county  seat  of  Cass  County,  is  situated  on  the  Missouri 
River,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Platte,  about  25  miles  south  of  Omaha. 
Manufactures  of  engines,  reed-organs,  flour,  wagons,  etc.  The  Burlington 
and  Missouri  River  Railroad  here  crosses  the  Missouri  River  on  a  fine 
steel  bridge. 

Red  Cloud,  the  county  seat  of  Webster  County,  is  an  important  town  in 
the  Republican  Valley.  It  is  the  railroad  center  for  the  south-western  part 
of  the  state. 

Ord,  Albion,  Stanton,  Tekamah,  Dakota  City,  Creighton,  O’Neil 
City,  and  Niobrara  are  important  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

Culbertson,  Indianola,  Alma,  Republican  City,  Plum  Creek, 
North  Platte,  and  Sidney  are  important  business  centers  in  the 
southern  and  western  section. 

Hebron,  Wymore,  Pawnee  City,  Table  Rock,  Tecumseh,  Sheri¬ 
dan,  and  Wilber  are  thriving  towns  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state. 


DAKOTA. 


20  7 


DAKOTA. 


corners,  nearly  equals  the  distance  from  the  south  boundary 
of  Tennessee  to  Chicago,  Ill.  Its  area  exceeds  that  of  every 
other  territory  but  Alaska,  and  every  state  except  Texas  and 
California.  It  is  more  than  double  that  of  all  New  England. 


DESCRIPTION. 


[Area,  148,450  sq.  miles.  Population,  j 


135,177,  by  U.  S.  census  of  1880.  J 
201,500,  by  Territorial  census  of  1882.] 


I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Dakota  Territory  is  grouped  naturally  with  the 
“  West-Central  States,”  and  is  the  north-western  member  of 
the  group.  It  is  situated  between  the  parallels  of  420  30'  and 
490  north  latitude,  and  longitude  190  25'  and  2 y°  west  from 
Washington. 

The  eastern  boundary,  in  common  with  the  western  boundary  of 
Minnesota,  is  largely  formed  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  and 
by  Traverse  and  Big  Stone  lakes,  with  a  line  south  from  the  latter; 
and  that  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  adjoining  Iowa  is  formed  by 
the  Big  Sioux  River.  The  northern  boundary  is  the  49th  parallel 
of  north  latitude.  The  west  boundary  is  the  27th  meridian  west 
from  Washington  ;  and  the  south  boundary  is  the  43d  parallel  of 
north  latitude  eastward  to  the  Missouri  River,  and  thence  follows 
that  river  easterly,  being  throughout  the  same  as  the  north  bound¬ 
ary  of  Nebraska. 

Extent.  —  The  average  breadth  from  east  to  west  is  about 
360  miles ;  and  the  average  length  from  north  to  south  is 
about  430  miles.  The  extreme  length  of  the  eastern  bound¬ 
ary,  in  a  straight  line  from  the  south-east  to  the  north-east 


II.  SURFACE. 

General  Character. — Almost  the  entire  surface  is  prairie. 
East  of  the  Missouri  River  it  is  gently  rolling,  broken  in  a 
few  places  by  ranges  of  hills  called  coteaus  ;  while  west  of  that 
river  it  is  more  uneven,  and  in  the  extreme  south-west  part 
broken  and  mountainous.  The  south-eastern  part  is  a  great 
plain  slightly  inclined  to  the  south  ;  and  that  west  of  the  Mis¬ 
souri  is  a  less  perfect  plain,  much  more  inclined,  and  sloping 
toward  the  east.  The  north-eastern  part  is  a  plain  inclined 
toward  the  east  and  north.  The  north-western  quarter  con¬ 
sists  largely  of  high  plains  and  plateaus,  through  which  is 
plowed  the  wide  valley  of  the  Missouri. 

Special  Features.  —  The  Black  Hills,  in  the  south-western 
part,  rise  to  nearly  the  magnitude  of  mountains.  They  are 
about  90  by  60  miles  in  area,  and  extend  slightly  into  Wyo¬ 
ming  Territory.  They  have  a  general  elevation  of  4,000  feet 
above  sea-level.  Harney’s  Peak,  the  highest  point,  rises  to 
5,000  feet. 

South-east  of  the  Black  Hills  is  a  barren  region  of  about 
100  square  miles,  called  “Bad  Lands”  (by  the  early  French, 
Mauvaises  Tcrres),  which  extend  into  Nebraska.  The  valley 
of  the  Red  River  of  the  North  is  a  vast  prairie  plain,  nearly 
level,  the  former  bed  of  a  shallow  lake  that  existed  in  prehis- 
;  toric  times.  It  is  220  miles  long  and  40  miles  wide  in  Dakota, 

1  and  extends  eastward  into  Minnesota,  and  northward  into  the 
Province  of  Manitoba  in  British  America.  A  plateau  bordered 
;  by  ranges  of  low  hills  ( cotcaus )  lies  centrally  near  the  cast  line; 


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DAKOTA. 


and  a  longer  similar  plateau  extends  from  the  central  part 
north-westerly  between  the  Dakota  and  the  Missouri  rivers,  to 
the  north-west  corner  of  the  territory. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

The  Missouri  River  drams  five  sixths  of  the  territory.  (For 
full  description  of  this  river  see  Special  Geography  of  Nebraska, 
p  30.)  The  Red  River  of  the  North,  with  the  Souris  or  Mouse 
River,  drains  the  remaining  sixth.  The  courses  of  the  Missouri 
and  its  tributaries  converge  toward  the  south-east  ;  those  of 
the  Red  River  of  the  North  and  its  tributaries,  toward  the 
north-east.  The  Missouri  River  enters  the  territory  from  Mon¬ 
tana,  a  little  south  of  the  north  west  corner,  flows  easterly, 
and  then  southerly,  to  the  southern  boundary,  which  it  forms 
from  that  point  to  the  south  east  coinci  of  the  territory. 

Tributaries  of  the  Missouri  — The  Yellowstone  River,  the  largest 
tributary  of  the  Missouri,  enters  the  territory  but  a  few  miles  from 
its  confluence  with  the  Missouri.  Its  other  principal  tributaries  from 
the  west  are  the  Little  Missouri,  the  Cheyenne,  and  White  rivers: 
the  smaller  ones  are  the  Heart,  Cannon  Ball,  Grand,  and  Moreau. 
These  streams  generally  have  a  rapid  current,  are  shallow,  except 
when  swollen  bv  melting  snows  and  spiing  rains,  and  the  water  is 
often  discolored  by  the  clays  and  earths  washed  from  their  steep 
banks.  Like  the  Missouri,  they  vary  greatly  in  volume  from  the 
spring  floods  to  the  late  autumn,  when  the  plains  are  dry.  Its  prin¬ 
cipal  tributaries  from  the  north-east  are  the  Dakota  (or  James), 
the  Vermilion,  and  the  Big  Sioux,  all  of  which  join  it  near  the 
south-east  corner.  The  Dakota  is  the  longest  unnavigable  river  in 
the  world,  rising  in  the  north-west,  and  flowing  600  miles  by  its  gen¬ 
eral  courses.  The  Big  Sioux,  rising  in  higher  lands,  is  the  most 
rapid  of  these  streams,  and  is  noted  for  its  water-power.  At  Sioux 
Falls  in  Minnehaha  County  it  descends  about  100  feet  in  a  series 
of  beautiful  cascades. 

The  Red  River  of  the  North  drains  the  north-east  part  of 
the  territory,  and  flows  northerly  into  Lake  Winnipeg.  It  be¬ 
longs  to  the  Arctic  river-system.  Its  principal  tributaries  in 
Dakota  are  the  Cheyenne,  the  Pembina,  the  Wild  Rice,  the 
Park,  and  the  Goose. 

The  Souris  or  Mouse  River  enters  the  northern  part  from  British 
America,  and  returns  by  a  circular  course  to  the  same  region,  a 
little  west  of  the  Turtle  Mountains.  It  is  indirectly  tributary  to  the 
Red  River  of  the  North  through  the  Assiniboine, 

Lakes.  —  Lake  Minniwakan  (Spirit  or  Devil’s  Lake),  in  the 
north-eastern  part,  is  the  largest  lake  in  the  territory,  and  is 
bordered  by  timber,  and  beautifully  located  in  a  fertile  and 
charming  region.  Numerous  small  lakes  are  found  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Big  Sioux  and  the  Vermilion  rivers. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

The  dry  and  invigorating  air,  with  prevailing  clear  skies  and 
frequent  breezes,  renders  the  climate  salubrious.  In  the  sum¬ 
mer  and  dry  autumn  it  is  especially  delightful.  The  winters 
are  generally  cold,  and  sometimes  severe. 

Special  Features.  —  The  sunshine  of  the  long  summer  days  causes 
a  high  temperature,  and  gives  vegetation  a  rapid  growth ;  but  the 
prairie  breezes  render  the  nights  refreshing.  The  snows  are  usually 
light,  and,  when  accompanied  by  high  winds,  cause  upon  the  prairies 
of  the  West-Central  States  what  is  termed  a  “blizzard.”  The  aver¬ 
age  winter  temperature  is  io°,  and  that  of  the  summer  65°  Fahren¬ 
heit;  but  the  difference  is  great  between  the  extremes  of  summer 
and  winter.  The  rainfall  is  mainly  confined  to  the  spring  and  early 


summer.  In  the  eastern  section  it  is  ordinarily  ample ;  while  the 
western  is  more  subject  to  drought,  except  in  the  Black  Hills  and 
vicinity.  It  seems  to  be  well  established  that  rainfall  increases  with 
agriculture. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

Soils.  —  The  soil  is  generally  a  deep,  black  prairie  loam, 
abounding  in  vegetable  mold  and  calcareous  and  silicious  ele¬ 
ments,  is  finely  pulverized,  and  retains  moisture.  The  sub¬ 
soil  is  generally  clay,  except  in  the  western  parts,  where  it  is 
often  a  light  earth. 

Minerals.  —  Gold,  silver,  and  other  valuable  minerals,  are 
largely  produced  in  the  Black  Hills.  Dakota  is  the  third  in 
rank  in  the  United  States  in  gold  production.  Coal  of  fair 
quality  is  mined  in  the  Black  Hills  ;  and  good  lignite  is  found 
extensively  west  of  the  Missouri  River,  along  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  in  other  parts.  Salt  is  found  in  the  val¬ 
ley  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  At  Sioux  Falls,  on  the 
Big  Sioux  River,  is  a  vast  ledge  of  a  granite  called  red  quartz¬ 
ite,  over  which  the  river  descends  in  a  series  of  falls.  The 
same  rock  is  found  in  large  amount  at  Dell  Rapids,  north  of 
Sioux  Falls,  and  at  Rockport  on  Dakota  River.  This  is  exten¬ 
sively  quarried,  and  is  in  great  demand  for  building  purposes. 
A  red  sandstone  is  found  in  Hutchinson  County  on  the  Dakota 
River ;  and  great  beds  of  chalk-rock,  that  is  used  for  building 
purposes,  are  exposed  at  Yankton,  Scotland,  and  elsewhere. 
Useful  clays  are  abundant. 

Forests.  —  Limited  pine  and  hard-wood  lorests  aie  found 
in  the  Black  Hills,  and  meager  strips  of  timber  along  the 
streams.  The  cultivation  of  timber  is  increasing  under  favor¬ 
able  territorial  and  United  States  laws. 

Water  Facilities.  —  The  Missouri  River  is  navigable 
throughout  its  entire  course  in  Dakota ;  and  the  Red  Rb  er 
of  the  North  is  navigable  for  200  miles  along  the  eastern 
boundary,  from  Wahpeton  to  British  America.  The  heads  of 
the  Gulf  and  Arctic  river-systems  interlock  in  Dakota  and 
Minnesota,  separated  only  by  low  plateaus. 

VI-  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture  and  grazing  employ  four-fifths  of  the  people, 
and,  except  in  the  Black  Hills,  most  other  business  depends 
upon  these  industries.  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  barley,  flax,  rye, 
and  potatoes  are  the  chief  products.  1  he  central  and  north¬ 
ern  sections  are  peculiarly  adapted  to  wheat-raising,  and  are 
famous  for  the  immense  production  of  that  ceieal.  Corn  is 
the  characteristic  crop  of  the  southern  section.  Stock-raising 
is  an  important  and  increasing  industry  in  the  western  and 
south-eastern  sections,  being  promoted  by  the  excellence  of 
the  native  grasses. 

Manufactures  are  mainly  of  the  domestic  kinds,  such  as 
flour,  meal,  lime,  brooms,  boots  and  shoes,  iion  and  metal 
wares. 

Commerce. — The  chief  articles  of  export  are  wheat,  hogs, 
cattle,  wool,  and  gold.  The  commerce  of  the  northern  half  is 
with  St.  Paul  and  Duluth,  and  that  of  the  southern  half  with 
Chicago  and  Milwaukee.  Some  foreign  commerce  is  carried 
on  with  Manitoba,  Pembina  being  the  port  of  entry. - 

Transportation.  —  d  he  Missouri  and  Red  River  of  the 
North  furnish  all  the  facilities  for  water  transportation  for 
the  territory.  Twelve  railroad  lines  enter  the  territory  from  the 


DAKOTA. 


2  I  I 


east,  one  of  which,  the  Northern  Pacific,  passes  through  the  ter¬ 
ritory,  and  three  others  extend  to  the  Missouri  River.  I  here 
are  numerous  branches  and  intersecting  lines.  The  first  rail¬ 
road  was  built  in  1872,  and  there  were  1,200  miles  in  operation 
Jan.  1,  1882. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  territory  is  governed  under  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  ;  and  the  governor,  secretary,  and  chief  and  associate 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court,  are  appointed  by  the  President, 
and  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  for  terms  of  four  years. 

The  executive  department  consists  of  the  governor  and 
secretary,  and  a  treasurer,  auditor,  and  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  ;  the  last  three  appointed  by  the  goveinor,  and  con¬ 
firmed  by  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  territory,  for  the  term 
of  two  years  each. 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  Legislative  Assem¬ 
bly,  consisting  of  two  branches.  The  Council,  or  upper  house, 
has  twelve  members  ;  and  the  House  of  Representatives  has 
twenty-four  members.  They  are  elected  by  the  people  for 
terms  of  two  years.  The  United  States  law  requires  a  bien¬ 
nial  session,  and  limits  the  time  thereof  to  forty  days. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court  of  four 
members,  District  Courts,  which  are  held  by  the  justices  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  Probate  Courts,  and  Couits  of  Justices 
of  the  Peace. 

The  national  representation  is  one  delegate  to  Congress, 
elected  by  the  people. 


VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Public.  —  A  system  of  free  public  schools  is  established  by 
general  law,  and  supported  solely  by  taxation.  In  several  of 
the  leading  cities  and  towns  excellent  graded  and  high  schools 
are  maintained. 

There  is  no  vested  school  fund.  The  sixteenth  and  thirty- 
sixth  sections  in  every  township  are  reserved  by  the  United 
States  to  be  applied  to  the  public  common  schools  by  the 
future  state.  Seventy-two  sections  are  also  reserved  for  the 
endowment  of  a  university,  which  a  territorial  statute  has 
located  at  Vermilion. 

Other  Institutions.  —  Provision  is  being  made  for  higher 
education  in  several  church  colleges,  academies,  and  semina¬ 
ries.  Yankton  College,  controlled  by  the  Congregational 
Church,  is  erecting  extensive  buildings  at  that  city,  and  has  a 
considerable  endowment.  The  Academy  of  the  Sacred  Heart 
has  been  for  several  years  in  successful  operation  at  \  ankton, 
and  has  valuable  buildings.  The  Dakota  College  is  an  academy 
at  Spearfish  in  Laurence  County.  The  Baptist  Church  has 
established  a  collegiate  institute  at  Sioux  Falls.  The  Presby¬ 
terian  Church  has  located  a  college  at  Grand  Forks. 

Benevolent  Institutions.  —  The  Hospital  for  the  Insane  is 
situated  at  Yankton,  where  it  has  large  new  buildings.  The 
Territorial  Prison  is  located  at  Sioux  Falls,  where  extensive 
buildings  are  being  erected.  The  School  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  is  in  operation  at  the  same  place,  in  a  suitable  building 
owned  by  the  territory. 


1803,  through  the  Louisiana  Purchase.  Out  of  this  area  the 
“West-Central  States”  of  Missouri,  Kansas,  Iowa,  Nebraska, 
and  Minnesota  have  been  formed,  beside  others  farther  south. 
During  their  existence  as  territories,  the  boundaries  and  extent 
of  these  divisions,  as  well  as  their  names,  have  been  changed, 
as  settlement  extended,  and  the  needs  of  government  required. 
Thus  the  political  geography  of  the  territory  was  very  change¬ 
able  until  about  twenty  years  ago,  since  which  time  it  has  been 
more  fixed. 

The  central  and  southern  parts  were,  when  first  known,  occupied  by 
the  associated  bands  of  Indians  called  by  the  French  Siouxs,  but 
in  their  own  language  Dakotas,  which  means  “friendly,”  “allied.” 
The  north-east  section  was  occupied  by  the  Chippewas,  or  Ojibwas, 
and  the  north-west  by  Mandans,  and  other  bands  now  nearly  extinct. 

This,  like  other  parts  of  the  north-west,  was  early  penetrated  by 
French  explorers  and  voyageurs,  who  left  traces  of  their  language 
in  permanent  names  of  natural  features.  In  1803  the  Missouri 
River  was  ascended  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  many  points  are 
recognized  from  their  description.  After  that,  and  upon  school 
maps  of  forty  years  ago,  it  was  called  the  “  Mandan  Region,”  from 
the  interesting  band  of  Indians  of  that  name. 

All  of  Dakota  east  of  the  Missouri  River  and  its  tributary,  the  White 
Earth,  in  Mountraille  County,  shared  in  the  territorial  relations  of 
Minnesota  detailed  on  pp.  6  and  7,  under  that  head.  The  region 
west  of  that  had  different  relations  part  of  the  time,  having  been 
within  the  boundaries  of  Nebraska  Territory  from  1854  to  1861. 

White  settlements  began  in  1859,  at  Sioux  Falls,  and  along 
the  Missouri  River,  at  Yankton,  and  points  eastward.  March  2, 
1861,  the  Act  of  Congress  organizing  the  territory  of  Dakota 
was  approved  by  President  Buchanan  j  and,  soon  aftei  that, 
President  Lincoln  appointed  Gov.  William  Jayne,  and  other 
officers.  These  soon  qualified,  and  in  June,  1861,  organized  a 
government.  The  first  election  was  held  under  the  go\einor  s 
proclamation,  in  September,  1861.  The  first  Legislative  As¬ 
sembly  convened  in  March,  1862.  Its  session  lasted  sixty  days, 
and  a  full  body  of  laws  was  enacted. 

Progress  and  Development.  —  Progress  was  very  slow 
until  after  the  close  of  the  civil  war.  It  was  also  delayed  by 
the  Sioux  War,  which  raged  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota  in  1862, 
and  was  continued  in  Dakota  in  1863.  The  states  east  of  it 
were  not  yet  fully  occupied,  and  settlement  extended  slowly.  In 
June,  1870,  the  population  was  less  than  15,000.  Then  a  more 
decided  growth  began,  the  rate  of  which  has  steadily  increased. 

In  1872  three  railroads  entered  the  territory,  —  the  first,  along 
the  Missouri  from  Iowa  ;  the  second,  the  Northern  Pacific ;  and 
the  third,  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter  to  Watertown.  Settle¬ 
ment  extended  more  rapidly,  and  in  1873  began  in  the  valley 
of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  and  on  the  Missouri  at  Bis¬ 
marck.  Railroads  advanced  slowly  after  1873,  until  1880, 
when  extensive  new  lines  were  begun  and  constiucted  in  that 
and  subsequent  years.  These  lines  opened  new  and  lei  tile 
regions,  and  the  territory  has  since  received  a  greatly  increased 
immigration  of  the  finest  character.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  from  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States,  from 
Canada,  and  the  north  of  Europe.  About  30,000  Indians  live 
upon  reservations  in  the  territory,  the  larger  portion  of  whom 
are  Dakotas  or  Sioux. 


IX.  HISTORY  AND  INHABITANTS. 

Territorial  History.  —  The  territory  of  Dakota  is  one  of 
the  few  remaining  parts  not  yet  organized  into  states,  of  that 
vast  domain  acquired  by  the  United  States  fiom  Fiance  in 


X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Counties  and  Towns.  —  There  are  nearly  one  hundred 
counties  in  the  territory,  of  which  forty-seven  are  organized 
(June  1,  1882). 


2  I  2 


DAKOTA. 


The  following  are  the  most  important  cities  and  towns  :  — 

Yankton,  the  seat  of  government  of  the  territory,  and  the 
county  seat  of  Yankton  County,  is  beautifully  situated  upon 
the  Missouri  River,  near  the  junction  of  the  Dakota  River 
with  that  stream,  and  at  the  intersection  of  a  railroad  from 
the  east,  and  one  from  the  north.  Its  wide  streets  are  at 
right  angles.  It  has  a  good  trade  by  the  railroads  and  the 
Missouri  River.  There  are  many  fine  brick  business  blocks, 
numerous  and  superior  church  edifices,  and  private  dwellings. 
The  city  has  for  many  years  maintained  a  high  reputation  for 
its  public  schools,  and  has  several  excellent  school  buildings. 
It  has  an  iron-foundry,  railroad  machine-shops,  a  large  flouring- 
mill,  and  other  manufactories.  Pure  water  flows  from  an  arte¬ 
sian  well  five  hundred  feet  deep,  situated  upon  a  bluff  in  the 
western  edge  of  the  city,  and  seventy-five  feet  above  its  gen¬ 
eral  level.  Yankton  is  the  seat  of  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
the  Academy  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  and  Yankton  College.  It 
was  organized  as  a  city  in  1873. 

Deadwood  is  the  county  seat  of  Lawrence  County,  and  the  financial  and 
trade  center  and  depot  of  the  Black  Hills.  It  is  situated  at  the  junction 
of  Deadwood  and  Whitewood  gulches,  where  they  widen  for  a  considerable 
distance,  and  is  nearly  surrounded  by  lofty  hills.  Whitewood  Creek  runs 
through  the  city.  It  has  many  substantial  brick  and  stone  business-houses, 
banks,  and  places  of  amusement,  and  contains  a  large  and  fine  court¬ 
house.  Extensive  warehouses  are  a  marked  feature.  It  is  supplied  with 
water  from  City  Creek,  at  an  elevation  which  gives  force  for  fire  pur¬ 
poses.  The  most  valuable  gold-mines  in  the  Black  Hills  are  within  a  few 
miles  of  Deadwood,  at  Central  City  and  at  Lead  City,  where  also  are  located 
the  largest  stamp-mills  in  the  world. 

Fargo,  the  county  seat  of  Cass  County,  is  situated  at  the  point  where 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  crosses  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  It  is 
marked  by  enterprise  and  rapid  growth,  and  is  the  financial  and  commercial 
center  for  a  large  and  prosperous  region,  which  is  rapidly  developing.  Its 
public  buildings  are  a  large  and  substantial  court-house,  and  two  fine  public 
school  buildings.  There  are  numerous  excellent  business  blocks,  and  sev¬ 
eral  large  public  halls.  It  has  three  extensive  hotels.  The  St.  Paul; 
Minneapolis,  and  Manitoba  Railroad  intersects  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail¬ 
road  at  this  place,  and  there  are  also  two  branch  lines  joining  it  here.  An 
extensive  traffic  is  carried  on  by  means  of  these  railways,  and  by  steamers 
and  barges  upon  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  The  city  is  supplied  with 
water  by  the  Holly  system,  has  a  telephone  exchange,  and  is  illuminated 
by  electric  lights  placed  upon  a  tower. 

Grand  Forks  is  the  county  seat  of  Grand  Forks  County,  and  is  finely 
situated  upon  a  very  high  bank  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Red  Lake  River.  It  is  at  the  intersection  of  four  railroad  lines, 
and  at  the  middle  point  of  the  Red  River  Valley  in  Dakota.  Its  growth  has 
been  very  rapid  and  substantial,  and  it  enjoys  an  extensive  trade  by  rail 
and  river.  It  has  the  largest  and  finest  school  building  in  the  territory.  It 
is  surrounded  by  rich  farming  lands,  and  commands  the  resources  of  an 
extensive  region.  Many  substantial  business  blocks  and  several  large 
hotels  adorn  the  city.  Business  energy  and  enterprise  are  striking  features 
of  its  daily  life. 

Sioux  Falls,  the  county  seat  of  Minnehaha  Countv,  takes  its  name  from 
the  extensive  falls  in  the  Big  Sioux  River,  near  which  it  is  located  upon  an 


attractive  site.  It  has  the  largest  and  best  water-power  in  the  territory, 
upon  which  stands  the  Queen  Bee  mill  (seven  stories  high,  and  one  of  the 
largest  flouring-mills  in  the  world),  besides  other  and  smaller  mills.  It  has 
railroad  connections  in  four  directions,  and  commands  a  fine  trade.  It 
has  a  superior  system  of  public  schools,  and  commodious  school  buildings. 
There  are  large  hotel  structures  and  business  blocks.  It  has  extensive 
quarries  of  granite,  which  is  shipped  widely  for  building  purposes.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  territorial  penitentiary  and  of  the  territorial  school  for  the 
education  of  deaf-mutes. 

Aberdeen,  in  McCauley  County,  is  a  prosperous  railroad  town  located  in  a 
fertile  region.  It  has  a  flowing  artesian  well. 

Bismarck,  the  county  seat  of  Burleigh  County,  is  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  where  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  crosses 
it.  A  fine  iron  railroad  bridge  spans  the  Missouri  at  this  point.  It  has  a 
fine  court-house,  and  excellent  schools. 

Canton,  the  county  seat  of  Lincoln  County,  is  an  enterprising  town, 
situated  on  the  Big  Sioux  River,  at  a  railroad  junction,  surrounded  by  a 
well-settled  country. 

Chamberlain,  the  county  seat  of  Bruld  County,  is  a  rapidly  growing  town 
it  the  terminus  of  the  main  line  of  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad, 
upon  the  Missouri  River,  and  an  important  shipping-point  for  the  Black 
Hills. 

Huron,  the  county  seat  of  the  large  county  of  Beadle,  is  delightfully 
located  near  Dakota  River,  and  is  a  railroad  center  of  importance,  and  the 
financial  and  trade  center  of  a  rich  region.  Machine-shops  of  Dakota  Cen¬ 
tral  Division,  Chicago  and  North-Western  Railroad,  are  located  here. 

Jamestown  is  located  upon  a  fine  plateau  at  the  crossing  of  the  Dakota 
River  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  and  is  the  county  seat  of  Stuts¬ 
man  County.  It  is  a  beautifully  built  and  attractive  place,  doing  a  large 
business. 

Mitchell  is  the  county  seat  of  Davison  County,  and  a  new  town  of  rapid 
and  fine  growth.  The  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad  makes  this  a  lead¬ 
ing  point  on  its  line.  Its  court-house  and  school  buildings  are  excellent. 

Pierre  is  the  terminus  of  the  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railroad  upon 
the  Missouri  River,  and  the  county  seat  of  Hughes  County.  It  is  a  point 
of  departure  for  stage,  mail,  and  freight  lines  to  the  Black  Hills,  and  for 
reshipment  by  river.  ~ 

Watertown  is  upon  the  Chicago  and  North-Western  Railroad,  where  it 
crosses  the  Big  Sioux  River,  near  its  source,  and  is  the  county  seat  of 
Codington  County.  It  has  long  had  many  trade  advantages,  has  good 
schools,  and  a  very  intelligent  and  enterpi.amg  population.  Near  it  is  the 
beautiful  Lake  Kampeska,  a  favorite  resort. 

Brookings,  county  seat  of  Brookings  County,  is  beautifully  situated  in  a 
very  fertile  section  of  country,  and  enjoys  a  fine  trade  with  the  sui  rounding 
country.  Junction  of  Sioux  River  and  Dakota  Central  Divisions  of  Chicago 
and  North-Western  Railroad. 

Redfield,  in  Spink  County,  at  the  junction  of  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter 
Railroad  with  the  Dakota  Central  Division  of  the  Chicago  and  North- 
Western  Railroad,  is  finely  located,  and  has  a  large  and  rapidly  increasing 
trade. 

Ordway,  McCauley  County,  terminus  of  the  Dakota  Central  Division  of  the 
Chicago  and  North-Western  Railroad,  a  town  of  growing  local  importance. 

Columbia,  an  important  business  center  in  Brown  County;  De  Smet, 
the  county  seat  of  Kingsbury  County  ;  Elk  Point,  the  county  seat  of  Union 
County;  Madison,  the  county  seat  of  Lake  County;  Millbank,  a  growing 
town  in  Grant  County;  Valley  City,  the  county  seat  of  Barnes  County; 
Vermilion,  the  county  seat  of  Clay  County;  and  Wahpeton,  the  county 
seat  of  Richland  County,  —  are  all  enterprising  and  prosperous  places. 


MONTANA. 


213 


MONTANA. 


II.  SURFACE. 


YELLOWSTONE  RIVER, 
NEAR  LIVINGSTON. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  145,776  square  miles.  Population  ( Census  of  1880),  39,159.] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Montana  reaches  from  the  Rocky  Mountain  regions  in  the 


west  to  the  great  plains  of  the  Mississippi  valley  in  the  east. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  on  the 
west  by  Idaho,  on  the  south  by  Idaho  and  Wyoming,  and  on 
the  east  by  Dakota.  It  lies  between  longitude  104°  and  116° 
west  from  Greenwich,  and  between  45 0  and  490  north  latitude. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  territory  from  east  to  west  is  540  miles,  and 
its  width  north  and  south  is  275  miles. 


Beside  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  principal 
subsidiary  ranges  are  the  Bitter  Root,  Deer  Lodge,  Bear  Paw, 
Big  Horn,  and  Powder  River  mountains. 

The  Mauvais  Terres ,  or  bad  lands,  are  found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
territory,  along  the  lower  Yellowstone  River,  and  south  of  the  Missouri. 
These  lands,  which  have  until  recently  been  considered  a  desert,  are  now 
pronounced  the  richest  of  soils,  with  vast  deposits  of  iron  and  coal,  and 
containing  many  fossils. 

The  average  elevation  of  the  valleys  and  bench  lands  is  something  less 
than  3,000  feet,  while  the  average  elevation  of  the  territory  is  about  3,100 
feet  above  the  sea-level. 

The  principal  mountain  peaks  are  Emigrant  Peak  (10,629  feet),  Mount 
Powell  (10,500  feet),  Ward’s  Peak  (10,371  feet),  Mount  Cowan  (10,351 
feet),  Mount  Delano  (10,200  feet),  and  Mount  Blackburn  (10,134  feet). 

The  principal  valleys  are  those  of  the  Missouri,  Yellowstone,  Gallatin,  Madi¬ 
son,  Jefferson,  Beaver  Head,  Deer  Lodge,  Bitter  Root,  Judith,  Sun,  and 
Prickly  Pear  rivers. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

That  portion  of  the  territory  lying  west  of  the  main  range  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  is  drained  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  Clarke’s  PArk  of  the 
Columbia  River,  and  its  tributaries. 

This  stream  from  Deer  Lodge  City  to  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Black-foot  is  called  locally  the  Deer 
Lodge  River;  thence  to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Mary’s  or  Bitter  Root  River,  the  Hellgate;  and 
thence  to  the  mouth  of  the  Flathead  River,  the  Missoula. 

That  portion  of  the  territory  east  of  the  main  range  is  drained  by  the  Missouri 
River  and  its  tributaries  into  the  Mississippi,  and  thence  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Within  the  limits  of  Montana  the  Missouri  averages  about  1,000  feet  in  width.  The  great  falls  and 
rapids  begin  a  short  distance  below  the  mouth  of  the  Sun  River,  and  extend  some  ten  miles  with 
a  descent  of  450  feet.  They  are  remarkable  for  their  beauty  and  the  swiftness  of  their  waters. 

The  most  important  tributary  of  the  Missouri  is  the  Yellowstone,  which 
rises  in  the  Yellowstone  Lake  in  the  National  Park  of  the  same  name, 
and  flows  about  800  miles  north-westerly,  emptying  into  the  Missouri 
at  Fort  Buford.  This  river  is  navigable  for  about  400  miles,  and  is 
remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery  and  for  the  grandeur  of  its 
falls  and  canons. 


IV.  CLIMATE. 

While  the  climate  of  Montana  is  severe  in  some  localities,  it 
is  favorably  affected  by  oceanic  influences.  The  warm  Japan 
current,  washing  the  coasts  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  pours 
its  heat  into  the  atmosphere,  which  passes  over  the  mountains 
in  a  warm  wind  known  as  the  “Chinook,”  producin 


g  wonderful 


The  surface  for  the  most  part  is  mountainous. 
The  western  portion  is  traversed  by  the  main 
range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  having  about 
one  fourth  of  the  territory  on  the  western 
slope,  and  three  fourths  on  the  eastern.  Be¬ 
sides  the  main  divide,  there  are  many  smaller 
ranges  and  detached  groups  of  mountains. 
Between  these  are  many  beautiful  and  fertile 
valleys.  The  western  part  of  the  territory  is 
rugged,  while  the  eastern  slope  abounds  more 
in  plateaus  and  rolling  prairies,  which  in  the 
north  stretch  out  into  a  great  plain. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP, 

MONTANA. 

Situation.  — What  country  on  the  north  of  Montana?  What  territory 
on  the  east?  What  territories  on  the  south  and  west?  Between  what 
degrees  of  latitude  is  it  located?  How  many  miles  does  it  extend  north 
and  south?  What  degrees  of  longitude  nearly  mark  its  boundaries? 
How  many  miles  does  it  extend  east  and  west?  How  does  it  compare 
in  extent  with  the  other  territories  ?  In  what  great  plateau  is  this  terri¬ 
tory  located  ?  What  is  its  shape  ? 

Surface.— What  is  the  general  surface  of  the  south-western  half  of 
Montana?  Of  the  north-eastern  half?  What  mountain  range  divides 
it  from  Idaho?  What  important  mountain  system  extends  through  the 
western  portion?  From  the  course  of  the  rivers,  what  do  you  infer  of 
the  elevation  of  the  western  part?  Of  the  eastern  part?  What  of  its 
comparative  general  elevation?  What  two  extensive  valleys  in  the 
eastern  part  ?  What  one  in  the  north-west  ? 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  What  are  its  three  principal  rivers  ?  Describe 
the  course  of  the  longest.  Of  its  main  branch.  Have  these  rivers 
many  tributaries  ?  Where  do  their  waters  reach  the  ocean  ?  Describe 
the  course  of  Clarke’s  Fork.  What  lake  does  it  drain  ?  Where  does 
this  water  reach  the  ocean  ?  Is  this  territory  well  watered  ?  W hat  parts 
appear  to  be  most  so  ? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  What  three  counties  comprise  the  northern 
tier?  What  two  the  eastern  tier?  What  county  extends  nearly  across 
the  state  on  the  west  ?  What  part  of  the  territory  appears  to  be  most 
inhabited?  Name  the  seven  southern  central  counties.  Name  and 
locate  the  capital.  Name  one  other  city  in  each  of  the  central  counties. 
Name  the  three  counties  largest  in  extent.  What  counties  appear  to 
be  least  settled  ?  What  important  National  division  partly  in  the  central- 
southern  portion  ?  Its  extent  ? 

IDAHO. 

Situation.  —  What  country  on  the  north  of  Idaho?  What  division 
on  the  north-east?  On  the  east?  What  state  and  territory  on  the 
south  ?  On  the  west  ?  What  river  forms  part  of  the  western  boundary  ? 
What  parallel  marks  its  northern  boundary?  Its  southern?  Nearly 
between  what  meridians  is  it?  What  is  its  shape? 

Surface.  —  What  mountain  range  divides  it  on  the  north-east  from 
Montana?  What  mountains  in  the  south-eastern  part?  What  is  the 
surface  of  the  central  portion  ?  What  extensive  valleys  does  it  con¬ 
tain?  What  of  its  general  elevation  ? 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  What  is  the  principal  river  of  Idaho?  Where 
does  it  rise?  In  what  direction  does  it  flow?  Name  some  of  its  tribu¬ 
taries  on  the  north  and  east.  On  the  south.  What  river  crosses  the 
northern  part  of  the  territory?  WThat  lakes  are  connected  with  it? 
What  lake  in  the  south-east  ?  What  is  the  outlet  of  this  lake,  and  into 
what  does  it  flow  ? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  What  counties  border  on  the  Snake  or 
Shoshone  River?  Name  the  western  tier  of  counties.  Name  the 
counties  adjoining  Montana.  What  is  the  north-eastern  county  ? 
What  is  the  capital,  and  in  what  county  ?  What  other  principal  places 
in  the  counties  adjoining?  In  what  parts  of  the  territory  are  the  chief 
settlements  ? 

WYOMING. 

Situation.  —  What  territory  on  the  north  of  Wyoming?  What  terri¬ 
tory  and  state  on  the  east?  On  the  south?  What  two  territories  on 
the  west?  What  is  its  shape?  What  parallels  mark  its  boundaries? 
What  meridians  nearly  mark  its  boundaries  ?  According  to  the  scale 
of  miles,  what  is  its  extent  north  and  south?  East  and  west?  How 
many  square  miles  does  it  contain  ? 

Surface.  — What  is  the  general  surface  of  Wyoming?  Which  por¬ 
tions  are  most  mountainous  ?  What  mountains  in  the  south-east?  In 
the  center?  In  the  north?  Has  it  many  mountain  peaks?  Name 
several  of  the  most  important.  Which  is  the  highest  ?  What  do  the 
flowing  waters  show  as  to  height  of  land?  In  what  directions  do  its 
streams  flow?  Is  its  general  elevation  high? 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  What  four  large  rivers  have  some  part  of  their 
source  in  Wyoming?  Where  do  the  waters  of  each  find  the  ocean? 
What  is  the  length  of  the  longest  of  these  river  systems,  as  it  flows 
from  its  source  to  the  sea  ?  What  the  shortest  distance  across  the 
country  from  its  source  to  its  mouth  ?  [See  map  of  U.S.]  What  lake 
in  the  north-western  part?  Connected  with  what  river? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  How  many  counties  in  Wyoming?  Which 
is  the  largest  in  extent  ?  What  National  division  to  the  north-west?  Its 
dimensions  in  miles?  Near  the  size  of  what  eastern  state  is  this  Park? 
Name  and  locate  the  capital. 


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MONTANA. 


effects  upon  the  snows  of  the  severest  season.  During  the 
winter,  westerly  winds  prevail ;  and  this  season  resembles  the 
climate  of  the  Pacific  coast  rather  than  that  of  the  colder  north. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

The  resources  of  Montana,  though  to  a  great  extent  undevel¬ 
oped,  are  of  no  mean  order.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  coal,  and 
building-stone  are  among  her  mineral  resources  ;  while  for  stock- 
raising,  agriculture,  and  lumbering,  the  opportunities  are  ample. 

Soil. —  The  bottom  or  meadow  lands  along  the  streams  are  a  rich  black 
loam,  which  is  very  productive.  Farther  back  the  bench  lands  are  more 
sandy,  but  still  productive,  and  more  or  less  easily  irrigated.  The 
higher  tablelands  produce  fine  grasses,  but  are  not  classed  as  arable. 

Minerals.  —  Montana  is  rich  in  the  precious  metals.  Some  of  the  most 
productive  mines  in  the  history  of  American  mining  have  been  worked 
in  the  territory;  and  it  has  produced  more  gold  since  1862  than  those 
of  any  other  state  or  territory  excepting  California. 

Valuable  iron  ores  are  found  in  many  places,  particularly  in  Gallatin  and 
Deer  Lodge  counties.  In  the  latter  an  iron  mountain  yielding  thirty 
per  cent  pure  iron  is  found. 

Rich  deposits  of  copper  are  found  near  Butte  and  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
the  veins  carrying  ores  from  twenty-five  to  fifty  per  cent. 

Lead  is  found  in  great  quantities  in  several  places.  Bituminous  and 
lignite  coals  are  plentiful.  Hardly  a  county  in  the  territory  is  without 
it,  while  along  the  Missouri,  Yellowstone,  and  other  streams,  the  supply 
is  comparatively  inexhaustible. 

Excellent  building-stone,  a  beautiful  marble,  is  found  in  great  abundance 
near  Helena  and  Deer  Lodge  City,  as  well  as  in  other  places.  Other 
geological  resources  are  numerous  and  of  growing  importance. 

Forests.  —  Several  million  acres  of  the  mountain  uplands  are  covered 
with  forests,  pine  of  several  varieties  and  of  excellent  quality  predomi¬ 
nating.  Other  varieties  are  cedar,  tamarack,  spruce,  cottonwood,  ash, 
willow,  and  box-elder. 

Montana  abounds  in  beautiful  scenery.’'  Grand  mountains, 
lovely  valleys,  wonderful  cascades  and  waterfalls,  and  magnifi¬ 
cent  caverns,  are  among  the  most  prominent  features  of  scenery 
within  the  territory. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

The  industries  of  Montana  are  chiefly  those  belonging  to  a 
thrifty  and  intelligent  pioneer  mountain  commonwealth,  rich 
in  the  natural  resources  of  the  forest,  the  mine,  the  valley,  and 
the  plain.  Mining  and  stock-raising  are  of  first  importance  ; 
but  much  attention  is  also  given  to  lumbering,  agriculture,  and 
trade. 

Mining.  —  Important  mining  operations  are  carried  on  in  almost  every 
county  in  the  territory,  and  this  is  the  chief  employment  of  many  of 
the  people.  In  addition  to  the  great  interests  involved  in  the  gold  and 
silver  mines,  the  copper,  lead,  and  coal  mines  are  also  of  much  im¬ 
portance. 

Stock-raising  is  one  of  the  chief  industries  of  Montana.  The  herding 
and  raising  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses  afford  business  and  employ¬ 
ment  to  a  great  many  people. 

Manufactures,  beyond  those  which  are  connected  with  mining  and  rail¬ 
roads,  and  the  domestic  industries  of  the  people,  are  of  minor  im¬ 
portance. 

Agriculture.  —  A  comparatively  small  portion  of  the  territory  has  been 
brought  under  cultivation ;  but  considerable  crops  of  wheat,  oats,  and 
barley  are  grown,  while  potatoes,  onions,  beets,  turnips,  and  other  garden 
products  are  profitable  crops. 

Commerce  and  Transportation. —  The  commerce  of  the  territory  consists 
in  exchanging  the  products  of  her  mines  and  ranges  for  the  merchandise 
necessary  for  the  people.  The  rivers  afford  a  water-line  to  the  seaboard, 
while  railroads  are  rapidly  pushing  through  the  territory. 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  passes  through  the  territory  from  east  to 
west,  while  the  Utah  and  Northern  connects  with  it  at  Little  Black- 


foot,  giving  ample  facilities  for  rail  transportation  in  almost  every 
direction.  A  branch  line  has  been  built  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail¬ 
way  from  Livingston  to  the  Yellowstone  National  Park. 

Lumbering.  —  The  extensive  forests  of  Montana  render  the  lumber 
interests  of  the  highest  importance,  and  this  industry  is  already  em¬ 
ploying  considerable  capital  and  large  numbers  of  men. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  government  of  the  territory  is  vested,  under  the  United 
States  Statutes,  in  the  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial 
departments.  Besides  the  officers  appointed  under  the  pro¬ 
visions  of  the  general  government,  the  territorial  officers  are 
an  auditor,  treasurer,  attorney-general,  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  and  three  district-attorneys. 

The  governor,  who  is  the  chief  executive  officer,  is  appointed  for  four 
years,  or  until  his  successor  is  duly  qualified,  unless  sooner  removed  by 
the  President. 

The  legislative  department  is  vested  in  an  Assembly  composed  of  two 
houses,  —  a  Council,  composed  of  twelve  members,  and  a  House  of 
Representatives,  composed  of  twenty-four  members,  all  of  whom  are 
elected  for  two  years.  Sessions  limited  to  sixty  days  are  held  biennially, 
commencing  in  January  in  the  odd  years. 

The  territorial  judiciary  consists  of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associates, 
appointed  by  the  President,  who  are  styled  the  Supreme  Court.  The 
territory  is  also  divided  into  three  districts;  and  district  courts  are  held 
in  each  by  one  of  these  judges,  at  times  and  places  prescribed  by  law. 

Each  county  has  its  own  officers  to  attend  to  the  business  of 
the  county  in  all  local  matters. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Montana  has  a  well-organized  public  school  system,  whose 
entire  support  is  derived  from  direct  taxation.  There  have  also 
been  established  at  numerous  places  fine  denominational  and 
private  schools. 

Recent  statistics  show  a  rapid  increase  in  the  enumeration  of  pupils,  in 
the  number  enrolled,  as  well  as  in  the  length  of  the  school  term  and  in 
the  number  of  schools  actually  taught. 

Teachers  are  usually  well  paid,  and  the  schools  are  liberally  supported, 
the  average  rate  of  taxation  voted  for  school  purposes  being  nearly 
four  mills  on  the  dollar. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

The  region  now  embraced  in  Montana  has  successively  be¬ 
longed,  all  or  in  part,  to  Louisiana,  Oregon,  Washington, 
Nebraska,  Dakota,  and  Idaho.  The  present  territory  of  Mon¬ 
tana  was  organized  under  the  provisions  of  an  Act  of  Congress, 
May  26,  1864. 

Nearly  all  of  Montana  came  under  control  of  the  United 
States  Government  in  1 803,  by  means  of  the  Louisiana  purchase 
from  Lrance. 

The  French  had  made  expeditions  into  what  is  now  Montana  as  early  as 
1 743  ;  but  little  was  known  of  the  country  until  an  expedition  was  fitted 
out  by  the  United  States  Government  in  1804,  and  sent  to  explore  the 
region  lately  acquired  from  France,  under  the  command  of  two  army 
officers,  Capts.  Lewis  and  Clarke.  This  expedition  had  for  its  prime 
object  the  exploration  of  the  Upper  Missouri  River,  and  the  discovery 
of  the  most  direct  line  of  water  communication  across  the  Continent. 
In  July,  1805,  they  reached  the  point  where  the  present  Gallatin,  Madi¬ 
son,  and  Jefferson  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Missouri.  In  August  they 
crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  followed  the  course  of  the  Columbia 
River  from  its  head  waters  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  which  they  reached  in 
November.  In  March,  1806,  they  set  out  on  the  return  trip,  reaching 
St.  Louis  in  September,  1806,  having  twice  traversed  the  whole  length 
of  Montana. 


MONTANA. 


2i  7 


In  1852  gold  was  discovered  in  what  is  now  Deer  Lodge 
County,  and  during  the  next  ten  years  in  several  other  places  ; 
but  it  was  not  until  1872  that  any  great  discoveries  were  made. 

From  this  time,  discoveries  of  both  gold  and  silver  have  been  frequent; 
and  wonderful  mines  have  been  developed,  which  have  added  largely 
to  the  wealth  of  the  territory,  and  have  attracted  a  superior  class  of 
settlers  to  its  borders. 

In  1876-77  great  trouble  was  experienced  with  the  Indians,  principally 
the  Sioux  and  Cheyennes.  These  difficulties  have  all  been  settled, 
and  the  conditions  of  life  in  Montana  are  well  adapted  to  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  a  strong  and  intelligent  state. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS.  • 

Montana  contains  thirteen  counties  and  the  following  leading 
cities  and  towns  ;  — 

Helena  (7,000),  county  seat  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  County,  and 
capital  of  the  territory,  is  the  largest  and  most  important  city. 
It  is  situated  at  the  western  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on 
the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

It  is  the  commercial  and  financial  center  of  the  territory,  and  has  banks 
with  ample  capital,  stores  with  fine  stocks  of  merchandise,  hotels, 
churches,  and  other  public  buildings.  It  has  well  organized  and 
equipped  police  and  fire  departments,  and  is  lighted  by  a  system  of 
electric  lights.  Foundries,  smelters,  factories,  and  mills  of  various 
kinds,  afford  employment  to  hundreds.  It  is  surrounded  by  many 
and  extensive  gold  and  silver  mines,  which  contribute  to  the  thrift  and 
prosperity  of  the  city. 

Butte  City  (5,000)  is  the  county  seat  of  Silver  Bow  County,  and  the  most 
important  mining  town  in  the  territory.  It  is  a  handsome,  well-built  city, 
and  has  an  extensive  business  with  the  surrounding  mines  and  camps.  Here 
are  located  numerous  mills,  smelters,  roasters,  etc.,  for  the  treatment  of  the 
ores.  It  has  good  railroad  facilities,  and,  in  addition  to  its  direct  mining 
interests,  is  an  important  business  center,  with  excellent  stores,  banks,  and 
business  houses  in  all  departments  of  trade  and  merchandise.  It  has  good 
schools  and  a  prosperous  and  well-regulated  city  government. 

Bozeman,  the  county  seat  of  Gallatin  County,  is  important  for  the  mining 
as  well  as  the  agricultural  interests  which  surround  it.  It  has  a  good 
business,  with  all  the  evidences  of  thrift  and  prosperity.  It  is  built  up  in 
good  style,  having  fine  churches  and  excellent  public  schools.  It  has  good 
railroad  facilities,  and  is  a  principal  outfitting  point  for  parties  visiting  the 
National  Yellowstone  Park. 

Missoula,  the  county  seat  of  Missoula  County,  is  beautifully  located  on 


the  Missoula  River,  and  is  a  thriving  and  prosperous  town.  It  has  extensive 
flouring-mills  and  mercantile  establishments,  which  do  a  good  business  with 
the  surrounding  country.  Churches  and  public  schools  have  been  established, 
and  prosperity  is  visible  in  every  direction. 

Miles  City,  county  seat  of  Custer  County,  is  the  most  important  city  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  tenritory.  Situated  on  the  Yellowstone  River  as  well 
as  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  it  has  important  commercial  facilities, 
and  is  a  prosperous  and  growing  town.  It  is  an  important  outfitting  point 
for  the  mining  camps  in  eastern  Montana  and  Dakato,  and  its  military 
business  through  Fort  Keough  is  important.  It  has  a  good  court-house, 
churches,  and  public  schools. 

Deer  Lodge  City,  the  county  seat  of  Deer  Lodge  County,  has  a  good 
trade  with  the  surrounding  mining  and  farming  community.  In  addition  to 
an  excellent  public  school,  it  is  the  seat  of  the  Montana  Collegiate  Institute, 
and  a  flourishing  school  under  the  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

Fort  Benton,  county  seat  of  Choteau  County,  is  one  of  the  oldest  settle¬ 
ments  in  the  territory.  It  was  for  years  the  principal  trading  and  distributing 
point  for  supplies  on  the  Upper  Missouri.  It  carries  on  a  large  trade  in  the 
supplies  and  merchandise  required  by  the  people,  as  well  as  in  the  exporta¬ 
tion  of  furs  and  the  other  products  of  the  region. 

Billings,  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  has  a  good  trade  with  the 
surrounding  agricultural  country.  Extensive  irrigation  ditches  have  been 
constructed  in  this  region,  and  the  area  of  cultivated  lands  is  rapidly  increas¬ 
ing.  It  is  an  important  stock  shipping  point,  and  has  railway-shops  and 
other  advantages. 

Glendive  is  situated  on  the  Yellowstone  River,  90  miles  from  its  junction 
with  the  Missouri.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  good  farming  country,  and  is  a 
point  for  the  shipment  of  cattle  and  sheep  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
to  eastern  markets. 

Livingston,  on  the  Yellowstone,  at  the  foot  of  the  Belt  Range,  is  an  im¬ 
portant  railroad  station  on  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  the  point  of  departure 
of  the  branch  line  to  the  National  Park.  Here  are  located  extensive  machine- 
shops  and  engine-houses. 

Virginia  City,  county  seat  of  Madison  County,  is  also  a  prominent  out¬ 
fitting  point  for  the  Yellowstone  National  Park.  It  has  fine  churches,  good 
schools,  and  beautiful  and  attractive  houses. 

Alder  Gulch,  upon  which  the  city  is  located,  is  one  of  the  most  famous 
mining  camps  in  the  world,  having  yielded  not  less  than  $75,000,000  in  gold 
alone. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  the  county  seat  of  Meagher  County,  is  surrounded 
by  a  fine  fanning  and  grazing  region,  and  is  a  flourishing  business  town.  It 
is  a  prominent  resort  for  tourists,  hunters,  and  invalids.  The  mineral  springs 
and  baths  are  very  popular. 

Dillon,  on  the  Utah  and  Northern  Railroad,  is  an  important  and  thriving 
town,  having  a  good  trade  with  the  surrounding  country. 


2  I  8 


IDAHO. 


IDAHO. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  86,294  square  miles.  Population  [1880),  32,600 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 


an  average  width  of  200  miles.  In  area  it  is  a  little  more  than 
half  as  large  as  California. 

*  II.  SURFACE. 


Idaho  touches  British  Columbia  on  the  north,  and  borders  on 
six  states  and  territories.  It  lies  between  42 0  and  490  north 
latitude,  and  between  ni°  and  1170  west  longitude.  In  shape 

it  is  an  irregular  triangle, 
440  miles  in  length,  with 


Idaho  is  a  mountain  region.  Its  boundary-line  on  the  north¬ 
east  is  one  of  the  main  ridges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  known 
in  the  northern  part  as  the  Bitter  Root  and  Coeur  d’Alene 
mountains. 

This  range  is  nearly  500  miles  in  length  ;  and  many  of  its  summits  reach  a 

height  of  from  10,000  to  13,000  feet. 
The  Salmon  River  Mountains  cross 
the  central  part  of  the  territory.  Sev¬ 
eral  of  the  peaks  of  this  group  are 
between  13,000  and  14,000  feet  high. 
Valleys.  —  The  largest  valley  is  that 
of  the  Snake  River.  There  are 
numerous  small  mountain  \Talleys 
from  3,000  to  5,000  feet  above  the 
sea-level. 

Between  the  south-western  spurs  of 
the  Salmon  River  Mountains  and 
the  Snake  River  is  a  considerable 
tract  of  arid  country  called  the  lava 
district  of  the  Snake  River.  This 
region  is  of  volcanic  origin,  and 
abounds  in  hot-springs  and  geysers. 
The  extreme  south-eastern  part  of  the 
territory,  belonging  to  the  Great 
Basin,  which  extends  over  a  large 
part  of  Nevada  and  Utah,  partakes 
of  the  surface  characteristics  of 
those  divisions. 


III.  DRAINAGE. 

Nearly  all  of  Idaho  belongs  to 

MOUNTAIN  SCENERY.  .  . 

the  basm  of  the  Columbia  River. 
The  extreme  south-eastern  part,  forming  the  rim  of  the  Great  Basin,  is 
drained  by  Bear  River,  which  flows  into  Great  Salt  Lake. 

The  largest  head  stream  of  the  Columbia  is  the  Snake  or  Shoshone  River,  which  rises  in 
Wyoming,  near  the  Yellowstone  Park,  and  has  a  course  within  Idaho  of  850  miles. 
The  Snake  River  is  navigable  for  200  miles,  from  the  mouth  of  Powder  River  to 
Salmon  Falls;  and  also  from  Lewiston  to  its  junction  with  the  Columbia  in  Washington 
Territory.  The  river  runs  through  several  canons  of  great  depth  and  magnificent 
scenery,  and  its  navigation  is  interrupted  at  several  points  by  cataracts  and  rapids. 
Among  the  finest  of  these  are  the  Great  Shoshone,  American,  and  Salmon  Falls.  The 
largest  tributaries  of  the  Snake  River  within  the  limits  of  Idaho  are  the  Salmon  and 
Clearwater  rivers. 

Other  important  tributaries  of  the  Columbia  are  the  Kootenai,  Pend  d’Oreille,  and  Spokan  ; 
the  first  two  joining  the  Columbia  in  British  America,  and  the  last  in  Washington. 

In  the  south-central  part  of  the  territory  a  number  of  small  streams  have  no  outlet  except 
in  the  sinks  and  lakes  of  the  lava-fields. 


IV.  CLIMATE. 

On  account  of  its  altitude,  Idaho  has  a  healthful  climate.  Spring,  summer, 
and  autumn  are  delightful ;  and  the  winters,  though  cold,  are  less  severe 
than  in  the  mountain  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  rainfall  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  territory  is  much  heavier  than  in  the  southern  part. 


IDAHO. 


The  influence  of  the  warm  ocean  currents  flowing  down  the  Pacific  coast 
of  the  United  States  is  felt  here,  especially  in  winter.  Warm  winds 
blow  across  the  mountains  from  the  west,  and  mitigate  the  severity  of 
the  coldest  seasons.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  remarkably  high 
for  the  latitude,  the  isotherm  of  Harrisburg  and  Chicago  passing  con¬ 
siderably  north  of  the  territory. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

The  resources  of  Idaho  consist  chiefly  in  its  mines  of  silver 
and  gold,  its  vast  extent  of  good  grazing  ground  for  the  pastur¬ 
age  of  live-stock,  and  its  numerous  fertile  valleys. 

Minerals.  —  Gold  is  found  along:  the  head  waters  of  most  of  the  mountain 
streams.  There  are  rich  silver  mines  in  the  southern  part  of  the  terri¬ 
tory.  There  are  also  extensive  deposits  of  coal  and  iron  not  yet  worked. 

Forests.  —  The  mountains  are  covered  up  to  the  snow  line  with  forests 
of  pine,  fir,  spruce,  and  hemlock ;  and  the  wooded  tracts  are  most  ex¬ 
tensive  in  the  northern  part  of  the  territory. 

Soils.  —  The  soil  of  Idaho  in  the  long,  narrow  river  valleys  is  very  pro¬ 
ductive.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  territory  the  rainfall  is  abundant ; 
but,  in  the  southern  half,  irrigation  is  required  in  order  to  secure  crops. 

The  elevated  mountain  valleys,  the  mountain  slopes,  and  the  rolling 
plains  are  covered  with  nutritious  grasses,  and  afford  extensive  grazing 
grounds  for  cattle  and  sheep. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

As  indicated  by  its  resources,  the  industries  of  Idaho  are 
mainly  confined  to  the  development  of  her  rich  mineral  re¬ 
sources  and  the  herding  of  live-stock.  Supplementary  to  these, 
there  is  a  large  commercial  interest,  and  a  constantly  increasing 
production  of  cereals  and  fruits  to  supply  the  home  market. 

Mining.  —  Although  gold  was  discovered  as  early  as  1852,  mining  opera¬ 
tions  on  any  considerable  scale  began  only  in  18C0.  Since  that  time, 
both  silver  and  gold  have  been  produced  in  large  quantities,  and  the 
total  product  to  date  has  been  nearly  $100,000,000.  Lead  is  also  a 
valuable  incidental  product  in  silver-mining  operations. 

Stock-raising.  —  Herding  is  rapidly  developing  into  the  most  important 
and  profitable  industry  of  the  territory.  In  1880  the  total  value  of  live¬ 
stock  was  over  $2,250,000 ;  and  since  that  time  it  has  nearly  doubled 
in  value. 

Farming.  —  The  principal  farm  and  garden  productions  are  grain,  hay, 
vegetables,  and  fruits,  —  such  as  apples,  pears,  plums,  peaches,  apricots, 
and  grapes.  In  1880  the  cereal  productions  amounted  to  1,300,000 
bushels,  and  the  hay  product  was  over  40,000  tons. 

Commerce.  —  The  trade  of  Idaho  consists  in  the  exchange  of  gold,  silver, 
and  live-stock  for  manufactured  articles  of  every  description. 

Idaho  is  commercially  connected  with  the  Pacific  coast  and  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  which  crosses  the 
northern  part  of  the  territory  north  of  Lake  Pend  d’Oreille.  The 
southern  part  of  the  territory  is  connected  with  the  Union  and  Central 
Pacific  Railroad  system  by  the  Oregon  Branch  and  the  Utah  and 
Northern  Railroad.  The  latter  road  forms  a  connection  between  the 
central  and  the  northern  transcontinental  lines,  and  is  an  important 
commercial  route. 

Extensive  stage  routes  and  wagon  transportation  lines  connect  the  various 
parts  of  the  territory,  and  form  an  important  part  of  the  commercial 
equipment  of  the  country.  They  penetrate  the  mountain  valleys  in  all 
directions,  in  many  cases  where  the  railroad  is  impossible,  and  are  a 
necessary  and  distinctive  feature  of  mountain  life  in  the  territory. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

Idaho  has  a  territorial  government,  based  on  the  Act  of 
Congress  of  March  3,  1863. 


219 


The  executive  departvient  consists  of  a  governor  and  secretary,  appointed 
by  the  President  and  Senate  of  the  United  States. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Council  of  twelve  members  and 
an  Assembly  of  twenty-four  members.  The  Legislature  holds  biennial 
sessions. 

The  judicial  departvient  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court  (a  chief  justice  and 
two  associates);  district  courts,  held  at  various  points  in  the  territory  by 
the  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  probate  and  justices’ courts.  The 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  appointed  by  the  President,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Senate. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Idaho  has  a  good  system  of  public  schools,  under  the  control 
of  a  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  county  superintend¬ 
ents,  and  three  school  trustees  for  each  district. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

The  area  of  Idaho  formerly  belonged  to  Washington  Terri¬ 
tory,  and  was  set  apart  as  a  separate  organization  by  Act 
of  Congress  of  March  3,  1863.  At  that  time  it  embraced  all 
the  area  of  Montana  and  part  of  Wyoming.  It  was  reduced 
in  extent  by  the  organization  of  Montana  in  1864,  and  was 
given  its  present  limits  in  1868,  when  Wyoming  was  organ¬ 
ized. 

The  first  settlement  within  the  territory  was  made  in  1842,  when  a  mission 
was  established  at  Coeur  d’Alene,  a  few  miles  east  of  the  lake  of  that 
name.  With  this  exception,  there  were  no  white  settlements  in  the 
territory  until  about  the  year  i860.  With  the  advent  of  the  new  rail¬ 
road  lines  from  the  east  and  south,  the  growth  of  the  territory  has  been 
more  rapid  and  substantial. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Idaho  is  divided  into  thirteen  counties,  and  contains  the 
following  leading  cities  and  towns  :  — 

Boise  City  (1,899),  in  Ada  County,  on  the  line  of  the  Oregon 
Branch  Railroad,  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.  It  has  an 
important  trade  with  the  mining  districts  in  the  central  and 
western  parts  of  the  territory.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  United 
States  assay  office,  and  the  center  of  the  most  important 
financial  operations  in  the  territory. 

Lewiston  (739),  county  seat  of  Nez  Perces  County,  on  the  Snake  River, 
near  the  Oregon  line,  is  the  most  important  trading  town  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  territory.  It  is  at  the  head  of  nearly  three  hundred  miles  of  uninter¬ 
rupted  navigation  on  the  Columbia  and  Snake  Rivers,  and  has  a  large  ship¬ 
ping  trade  with  points  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

Malade  City  (759),  county  seat  of  Oneida  County,  near  the  Utah  line,  is 
the  trade  center  of  an  agricultural  and  lumber  region  which  is  rapidly  grow¬ 
ing  in  population  and  wealth. 

Silver  City,  county  seat  of  Owyhe  County,  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
south-west  section  of  the  territory.  It  is  the  center  of  an  important  quartz¬ 
mining  district,  and  is  largely  employed  in  supplying  the  mines  and  reducing 
their  product. 

Idaho  City,  in  Boise  County,  is  the  trade  center  of  rich  mining  districts, 
both  gold  and  silver  being  mined  extensively  in  its  vicinity. 

Hailey  and  Bellevue,  in  Alturas  County,  are  important  mining  centers, 
which  have  recently  been  developed. 

Challis,  in  Lemhi  County;  Montpelier  and  Paris,  in  Bear  Lake  County; 
Placerville,  in  Boise  County ;  Sa’mon  City,  in  Lemhi  County;  and  Wash¬ 
ington,  in  Idaho  County,  — are  also  among  the  more  thriving  and  populous 
places  in  the  territory. 


220 


WYOMING. 


WYOMING. 


1  DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  97,890  square  miles.  Pop¬ 
ulation  (1880),  20,798 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EX¬ 
TENT. 

Wyoming  Territory  is 
situated  principally  on  the  east¬ 
ern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  extends  eastward  into : 
the  great  plain  lying  between  these  mountains  and  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  River. 

The  south-western  portion  slopes  towards  the  Pacific  Ocean  through 
the  Green  River  valley.  It  lies  between  41  °  and  450  north  lati¬ 
tude,  and  between  longitude  104°  and  m°  west  from  Green¬ 
wich. 

The  length  of  the  territory  from  east  to  west  is  about  360  miles, 
and  its  width  north  and  south  is  about  270  miles.  It  is  the  ninth 
in  size  of  all  the  states  and  territories,  and  the  forty-sixth  in  popu¬ 
lation. 

II.  SURFACE. 


The  Missouri  River,  through  the  North 
Platte,  drains  the  south-eastern  part  of 
the  territory ;  and  through  the  ,  Chey¬ 
enne,  Powder,  and  Big  Horn,  the  north¬ 
ern  portion.  The  Snake  River,  which 
eventually  becomes  a  portion  of  the 
great  Columbia  River  of  the  north¬ 
west,  and  empties  into  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  has  its  source  in  the  north¬ 
western  portion  of  this  territory ;  while 
the  Green  River,  which  drains  the  south-western  portion,  finds  its  way 
out  through  Utah  and  Colorado  into  the  Colorado  River,  and  thence 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean  through  the  Gulf  of  California. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  the  territory  is  greatly  varied.  The  remote¬ 
ness  of  the  ocean,  together  with  the  altitude,  exert  great 
influence  on  the  temperature. 

In  the  more  exposed  regions  the  winters  are  cold  and  severe;  but  the 
summers  are  delightful  for  their  mildness,  and  for  the  invigorating  in¬ 
fluences  which  are  experienced  by  the  traveler.  On  the  plains  there 
are  seasons  of  severe  storm,  when  the  winds  from  the  mountains 
sweep  down  upon  them  in  great  fury ;  but  these  are  of  brief  duration. 
The  general  character  of  the  climate  in  these  regions  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  year  is  favorable  to  health  and  comfort. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

The  resources  of  Wyoming  are  varied  as  its  surface,  and 
of  great  importance,  but  in  the  main  they  have  not  as  yet 
been  fully  developed. 


III.  DRAINACE. 

Wyoming,  being  situated  mainly 
in  the  highest  parts  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  is  the  source  of  in¬ 
numerable  rivers.  Three  of  the 
largest  rivers  on  the  continent 
receive  waters  through  her  bor¬ 
ders. 


The  greater  portion  of  the  territory  is  mountainous,  being 
traversed  by  the  main  axis  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  principal  mountain-ranges  are  the  Black  Hills  in  the  north-east,  the 
Big  Horn  Mountains  in  the  north-central,  the  Shoshone,  Teton,  Gros 
Ventre,  and  Wind  River  ranges  in  the  west,  the  Laramie  Range  in 
the  southeast,  and  the  Rattlesnake  and  Sweetwater  mountains  in  the 
central  portions  of  the  territory. 

Interspersed  between  these  mountain-ranges  are  extensive  and  beautiful 
plateaus  of  level  and  fertile  tablelands. 

The  principal  mountain  peaks  are  Mount  Hayden  (13,858  feet),  Fre¬ 
mont  Peak  (13,570  feet),  Mount  Moran  (12,800  feet),  Washakie  Needles 
(12,250  feet),  Chimney  Mountain  (1 1,853  feet),  and  Elk  Mountain  (1 1,551 
feet). 

The  mean  altitude  of  the  Laramie  plains,  one  of  the  principal  plateaus, 
is  about  7,000  feet;  while  Bridgers  Pass,  in  the  Medicine  Bow  Moun¬ 
tains,  is  1 1,410  feet. 

Yellowstone  Lake  is  7,7 88,  Shoshone  Lake  7,670,  and  Lewis  Lake  7,750 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


Soil.  —  The  soil  on  the  plains  is  of  unsurpassed  fertility.  Though  irri¬ 
gation  is  necessary,  as  a  rule,  to  successful  farming,  the  numerous 
streams  which  traverse  the  territory  afford  ample  facilities  for  this 
purpose. 

Hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  of  pasture-lands,  clad  with  nutritious 
grasses,  afford  abundant  range  for  millions  of  cattle.  The  pasturage 
continues  throughout  the  year,  as  during  the  winter  the  snows  are  dry, 
and  the  winds  drift  them  into  ridges;  so  that  it  is  of  rare  occurrence 
that  a  herd  can  not  find  plenty  of  grass. 

Minerals.  —  Gold  and  silver  have  been  discovered  in  several  places  in 
the  territory;  and  the  Black  Hills,  the  Wind  River,  and  Big  Horn 
Mountains,  all  have  their  thrifty  and  prosperous  mining  camps. 

Copper  ores  in  great  abundance  have  been  developed  at  Hartville  and 
near  Cheyenne,  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  territory. 

Valuable  iron  ores  are  found  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  territory  near 
Rawlins,  and  near  Laramie  in  the  south-east. 

A  superior  quality  of  soft  coal  is  known  to  exist  in  great  abundance  in 
many  parts  »of  the  territory,  especially  near  Carbon,  Evanston,  and 
Rock  Springs. 


WYOMING. 


22  I 


Soda,  gypsum,  mica,  graphite,  kaolin,  fire-clay,  antimony,  and  sulphur  are 
also  among  the  mineral  resources  of  the  territory. 

Forests.  —  Portions  of  the  territory  are  finely  timbered,  the  varieties  of 
pine  spruce,  cedar,  and  cottonwood  of  good  quality  being  most  fre¬ 
quent,  and  covering  many  thousands  of  square  miles. 

Water.  —  The  many  mountain-streams  of  the  territory  afford  abundance  of 
water-power  for  the  handling  of  machinery,  for  mining,  and  for  irrigation. 
Scenery.  —  The  scenery  throughout  the  territory  is  beautiful  and  grand. 
The  mountain  parks  and  valleys  are  much  resorted  to  by  pleasure- 
seekers  and  sportsmen.  Mineral  springs,  hot  and  cold,  in  great  vari¬ 
ety,  are  abundant ;  and  pulmonary  diseases  are  favorably  affected  by 
the  waters  and  the  climate. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

The  industries  of  Wyoming  are  rapidly  increasing  in  variety 
and  extent,  and  already  employ  large  sums  of  capital. 

Grazing.  —  Cattle-raising  is  the  chief  industry  of  the  territory. 

While  cattle  often  go  the  year  round  without  other  feed  than  the  range 
affords,  the  most  successful  stockmen  are  now  providing  against 
emergencies  by  harvesting  and  stacking,  at  the  proper  season,  vast 
quantities  of  the  grasses  which  make  most  excellent  hay. 

Sheep-raising  is  also  an  important  industry  of  Wyoming,  and  there  are 
many  extensive  herds  yielding  a  handsome  income. 

Farming.  —  Increasing  attention  is  being  given  to  this  industry,  and  the 
principal  products  are  hay,  potatoes,  and  garden  vegetables. 

Lumbering. —  Important  lumbering  operations  are  carried  on  in  several 
localities  ;  and  railroad-ties,  telegraph-poles,  laths,  shingles,  and  building 
and  fencing  boards  are  produced  in  large  quantities. 

Manufactures.  —  Considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  the  manu¬ 
facturing  interest;  and  extensive  rolling-mills,  railroad  repair-shops, 
and  wagon  and  carriage  shops  are  in  successful  operation. 

Commerce.  —  The  commerce  of  the  territory  is  almost  exclusively  by 
railroad,  and  consists  of  the  trade  in  cattle,  and  merchandise  generally. 
The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  passes  through  the  south  side  of  the  terri¬ 
tory,  and  has  done  much  towards  the  development  of  the  resources  of 
the  territory.  The  Oregon  Branch  of  this  line  starts  from  the  town  of 
Granger,  in  the  western  part  of  Wyoming,  and  constitutes  an  important 
factor  in  the  business  interests  of  the  territory. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  territory  is  governed  under  the  laws  of  Congress  ;  and 
the  governor  and  other  principal  officers  are  appointed  by  the 
President  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 

The  laws  provide  for  a  governor  and  other  territorial  officers,  who  con¬ 
stitute  the  executive  branch  of  the  government. 

The  legislative  department  of  the  government  is  vested  in  a  Legisla¬ 
tive  Assembly,  made  up  of  two  houses,  —  the  Council,  or  upper  house, 
and  the  House  of  Representatives,  —  both  elected  for  two  years.  Ses¬ 
sions  are  held  biennially  in  the  even  years,  and  are  limited  to  sixty  days. 
The  judiciary  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court  with  three  judges,  who 
are  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  hold  office 
for  four  years;  district  courts,  circuit  courts,  and  others  of  inferior 
jurisdiction,  whose  officers  are  elected  by  the  people  for  terms  of  vary¬ 
ing  length. 

The  right  to  vote  is  extended  to  women  equally  with  men  at  all  terri¬ 
torial  elections. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

Liberal  provisions  have  been  made  for  the  support  of  public 
schools.  A  territorial  superintendent  is  at  the  head  of  the 
system,  and  county  superintendents  and  district  boards  have 
charge  of  the  details,  which  are  generally  well  provided  for. 

A  teachers’  institute  is  provided  for,  which  may  arrange  and  prescribe  a 
course  of  study  for  uniform  use  throughout  the  territory.  Women  may 
vote  at  the  school  elections,  and  are  eligible  to  hold  school  offices. 
Parents  are  required  to  see  that  their  children  between  the  ages  of 
seven  and  sixteen  attend  school  during  three  months  in  each  year. 
The  larger  towns  maintain  excellent  .graded  schools,  good  buildings 
are  provided,  and  the  schools  receive  liberal  and  popular  support. 


IX.  HISTORY. 

The  greater  portion  of  this  territory  was  acquired  by  the 
United  States,  through  the  “  Louisiana  Purchase,”  from  France 
in  1803,  though  a  portion  of  the  south-western  section  came 
under  the  protection  of  our  government  by  the  “  treaty  of 
1848”  with  Mexico. 

The  territory  was  organized  by  Act  of  Congress,  July  25,  1858. 

X.  THE  NATIONAL  PARK. 

The  Yellowstone  National  Park  occupies  the  north-western 
corner  of  the  territory,  and  affords  the  tourist  and  pleasure- 
seeker  a  greater  variety  of  natural  and  scenic  attractions  than 
any  other  locality  on  the  continent. 

The  Yellowstone  Lake,  7,788  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  remark¬ 
able  for  the  beauty  and  sublimity  of  its  surroundings.  The  geysers 
are  wonderful  alike  to  the  pleasure-seeker  and  the  scientist,  while  the 
general  mountain  scenery  rivals  that  of  any  other  region  in  the  world. 

XI.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Wyoming  is  divided  into  seven  counties,  and  contains  the 
following  leading  cities  and  towns  :  — 

Cheyenne  (6,000),  the  capital  of  the  territory,  and  its  chief 
city,  is  an  important  railway  center,  106  miles  north  of  Denver, 
and  516  miles  west  of  Omaha. 

It  is  the  leading  shipping  and  outfitting  point  for  the  great  mining  and 
stock-raising  regions  of  Dakota,  Wyoming,  and  Montana.  Banking- 
houses  with  ample  capital,  large  wholesale  stores,  and  many  fine  private 
residences,  churches,  and  schools,  indicate  the  wealth,  enterprise,  and 
industry  of  the  community. 

Laramie  City  (3,500),  “The  Gem  of  the  Plains,”  57  miles  west  of  Chey¬ 
enne,  is  also  a  thriving,  growing  city.  Extensive  rolling-mills,  owned  and 
operated  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  afford  employment  for  several  hun¬ 
dred  men,  and  have  a  capacity  of  25,000  tons  of  railway  iron  per  annum.  In 
addition  to  these,  large  railway  machine-shops  are  located  here.  In  the 
immediate  vicinity  are  rich  deposits  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  and  other  minerals. 
A  large  freighting  and  forwarding  business  is  done  with  the  surrounding 
ranches  and  camps. 

Rawlins,  situated  709  miles  west  of  Omaha,  is  the  county  seat  of  Carbon 
County.  Here  are  located  extensive  machine-shops  which  afford  employ¬ 
ment  to  large  numbers.  It  has  a  fine  business  in  shipping  and  outfitting 
for  the  Big  Horn  mining  regions,  and  is  an  important  point  for  the  ship¬ 
ment  of  cattle.  Iron  ore  is  mined  near  by,  and  a  superior  metallic  paint 
has  been  made  in  this  vicinity. 

Evanston,  the  county  seat  of  Uintah  County,  is  a  well-built  and  flourish¬ 
ing  town,  with  railway  machine-shops,  and  a  large  trade  in  lumber  and 
charcoal.  It  is  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  extensive  coal-mines,  which 
yield  half  a  million  tons  per  annum. 

Carbon,  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  657  miles  west  of  Omaha,  is 
principally  engaged  in  mining  and  the  business  tributary  to  the  mining 
interests. 

Rock  Springs,  situated  830  miles  west  of  Omaha,  is  an  important  coal- 
producing  town.  It  also  has  a  large  business  in  the  handling  and  shipping 
of  cattle  to  the  eastern  markets. 

Green  River,  the  county  seat  of  Sweetwater  County,  is  a  railroad  town, 
with  machine-shops,  round  houses,  etc.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  agri¬ 
cultural  region,  and  has  a  good  trade  with  the  surrounding  country. 

Sherman,  situated  upon  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  at  an 
altitude  of  8.242  feet,  commands  a  grand  view  of  the  Laramie  plains,  with 
their  countless  herds  of  cattle  and  beautiful  river  scenery.  A  monument 
to  the  memory  of  the  projectors  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  has  been 
erected  on  the  summit  in  the  village. 

Hilliard  is  a  lumber  town,  situated  943  miles  west  of  Omaha.  A  flume 
33  miles  long  has  been  constructed  to  transport  lumber,  ties,  telegraph- 
poles,  and  cordwood  from  the  lumber-camps  to  the  railroad.  Other  indus- 
,  tries  are  the  manufacture  of  charcoal  and  the  smelting  of  ores  which  are 
shipped  from  Utah. 


Local  Time  A.  M. 


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Faturil 


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’aragonah} 


Tehbsdale 


Parowai 


Summit 


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'*■ . — A-  ..  Cedar  City 

Hanibj^PnTKi’  Iron  City. 


Hillsdale 


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COLORADO 


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EXPLANATION 


Cities  of  over  2,000  inhabitants  are  underlined 
County  Towns  ®  Railroads  — — 

SCALE  OF  MILES 


Laramie  Cjty 


CHEYENNE 


Henderson*, 

(Toolc*^/^^' 


'"Virginia  T)a' 


Alford' 


.iverri 


Sterling 


/  BuckhornY  Stout' 
?an  ^Lovtdand 

Estes  Park  _ i  • 

^Stic^ 

moraine  Bertlioud 


Surinda 
Buffalo  y 


Eatom 


ampa  Edith, 


JGreeley 


South  Elatte 


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Pinneo 


'Corona' 


Akron 


AXial 


lEt.Eufiton 


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Hot  Sulphur  S] 


feeker 


land  Station 


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Vs  e>  i 

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T  (Ignacio, 


Price, 


Antonito 


Washington 


of  Washington 


the  Meridian 


f  i 


/ 


s 


N - 


224 


COLORADO. 


COLORADO. 


GRAND  CANON  OF  THE  GUNNISON. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  is  the  shape  of  Colorado  ?  What  parallels  mark 
its  northern  and  southern  boundaries?  Nearly  between  what  meridians 
is  it?  How  many  miles  in  length  according  to  the  scale  of  miles  on 
the  map?  How  many  in  width  ?  What  state  and  division  on  the  north  ? 
What  states  on  the  east  ?  What  divisions  on  the  south  ?  On  the  west? 

Surface.  —  Of  what  great  plateau  is  Colorado  a  characteristic  part  ? 
Where  in  this  plateau  is  it  located  ?  What  general  mountain  range  is 
prominent  here?  Give  the  names  of  some  of  its  minor  divisions.  Name 
some  of  the  principal  mountain  peaks.  Give  their  location.  What  is 
the  surface  in  the  western  two-thirds  of  the  state?  The  eastern  third? 
Where  are  the  North,  Middle,  and  South  parks? 

Rivers.  —  What  four  large  rivers  have  their  sources  in  this  state  ? 
[See  also  other  maps  of  this  region.]  Which  flow  west?  Which  south  ? 
Which  east  ?  Where  does  each  reach  the  ocean  ?  What  do  these  rivers 
indicate  in  respect  to  the  height  of  land? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  Name  the  counties  crossed  by  the  105th  me¬ 
ridian.  By  the  106th  meridian.  How  many  counties  has  this  state  ?  [In 
what  county  do  you  live?  In  what  part  of  the  state?  Its  county  seat?] 
Name  and  locate  the  state  capital.  What  is  the  second  city  in  size? 
What  other  principal  cities,  and  where  located?  In  what  natural  region 
are  most  of  the  cities  and  towns  located  ?  What  do  you  judge  from  the  map 
to  be  peculiar  to  the  eastern  tier  of  counties  ? 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  103,925  square  miles.  Population  (1880),  194,327.] 

I.  POSITION  AND  EXTENT. 

Colorado  is  one  of  the  Pacific  Highland  States,  and  the  most 
western  state  having  an  eastern  drainage.  It  is  situated  partly 
in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  and  partly  in  the  great  plain  of 
the  Mississippi  valley,  between  latitude  370  and  41 0  north,  and 
longitude  102°  and  109°  west  from  Greenwich. 

Its  length  from  east  to  west  is  about  380  miles,  and  its  width 
north  and  south  about  275  miles.  It  is  the  thirty-fifth  state  in 
population,  and  the  fourth  in  area. 

II.  SURFACE. 

Nearly  one-half  of  the 
state  —  its  eastern  end  — 
is  a  great  plain,  through 
which  course  the  upper 
tributaries  of  the  Arkan¬ 
sas  and  Platte  rivers,  ren¬ 
dering  its  surface  beauti¬ 
fully  undulating  ;  but,  in 
the  main,  this  portion  of 
the  state  is  very  level,  pre¬ 
senting  much  the  appear¬ 
ance  of  a  vast  sea  of  grass. 

The  western  division  is 
traversed  by  the  various 
ranges  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  which  here 
attain  their  greatest  alti- 
tude,  with  broad  table¬ 
lands  or  plateaus  on  their 

GARDEN  OF  THE  GODS.  WCStCm  Slope. 


COLORADO. 


The  Front  or  Colorado  range,  in  the  north-central,  and  the  Sangre  de 
Cristo  range  in  the  south-central  portions  of  the  state,  rising  through 
a  series  of  verdure-clad  foot-hills  from  the  broad  plains  on  the  east, 
form  part  of  the  great  western  watershed  of  the  continent. 

West  of  these,  the  Park,  Saguache,  San  Juan,  Uncompahgre,  Roan,  and 
Elk  ranges  occupy  the  greater  part  of  the  state.  Interspersed  among 
these  ranges  of  mountains  are  numerous  “parks,”  or  elevated,  irregu¬ 
lar  plateaus,  where  may  be  found,  shut  in  by  peaks  clad  in  perpetual 
snow,  vast  areas  of  valuable  fertile  lands  clothed  with  verdure,  and 
dotted  with  the  homes  of  an  enterprising  and  thrifty  agricultural 
people. 

The  most  important  of  these  natural  gardens,  with  their  approximate 
areas  and  elevations,  are, — 

North  Park.  —  Area,  2,500  square  miles  ;  elevation,  9,000  feet. 

Middle  Park.  —  Area,  3,000  square  miles  ;  elevation,  8,500  feet. 

South  Park.  —  Area,  2,200  square  miles  ;  elevation,  9,500  feet. 

Estes  Park.  —  Area,  100  square  miles  ;  elevation,  7,500  feet. 

San  Luis  Park. — Area,  8,000  square  miles  ;  elevation,  7,500  feet. 

The  principal  mountain-peaks,  with  their  elevations,  are, — 


Mount  Blanco 

. HA64 

Mount  Rosalie  .  . 

.  .  .  14,340 

Mount  Evans  . 

. 14,330 

Uncompahgre  Peak 

•  •  •  14435 

Pike’s  Peak 

. I4,H7 

Gray’s  Peak  .  .  . 

.  .  .  14,341 

Mount  Elbert  . 

. 14,351 

Long’s  Peak  .  .  . 

.  .  .  14,271 

Holy  Cross 

. I4A76 

Mount  Massive  .  . 

.  .  .  14,298 

Spanish  Peak  . 

. 13,620 

Buckskin  Mountain . 

.  .  .  14,296 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

While  Colorado  has  no  navigable  rivers,  her  position  upon 
the  very  crest  of  the  continent  makes  her  the  source  of  many 
streams,  part  of  them  finding  their  way  through  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  and  Rio  Grande  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  part 
through  the  Colorado  into  the  Pacific. 

The  principal  streams  of  the  Mississippi  system,  which  originate  in 
this  state,  are  the  North  Platte,  which  rises  in  the  Park  and  Front 
Mountains,  and  the  South  Platte,  which  rises  in  the  Front  Mountains 
in  the  north-central  part  of  the  state,  together  forming  the  Platte 
River  of  Nebraska,  which  empties  into  the  Missouri  at  Plattsmouth ; 
the  Republican,  which  rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  and  flows 
out  through  Kansas  and  Nebraska  into  the  Missouri  at  Kansas  City; 
and  the  Arkansas,  which  has  its  source  a  little  north  and  west  of  the 
center  of  the  state,  and  flows  south-westerly  through  grand  gorges  and 
canons  into  the  great  eastern  plain,  passing  out  of  the  state  into  Kan¬ 
sas  near  the  38th  parallel  of  north  latitude,  and  continuing  an  easterly 
and  south-easterly  course  to  the  Mississippi. 

The  Rio  Grande  rises  in  the  San  Juan  region  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state,  passes  south  into  New  Mexico,  in  longitude  1060  west, 
flowing  south  through  that  territory,  and  south-east  between  Texas 
and  Mexico,  into  the  Gulf. 

The  Colorado  River,  which  empties  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  through  the 
Gulf  of  California,  receives  as  tributaries  from  this  state  the  San 
Juan,  which  rises  in  the  south-west  corner  of  the  state,  and  flows  out 
through  New  Mexico;  the  Grand,  which  flows  west  into  Utah;  and 
the  White  and  Yampa,  tributaries  of  the  Green  River  of  Wyoming, 
which  drain  the  north-western  portion  of  the  state. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

The  state  being  situated  in  the  heart  of  the  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains,  far  removed  from  the  modifying  influences  of  the  ocean, 
its  climate  partakes  of  the  character  of  every  latitude.  The 
rigors  of  a  northern  winter,  and  the  balmy  breezes  of  an  Ital¬ 
ian  summer,  may  both  be  experienced  within  a  day’s  journey. 

The  extreme  dryness  of  the  atmosphere  tempers  the  severity  of  the 
cold  in  winter,  and  the  exhilarating  effects  of  the  altitude  make  the 
summers  most  delightful.  Pulmonary  affections  are  greatly  benefited 
by  the  climate  and  waters. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  50°. 


225 


The  rainfall  is  scant  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  is  exceedingly  varied. 
The  influences  of  irrigation  and  agriculture  will,  it  is  anticipated, 
promote  the  quantity  as  well  as  the  uniformity  of  the  rainfall. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

Soil.  —  The  soil  of  Colorado  is  naturally  fertile;  but  the 
insufficiency  of  the  rainfall  makes  irrigation  a  necessary  ad¬ 
junct  of  successful  agriculture  in  most  parts  of  the  state. 

The  most  productive  lands  are  found  in  the  parks  and  valleys  of  the 
South  Platte,  Clear,  Cherry,  South  Boulder,  San  Luis,  and  Rio  Grande, 
while  the  level  lands  in  all  parts  of  the  state  yield  a  fruitful  harvest 
wherever  they  can  be  artificially  watered.  The  great  plains  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state,  as  well  as  the  parks  and  plateaus  of  the 
mountain  regions,  afford  excellent  pasturage  the  year  round. 

Minerals.  —  Gold  was  first  discovered  in  Colorado  in  1858; 
and  the  more  important  deposits  are  found  in  what  miners  call 
“ true  fissure  ”  veins  or  lodes,  and  in  “chimneys”  having  the 
appearance  of  the  craters  of  extinct  volcanoes. 

These  deposits  are  extremely  rich.  Many  of  them  have  been  penetrated 
for  hundreds  of  feet  without  any  apparent  reduction  of  the  quantity 
of  the  ores.  The  most  productive  mines  are  located  in  Gilpin  County; 
but  gold  is  found  in  one  form  or  another  throughout  all  the  moun¬ 
tainous  portions  of  the  state. 

Silver  was  discovered  as  early  as  1864  near  Georgetown, 
but  it  was  not  until  1870  that  any  important  results  were 
reached.  The  importance  of  the  silver  deposits  was  never 
suspected  until  the  great  mines  of  carbonate  ores  were  opened 
near  Leadville  in  1877,  about  which  time  the  silver  excitement 
reached  its  height. 

Like  gold,  the  silver  is  found  in  all  the  geological  combinations.  “Na¬ 
tive  silver,”  “ruby  silver,”  “silver  glance,”  “smelting  ore,”  “free-mill¬ 
ing  ore,”  “mill  dirt,”  “stamp  rock,”  “sand  carbonates,”  etc.,  are  terms 
used  in  describing  them,  while  they  are  found  in  veins,  lodes,  fissures, 
contracts,  sedimentary  deposits,  and  other  forms.  Silver  in  various 
forms  is  found  in  almost  every  county  in  the  mountainous  part  of  the 
state,  Lake  producing  the  greatest  quantity,  followed  by  Gilpin,  Clear 
Creek,  Boulder,  Summit,  Gunnison,  Pitkin,  Custer,  San  Juan,  Hins¬ 
dale,  Dolores,  Grand,  Saguache,  Chaffee,  Ouray,  Park,  and  others. 
The  principal  deposits  are  found  in  beds  or  strata  between  layers  of 
porphyry  and  limestone. 

Coal  of  superior  quality  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  state. 
There  are  thousands  of  square  miles  underlaid  with  valuable 
deposits,  and  the  supply  is  comparatively  inexhaustible. 

An  excellent  lignite,  adapted  to  domestic  use  and  to  railway  purposes, 
is  mined  in  large  quantities  in  the  vicinity  of  Boulder.  Bituminous 
varieties  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Trinidad,  as  well  as  in  the  south¬ 
west  near  Durango,  and  in  the  regions  around  Gunnison.  Anthracite 
has  been  discovered  in  several  places ;  but  its  extent  and  value  is  as 
yet  comparatively  unknown. 

Iron  ores  in  many  of  the  valuable  varieties  have  been  discovered  in  sev¬ 
eral  parts  of  the  state,  and  are  abundant  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  coal-measures. 

Quarries  of  excellent  granite,  limestone,  sandstone,  etc.,  have  been 
’  opened,  and  marbles  of  superior  texture  and  color  are  abundant. 

Among  the  other  minerals  of  Colorado  are  agates,  alum,  amethyst,  anti¬ 
mony,  arsenic,  baryta,  bismuth,  chalcedony,  chalk,  copper,  fire-clay, 
garnet,  graphite,  gypsum,  jasper,  manganese,  mica,  onyx,  opal,  salt, 
soda,  sulphur,  talc,  topaz,  tufa,  turquoise,  etc. 

Mineral  springs  are  found  in  many  parts  of  the  state.  Waters,  both 
hot  and  cold,  containing  salt,  soda,  sulphur,  iron,  etc.,  are  of  frequent 
occurrence,  and  their  medicinal  properties  make  them  the  resort  of 
thousands  of  invalids  and  tourists. 


226 


COLORADO. 


The  forests  of  Colorado  are  not  rich  in  valuable  timber;  but  the  moun¬ 
tain-regions  are  abundantly  supplied  in  the  lower  altitudes  with  many 
varieties  of  pine,  spruce,  fir,  aspen,  hemlock,  and  cedar. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Mining. — As  the  wealth  of  Colorado  lies  in  her  mines,  so 
the  principal  industry  of  her  people  is  devoted  to  their  work¬ 
ing.  The  digging  and  raising  of  the  ores  to  the  surface  is  a 
work  of  great  labor,  and  affords  profitable  employment  to 
thousands  of  men.  These  ores  are  then  treated  by  various 
processes  known  to  science,  resulting  in  the  extraction  of  the 
precious  metal  which  becomes  the  bullion  of  commerce. 

The  ore  beds,  or  veins,  or  contracts,  are  reached  through  shafts,  ver¬ 
tically,  or  through  tunnels  into  the  face  of  the  mountains,  horizontally. 
All  these  openings  have  to  be  made  with  much  labor  and  skill,  and 
heavy  timbers  are  placed  to  protect  the  sides  from  caving  in  upon  the 
workmen. 

The  ores,  as  they  come  from  the  mine,  are  generally  sold  by  the  mine- 
owner  to  the  mills  or  smelters,  where  the  reduction  to  bullion  is  made 
by  various  processes  of  pulverization  by  stamp-mills,  roasting-ovens, 
and  smelting-furnaces. 

In  many  cases  the  ores  are  transported  hundreds  of  miles  before 
treatment,  while  in  others  they  are  treated  near  the  mines  by  works 
erected  with  special  reference  to  the  peculiarities  of  the  ores  of 
the  locality. 

There  are  many  different  methods  of  reducing  ores.  Some  of  the 
processes  involve  the  principles  of  chemistry  to  a  wonderful  degree, 
while  others  are  very  simple.  In  many  cases  the  refuse  of  one  course 
of  treatment  is  made  to  pay  a  handsome  profit  when  submitted  to 
another  and  different  process. 

Agriculture.  —  While  mining  has  been  the  great  business 
of  Colorado,  agriculture  affords  employment  to  an  industrious 
and  numerous  portion  of  her  people. 

The  principal  crops  are  wheat,  oats,  barley,  corn,  potatoes,  hay,  and  the 
products  of  the  garden.  Lands  which  a  few  years  ago  were  com¬ 
paratively  worthless  have  been  made  productive  by  the  introduction 
of  a  system  of  irrigation ;  and  experiments  are  now  being  made  in 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  state  with  artesian  wells,  from  which  it  is 
hoped  an  ample  supply  of  water  for  irrigation  will  be  afforded  in  lo¬ 
calities  remote  from  the  mountains. 

Cattle-raising  is  an  important  industry.  The  climate  is  favorable,  and 
the  native  grasses  are  abundant,  affording  nutritious  food  all  the  year 
round. 

Wool-growing  is  also  carried  on  to  a  large  extent,  and  is  a  productive 
and  profitable  business. 

Fruit-growing  has  received  considerable  attention,  and  small  fruits  yield 
abundant  and  paying  returns. 

Manufactures.  —  The  most  important  manufacturing  inter¬ 
ests  in  Colorado  are  those  which  are  represented  by  the  es¬ 
tablishments  for  treating  ores,  though  iron  and  steel  works, 
foundries,  and  rolling-mills  have  already  been  put  in  operation. 
The  developments  of  the  iron  and  coal  fields  will  undoubtedly 
enhance  the  interest  of  capitalists  in  these  enterprises. 

The  commerce  of  the  state  is  principally  with  the  east,  and  by  railroad. 
The  interchange  of  bullion,  cattle,  wool,  etc.,  the  products  of  Colo¬ 
rado  industry,  for  the  merchandise  of  the  eastern  markets,  makes  a 
business  of  great  magnitude. 

Transportation.  —  The  railway  systems  which  center  in  this 
state  are  numerous  and  important.  “The  Colorado  Pool  ”  is 
a  powerful  factor  in  the  railway  interests  of  the  west. 

Important  divisions  of  the  Union  Pacific  System  radiate  from  Denver 
in  four  directions.  The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande,  the  Burlington 
Route,  the  Denver  and  New  Orleans,  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka,  and 
Santa  Fe,  are  all  important  lines. 


VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  state  government  consists  of  three  departments, — the 
executive,  the  legislative,  and  the  judicial. 

The  officers  composing  the  executive  department  are  a  governor,  lieu¬ 
tenant-governor  (who  is  also  president  of  the  Senate),  secretary  of 
state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attorney-general,  and  superintendent  of  pub¬ 
lic  instruction,  all  elected  by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  and  holding 
their  respective  offices  for  the  term  of  two  years. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Repre¬ 
sentatives.  Regular  sessions  are  held  biennially,  convening  on  the 
first  Wednesdays  in  January  of  the  odd  years.  The  Senate  is  com¬ 
posed  of  twenty-six  members,  elected  for  four  years ;  and  the  House 
of  Representatives,  of  forty-nine  members,  elected  for  two  years. 

The  judicial  department  is  administered  through  a  supreme  court,  the 
three  judges  of  which  are  chosen  for  nine  years;  six  district  courts, 
with  six  judges,  each  elected  for  six  years  ;  county  courts,  with  one 
judge  in  each  county,  elected  for  three  years ;  and  justices’  courts, 
which  are  presided  over  by  justices  of  the  peace,  who  are  chosen  for 
two  years. 

In  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  Colorado  is  entitled  to  two 
senators  and  one  representative ;  and  the  state  has  three  votes  in  the 
Electoral  College  in  choosing  a  President  of  the  United  States. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

The  public-school  system  was  early  made  a  prominent  fea¬ 
ture  in  the  policy  of  the  state. 

The  organization  consists  of  a  state  superintendent,  state  board  of 
education,  state  board  of  examiners,  county  superintendents,  and  dis¬ 
trict  boards.  Provision  is  made  for  graded  schools.  State  and 
county  teachers’  associations  have  been  provided  for. 

The  laws  require  at  least  sixty  days  of  school  in  each  district  annually; 
but  the  average  duration  of  the  schools  is  much  longer,  while  in  the 
cities  and  towns  the  schools  are  in  session  from  a  hundred  and  twenty 
to  two  hundred  days. 

The  state  institutions  are  the  State  University  located  at  Boulder,  School 
of  Mines  at  Golden,  Agricultural  College  at  Fort  Collins,  Mute  and 
Blind  Institute  at  Colorado  Springs,  and  Industrial  School  at  Golden, 
all  of  which  are  liberally  provided  for. 

Numerous  private  institutions  of  high  order  have  been  established. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

Territorial  History.  —  The  territory  included  within  the 
borders  of  Colorado  was  acquired,  part  from  the  French  through 
the  “Louisiana  Purchase”  in  1803,  and  part  from  Meixco 
through  the  “  treaty  of  1848.” 

Prior  to  the  acquisition  of  that  part  of  the  territory  which  came  to  us 
from  France,  no  important  explorations  or  researches  had  been  made 
in  this  region.  In  1803  the  government  sent  out  a  small  expedition 
under  Lieut.  Pike.  Later,  in  1819,  Col.  S.  H.  Long  led  another  expe¬ 
dition,  neither  of  which  made  any  foothold  or  discovery  of  importance. 
Private  enterprises,  as  late  as  1832,  were  unsuccessful  in  the  accom¬ 
plishment  of  any  good  results;  and  it  was  not  until  Capt.  Fremont,  in 
1842  and  1844,  had  made  surveying  and  exploring  expeditions,  that  the 
government  knew  any  thing  of  the  character  of  its  newly  acquired 
domain. 

From  this  time  until  1858,  fur-traders,  explorers,  emigrants  bound  for 
the  Pacific  coast,  and  Mormons  on  their  way  to  Utah,  were  the  only 
white  men  who  ventured  into  these  regions.  In  1858,  however,  a 
prospecting  party  from  Georgia  established  a  lodgment  on  the  Platte 
near  the  present  site  of  Denver.  They  were  soon  joined  by  others, 
who,  hearing  of  the  discovery  of  gold,  flocked  to  the  new  Eldorado. 
Several  towns  were  established,  and  efforts  to  form  a  territorial 
government  were  at  once  inaugurated. 

A  territorial  government  was  not  fully  consummated  till  1861,  when, 
with  William  Gilpin  as  governor,  Colorado  first  became  an  organiza¬ 
tion  under  the  United  States.  The  young  territory  grew  rapidly  in 


COLORADO. 


227 


population,  and  had  hardly  acquired  a  territorial  standing  before 
efforts  were  made  to  secure  state  privileges,  which  came  near  being 
successful  in  1865,  when  President  Johnson  vetoed  the  “enabling 
act”  passed  by  Congress  for  that  purpose.  Continued  prosperity- 
attended  the  territory,  however,  and  the  tide  of  immigration  flowed 
in  unabated. 

State  History.  —  In  the  winter  of  1874-75  another  effort 
was  made  to  secure  a  state  government.  These  efforts  were 
successful ;  and  the  necessary  laws  having  been  enacted  by 
Congress  (March  3,  1875),  a  constitution  adopted  by  the  people 
(July  1,  1876),  and  state  officers  elected  (Oct.  3,  1876),  the  state 
government  of  Colorado  was  inaugurated  in  November,  1876, 
making  the  thirty-eighth  state  in  the  Union.  From  the  date 
of  its  admission,  Colorado  is  fitly  called  the  “Centennial  State.” 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

For  purposes  of  local  government  the  state  is  divided  into 
counties,  of  which  there  are  at  present  thirty-eight.  The  lead¬ 
ing  cities  and  towns  are  as  follows  :  — 

Denver  (35,630)  is  the  capital  of  the  state,  its  commercial 
metropolis,  and  the  chief  railroad  center  of  this  part  of  the 
United  States.  The  city  was  first  settled  in  1858,  and  for  about 
fifteen  years  had  a  moderate  and  steady  growth,  which  gave 
place  in  1872  to  a  remarkable  era  of  prosperity,  which  has 
not  yet  ended. 

The  city  is  beautifully  laid  out,  and  is  located  at  the  junction  of  Cherry 
Creek  and  the  South  Platte  River,  a  few  miles  from  the  base  of  the 
foot-hills  which  rise  and  gradually  recede  into  the  mountains.  Long’s 
Peak  and  Pike’s  Peak  are  both  visible  in  the  distance. 

Denver  has  a  well-ordered  city  government,  water-works,  gas-works, 
electric-lighting  establishments,  telephone,  street-railways,  and  all  other 
conveniences  of  a  metropolis. 

Among  the  finest  public  buildings  are  the  Union  Depot,  Tabor  Grand 
Opera-House,  Tabor  Block,  Windsor  Hotel,  St.  James  Hotel.  There 
are  also  a  mining  and  industrial  exposition  of  great  proportions  anc 
interest,  a  branch  of  the  United-States  Mint,  a  board  of  trade,  and  a 
stock  exchange. 

The  public-school  system  of  the  city  of  Denver  is  of  special  excellence. 
A  high  school  and  numerous  ward  schools  have  been  provided ;  anc 
no  expense  has  been  spared  to  keep  the  requirements  up  to  the 
demand. 

Leadville  (14,820),  the  county  seat  of  Lake  County,  is  the 
second  city  in  size  and  importance  in  the  state.  This  city  is 
situated  near  the  Arkansas  River,  on  California  Gulch,  and  was 
settled  in  1876.  The  surrounding  scenery  is  grand  and  impos¬ 
ing.  It  is  the  leading  silver-mining  center  in  Colorado. 


Gunnison  City,  the  county  seat  of  Gunnison  County,  was  laid  out  in 
1879.  R  has  gas  and  water  works,  theaters,  banks,  churches,  newspapers, 
and  public  schools.  It  is  connected  with  Denver  by  two  lines  of  railway, 
and  is  the  distributing  point  for  the  many  mining-camps  in  South-western 
Colorado.  Important  manufacturing  establishments  are  located  here. 

Boulder,  the  county  seat  of  Boulder  County,  is  an  important  railroad 
center,  and  has  a  large  and  growing  trade  and  business.  The  coal-mines 
in  the  vicinity  afford  its  most  important  industry;  but  extensive  gold  and 
silver  mines,  and  important  manufacturing  interests,  all  contribute  to  its 
prosperity. 

Boulder  is  also  a  literary  center  of  the  state,  being  the  seat  of  the  Uni¬ 
versity  of  Colorado. 

Colorado  Springs,  the  county  seat  of  El  Paso  County,  was  settled  in 
1871,  and  has  already  become  a  flourishing  and  prosperous  city.  It  is  situ¬ 
ated  in  the  vicinity  of  many  points  of  interest  to  the  tourist,  and  is  the  resort 
of  thousands  who  make  it  the  base  of  their  excursions  to  Manitou,  Pike’s 
Peak,  the  Garden  of  the  Gods,  Monument  Park,  Engleman’s  Canon,  etc. 
It  has  many  fine  buildings,  and  has  superior  educational  facilities,  with  ex¬ 
cellent  public  schools.  Colorado  College  and  Deaf-Mute  Institute  are 
located  here. 

Georgetown,  the  county  seat  of  Clear  Creek  County,  is  the  oldest  and 
one  of  the  most  important  mining  towns  in  the  state.  It  has  a  flourishing 
mining  business,  and  large  sampling  and  reduction  works.  There  are  many 
points  of  interest  in  the  vicinity,  and  it  is  an  important  radiating  point  for 
miners  and  tourists. 


Alamosa  —  situated  on  the  Rio  Grande  in  the 
famous  San  Luis  Valley,  is  surrounded  by 
grand  scenery,  and  is  the  center  of  a  flour¬ 
ishing  business,  in  which  the  cattle,  wool, 
and  farming  interests  are  important  features. 

Aspen  —  the  county  seat  of  Pitkin  County,  was 
laid  out  in  1879,  but  has  already  become  a 
flourishing  community,  with  good  stores, 
smelting-furnaces,  etc. 

Black  Hawk  is  situated  about  35  miles  west  of 
Denver,  in  Gilpin  County.  The  many  gold 
and  silver  mines  in  the  vicinity  make  it  one 
of  the  important  mining  towns  of  the  state. 
It  is  closely  allied  with  its  neighbor,  Central 
City,  in  business  and  social  intercourse. 

Breckenridge  —  the  county  seat  of  Summit  Coun¬ 
ty,  is  situated  on  Blue  River,  on  the  Pacific 
slope  of  the  main  range.  It  is  a  thriving 
town,  with  smelters  and  other  mining  ad¬ 
juncts.  It  has  good  schools  and  a  great 
variety  of  business  interests. 

Buena  Vista  —  the  county  seat  of  Chaffee  Coun¬ 
ty,  is  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Denver  and  Southern  Pacific 
Division  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  with 
the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande.  It  has  a  flour¬ 
ishing  business,  and  good  banks,  churches, 
and  schools. 

Canon  City  —  the  county  seat  of  Fremont  Coun¬ 
ty,  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains, 
and  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Arkansas  River. 
It  has  a  good  business  with  the  farming 
community  around  it.  It  commands  some 
of  the  finest  mountain  scenery  in  the  world. 
The  state  penitentiary  is  located  here. 


Del  Norte  —  the  county  seat  of  Rio  Grande  Coun¬ 
ty,  is  the  center  of  a  fine  farming  community, 
and  enjoys  a  good  trade  with  the  surround¬ 
ing  country. 

Durango  —  the  county  seat  of  La  Plata  County, 
is  situated  on  the  Pacific  Slope,  and  is  sur¬ 
rounded  by  fine  farming-lands,  and  some  of 
the  best  timbered  lands  in  the  state.  The 
coal-mines  near  by  are  an  important  element 
of  its  prosperity. 

Fort  Collins  —  the  county  seat  of  Larimer  Coun¬ 
ty,  was  settled  as  a  colony  in  1871.  It  is  a 
favorite  resort  for  tourists  visiting  the  neigh¬ 
boring  mountain-parks.  It  is  situated  in  a 
fine  farming  section,  and  supports  good  pub¬ 
lic  schools  and  a  large  public  library. 

Greeley  —  the  county  seat  of  Weld  County  and 
the  principal  market-town  in  its  portion  of 
the  state,  was  organized  as  a  colony  in  1870. 
It  has  a  fine  business  with  the  surrounding 
country,  and  supports  an  excellent  public 
school. 

Longmont  —  situated  in  Boulder  County,  is  an 
important  town  in  a  fine  farming  region.  It 
is  beautifully  laid  out,  and  is  a  popular  stop¬ 
ping-place  for  parties  visiting  Estes  Park 
and  other  contiguous  mountain-resorts. 

Manitou  is  one  of  the  most  noted  pleasure-re¬ 
sorts  in  the  state,  and  is  well  supplied  with 
every  thing  required  by  the  invalid  or  the 
tourist. 

Rico  —  the  county  seat  of  Dolores  County,  and  an 
important  mining  town,  has  stamp-mills, 
smelting-works,  banks,  churches,  and  excel¬ 
lent  schools,  both  public  and  private. 


Surrounded  by  the  richest  mines  in  the  state,  it  is  pre-eminently  a  min¬ 
ing  city.  Numerous  large  smelting  and  reduction  works,  with  stamp- 
mills  and  other  mining  interests,  afford  the  principal  business  of  the 
city. 

The  city  has  a  good  system  of  public  schools,  with  excellent  buildings, 
which  are  a  credit  to  the  enterprise  and  taste  of  the  people. 

Pueblo,  county  seat  of  Pueblo  County,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Arkansas 
River,  and  South  Pueblo,  on  the  opposite  side  of  that  stream,  constitute  one 
of  the  most  populous  and  important  manufacturing  centers  of  the  state. 
Among  the  most  prominent  industries  are  steel  and  iron  foundries,  lolling- 
mills,  nail-mills,  car-shops,  smelters,  etc. 

A  rich  agricultural  region  lying  to  the  east  is  tributary  to  the  cities,  and 
important  railroad  lines  center  here. 

Both  cities  are  efficiently  organized  with  good  local  governments,  watei- 
works,  and  fire  departments,  and  maintain  excellent  systems  of  public  schools. 


Other  important  mining  towns  are  Adelaide,  Alma,  Alpine,  Ashcroft 
Bonanza,  Caribou,  Coal  Creek,  Cochetopa,  Columbia,  Crested  Butte,  fair 
play,  Frisco,  Garfield,  Gold  Hill,  Gothic,  Irwin,  Kokomo,  Lake  City ,  Ne- 
vadaville,  Ohio  City,  Ouray,  Pitkin,  Red  Cliff,  Robinson,  Rosita,  Silver 
Plume,  Silverton,  Teller,  Tin  Cup,  and  Tucson. 

Box  Elder,  Como,  Deer  Trail,  El  Moro,  El  Paso,  Elbert,  Evans,  Fort 
Garland,  Gardner,  Grand  Junction,  Hugo,  Kit  Carson,  Kiowa,  La  Junta, 
Loveland,  Saguache,  and  Walsenburg  are  important  from  their  agricultural 

surroundings. 

The  Alpine  Tunnel,  Antelope  Springs,  Brookvale,  Cottonwood  Springs, 
Dome  Rock,  Elkhorn,  Estabrook  Park,  Estes  Park.  South  Park,  Grand  Lake, 
Grant,  Green  Lake,  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Idaho  Springs,  Morrison,  Middle 
Park,  North  Park,  Pagosa  Springs,  Poncho  Springs,  Soda  Springs,  Twin 
Lakes,  and  Wagon-Wheel  Gap  are  noted  as  the  resort  of  tourists  and 
pleasure-seekers. 


228 


UTAH. 


UTAH. 


SALT  LAKE  CITY. 


size  of  California,  and  near¬ 
ly  the  same  size  as  Idaho, 
Minnesota,  or  Kansas. 

II.  SURFACE. 

As  indicated  by  its  loca¬ 
tion,  Utah  is  divided  into 
two  great  plateau  regions, 
differing,  however,  very 
widely  in  all  their  surface 
features.  The  eastern  and 
western  parts  of  the  terri¬ 
tory  are  of  about  the  same 
elevation,  —  5,000  feet 
above  the  sea-level. 

Mountains.  —  Rising 
from  this  plain,  the  chief 
mountain  range  is  the 
Wahsatch,  which  extends 
nearly  north  and  south  the 
entire  length  of  the  terri¬ 
tory. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  divisions  bound  Utah  on  the  north?  What  state  on 
the  east?  What  territory  on  the  south?  What  state  on  the  west?  Over 
how  many  degrees,  north  and  south,  does  it  extend?  According  to  the 
scale,  how  many  miles  ? 

Surface.  —  What  general  natural  regions  is  the  surface  divided  into  from 
north  to  south?  Name  of  the  principal  mountain  range?  Names  of  its 
minor  divisions  ? 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  — What  large  lake  in  the  northern  part?  What  other 
lakes,  and  where?  Have  these  lakes  surface  outlets?  What  is  the  lamest 

o 

river?  Describe  its  course.  Where  do  its  waters  reach  the  ocean ?  Name 
some  of  its  chief  tributaries.  What  other  considerable  streams  ?  Into  what 
bodies  of  water  do  they  flow? 

Counties  and  Cities. —  In  what  part  of  Utah  is  the  principal  tier  of 
settled  counties  ?  Extending  in  what  direction  ?  Name  the  counties  north 
of  the  central  county.  Name  those  south  of  it.  Name  and  locate  the  capi¬ 
tal.  What  are  the  largest  cities  north  of  it?  What  south  of  it?  [Name 
your  county.  Its  county-seat.  In  what  part  of  the  territory  is  it  ?] 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  84,970  square  miles.  Population  [in  1880),  143,963.] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Utah  occupies  the  eastern  part  of  the  Great  Basin  and  the 
western  part  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Colorado.  It  is  included 
between  370  and  420  io'  north  latitude  and  109°  and  1140  west 
longitude. 

The  Great  Basin  is  a  remarkable  depression  of  land  lying  between  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Wahsatch  mountains,  mostly  in  Utah  and  Nevada. 
Much  of  the  land  is  an  arid  waste,  with  no  streams  and  little  vegeta¬ 
tion.  The  waters  of  the  rivers  have  no  outlet  to  the  sea,  and  disap¬ 
pear  in  sinks  or  in  salt  lakes. 

In  shape  Utah  is  nearly  a  parallelogram,  350  miles  in  length  north  and 
south,  and  280  miles  in  width.  In  area  it  is  a  little  more  than  half  the 


The  Uintah  Mountains  are 
an  eastern  spur  of  the  Wahsatch,  extending  at  right  angles  from  the 
main  range  to  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  the  territory.  The  high¬ 
est  elevations  in  the  territory  are  in  this  minor  range,  which,  in  the 
cases  of  Reed’s  and  Hayden’s  peaks,  reach  to  nearly  14,000  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  highest  points  in  the  Wahsatch  Range  are  Mounts 
Nebo  and  Baldy,  each  about  12,000  feet  high. 

The  western  part  of  the  territory  consists  in  part  of  barren  alkaline  • 
deserts,  or  of  plains  covered  with  a  scattering  growth  of  sage-brush 
and  grease-wood.  Toward  the  Nevada  line  are  several  short  ranges 
of  mountains. 

Valleys. —  Extending  from  the  crests  of  the  Wahsatch 
Range  are  numerous  spurs  and  lateral  ranges,  between  which 
are  found  many  very  fertile  valleys  supporting  a  thrifty  and 
prosperous  people. 

Among  the  more  important  of  these  valleys  are  the  Salt  Lake,  Bear 
Lake,  and  Utah  valleys,  adjacent  to  the  lakes  from  which  they  are 
named;  the  Bear  River,  Weber,  Upper  and  Lower  Sevier,  Ogden,  and 
Provo  valleys,  lying  along  the  rivers  of  the  same  name ;  and  the  Pah 
Vant,  Beaver,  Parowan,  and  Tintic  valleys,  named  after  the  mountains 
in  their  immediate  vicinity. 

Outside  of  the  Great  Basin,  the  most  important  valley  is  that  of  the 
Virgin  River,  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  territory. 

The  high  tablelands  of  Eastern  Utah  south  of  the  Uintah 
Range  partake  somewhat  of  the  surface  features  and  charac¬ 
teristics  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

Western  Utah.  —  West  of  the  Wahsatch  Range  there  are 
no  waters  that  reach  the  ocean.  All  the  streams  flow  into 
salt  lakes,  or  disappear  in  sinks  in  the  desert. 

Great  Salt  Lake,  which  receives  the  drainage  of  about  20,000  square 
miles,  is  the  largest  saline  lake  in  the  United  States.  It  is  80  miles 
long  and  40  miles  wide,  and  covers  an  area  of  over  3,000  square  miles. 


UTAH. 


229 


Its  waters  contain  22  per  cent  of  salt.  The  largest  streams  flowing 
into  it  are  the  Bear  River,  Weber  River,  and  the  Jordan. 

Utah  Lake  is  a  fresh-water  lake,  having  the  Jordan  River  for  its  outlet. 

Sevier  River  flows  into  Sevier  Lake,  a  body  of  saline  water  20  miles  long 
and  10  miles  wide. 

Bear  Lake,  lying  partly  in  Utah  and  partly  in  Idaho,  is  remarkable  for  its 
beauty  and  picturesque  scenery. 

The  rivers  within  the  rim  of  the  Great  Basin  are  all  short  streams,  rising 
in  the  mountains,  and  are  especially  serviceable  for  the  irrigation  of 
the  agricultural  valleys  through  which  they  flow. 

There  are  abundant  indications  to  show  that  a  large  part  of  the  Great 
Basin  was  once  occupied  by  a  great  inland  sea,  of  which  the  largest 
remnant  is  now  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  There  are  also  indications  that 
this  gradual  subsidence  is  still  going  on,  and  that  the  great  saline  lake 
is  lowering  its  level  year  by  year. 

On  account  of  the  great  percentage  of  saline  matter  in  solution  in  the 
lake,  no  animal  life  is  possible  in  its  waters.  The  specific  gravity  is 
one-sixth  greater  than  that  of  pure  water,  which  enables  it  to  float  the 
human  body  lightly  on  its  surface.  The  character  of  the  salts  held 
in  solution  is  also  such  as  to  render  the  waters  remarkably  curative 
and  invigorating  to  the  bather;  and  thus  the  lake  has  become  the  lesoit 
of  many  people  who  seek  its  shores  either  for  health  or  pleasure. 

Eastern  Utah.  — The  eastern  half  of  the  territory,  which  in 
its  general  physical  character  belongs  to  the  Colorado  river 
system,  has  several  noble  streams.  The  most  important  are 
the  Green  and  the  Grand  rivers,  which  unite  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  territory  to  form  the  main  stream  of  the  Colorado  ; 
and  the  San  Juan,  which  has  a  course  of  150  miles  in  the 
extreme  south-eastern  part  of  the  territory.  The  Virgin  River, 
also  belonging  to  the  Colorado  system,  drains  the  south-western 
corner  of  the  territory. 

All  the  streams  of  the  Colorado  system  have  worn  deep  valleys  or 
cations  in  the  soft  limestone  in  many  parts  of  their  courses.  The 
canons  of  the  Colorado  River  proper  constitute  the  most  magnificent 
natural  feature  of  their  kind  in  the  world.  The  mysteries  of  these 
canons  were  first  penetrated  by  Professor  J.  W.  Powell  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  in  1869.  He  entered  Green  River  with  his 
adventurous  party  at  a  point  in  Wyoming  Territory  near  the  Utah  line, 
and,  after  nearly  three  months  of  exploration,  came  out  at  the  foot  of 
the  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado,  in  Western  Arizona. 

Scenery.  —  The  surfuce  3nd  drebnuge  fe3tures  of  Ut3h  con¬ 
tribute  to  muke  its  scenery  grand  3nd  picturesque.  The  terri¬ 
tory  ubounds  in  splendid  mountnin  views,  beuutiful  takes,  vnst 
chusms  worn  by  the  wuter  or  rent  usunder  by  eurthquukes, 
extensive  tav3-fields,  extinct  volcunoes,  3nd  huge  rocks  stnnding 
like  monuments  of  3  race  of  gtants. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

The  clim3te  of  Ut3h  h3s  the  general  chnracteristics  of  the 
Grent  Bnsin.  The  sir  is  exceedingly  dry,  owing  to  the  light 
rainfnll.  On  the  ptains  the  ctays  in  summer  3re  intensely  hot, 
but  the  nights  3re  cool  3nd  refreshing.  In  the  vulleys,  3t 
the  foot  of  the  mountuins,  the  summers  3re  delightful,  3nd  the 
winters  mild  3nd  enjoyuble.  The  upper  vulleys,  between  the 
tateral  ranges,  3re  cool  3nd  pleusunt  in  summer,  3nd  Irave  heuvy 
snows  in  winter. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

The  resources  of  Utuh  3re  found  muinly  in  its  greut  moun- 
tuin  range,  the  Wtahsutch.  Here  3re  the  rich  stores  of  mineral 
weulth  thut  huve  yielded  to  the  skill  3nd  industry  of  the  miner, 
and  here  is  stored  the  fur  richer  treusure  of  the  snow,  which 
alone  hus  mude  ugriculture  3  possibility,  und  thus  hus  rendered 
the  territory  hubituble  by  nran. 


Soil.  —  The  greater  part  of  Utah  is  a  desert  by  nature.  The  soil  of  the 
valleys,  having  largely  been  produced  by  w'earing  away  of  the  mountain 
rocks,  meets  all  the  requirements  of  agriculture  except  the  element  of 
moisture,  and  therefore,  when  irrigated,  yields  bountiful  returns  to  the 
farmer.  Even  the  dry  soils  of  the  alkali  plains  and  deserts  readily 
submit  to  the  influence  of  moisture,  and,  when  washed  free  of  their 
mineral  impurities,  are  among  the  most  productive  in  the  territory. 

But  as  the  amount  of  water  available  for  purposes  of  irrigation  is  limited, 
the  greater  part  of  the  cultivated  lands  of  Utah  lie  at  the  western  base 
of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  and  along  the  streams  that  take  their  rise 
high  up  the  sides  of  that  range. 

The  north-eastern  part  of  the  territory,  having  a  more  regular  rainfall,  is 
adapted  to  grazing,  its  plains  being  covered  with  rich  nutritious  grasses. 
The  greater  part  of  Utah  is  treeless.  The  mountain  forests  consist 
chiefly  of  pine.  The  cottonwood  grows  along  the  banks  of  the  streams. 
Minerals.  —  Utah  is  rich  in  deposits  of  silver,  iron,  copper,  lead,  and 
coal;  but  the  leading  product  of  the  mines  is  silver.  The  mineral 
wealth  of  the  territory  is  as  yet  largely  undeveloped,  and  it  is  probable 
that  in  the  end  the  richest  mineral  treasures  will  be  found  to  be  among 
the  baser  metals  rather  than  in  gold  and  silver.  1  he  richest  mining 
districts  are  in  the  Wahsatch  Range. 

Iron  County  possesses  immense  stores  of  the  choicest  iron  ores,  d  he 
granites,  marbles,  limestones,  and  slates  are  also  of  the  best  quality, 
and  are  found  in  abundance  in  several  counties. 

The  mountain  streams,  in  addition  to  their  service  in  irrigation,  afford 
excellent  and  abundant  water-power  for  running  various  mills,  chiefly 
for  the  manufacture  of  flour,  woolen  goods,  etc. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture  und  mining  3re  the  chief  industries  of  the  people 
of  the  territory  ;  but  considerable  numbers  sre  also  engsged  in 
munufuctures,  herding,  3nd  the  vnrious  branches  of  commerce. 

Agriculture.  —  The  leading  farm  products  are  wheat,  bailey,  oats,  ■vege¬ 
tables,  and  fruit.  In  Southern  Utah  the  irrigated  valleys  produce 
cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  and  grapes  in  abundance. 

According  to  the  census  of  1880,  there  were  in  the  territory  9,452  farms, 
containing  655,524  acres,  nearly  two-thirds  of  which  were  improved. 
These  farms  were  valued  at  over  $14,000,000,  or  over  $20  per  acre.  It 
is  notable  that  the  average  size  of  these  farms  is  only  69  acres,  which 
is  below  the  average  in  any  other  state  or  territory. 

This  feature  is  a  peculiarity  of  Utah  farming,  by  which  a  few  acres  are 
carefully  watered  and  tended  like  a  garden,  thus  yielding  the  richest 
return  to  the  thrifty  husbandman. 

Market-gardening  for  the  supply  of  the  many  mining  camps  and  larger 
towns  in  the  territory  is  also  a  profitable  pursuit. 

The  hardy  fruits  and  vegetables  of  the  temperate  zone  are  grown  in  the 
northern  districts,  while  the  sub-tropical  region  around  the  head  waters 
of  the  Virgin  River  yields  grapes,  oranges,  apricots,  and  other  fruits. 
Mining. —  In  1881  the  total  product  of  the  mines  of  the  territory  was 
estimated  to  exceed  $7,000,000.  Of  this,  by  far  the  greatei  part  was 
silver.  Gold  is  mined  independently  to  some  extent,  and  also  in  con¬ 
nection  with  silver.  Lead  is  an  incidental  product  of  silver-mining. 
Coal  is  chiefly  mined  for  manufacturing  and  railroad  uses.  Copper  is 
found  in  rich  deposits,  and  its  product  promises  to  be  very  large. 
Excellent  building-stone  is  found  in  many  localities,  and  good  quarries 
are  already  opened  up,  adequate  for  local  needs. 

Stock-raising  is  a  growing  industry  in  both  Eastern  and  W  estern  Utah. 
In  1880  the  value" of  live-stock  in  the  territory  was  over  $3,300,000,  but 
since  that  time  it  has  much  more  than  doubled  in  value. 

In  Eastern  Utah  stock-raising  on  an  extensive  scale  is  only  just  begun, 
but  that  region  is  capable  of  maintaining  large  herds  of  cattle. 

The  wool  product  of  1880  was  nearly  1,000,000  pounds,  and  in  1SS3 
about  twice  that  quantity. 

The  manufactures  of  Utah  consist  chiefly  of  flour,  woolen  goods,  and 
machinery,  together  with  the  varied  products  required  by  a  thrifty 
industrial  population. 

It  is  a  peculiarity  of  the  territory  that  there  is  hardly  an  essential  of 
comfortable  and  intelligent  living  which  its  people  do  not  produce  or 
manufacture  within  their  own  borders. 


230 


UTAH. 


Commerce.  —  The  exports  of  the  territory  largely  exceed  the  imports, 
and  wealth  and  capital  are  constantly  increasing,  in.  return  for  the 
product  of  her  soils,  mines,  and  herds. 

There  are  no  navigable  rivers  in  Utah,  but  the  railroad  shipping  facilities 
are  of  unusual  excellence.  It  is  connected  with  Nevada  and  California 
by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad,  and  with  the  Mississippi  valley  by  the 
Union  Pacific.  It  also  has  an  important  connection  with  the  Colorado 
system  of  railroads  by  a  line  coming  into  the  territory  through  the 
Grand  River  valley,  and  extending  through  Emery  and  Utah  counties 
to  Salt  Lake  City. 

There  are  also  numerous  local  railroads  extending  into  the  agricultural 
and  mining  districts. 

The  Utah  and  Northern  Railroad  gives  the  territory  connection  with  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 


than  that  of  any  other  territory.  The  amount  of  taxation  de¬ 
voted  to  education  and  public  improvements  was  also  greater 
than  that  in  any  other  territory  in  the  Union. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Utah  contains  twenty-four  counties,  twenty  of  which  are 
organized.  Among  the  more  important  cities  and  towns  are 
the  following  :  — 

Salt  Lake  City  (20,768),  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  the 
territory,  is  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  Utah,  12  miles  from 
the  southern  shore  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  under  the  shadow 
of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains. 


VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

Utah  has  a  territorial  government  under  laws  enacted  by  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  or  by  the  territorial  Legislature. 

The  chief  executive  officers  are  the  governor  and  secretary,  appointed 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  two  houses,  —  the  Council,  consist¬ 
ing  of  twelve  members;  and  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  twenty- 
four  members.  They  are  elected  by  the  people  for  terms  of  two  years, 
and  meet  biennially  on  the  first  Monday  in  January  of  odd  years. 

The  judiciary  of  the  territory  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court  (a  chief  justice 
and  two  associates),  district  courts  held  in  various  parts  of  the  territory 
by  the  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court,  courts  of  probate,  and  justices’ 
courts. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 


The  city  is  finely  laid  out  with  broad  streets  handsomely  shaded.  The 
yards  and  gardens  in  the  residence  part  of  the  town  are  spacious  and 
elegantly  maintained,  being  irrigated  by  streams  of  water  running  on 
either  side  of  the  public  streets. 

The  city  is  the  chief  center  and  seat  of  government  of  the  Mormon 
Church,  which  has  a  large  membership  throughout  Utah  and  the  adja¬ 
cent  territories.  Among  its  most  prominent  features  are  the  temple 
(not  yet  completed),  the  tabernacle,  and  a  number  of  fine  private  build¬ 
ings. 

Salt  Lake  City  is  the  metropolis  of  trade  for  the  territory,  and  the  center 
of  an  excellent  system  of  railways.  The  traffic  of  the  Union  and 
Central  Pacific  and  the  Utah  and  Northern  roads  comes  into  the  city 
over  the  Utah  Central  from  Ogden,  and  there  is  an  important  system 
of  territorial  roads  connecting  the  city  with  nearly  every  fertile  valley 
and  mining  camp  in  the  territory. 


Utah  has  a  territorial  system  of  public  schools,  and  there  is 
no  general  school  fund  for  the  support  of  public  education. 

The  schools  are  supported  by  local  taxation  levied  by  each  district,  and 
by  a  territorial  tax  of  three-tenths  of  one  per  cent  distributed  to  the 
several  districts  on  the  basis  of  school  population. 

The  general  supervision  of  the  school  system  is  intrusted  to  a  territo¬ 
rial  superintendent  of  schools,  assisted  by  a  county  superintendent 
and  a  county  board  of  school  examiners  in  each  county. 

The  territorial  university,  called  the  University  of  Deseret,  is  located  at 
Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  liberally  supported  from  the  public  funds,  and 
maintains  a  Normal  department  of  high  grade. 

Several  of  the  larger  towns  maintain  graded  schools:  and  among  the 
leading  private  institutions  are  Salt  Lake  Academy,  Rocky  Mountain 
Seminary,  and  St.  Mark’s  School,  at  Salt  Lake  City ;  Brigham  Young 
College,  at  Logan;  and  Brigham  Young  Academy,  at  Provo. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

The  soil  of  Utah  was  part  of  the  extensive  territory  acquired 
by  the  United  States  from  Mexico  by  the  treaty  of  1848. 

When  California  was  organized  as  a  state  by  Act  of  Congress, 
in  1850,  the  newly  acquired  region  to  the  east,  lying  north  of 
the  37th  parallel,  was  organized  as  Utah  Territory. 

Utah  then  included,  in  addition  to  its  present  limits,  parts  of 
Nevada,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado.  It  has  occupied  its  present 
area  since  the  organization  of  Wyoming  Territory,  in  1868. 

The  first  settlement  made  within  the  territory  was  at  Salt  Lake  City,  in 
1847.  On  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  June  of  that  year,  Brigham  Young, 
with  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  Mormon  followers,  reached  the  site 
of  the  present  city,  and  decided  to  found  there  a  place  of  refuge  for 
the  followers  of  his  faith.  They  had  successively  attempted  settle¬ 
ments  in  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Illinois,  but  wherever  they  had  settled 
they  were  subjected  to  severe  persecution. 

The  successful  migration  to  Utah,  and  the  subsequent  growth  and  pros¬ 
perity  of  the  territory,  were  largely  due  to  the  skill  and  leadership  of  Brig¬ 
ham  Young,  who  was  the  head  of  the  Mormon  Church  from  1844  to  1877. 

In  1880  the  assessed  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property 
was  nearly  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars,  which  was  greater 


Ogden  (6,096),  near  Great  Salt  Lake,  is  the  county  seat  of 
Weber  County,  and  the  second  largest  town  in  the  territory. 
It  is  the  point  of  junction  of  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific 
railroads,'  running  east  and  west,  and  also  of  the  Utah  and 
Northern  and  the  Utah  Central,  running  north  and  south. 

The  city  is  the  center  of  a  fine  trade,  and  is  handsomely  and  substan¬ 
tially  built.  It  has  schools  of  a  superior  character,  and  large  and 
growing  manufacturing  interests. 


Logan  —  the  county  seat  of  Cache  County,  is  the 
trade  center  of  the  extreme  north-eastern 
part  of  the  territory.  It  has  considerable 
manufactures  and  excellent  water-power.  It 
is  in  the  center  of  a  fine  wheat,  stock,  and 
dairy  region. 

It  has  excellent  public  and  private  schools,  and 
is  the  seat  of  Brigham  Young  College. 

Provo  —  county  seat  of  Utah  County,  is  situated 
near  the  foot  of  Provo  valley,  about  48  miles 
from  Salt  Lake  City.  It  has  excellent  water¬ 
power,  which  is  used  mainly  in  the  manufac¬ 
ture  of  woolen  goods.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Utah  Insane  Asylum  and  of  Brigham  Young 
Academy. 

Springville  —  in  Utah  County,  is  the  terminus 
of  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  running  to  the 
Pleasant  valley  coal-mines.  It  has  a  large 
mercantile  and  shipping  business,  and  is  a 
rapidly  growing  place. 

Manti  —  county  seat  of  San  Pete  County,  is  the 
trade  center  of  the  San  Pete  valley,  a  rich 
farming,  grazing,  and  dairy  region. 

Mount  Pleasant  and  Ephraim  City  are  also 
important  business  towns  in  the  San  Pete 
valley. 


Brigham  City  —  county  seat  of  Box  Elder 
County,  near  the  northern  shores  of  Great 
Salt  Lake,  is  an  important  trading  town  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  territory.  It  has 
considerable  manufactures  of  woolen  goods 
and  leather. 

St.  George  —  county  seat  of  Washington  County, 
is  the  chief  trading  center  in  the  fertile  valley 
of  the  Virgin  River.  It  is  the  largest  town 
in  the  territory  outside  the  borders  of  the 
Great  Basin.  Silver  Reef  is  the  leading 
mining  town  in  this  region. 

Park  City  and  Colville  —  in  Summit  County,  are 
situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad,  and  are  engaged  chiefly  in  the 
mining  of  coal  for  railroad  and  manufactur¬ 
ing  purposes. 

Corinne  — on  Bear  River,  is  an  important  ship¬ 
ping  and  trading  point  on  the  line  of  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad. 

Beaver  City  —  county  seat  of  Beaver  County,  is 
the  chief  town  and  business  center  in  the 
rich  valley  of  the  same  name.  The  county 
is  mainly  devoted  to  farming  and  stock- 
raising.  In  the  amount  of  wool  product  it 
ranks  third  in  the  territory. 


The  following  towns,  each  having  between  1,000  and  2,500 
inhabitants  in  1880,  are  worthy  of  mention:  — 


Hyrum,  Richmond,  Smithfield,  and  Wells- 
ville  —  thriving  towns  in  Cache  County: 

Kaysville  —  a  shipping  point  and  trading  center 
in  Davis  County; 

Nephi  —  county  seat  of  Juab  County,  and  the 
chief  town  in  the  fertile  Juab  valley; 

Fairview  —  in  San  Pete  County,  commanding  a 
wonderful  view  of  the  lofty  Mount  Nebo; 

Richfield  —  county  seat  of  Sevier  County,  and 
trading  center  of  the  Upper  Sevier  valley; 


Grantsville  and  Tooele  —  in  Tooele  County,  the 
latter  the  county  seat; 

American  Fork,  Lehi,  Pleasant  Grove,  and 
Spanish  Fork  —  thriving  railroad  towns  in 
Utah  County,  on  the  shores  of  Utah  Lake; 
and 

Heber  City  —  county  seat  of  Wahsatch  County, 
and  chief  commercial  point  in  the  Upper 
Provo  valley. 


NEW  MEXICO. 


231 


NEW  MEXICO. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  What  is  the  shape  of  New  Mexico?  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  scale  of  miles,  what  is  the  length  of  one  side  of  it? 
What  state  on  the  north  ?  What  state  forms  most  of  the  east¬ 
ern  boundary  and  a  part  of  the  southern  ?  What  country  on 
the  south  ?  What  division  bounds  it  on  the  west?  What  par¬ 
allel  crosses  it  near  the  middle  ?  What  degree  of  longitude 
would  divide  this  territory  into  two  equal  parts  ? 

Surface  —  What  portions  are  most  moun¬ 
tainous  ?  What  general  mountain  range 
crosses  it,  and  in  what  direction  ?  What 
minor  ranges  are  there  ?  Where  are  the 
more  level  portions  ?  The  Staked 
Plain  ?  What  is  the  general  slope  of 
the  land  as  shown  by  the  flowing 
waters  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  two  principal  riv¬ 
ers  cross  New  Mexico  ?  Describe 
their  course.  Which  is  the  larger? 

What  other  rivers  have  head  waters 
here  ?  What  parts  appear  to  be 
well  watered?  What  portions  lack 
streams  ? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  How 
many  counties  in  New  Mexico  ? 

Through  what  counties  does  the  Rio 
Grande  flow  ?  What  important  places 
on  this  river?  Name  the  capital, 
and  describe  its  location.  From  the 
map,  what  counties  appear  to  be  most  thickly  settled  ? 
regions  are  most  of  the  cities  and  towns  ? 


ANCIENT  INDIAN  PUEBLO 


VN/'-. 


ON  THE  UPPER  RIO  GRANDE. 


In  what  natural 


them  are  found  the  Oscura,  Organ,  San  Andres,  Sacramento, 
and  Guadaloupe  ranges.  West  of  the  Rio  Grande  River,  the 
Zuni,  Datil,  Tularosa,  Mimbres,  and  Pinos  Altos  ranges  are 
the  most  important.  The  eastern  portion  of  the  territory, 
together  with  much  that  lies  up  between  the  mountain  ranges, 
consists  of  extensive  plateaus,  where  excellent  native  grasses 
abound,  and  where  the  principal  pastoral  interests  of  the  ter¬ 
ritory  flourish. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  122,580  square  miles.  Population  [1880),  119,565 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

The  Territory  of  New  Mexico  is  situated  in  the  south-west¬ 
ern  portion  of  the  United  States,  its  western  portion  being 
traversed  by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  while  its  eastern  extends 
through  a  series  of  plateaus  and  tablelands  into  the  great 
grazing  regions  which  occupy  so  much  of  the  western  slope 
of  the  Mississippi  valley. 

It  is  bounded  by  Colorado  on  the  north,  in  latitude  370  north;  by  the 
Indian  Territory  and  Texas  on  the  east;  and  by  Arizona  on  the  west, 
lying  between  the  103d  and  109th  degrees  of  longitude  west  from 
Greenwich;  and  on  the  south  by  Texas  and  Mexico  in  an  irregular 
line. 

New  Mexico  is  about  370  miles  long  from  east  to.  west,  while  from  north 
to  south  it  is  about  335  miles.  It  ranks  fifth  in  size,  and  forty-first  in 
population,  among  all  the  states  and  territories. 

II.  SURFACE. 

The  surface  presents  all  the  variety  of  mountain,  plateau, 
and  valley,  the  larger  portion  being  a  mountainous  plateau. 

The  Santa  Fd,  Las  Vegas,  and  Taos  ranges,  forming  a  part  of  the  main 
axis  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  occupy  a  central  position  in  the  north 
end  of  the  territory  west  of  the  Rio  Grande  River,  while  south  of 


New  Mexico  sends  her  waters  to  either  ocean. 

The  Rio  Grande,  which  has  its  source  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado, 
flows  south  through  the  territory  draining  its  central  portion,  and 
passing  out  as  the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico.  It  receives 
into  its  channel  a  great  many  small  streams,  the  largest  of  which  are 
the  Rio  Chama  and  Rio  Puerco.  Numerous  small  streams  which 
drain  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  territory  form  the  Canadian,  and 
find  their  way  through  Texas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Arkansas, 
into  the  Mississippi  River  as  the  Arkansas. 

The  south-eastern  portion  of  the  territory  is  drained  by  the  Rio  Pecos, 
which  receives  innumerable  small  tributaries,  and  joins  the  Rio  Grande 
after  flowing  through  the  western  part  of  Texas. 

The  waters  of  the  western  part  of  the  territory  are  tributary  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean  through  the  Colorado  River,  which  they  reach  by  way 
of  the  head  waters  of  the  San  Juan  from  the  extreme  north-western 
corner,  the  Little  Colorado  from  the  central  portions,  and  the  Gila 
from  the  south-western  corner,  and  through  some  other  unimportant 
streams. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  New  Mexico  is  remarkable  for  its  uniformity. 
The  summers  are  moderate,  and  extremely  hot  weather  is  of 
rare  occurrence,  while  the  winters  are  neither  long  nor  severe. 

The  atmosphere  is  pure  and  dry.  This  serves  to  moderate  the  ex¬ 
tremes  of  cold  in  the  higher  localities,  and  of  the  heat  in  the  plains 
and  valleys.  The  rainy  season,  which  usually  lasts  during  July  and 
August,  is  not  a  continuous  rain,  but  is  rather  a  season  of  frequent 
showers,  which  usually  continue  for  a  few  hours,  with  periods  of  sun- 


113  110  Longitude  West  from  Greenwich  107 


X.  Pecos 


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NEW  MEXICO. 


233 


shine.  The  atmosphere  is  heavily  charged  with  electricity,  and  tele¬ 
graph  and  other  electric  wires  are  often  affected.  Owing  to  atmos¬ 
pheric  influences,  objects  at  a  distance  appear  much  nearer  than  they 
really  are.  All  the  climatic  influences  tend  to  health  and  comfort. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

The  material  natural  resources  of  New  Mexico  are  of  great 
importance,  though  as  yet  they  have  not  been  so  far  developed 
as  to  make  their  value  known  to  the  commercial  world. 

Soil.  —  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  rich  and  sandy  loam,  capable  of 
producing  excellent  crops;  and,  while  the  greater  part  of  the  territory 
is  by  no  means  an  agricultural  country,  there  are  millions  of  acres 
which,  with  irrigation,  can  be  made  rich  and  productive. 

Minerals.  —  Important  discoveries  of  the  precious  minerals  have  been 
made,  and  enough  has  been  developed  to  show  that  the  territory  is  rich 
in  gold  and  silver.  The  most  important  mines  have  been  opened  in  the 
south-western  portion  of  the  territory  in  the  vicinity  of  Deming,  Silver 
City,  and  Lordsburg;  and  gold  and  silver  are  found  in  all  the  usual 
formations  peculiar  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Important  mines  are 
also  worked  in  the  central  part  of  the  territory  in  the  regions  around 
Socorro,  and  also  in  the  north-west  in  the  San  Juan  region. 

Several  varieties  of  iron  ores  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the  terri¬ 
tory. 

Important  mines  of  copper  have  been  discovered,  and  are  already 
worked  to  advantage  in  many  parts,  notably  in  the  vicinity  of  Santa 
Rita  in  the  south-west,  and  Glorieta  in  the  north-central  portions  of 
the  territory. 

An  excellent  article  of  coal  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  territory  in 
abundance.  Important  mines  are  worked  in  the  northern  part  near 
Raton,  in  the  vicinity  of  Socorro  in  the  central  part,  and  in  the  ex¬ 
treme  western  border  near  Gallup  and  Defiance. 

Among  other  geological  products  of  the  territory  may  be  mentioned 
lead,  salt,  soda,  sulphur,  plumbago,  mica,  gypsum,  cement,  granite, 
and  building-stone  in  great  variety. 

Forests.  —  The  eastern  portion  of  the  territory  is  mostly  free  from 
timber;  but  the  western  part,  including  the  north-central,  has  a  good 
supply  for  home  requirements. 

Scenery.  —  The  natural  scenery  throughout  the  territory  is  very  fine, 
presenting  every  variety  of  wildness  and  beauty. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

At  the  present  time  New  Mexico  is  pre-eminently  a  stock- 
raising  region,  but  the  mining  and  commercial  interests  are 
being  rapidly  developed. 

Stock-raising.  — The  range  is  ample  and  generally  well  watered,  and 
affords  feed  for  cattle,  with  a  little  shifting,  the  year  round.  Vast 
herds  roam  at  will,  with  a  few  watchers ;  while  in  many  localities  the 
ranges  are  inclosed,  and  cattle  are  kept  well  in  hand,  and  an  effort  is 
made  to  improve  the  stock  as  well  as  to  get  them  ready  for  the  market. 

There  are  localities  where  the  range  is  sufficient,  but  where  the  water  is 
scarce ;  but  efforts  are  being  made  to  provide  for  this  deficiency  by 
irrigation  and  by  artesian  wells. 

Sheep-raising  is  an  important  interest;  and  this  territory  has  more  sheep 
in  its  ranges  than  any  other  state  or  territory  in  the  Union,  and  yields 
the  greatest  product  of  wool.  While  this  business  is  considered  a 
little  less  certain  in  its  results,  it  is  more  profitable  than  cattle-raising, 
on  account  of  the  quicker  returns  from  an  investment. 

Mining.  —  The  mining  interests  of  the  territory  embrace  gold  and  silver 
mines,  yielding  large  quantities  of  ore,  and  affording  employment  to 
thousands  of  men.  Coal-mining  is  also  an  important  industry,  and  the 
labor  and  capital  employed  are  very  great ;  while  the  copper,  iron,  and 
other  mines  all  tend  to  enhance  the  mining  value  of  the  territory, 
which  is  fast  assuming  importance  among  the  mining  regions  of  the 
west. 

Farming.  —  In  the  rich  valleys  there  are  many  farms  where  good  atten¬ 
tion  secures  excellent  returns.  Corn,  wheat,  and  garden  products  are 
the  principal  crops. 


Manufactures.  —  The  most  important  manufacturing  interests  of  the 
territory  are  those  connected  with  mining  business  in  the  way  of 
smelters,  etc.,  for  the  treatment  of  the  ores  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper, 
and  with  the  railroad  interests  through  machine-shops,  etc.;  though 
there  are  other  manufacturing  interests  of  no  mean  importance,  among 
which  may  be  named  the  production  of  jewelry  of  a  peculiar  style, 
noted  for  its  richness  and  beauty. 

Commerce.  —  The  commerce  of  the  territory  consists  in  the  marketing 
of  its  cattle  and  wool  products,  and  the  results  of  its  mining  interests, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  of  the  purchase  of  the  goods,  wares,  and  mer¬ 
chandise  demanded  by  her  people,  on  the  other. 

The  railroad  facilities  of  the  territory  embrace  connections  with  the 
Pacific  Ocean  through  California  and  Mexico,  over  four  different 
routes,  and  with  the  Atlantic  and  the  great  stock-consuming  regions 
of  the  north  and  east  by  as  many  more.  As  has  been  the  case  in 
many  other  localities,  the  railroads  have  led  the  way  to  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  the  country,  and  much  of  the  thrift  and  prosperity  of  this 
region  is  due  to  them. 

Lumbering.  —  The  lumber  interests  have  attracted  capital  from  the  older 
lumbering  regions  of  the  north;  and  large  mills  are  in  operation  in 
several  localities,  notably  in  the  plateaus  and  foot-hills  of  the  San 
Francisco  Mountains,  and  in  some  ranges  of  the  continental  divide. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  territory  of  New  Mexico,  like  all  the  other  territories, 
is  largely  governed  under  the  provisions  of  the  United  States 
statutes. 

The  governor  and  other  territorial  officers  are  appointed  by  the  Presi¬ 
dent  of  the  United  States,  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  and  are  paid 
out  of  the  United  States  treasury. 

The  local  legislative  authority  is  vested  in  a  territorial  Assembly,  com¬ 
posed  of  two  branches,  — a  House  of  Representatives  and  a  Legisla¬ 
tive  Council,  —  the  members  of  which  are  elected  by  the  people  for 
two  years.  Sessions  are  held  biennially  in  the  even  years. 

The  judiciary  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court  with  three  judges,  district 
courts,  circuit  courts,  and  other  courts  of  inferior  jurisdiction.  These 
officers  are  charged  with  the  administration  of  justice  under  the  laws 
of  the  United  States  and  of  the  territory. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

The  educational  system  of  New  Mexico  is  not  yet  fully 
developed  ;  and,  as  in  all  territories,  there  is  no  public  school 
fund.  There  is  a  territorial  organization,  but  the  more  impor¬ 
tant  functions  of  the  educational  work  devolve  upon  “  county 
boards  of  commissioners.” 

These  commissioners  are  elected  by  the  people,  and  have  general 
charge  of  the  public  school  interests  of  their  respective  counties, 
under  the  laws  of  the  territory.  In  most  cases,  schools  are  provided 
in  every  district  where  the  school  population  is  large  enough  to  war¬ 
rant  it.  In  the  cities  and  towns  there  are  very  fair  accommodations, 
and  in  several  instances,  superior  facilities  are  afforded. 

In  addition  to  the  public  schools,  there  are  numerous  private  and  denomi¬ 
national  schools,  which  are  generally  well  supported  and  patronized. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

The  history  of  New  Mexico  is  the  history  of  three  civiliza¬ 
tions,  and  no  portion  of  our  country  is  so  rich  in  traditional 
lore  as  this.  While  it  is  among  the  newest  in  settlement  and 
material  advancement,  under  our  present  civilization,  it  is  the 
oldest,  in  point  of  what  has  been,  of  all  the  regions  of  our  great 
republic. 

Three  hundred  years  ago  the  Spaniards  made  settlements  in  New 
Mexico,  planting  their  banners  upon  the  ruins  of  a  civilization  which 
had  flourished  and  decayed  before  them.  The  Zunis,  from  whom  they 
wrested  the  territory,  had  peopled  a  region  which  yields  to  us  some  of 


234 


NEW  MEXICO. 


the  richest  fields  for  antiquarian  research  on  our  continent,  and  which, 
for  interesting  study,  is  not  surpassed  by  the  classic  regions  of  the 
Nile. 

The  principal  part  of  this  territory  came  under  control  of  the  United 
States  through  the  “Treaty  of  Guadaloupe  Hidalgo,”  Feb.  2,  1848,  as 
the  result  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  by  cession  from  the  state  of 
Texas  in  1850.  The  Gadsden  Purchase,  in  1853,  completed  the  trans¬ 
fer  of  a  portion  of  the  south-western  corner  of  the  territory. 

New  Mexico  was  organized  as  a  territory  Sept.  9,  1850,  when  it  included 
much  of  the  territory  now  embraced  in  Colorado,  Arizona,  and  Cali¬ 
fornia.  The  territory  has  occupied  its  present  limits  since  1863. 
For  twenty-five  years  the  agricultural  and  stock-raising  interests  grew 
steadily  but  slowly;  and  the  most  important  hold  the  United  States 
had  upon  the  country  was  through  the  treaty  with  the  Mexican 
Government,  and  the  presence  of  a  few  soldiers.  With  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  its  vast  mining  interests,  and  the  extension  of  railroad  lines 
in  all  directions  through  its  limits,  the  territory  has  taken  on  a  new 
life,  and  is  rapidly  becoming  an  enterprising  and  populous  modern 
community. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

New  Mexico  contains  fourteen  counties  and  the  following 
principal  cities  and  towns  :  — 

Santa  Fe  (7,000),  the  capital  city  and  metropolis  of  New 
Mexico,  is  situated  a  little  north  of  the  center  of  the  territory. 
Since  its  occupation  by  the  Spaniards  in  1583,  until  within  a 
few  years,  it  has  been  important  only  as  the  seat  of  govern¬ 
ment  and  as  a  military,  outfitting,  and  trading  post. 

The  streets  are  generally  narrow,  and  the  older  houses  are  built  of 
adobe,  or  sun-dried  bricks,  among  the  most  interesting  of  which  is  the 
Palace,  said  to  have  been  built  in  1581,  and  which  has  served  as  the 
home  of  the  local  ruler  ever  since.  The  church  of  San  Miguel,  built 
in  1640,  and  now  probably  the  oldest  church  in  the  United  States,  is 
still  in  use. 

With  the  advent  of  the  railroad  and  the  public  school,  Santa  Fe  has 
begun  to  show  signs  of  a  new  life ;  and  churches  and  other  public 
buildings,  as  well  as  business  houses,  have  sprung  into  existence,  and 
the  legends  of  the  past  are  being  obliterated  by  the  unmistakable  signs 
of  progress.  Surrounded  by  a  mining  region  of  untold  wealth,  and  a 
large  area  of  farming  land,  which,  with  irrigation  and  work,  yields 
great  and  increasing  crops,  Santa  Fe  has  at  her  doors  every  thing 
necessary  to  make  her  a  great  city.  Water-works,  gas-works,  and  a 
fire' department  are  already  in  existence,  and  the  city  is  the  center  of 
considerable  manufactures  and  an  extensive  trade. 

Albuquerque  (8,ooo)  is  beautifully  situated  in  Bernalillo 
County,  in  the  central  part  of  the  territory,  and  is  surrounded 
by  a  fine  farming  and  stock-raising  country.  The  old  portion 
of  this  city  dates  back  to  the  early  Spanish  settlements,  and  is 
principally  built  of  adobe.  The  new  town  was  laid  out  in  1880, 
and  is  a  marvel  of  growth  and  prosperity. 

It  has  important  railroad  facilities,  which  have  done  much  in  the  way  of 
developing  the  resources  of  the  town  and  the  surrounding  country. 
It  is  supplied  with  gas  and  water  works,  newspapers,  churches,  schools, 
banks,  hotels,  and  a  fine  opera-house.  Extensive  railway-shops  are 
located  here ;  and,  in  addition  to  the  business  which  these  shops  con¬ 
trol,  it  has  a  prosperous  trade  with  the  surrounding  agricultural  com¬ 
munity.  It  is  an  important  shipping-point,  and  has  ample  facilities 
for  the  transaction  of  a  large  and  rapidly  growing  business. 

Anton  Chico,  situated  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Rio  Pecos,  is  the  center 
of  a  fine  farming  and  grazing  community. 

Bernalillo  is  the  county  seat  of  Bernalillo  County,  and  is  situated  on  the 
Rio  Grande,  south-west  of  Santa  Fe,  in  the  center  of  a  splendid  agricultural 


community.  It  is  an  old  Mexican  town,  and  has  for  many  years  been  one 
of  the  prominent  towns  in  this  region  of  the  country,  owing  to  the  wealth 
and  influence  of  her  people.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  fruit-growing  dis¬ 
trict;  and  peaches,  apples,  apricots,  and  grapes  of  excellent  quality  are 
produced  in  abundance.  It  is  important  as  an  outfitting  point  for  adjacent 
mining  regions. 

Cimmaron,  formerly  the  county  seat  of  Colfax  County,  is  a  beautiful 
village  in  the  interior,  twenty-two  miles  from  the  railroad. 

Deming  is  situated  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  territory,  at  the 
terminus  of  Atchison,  Topeka,  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  and  at  its  junction 
with  the  Southern  Pacific.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  stock-raising  country, 
and  is  the  center  of  one  of  the  most  promising  mining  districts  in  the 
territory.  It  has  a  good  trade  across  the  border  with  Mexico,  as  well  as 
with  the  neighboring  mining  camps.  A  United  States  custom-house  is 
located  here. 

Fernandez  de  Taos  is  located  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  near  the 
northern  end  of  the  territory,  and  is  one  of  the  ancient  settlements  of  the 
territory,  surrounded  with  much  that  is  of  interest  to  the  antiquarian  and 
the  historian.  It  is  the  county  seat  of  Taos  County,  and  a  wealthy  and 
prosperous  town.  It  was  the  home  of  the  famous  frontiersman,  Kit  Car- 
son,  whose  grave  may  be  found  in  the  adjacent  cemetery. 

Las  Crusces  is  one  of  the  chief  towns  in  the  southern  part  of  the  terri¬ 
tory.  It  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  is  noted  for 
the  extensive  and  beautiful  orchards  and  vineyards  by  which  it  is  sur¬ 
rounded,  as  well  as  for  the  value  of  the  mining  interests  which  are  tributary 
to  it.  It  has  also  a  flourishing  business  with  the  adjacent  country. 

Las  Lunas  is  the  county  seat  of  Valencia  County,  in  the  central  part  of 
the  territory.  It  is  one  of  the  old  Mexican  towns,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  fine  stock-raising  region,  rich  in  flocks  and  herds. 

Las  Vegas,  owing  to  its  railway  machine-shops,  etc.,  is  an  important 
station  on  the  great  southern  route.  The  town  is  well  built  up,  has  water¬ 
works,  gas-works,  street-railway,  newspapers,  banks,  hotels,  churches,  and 
schools.  There  are  many  important  mining  regions  in  the  adjacent  moun¬ 
tains,  while  the  valleys  produce  excellent  crops  of  grain  and  vegetables. 
The  famous  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs  are  a  few  miles  distant.  The  old 
town  of  Las  Vegas  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  territory,  and  was  an  impor¬ 
tant  point  on  the  old  “  Santa  Fe  Trail.” 

Lordsburg  is  a  thriving  mining  town  in  the  south-western  corner  of  the 
territory.  The  most  productive  mines  in  the  vicinity  are  those  of  Shake¬ 
speare  and  Pyramid  City. 

Mesilla,  the  county  seat  of  Dona  Ana  County,  is  situated  on  the  oppo¬ 
site  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  a  few  miles  below  Las  Crusces,  and,  like 
its  neighbor,  is  noted  for  its  orchards  and  vineyards. 

Raton  is  an  important  town  in  the  northern  end  of  the  territory.  It 
has  excellent  water-works,  hotels,  banks,  churches,  and  schools.  It  is  sur¬ 
rounded  by  a  fine  grazing  region,  and  has  a  large  trade  in  the  supplies 
required  by  the  stockmen.  Important  gold-mines  are  located  in  the  vicinity, 
while  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  and  plumbago  are  also  found.  Coal-mining 
is  the  leading  business  interest.  Railway-shops  also  employ  a  large  number 
of  people. 

Rincon  is  the  junction  of  two  important  railroads,  and  is  a  prosperous 
town  surrounded  by  Mexican  settlements,  engaged  in  agriculture  and  stock- 
raising. 

Silver  City,  the  county  seat  of  Grant  County,  is  an  important  towq. 
The  business  is  largely  with  the  adjacent  mines.  It  is  well  built,  having 
several  banks,  numerous  large  wholesale  stores,  besides  stamp-mills,  planing- 
mills,  hotels,  churches,  and  public  schools. 

Socorro,  the  county  seat  of  Socorro  County,  is  an  important  mining  center, 
many  of  the  best  mines  in  the  territory  lying  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
It  is  beautifully  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  has  large 
and  prosperous  outfitting  stores,  fine  churches,  and  good  schools.  Exten¬ 
sive  stamp-mills  and  smelting-works  are  established  here. 

Springer,  the  county  seat  of  Colfax  County,  is  a  prosperous  town  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  stock  region,  and 
has  a  good  trade,  supplying  a  large  section  of  country. 


ARIZONA. 


235 


ARIZONA. 


Arizona  is  a  succession  of 
tablelands  and  mesas ,  rising 
in  successive  platforms  from 
a  few  hundred  feet  in  the 
south-west,  along  the  Colo¬ 
rado,  to  an  altitude  of  7,000 
feet  in  the  north. 


II.  SURFACE. 


CLIFF 


VILLAGE. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP 


IN  THE  GRAND  CANON. 


Situation.  —  What  division 
forms  the  northern  boundary  of 
Arizona  ?  What  the  eastern  ? 
What  country  bounds  it  on  the 
south  ?  What  states  on  the  west  ? 
What  important  river  bounds  it 
on  the  west?  What  is  its  gener¬ 
al  shape?  What  parallel  marked 
on  the  map  crosses  the  southern 
part  ?  According  to  the  scale  of 
miles,  what  is  the  distance  across 
it  from  north  to  south  ?  From  east  to  west? 

Surface.  —  What  is  the  general  character  of  its  surface?  Name  some 
of  the  mountains  in  the  south-east.  In  the  central  region.  Is  the  average 
elevation  of  Arizona  high,  or  low?  What  celebrated  canon  is  partly  in  this 
section  ? 

Rivers.  —  What  river  system  drains  this  region  ?  What  are  the  two 
principal  branches  here  ?  Give  the  location  and  describe  the  course  of  the 
larger  one.  The  smaller  one.  Are  there  many  small  streams  ? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  What  counties  in  the  northern  part?  How  many 
and  what  counties  in  the  southern  half?  Which  county  is  the  largest  in 
extent?  The  smallest?  Name  and  locate  the  capital.  Judging  from  the 
map,  do  most  of  the  people  live  among  the  mountains,  or  on  the  plains  ? 


DESCRIPTION. 


These  great  plateaus  are  every¬ 
where  crossed  by  a  network  of 
mountain  ridges,  more  than 
fifty  in  number,  with  numer¬ 
ous  intervening  valleys. 

The  highest  summit  is  Hum¬ 
phrey’s  Peak  (12,561  feet),  in 
the  San  Francisco  Mountains, 
near  the  central  part  of  the 
territory.  The  largest  valley  is  that  of  the  Gila  River,  and  the  most 
stupendous  canon  that  of  the  Colorado. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

Almost  the  entire  area  of  Arizona  is  drained  by  the  Colorado 
River  and  its  tributaries.  This  great  river  is  one  of  the  longest 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  which  it  takes  its  rise  by  two 
branches  called  the  Grand  and  Green  rivers.  These  rivers 
unite  in  Utah,  and  thence  the  Colorado  flows  by  a  generally 
south-west  course  into  the  Gulf  of  California.  Including  Green 
River,  the  larger  of  these  head  streams,  it  is  about  1,800  miles 
in  length.  Its  waters  assume  a  reddish  color  from  the  falling 
of  the  rains  upon  a  soil  of  red  clay  :  hence  the  name  Colorado 
or  Colored  River. 

The  Colorado  has  worn  through  the  soft  strata  of  sandstone  a  narrow 
canon  to  the  depth  of  from  2,000  to  5,000  feet.  This  dark  and  gloomy 
river  gorge,  400  miles  long,  with  its  stupendous  walls,  is  noted  for  its 
grand  and  desolate  scenery. 

The  Gila  River,  the  largest  tributary  of  the  Colorado,  500  miles  long, 
drains  the  southern  section  of  the  territory.  It  is  a  shallow  stream 
during  the  dry  season,  but  in  the  season  of  rains  discharges  a  great 
volume  of  muddy  and  yellow  water. 

A  few  insignificant  streams  on  the  extreme  southern  border  of  the  terri¬ 
tory  flow  through  Mexico  into  the  Gulf  of  California.  With  this  ex¬ 
ception,  the  Colorado  receives  the  entire  drainage  of  Arizona. 


[Area,  113,020  square  miles.  Population,  41,580 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Arizona  lies  between  Mexico  on  the  south  and 
Utah  on  the  north.  It  is  included  between  the  parallels  of 
310  37'  and  370  north  latitude,  and  between  the  meridians  of 
109°  3'  and  1 1 40  25'  west  longitude. 

Extent.  —  In  shape  it  is  nearly  a  square,  —  370  miles  long 
north  and  south,  and  350  miles  wide  east  and  west.  In  area  it 
is  about  two-thirds  as  large  as  California. 


IV.  CLIMATE. 

Arizona  has  a  dry  climate.  The  south-western  part  of  the 
territory  is  the  driest  and  hottest  region  in  the  United  States. 
In  the  low  and  sandy  valley  of  the  Colorado,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Yuma,  the  summer  heat  is  intense,  the  thermometer  frequently 
rising  to  1 1 5 0  in  the  shade. 

The  average  annual  rainfall  in  this  section  rarely  reaches  three  inches. 
The  elevated  mesas  and  the  mountain  regions  of  central  and  eastern 
Arizona  have  cooler  summers,  more  abundant  rains,  and  colder  winters. 
The  rains  fall  chiefly  in  the  months  of  July,  August,  and  September. 


236 


ARIZONA. 


V.  RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 

Minerals.  —  Arizona  is  rich  in  mines  of  silver,  gold,  copper, 
coal,  and  salt.  Mining  is  the  chief  industrial  pursuit.  The 
development  of  the  mineral  resources  is  recent;  but  in  1882 
the  total  product  of  the  mines  of  Arizona  was  estimated  at 
$  1 2,000,000. 

Agriculture.  —  The  greater  part  of  Arizona  is  too  dry  for 
tillage.  The  valley  lands,  when  irrigated  by  water  from  the 
rivers,  produce  grain,  Indian-corn,  beans,  vegetables,  and  fruits, 
—  such  as  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  oranges,  lemons,  and 
figs. 

The  cultivated  lands  mostly  lie  along  the  Gila  River,  and  in  the  small 
mountain  valleys  of  the  central  and  eastern  parts  of  the  territory. 

The  mountain  slopes  and  valleys  afford  good  natural  pasturage,  and  stock- 
raising  is  an  important  pursuit. 

Forests  and  Vegetation.  —  In  the  central  and  eastern  parts 
of  Arizona  there  are  extensive  forests  of  coniferous  trees,  such 
as  pines,  cedars,  and  junipers ;  but,  as  a  whole,  Arizona  is 
sparsely  wooded. 

On  the  arid  mesas ,  or  level  tablelands,  the  characteristic  vegetation  is  the 
sage-brush,  cactus,  prickly-pear,  and  the  maguey  or  century  plant. 

Among  the  peculiar  trees  is  the  mesquite ,  which  bears  a  bean-like  seed, 
largely  used  by  the  Indians  for  food. 

In  the  elevated  valleys  of  the  mountains  the  potato  is  indigenous. 

Commerce.  —  The  trade  of  Arizona  consists  chiefly  in  the 
export  of  bullion  and  ores,  and  the  import  of  bread-stuffs  and 
manufactured  articles. 

The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  crosses  the  southern  part  of  the  territory, 
connecting  it  with  California  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  dnd  the  Missis¬ 
sippi  valley.  This  line  of  road,  and  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  which 
crosses  the  territory  east  and  west  near  its  central  part,  give  to  Arizona 
excellent  facilities  for  exchanging  the  products  of  her  mines,  and  the 
increase  of  her  fields  and  herds,  for  the  manufactures  of  the  east.  The 
recent  progress  of  the  territory  is  largely  due  to  these  advantages  for 
ready  and  direct  transportation.  The  Colorado  River  is  navigable  for 
small  steamers  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Grand  Canon. 

Manufactures.  —  The  manufactures  are  limited  chiefly  to 
lumber  and  flour. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

Arizona  has  a  territorial  government,  organized  by  Act  of 
Congress  in  1863. 

The  chief  executive  officers  are  the  governor  and  the  secretary,  who  are 
appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  with  the  consent  of 
the  Senate. 

The  Legislature  is  elected  by  the  people  at  the  biennial  territorial  election, 
and  meets  once  in  two  years  in  regular  session,  on  the  1st  of  January 
of  odd  years.  The  session  is  limited  to  sixty  days ;  and  both  senators 
and  representatives  are  elected  for  terms  of  two  years. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  the  judges  of  which  are 
appointed  by  the  President  and  Senate  of  the  United  States  for  a  term 
of  four  years. 

VII.  EDUCATION. 

The  territory  has  an  organized  system  of  public  schools, 
which  are  under  the  general  supervision  of  a  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  elected  by  the  people. 

The  schools  of  Tucson,  Prescott,  and  other  mining  towns,  are 
in  good  condition  and  liberally  sustained. 


VIII.  HISTORY. 

Down  to  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war  all  of  Arizona  be¬ 
longed  to  Mexico.  By  the  treaty  of  1848  the  part  north  of  the 
Gila  became  the  property  of  the  United  States;  and  in  1853 
the  balance  of  the  territory  was  acquired  by  means  of  the 
Gadsden  Purchase. 

According  to  the  treaty  of  1848,  the  boundary  between  Mexico  and  the 
United  States  was  to  be  the  Rio  Grande,  from  its  mouth  to  New 
Mexico;  thence  to  the  river  Gila;  that  river  to  its  junction  with  the 
Colorado ;  then  in  a  straight  line  to  the  Pacific,  at  a  point  ten  miles 
south  of  San  Diego.  Soon  afterwards  the  United  States  acquired  by 
the  Gadsden  Purchase  a  considerable  strip  of  the  territory  of  Northern 
Mexico,  including  a  good  part  of  Arizona. 

Until  1863  the  territory  formed  a  part  of  Utah.  In  that 
year  it  was  separately  organized  by  Act  of  Congress ;  but  its 
progress  was  very  much  retarded  by  the  hostile  Apaches  and 
other  savage  Indian  tribes.  With  the  extension  of  railroads 
into  and  through  the  territory,  and  the  development  of  its  rich 
mines  of  gold  and  silver,  these  hostile  bands  have  gradually 
been  driven  out  or  restrained,  and  this  territory  has  entered 
upon  an  era  of  rapid  and  substantial  development  in  industry, 
wealth,  and  population. 

IX.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Arizona  is  divided  into  nine  counties,  and  contains  the  follow¬ 
ing  cities  and  towns  :  — 

Prescott  is  the  capital  of  the  territory,  and  county  seat  of 
Yavapai  County.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  mountain  valley, 
and  enjoys  a  delightful  climate.  The  place  is  the  center  of  a 
considerable  trade  in  lumber,  cattle,  etc.  Its  elevation  is  over 
5,500  feet. 

Yuma,  in  Yuma  County,  on  the  Colorado  River,  lies  near- 
the  boundary  line  of  Mexico,  and  directly  opposite  Fort  Yuma 
in  California.  It  is  an  important  trading  town,  on  the  line  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  and  is  fast  growing  in  population 
and  importance.  It  is  also  the  entrepot  of  a  large  river  trade 
on  the  lower  Colorado. 

Tucson,  in  Pima  County,  250  miles  from  Yuma,  on  the  line 
of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  is  near  several  rich  silver 
districts,  and  is  an  important  center  of  business  and  travel. 
It  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  rich  Santa  Cruz  region,  and 
has  a  large  business  in  cattle,  bullion,  and  farm  products. 

Tombstone,  in  Cachise  County,  is  the  center  of  a  rich  grazing  and  mining 
district.  It  has  had  a  very  rapid  growth,  and  now  ranks  as  one  of  the  largest 
cities  in  the  territory. 

Phoenix,  in  Maricopa  County,  is  the  center  of  trade  and  supplies  for  a 
number  of  prosperous  mining  districts,  and  is  rapidly  growing  in  importance. 

Florence  is  an  important  town  in  Pinal  County,  on  the  Gila  River.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  farming  region,  and  has  a  large  trade  in  supplying 
the  mining  districts  in  the  vicinity  and  in  reducing  and  shipping  their 
product. 

Globe  City,  in  Gila  County,  is  the  center  of  trade  for  an  extensive  mining 
district  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Pinal  Mountains. 

The  following  enterprising  places  are  also  worthy  of  mention:  Tubac,  in 
Pima  County;  Ehrenberg  and  Castle  Dome  City,  in  Yuma  County;  Wick- 
enburg,  in  Maricopa  County;  Safford,  in  Graham  County;  and  Aubrey  City 
and  Hardyville,  in  Mohave  County.  All  these  towns  are  places  of  consider¬ 
able  trade  in  connection  with  the  mining  and  shipping  interests  of  the 
territory. 


CALIFORNIA 


237 


CALIFORNIA. 


[Area,  158,360  square  miles.  Population  ( 1880),  864,686 ; 
estimated  population  (1883),  1,000,000 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  California,  the  largest  and  most 
populous  of  the  Pacific  States,  borders  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  included  between  320  31' 
and  420  north  latitude,  and  120°  and  1240  15'  west 
longitude. 

Extent.  —  In  shape  it  is  an  irregular  oblong,  about 
750  miles  long  and  200  miles  wide.  It  is  three  times 
as  large  as  the  New  England  States,  and,  exceptin 
Texas,  is  the  largest  state  in  the  Union. 

SURFACE. 

Physical  Divisions.  —  California  may  be  divided  into  five 
distinct  sections  :  (1)  the  mountain  region  of  the  Sierra  Ne¬ 
vada  ;  (2)  the  plains  of  the  Sacramento  valley  ;  (3)  the  coast 
belt ;  (4)  the  plateau  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  border 
of  the  Great  Basin  ;  (5)  the  Colorado  desert,  in  the  south-east. 


Mountains.  —  The  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  extend  north  and  south 
nearly  two-thirds  of  the  entire  length  of  the  state.  The  average 
width  of  this  great  range  is  about  70  miles.  The  western  slope  to 
the  Sacramento  valley  is  very  gradual,  and  is  60  miles  long ;  the 
eastern  slope  to  the  Great  Basin,  short  and  precipitous,  not  exceed¬ 
ing  10  miles  in  length. 

The  loftiest  summits  are  Mount  Whitney  (14,887  feet)  in  the  south,  and 
Mount  Shasta  (14,440  feet)  in  the  north.  The  average  height  of  the 
crest  summits  is  from  6,000  to  9,000  feet. 

The  higher  peaks  of  this  range  are  snow-clad  all  the  year  round,  and  are 
the  retreats  of  numerous  small  glaciers,  —  the  remaining  fragments  of 
a  system  of  mighty  glaciers  that  once  covered  the  entire  chain. 

The  Coast  Range  extends  in  parallel  ridges,  near  the  Pacific,  the  entire 
length  of  ‘the  state,  750  miles.  It  is  from  20  to  40  miles  wide,  and  is 
less  than  half  the  average  height  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Its  most  noted  peaks  are  Mount  Hamilton  (4,448  feet),  the  site  of  the 


VINE-GROWING. 


famous  Lick  Astronomical  Observatory;  St.  Helena,  in  Napa  valley 
(4,343  feet);  Mount  Tamalpais  (2,604  feet),  and  Monte  Diablo  (3,848 
feet),  near  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco;  and  Mount  San  Bernardino 
(11,600  feet),  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

Valleys.  —  In  the  central  part  of  the  state  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Coast  Range  are  nearly  parallel :  but  in  the  north  and  towards  the  south 
the  two  chains  run  together,  and  inclose  the  Sacramento  valley.  This 
great  central  valley  is  400  miles  in  length  and  from  20  to  50  miles  in 
width.  It  is  drained  from  the  north  by  the  Sacramento  River,  and 
from  the  south  by  the  San  Joaquin.  The  Coast  Range  is  intersected 


CALIFORNIA  and  NEVADA 


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240 


CALIFORNIA. 


by  numerous  small  valleys  opening  towards  the  ocean,  the  most  im¬ 
portant  of  which  are  the  Russian  River,  Napa,  Santa  Clara,  Salinas, 
and  San  Gabriel  valleys. 

The  Colorado  desert,  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state,  east  of  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,  belongs  to  the  Great  Basin,  but  has  a  very 
moderate  elevation,  and  in  some  places  is  below  the  level  of  the  sea. 
It  is  dry,  sandy,  hot,  and  barren. 

The  plateau  region,  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  is  a  part  of  the  Great 
Basin,  which  includes  Nevada  and  Utah.  It  is  an  arid  country,  gen¬ 
erally  destitude  of  vegetation,  with  the  exception  of  sage  brush  and 
bunch  grass  and  the  forests  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains. 

Scenery.  —  California  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

The  Yosemite  Valley,  in  the  heart  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  attracts  tourists 
from  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  is  a  glacial  valley  seven  miles  long,  and 
a  mile  and  a  half  wide,  with  almost  vertical  walls  of  solid  granite  from 
3,000  to  4,000  feet  in  height.  It  has  numerous  waterfalls,  of  which  the 
most  remarkable  is  the  Yosemite  Falls,  where  the  water  plunges  down 
1,600  feet  in  one  unbroken  sheet,  and  2,600  feet  in  three  leaps. 

Mount  Shasta,  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  state,  is  a  volcanic 
cone,  which  rises  14,440  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  10,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  surrounding  plateau.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  mountains ;  and  the  surrounding  country  is  a  favorite 
resort  for  tourists  and  hunters. 

The  Big  Tree  Groves,  near  the  Yosemite  Valley,  contain  some  of  the 
largest  trees  in  the  world. 

Lake  Tahoe  is  a  favorite  resort  for  summer  tourists. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

The  two  largest  rivers,  the  Sacramento  and  the  San  Joaquin, 
drain  the  Sacramento  basin,  and  flow  into  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco.  Their  tributaries  rise  in  the  summits  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  which  supply  an  abundance  of  water  from  melting  ice 
and  snow  during  the  long  dry  season. 

The  Sacramento  River,  400  miles  long,  rises  in  the  lakes  of  the  mountain 
region  around  Mount  Shasta,  and  flows  south  into  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco.  It  is  navigable  for  small  steamers  to  Red  Bluff,  360  miles. 
Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  American,  Yuba,  and  Feather  rivers. 

The  San  Joaquin,  350  miles  long,  rises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains, 
and  flows  north  into  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  navigable  for 
large  steamers  to  Stockton,  120  miles,  and  for  small  steamers  75  miles 
farther.  Its  chief  tributaries  are  the  Kings,  Kern,  Merced,  Tuolumne, 
Fresno,  Stanislaus,  Calaveras,  and  Mokelumne  rivers. 

The  smaller  rivers  which  flow  directly  into  the  Pacific  are  the  Klamath 
River,  Eel  River,  and  Russian  River,  north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Fran¬ 
cisco;  and  the  Salinas  River  and  Santa  Ana  River,  to  the  south  of  that 
bay. 

The  rivers  of  the  plateau  and  desert  region  east  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  have  no  outlet  to  the  ocean.  They  are 
small  streams  that  terminate  in  salt  lakes,  or  disappear  by 
evaporation  in  the  “  sinks  ”  of  the  desert. 

The  most  important  of  these  rivers  are  the  Mohave  ( mo-ha've ),  which 
sinks  in  the  sands  of  the  Mohave  desert;  Owens  River,  which  flows 
into  Owens  Lake  (salt);  the  Truckee,  which  flows  into  Pryamid  Lake  in 
Nevada;  Carson  River;  and  Walker  River. 

Lakes.  —  Lake  Tahoe,  two  thirds  in  California  and  one  third  in  Nevada, 
is  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  about  6,000  feet. 
It  is  20  miles  long,  10  miles  wide,  and  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  moun¬ 
tain  scenery. 

Clear  Lake,  in  the  Coast  Range,  north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  is'a 
favorite  summer  resort. 

Tulare  Lake  is  a  large  and  shallow  sheet  of  water  which  lies  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  Sacramento  valley,  and  has  its  outlet  in  the  San 
Joaquin  River. 

Mono  Lake  lies  at  the  foot  of  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in 

.  a  region  of  extinct  volcanic  cones.  Its  waters,  like  those  of  Great 


Salt  Lake  in  Utah,  are  so  intensely  salt,  bitter,  and  alkaline,  that  no 
fish  can  live  in  them. 

Owens  Lake,  south-east  of  Mono,  is  also  a  saline  lake. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  on  the  boundary  line  of  Oregon,  there 
is  a  group  of  fresh-water  lakes,  of  which  the  largest  are  Goose,  Rhett, 
and  Klamath  lakes. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  California  is  sub-tropical.  There  are  two 
seasons,  —  a  dry  season,  from  May  to  November  (summer) ;  and 
a  rainy  season,  from  November  to  May  (winter).  Snow  falls 
only  in  the  mountain  regions.  In  general,  the  climate  is  health¬ 
ful,  breezy,  and  invigorating,  subject  to  no  sudden  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold.  In  the  coast  belt  the  climate  is  remarkably 
mild  and  equable.  In  the  Sacramento  basin  and  the  foot-hills 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  the  summer  is  very  hot  and  dry,  but  the 
rainy  season  is  cool  and  delightful. 

The  rain-winds  of  California  are  the  south-west  return  trade-winds, 
which  have  their  moisture  condensed  as  they  strike  the  cool  mountain 
slopes  and  summits. 

In  summer  the  great  tropical  rain-belt  of  the  trade-winds  is  moved  from 
70  to  io°  farther  north  than  in  winter.  As  a  consequence  the  return 
trade-winds  descend  to  the  earth  mostly  to  the  northward  of  California. 
Besides,  any  rain-clouds  falling  upon  California  have  their  moisture 
dissipated  and  absorbed  by  the  hot  air  rising  from  the  heated  earth 
during  the  long,  dry,  hot  summer. 

The  cause  of  the  equable  climate  along  the  coast  belt  is  the  return  Japan 
current,  which  moves  in  a  broad  stream  from  20  to  30  miles  wide  the 
entire  length  of  the  coast.  This  current  in  winter  is  warmer  than  the 
neighboring  land  :  in  summer  it  is  cooler.  This  difference  of  tempera¬ 
ture  renders  the  climate  more  equable,  and  also  causes  the  dense  fogs 
prevailing  along  the  coast  both  in  summer  and  winter. 

The  strong,  chilling,  and  fog-laden  winds  that  blow  in  San  Francisco 
during  the  summer  months  are  caused  by  the  cold-air  currents  that 
rush  from  the  ocean  through  the  Golden  Gate  into  the  heated  valley 
of  the  Saci'amento. 

V.  NATURAL  ADVANTAGES. 

Soil.  —  The  soil  of  the  valleys  and  rolling  hills  is  fertile  and 
easily  tilled,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  the 
cereals  and  the  vine.  The  tule  lands  along  the  banks  of  the 
Sacramento  and  the  San  Joaquin  are  exceedingly  productive 
when  reclaimed  and  protected  by  levees  from  overflow. 

Minerals.  —  California  is  rich  in  minerals,  of  which  the  most 
important  is  gold.  The  gold  region  lies  chiefly  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

Quicksilver-mines  are  numerous  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Coast  Range. 
Petroleum  is  found  in  the  coast  belt  south  of  San  Francisco. 

The  only  coal-mines  in  the  state  which  are  extensively  worked  are  near 
Monte  Diablo,  in  Contra  Costa  County. 

There  are  also  in  California  valuable  deposits  of  iron,  copper,  and  tin, 
though  they  are  not  extensively  worked. 

Forests. —  The  western  Slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  of 
the  Coast  Range  north  of  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  are  covered  by 
extensive  forests  of  conifers,  such  as  pine,  fir,  and  redwood. 

The  most  durable  lumber  for  building  purposes  is  supplied  by  the  red¬ 
wood  trees  of  the  Coast  Range. 

The  oak  and  sycamore  are  found  in  the  valleys  and  foot-hills. 

The  Sacramento  valley,  the  southern  coast  belt,  and  the  plateau  and 
desert  region  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  are  almost  desti¬ 
tute  of  trees. 

The  “  Big  Trees  ”  ( Sequoia  gigantea)  are  among  the  wonders  of  the  world. 
Some  of  these  trees  are  over  100  feet  in  circumference  and  300  feet 
in  height.  The  best  known  groves  are  the  Calaveras  Grove  and  the 
Mariposa  Grove,  both  near  the  Yosemite  Valley.  There  is  a  forest 
belt  of  these  trees,  from  three  to  six  miles  in  width,  extending  along 


CALIFORNIA. 


the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  Yosemite  region  southward  for  120  miles. 
The  Sequoia  furnishes  excellent  lumber  resembling  redwood. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  occupation,  the  annual  wheat-crop 
alone  exceeding  in  value  the  annual  product  of  the  gold  and 
silver  mines.  Owing  to  the  diversity  of  climate,  surface,  and 
soil,  the  agricultural  products  are  exceedingly  varied. 

The  Cereals. —  In  wheat-growing,  California  ranks  as  one  of  the  leading 
states.  Barley  and  oats  are  extensively  raised. 

The  Grape.  —  The  culture  of  the  grape  ranks  next  in  importance  to 
wheat-raising.  The  vine  thrives  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state  below 
an  elevation  of  4,000  feet.  The  annual  wine  product  already  exceeds 
12,000,000  gallons.  In  the  hot  and  dry  Sacramento  basin  and  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  the  grapes  are  made  into  raisins. 

Fruit.  —  The  central  and  northern  sections  of  the  state  are  favorable  to 
the  culture  of  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  prunes,  apricots,  and 
cherries.  Great  quantities  of  plums  and  apricots  are  put  up  in  cans 
for  export,  and  pears  and  grapes  are  extensively  shipped  by  rail  to 
Eastern  cities. 

Dried  prunes,  plums,  and  peaches  are  important  articles  of  export.  The 
coast  belt  south  of  Santa  Barbara  is  noted  for  the  production  of  the 
citrus  fruits,  —  oranges,  lemons,  and  limes. 

Other  Products.  —  Bee-culture  is  an  important  industry  in  San  Diego 
and  Los  Angeles  counties,  and  great  quantities  of  the  finest  honey 
are  sent  to  Eastern  markets.  Olive-oil  is  an  important  product  of  the 
olive-orchards.  Cotton  and  tobacco  grow  in  the  state,  but  are  not 
extensively  cultivated.  Potatoes  and  other  vegetables  are  grown 
along  the  coast  and  in  the  bay  counties. 

Mining.  —  For  twenty  years  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in 
1848,  mining  was  the  leading  industry  in  California;  but  since 
that  period  it  has  ranked  second  in  importance  to  agriculture. 

The  annual  gold  product  does  not  now  exceed  $17,000,000  ;  but  formerly, 
for  many  years  in  succession,  the  annual  yield  exceeded  $50,000,000. 
The  total  product  of  the  mines  since  1848  is  estimated  to  exceed 
$1,000,000,000. 

Gold  is  obtained  from  “  quartz-mines  ”  by  crushing  gold-bearing  quartz- 
rock,  and  from  gravel  banks  by  washing  away  the  earth  with  streams 
of  water  forced  by  heavy  pressure  through  strong  hose-pipe. 

Prominent  among  the  other  industries  are  stock-raising,  lum¬ 
bering,  varied  manufactures,  and  a  large  domestic  and  foreign 
trade. 

Stock-raising.  * —  The  rolling  hills  and  the  mountain  slopes  of  Cali¬ 
fornia  afford  pasturage  for  large  herds  of  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep. 
TJie  coast  belt  north  of  San  Francisco  is  noted  for  its  dairy  products. 

Lumbering.  —  In  the  redwood  forests  of  the  coast  north  of  San  Fran¬ 
cisco,  and  in  some  parts  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  saw-mills  are  numer¬ 
ous,  and  lumbering  is  the  chief  industry. 

Manufactures.  —  The  most  important  manufactured  products  are  lumber, 
flour,  wine,  liquors,  mining  machinery,  iron-work,  woolens,  boots  and 
shoes,  leather,  clothing,  canned  and  dried  fruits. 

Commerce.  —  California  has  an  extensive  export  and  import  trade.  It 
is  connected  by  steamship  lines  with  China,  Japan,  India,  the  Sand¬ 
wich  Islands,  Australia,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  It  is  connected 
with  the  Atlantic  states  by  two  transcontinental  railroads,  by  a  steam¬ 
ship  line  via  Panama,  and  by  sailing-vessels  around  Cape  Horn.  Its 
chief  exports  are  wheat,  wine,  wool,  gold,  dried  and  canned  fruits. 
Its  chief  imports  are  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  and  manufactured  articles  of 
all  descriptions. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  government  of  California  is  administered  under  the  pro¬ 
visions  of  the  state  constitution,  which  was  adopted  in  the  year 

1879- 

State  Government.  —  The  officers  of  the  executive  department  of  the 
state  government  are  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  secretary  of 
state,  comptroller,  treasurer,  attorney-general,  surveyor-general,  clerk 


24  I 


of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  all 
elected  by  direct  vote  of  the  people  for  a  term  of  four  years. 

The  Legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  of  forty  members,  elected  for  four 
years,  and  of  an  Assembly  of  eighty  members,  elected  for  two  years. 
The  Legislature  holds  biennial  sessions. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  the  Senate  sitting  as  a  court  of  impeach¬ 
ment,  in  a  Supreme  Court,  superior  courts,  justices  of  the  peace,  and 
such  inferior  courts  as  may  be  established  by  law.  The  Supreme 
Court  consists  of  a  chief  justice  and  six  associate  justices. 

Local  Government.  —  The  officers  of  a  county  government  are  a  board 
of  supervisors,  board  of  education,  treasurer,  assessor,  tax-collector, 
district-attorney,  sheriff,  surveyor,  county  clerk,  and  superintendent  of 
common  schools.  The  unit  of  political  division  <s  the  school  district, 
the  officers  of  which  consist  of  three  school  trustees,  elected  by  direct 
vote  of  the  people  for  a  term  of  three  years. 

National  Representation.  —  California  is  represented  in  Congress  at 
Washington  by  two  senators  and  six  representatives,  and  hence  is 
entitled  to  eight  electoral  votes. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

The  state  has  a  well-organized  system  of  public  schools. 

The  state  constitution  provides  that  a  free  school  shall  be 
maintained  in  every  school  district  for  at  least  six  months  in 
the  year. 

The  schools  are  supported  partly  by  state,  by  county,  and  by 
district  taxation. 

Each  county  has  a  county  superintendent  of  common  schools,  elected  by 
the  people  for  a  term  of  four  years,  and  a  county  board  of  education, 
consisting  of  the  county  superintendent  and  four  members  appointed 
by  the  county  board  of  supervisors.  The  county  board  of  education 
prescribes  the  text-books  and  course  of  study,  and  examines  teachers. 

Each  school  district  has  a  board  of  trustees  of  three  members,  elected 
at  special  school  elections  for  three  years,  one  member  being  elected 
each  year.  The  school  trustees  appoint  teachers,  build  schoolhouses, 
and  have  the  local  government  of  the  schools. 

California  raises  annually,  by  direct  state  tax,  more  than  a  million  of 
dollars  for  the  support  of  public  schools;  and  the  total  expenditure 
for  schools  in  1883  was  over  three  millions  of  dollars. 

State  Institutions.  —  The  State  University  of  California,  at  Berkeley,  is 
well  endowed,  and  is  free  to  both  young  men  and  young  women.  The 
State  Normal  School,  at  San  Josd,  is  attended  by  a  large  number  of 
students;  and  the  Branch  State  Normal  School  at  Los  Angeles  is  a 
flourishing  institution.  The  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  and 
Blind  is  located  at  Berkeley. 

There  are  numerous  denominational  colleges  and  seminaries 
and  many  excellent  private  schools. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

Upper  or  Alta  California  was  first  explored  by  the  Spaniards, 
within  fifty  years  after  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus. 

The  name  “  California  ”  was  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the  region  north 
of  Mexico.  The  name  is  taken  from  an  old  Crusader  romance  which 
was  very  popular  in  the  days  of  Cortez. 

The  Spaniards  made  their  first  settlement  in  Upper  California,  at  San 
Diego,  in  1769.  San  Diego  was  the  first  of  a  series  of  Missions, 
which  the  Spanish  Catholic  missionaries  established  in  California, 
running  north  from  San  Diego  to  San  Francisco.  Into  these  Mis¬ 
sions  the  Indians  were  gathered,  and  the  Padres,  or  Roman  Catholic 
priests,  taught  them  the  arts  of  civilization.  They  cultivated  the  vine, 
the  olive,  and  the  fig,  and  lived  in  spacious  houses,  built  of  adobe ,  or 
sun-dried  bricks. 

In  1822  Mexico  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Spain,  and  became  an  independent 
republic.  Alta  or  Upper  California  was  then  made  a  Mexican  province. 
The  first  American  settlers  found  their  way  into  California  in  [843.  In 
1846  the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  began.  I  he 
Americans  in  California  immediately  raised  the  “bear  flag,"  and 
asserted  their  independence  of  Mexico.  At  this  time  Capt.  John  C. 


242 


CALIFORNIA. 


Fremont,  who  had  been  sent  west  to  survey  a  new  route  to  Oregon, 
arrived  in  California.  Fremont  united  with  the  Americans,  who  were 
successful  in  several  encounters  with  the  Mexicans. 

In  July,  1846,  Commodore  Sloat,  then  commander  of  the  United  States 
fleet  on  the  Pacific  coast,  hearing  of  the  declaration  of  war,  took  pos¬ 
session  of  Monterey.  A  little  later,  Stockton  superseded  Sloat.  He 
took  San  Diego,  and,  aided  by  Fremont,  captured  Los  Angeles.  Late 
in  the  year,  Gen.  Kearney,  with  a  small  column  from  the  army  operat¬ 
ing  against  Mexico  on  the  northern  line,  reached  California  after  a 
long  and  toilsome  march  from  Santa  Fe,  in  New  Mexico.  Kearney 
arrived  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  battle  of  San  Gabriel,  Jan.  8,  1847. 
This  action  overthrew  the  Spanish  power,  and  established  the  author¬ 
ity  of  the  United  States  in  California. 


The  chief  exports  are  wheat,  wine,  wool,  gold,  canned  and  dried  fruits. 
The  chief  imports  are  manufactured  goods  of  all  kinds,  sugar,  coffee, 
and  tea. 

San  Francisco  is  the  site  of  a  United  States  branch  mint,  the  largest 
and  finest  in  the  world. 

Sacramento,  in  Sacramento  County,  on  the  Sacramento 
River,  120  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  the  capital  of  the  state. 
The  state  Capitol  is  an  imposing  building,  erected  at  a  cost  of 
three  millions  of  dollars.  Sacramento  is  the  site  of  the  exten¬ 
sive  machine-shops  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad.  It  is  in  the 
center  of  a  rich  farming  region,  and  has  an  extensive  trade. 


The  Mexican  war  was  ended  by  the  treaty  of  Guadaloupe 
Hidalgo,  Feb.  2,  1848.  It  was  just  before  this  treaty  was  con¬ 
cluded  that  the  first  discovery  of  gold  in  California  took  place 
(Jan.  19,  1848),  —  a  discovery  which  resulted  in  founding  a 
great  state  on  the  Pacific  coast. 


Oakland,  in  Alameda  County,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Bay  of  San  Fran¬ 
cisco,  10  miles  from  San  Francisco,  ranks  in  population  as  the  second  city 
in  the  state.  It  is  closely  connected  with  San  Francisco  by  ferries.  It  is  a 
favorite  place  of  residence  on  account  of  its  trees,  its  gardens,  and  its  mild 
climate.  The  city  has  important  manufactories  of  hosiery,  cotton  goods, 
nails,  etc. 


The  news  of  the  discovery  reached  the  States ;  and  it  soon  spread 
throughout  the  world  that  California  was  the  golden  land,  the  true 
“  El  Dorado.”  An  extraordinary  rush  of  immigration  to  the  dig-ginefs 
now  set  in.  Some  crossed  the  thousands  of  miles  of  dreary  and 
desolate  plains,  others  braved  the  deadly  climate  of  the  Panama  route, 
while  still  others  made  the  long  circumnavigation  of  Cape  Horn.  In 
1849,  between  the  months  of  April  and  January,  nearly  forty  thousand 
emigrants  arrived  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco. 

California  was  soon  ready  to  become  a  state.  In  September, 

1849,  a  convention  met  at  Monterey  and  framed  a  state  consti¬ 
tution.  Congress  admitted  California  into  the  Union,  Sept.  9, 

1850. 

The  history  of  California  may  be  divided  into  two  periods,  — 
the  period  of  “gold  and  experiment,”  and  the  period  of  “wheat 
and  growth.” 

The  first  period  began  with  the  discovery  of  gold,  and  lasted  till  about 
i860.  During  this  period  the  great  object  of  the  people  was  to 
accumulate  a  fortune  and  return  “  home.”  The  second  period  began 
when  the  population  ceased  to  be  exclusively  a  mining  population  and 
commenced  to  develop  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  state. 

After  some  years  it  was  found  that  the  yearly  returns  derived  from  the 
export  of  wheat  were  fully  equal  to  the  value  of  the  gold  produced. 

With  the  period  of  “wheat  and  growth,”  people  began  to  think  of  mak¬ 
ing  their  homes  on  the  Pacific  coast.  They  found  they  had  every  in¬ 
ducement  to  do  so  in  its  remarkable  climate  and  its  rich  returns  for 
human  industry. 

The  subsequent  progress  of  California  has  been  both  rapid  and  health¬ 
ful.  The  pioneers  of  California  were,  as  a  rule,  young  men  of  energy 
and  brains.  Many  were  finely  educated.  This  has  given  a  very  bright 
and  progressive  character  to  California  life  and  civilization. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

California  is  divided  into  fifty-two  counties,  and  contains  the 
following  leading  cities  and  towns  :  — 

San  Francisco,  the  largest  city  of  the  Pacific  coast,  is  a 
great  commercial  and  manufacturing  seaport.  In  foreign  com¬ 
merce  it  ranks  as  the  fourth  city  in  the  United  States.  The 
foundation  of  its  commercial  greatness  is  its  magnificent  harbor, 
the  finest  on  the  whole  coast. 

The  city  is  situated  on  a  low  sandy  peninsula  lying  between  the  Bay  of 
San  I  rancisco  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  bay  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of 
water  60  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide.  The  entrance  to  this  land¬ 
locked  harbor  is  through  the  Golden  Gate,  a  narrow  strait  one  mile 
wide. 

I  he  manufactures  consist  of  mining-machinery,  iron-work,  woolen  goods, 
boots  and  shoes,  leather,  clothing,  cigars,  carriages,  furniture,  and 
agricultural  implements. 


Los  Angeles,  in  Los  Angeles  County,  is  the  business  center  of  Southern 
California.  It  is  noted  for  its  orange  groves  and  vineyards,  and  is  a  favorite 
winter  resort  for  Eastern  tourists.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Branch  State  Nor¬ 
mal  School. 

San  Jose,  in  Santa  Clara  County,  is  the  trade  center  of  the  beautiful  and 
highly  cultivated  valley  of  Santa  Clara.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Normal 
School  and  of  the  College  of  Notre  Dame. 

Stockton,  in  San  Joaquin  County,  on  the  San  Joaquin  River,  has  a  large 
agricultural  trade  with  the  surrounding  country.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State 


Asylum  for  the  Insane. 

Alameda  —  contiguous  to  Oakland,  is,  like  that 
city,  a  famous  place  of  residence  for  people 
doing  business  in  San  Francisco. 

Berkeley  —  contiguous  to  Oakland  on  the  north, 
is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  California 
and  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
and  Blind. 

Chico  —  in  Butte  County,  has  an  important  trade 
in  farm  products  and  lumber. 

Eureka  —  in  Humboldt  County,  on  Humboldt 
Bay,  in  the  redwood  region,  has  the  largest 
lumber  trade  in  the  state. 

Fresno  —  in  Fresno  County,  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  San  Joaquin  valley,  is  the  trade 
center  of  a  large  vine  and  fruit  growing 
region  made  fertile  by  irrigation. 

Grass  V  alley  —  in  Nevada  County,  is  a  mountain 
town  in  the  midst  of  extensive  quartz-mines. 

Modesto  —  in  Stanislaus  County,  in  the  San  Joa¬ 
quin  valley,  on  the  line  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad,  is  the  trade  center  of  a  large 
agricultural  region. 

Monterey  —  in  Monterey  County,  on  Monterey 
Bay,  is  a  fashionable  summer  resort. 

Marysville  —  in  Yuba  County,  has  an  extensive 
mining  and  agricultural  trade. 

Napa  —  in  Napa  County,  on  the  Napa  valley 
branch  of  the  California  Pacific  Railroad, 
commands  the  trade  of  the  beautiful  and 
fertile  Napa  valley.  It  is  the  site  of  a  branch 
State  Asylum  for  the  Insane. 

Nevada  City  —  in  Nevada  County,  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains,  is  situated  in  a  rich  gold 
region,  and  has  an  extensive  mining  business. 

Petaluma  —  in  Sonoma  County,  on  the  San  Fran¬ 
cisco  and  North  Pacific  Railroad,  and  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  Petaluma  Creek,  is  an 
important  shipping  point  for  the  farm  prod¬ 
ucts  of  Sonoma  County. 

Port  Costa  —  in  Contra  Costa  County,  on  the 
Bay  of  San  Francisco,  30  miles  from  the  city 
of  San  Francisco,  is  the  chief  point  for  the 
ocean  shipment  of  wheat.  It  contains  im¬ 
mense  warehouses  for  storing  grain,  and  has 
the  largest  flour-mill  in  the  state. 

Placerville  —  in  El  Dorado  County,  is  the  termi¬ 
nus  of  the  Sacramento  and  Placerville  Rail¬ 
road.  It  was  formerly  a  famous  mining  town. 

Red  Bluff  —  in  Tehama  County,  at  the  head  of 
light  steamer  navigation  on  the  Sacramento, 
commands  the  trade  of  the  upper  Sacramento 
valley. 

Santa  Barbara  —  in  Santa  Barbara  County,  on 


the  seacoast,  is  a  favorite  resort  for  invalids 
and  tourists,  on  account  of  its  charming 
climate. 

San  Bernardino  —  in  San  Bernardino  County,  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state,  is  surrounded 
by  vineyards  and  orange  groves.  It  is  on 
the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad, 
and  has  an  extensive  trade  with  Arizona. 

Santa  Cruz  —  in  Santa  Cruz  County,  is  a  noted 
summer  resort  for  sea-bathing.  It  has  manu¬ 
factures  of  paper,  powder,  lime,  and  leather. 

Santa  Clara  —  in  Santa  Clara  County,  is  sur¬ 
rounded  by  an  extensive  fruit-growing 
region.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
the  Pacific  and  of  the  Santa  Clara  College. 

San  Diego  —  in  San  Diego  County,  on  San  Diego 
Bay,  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  of  the 
Pacific  coast.  It  is  connected  by  rail  with 
the' Southern  Pacific  Railroad  at  Colton. 

San  Quentin  —  in  Marin  County,  on  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco,  is  the  site  of  the  State  Prison 
of  California. 

Santa  Rosa  —  in  Sonoma  County,  is  the  business 
center  of  the  fertile  Russian  River  valley. 

San  Rafael  — in  Marin  County,  on  the  shores  of 
the  Bay  of  San  F rancisco,  is  a  favorite  sum¬ 
mer  resort  on  account  of  its  delightful  sum¬ 
mer  climate. 

St.  Helena  —  in  Napa  valley,  is  surrounded  by 
extensive  vineyards,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade  in  wine. 

Truckee  —  in  Nevada  County,  near  the  crest  of 
the  Sierra,  at  an  elevation  of  about  6,000 
feet,  has  extensive  saw-mills  and  lumber 
manufactories,  run  by  the  water-power  of 
the  Truckee  River.  It  is  in  the  vicinity  of 
Donner  Lake  and  Lake  Tahoe.  In  winter 
snow  falls  to  a  great  depth. 

Vallejo  —  in  Solano  County,  on  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco,  is  the  bay  terminus  of  the  Napa 
Valley  and  the  California  Pacific  railroads. 
Near  the  city,  on  Mare  Island,  is  a  United 
States  navy-yard,  —  the  only  one  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

Visalia  —  in  Tulare  County,  is  the  trade  center  of 
an  extensive  grain-growing  region  in  the  San 
Joaquin  valley. 

Yreka  —  in  Siskiyou  County,  is  in  the  extreme 
northern  part  of  the  state.  It  was  once  a 
famous  mining  town,  but  is  now  the  trade 
center  of  an  agricultural  and  stock-raising 
country.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  California 
and  Oregon  Railroad. 


NEVADA. 


24  3 


NEVADA. 


Valleys.  —  Nevada  has  no  broad  river  valleys.  Its  longest  rivers,  the 
Humboldt  and  the  Carson,  are  bordered  in  a  part  of  their  courses  by 
a  narrow  strip  of  green  and  fertile  meadow  lands.  Many  of  its  wide, 
open  valleys  lying  between  mountain  ranges  have  no  rivers  except 
the  small,  narrow  streams  that  rush  down  from  the  melting  snows,  and 
rapidly  disappear  on  reaching  the  plains. 

The  valleys  and  plains  are  covered  in  many  places  with  sage-brush  and 
bunch-grass,  with  here  and  there  an  alkaline  fiat  of  dazzling  white,  ora 
small  lake  of  intensely  salt  and  bitter  water. 

General  Aspect.  —  The  general  aspect  of  the  country  is  exceedingly 
barren,  desolate,  and  uninviting. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

As  Nevada  lies  in  a  region  of  light  rains,  its  rivers  are  small 
and  comparatively  few.  Its  only  waters  that  reach  the  Pacific 
are  a  few  small  streams  that  flow  into  the  Colorado.  All  its 
other  rivers  flow  into  saline  lakes,  or  terminate  in  sinks  in  the 
sandy  deserts. 

The  Humboldt,  the  largest  and  longest  river,  rises  in  the  north-eastern 
part  of  the  state,  flows  south-westerly  in  a  winding  course  of  350  miles, 
and  disappears  in  the  broad,  shallow,  and  brackish  waters  of  the  Hum¬ 
boldt  lake  and  sink.  The  Central  Pacific  Railroad  runs  along  the 
narrow  valley  of  this  river  for  more  than  200  miles. 

Truckee  River,  which  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Tahoe’,  is  go  miles  long,  and 
flows  into  Pyramid  Lake.  Lake  Tahoe  is  partly  in  Nevada,  and  partly 
in  California. 

The  Carson  River  rises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  flows  east¬ 
erly  into  Carson  Lake ;  and  Walker  River,  rising  in  the  same  moun¬ 
tains,  flows  into  Walker  Lake. 

The  Colorado  is  merely  a  boundary  river.  None  of  the  rivers  of  Nevada 
are  navigable,  but  they  are  valuable  for  irrigation  purposes. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 


DESCRIPTION. 


NELL 


[Area,  110,700  square  miles. 
Population  (Census  of  1880), 
62,266 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EX¬ 
TENT. 

Situation.  —  Nevada 
lies  east  of  California, 
and  includes  the  western 
part  of  the  central  plateau 
known  as  the  Great  Basin. 
This  basin,  between  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
Wahsatch  Mountains,  is 
500  miles  in  width,  and 
is  crossed  by  more  than 
one  hundred  short  moun¬ 
tain  ranges. 

Nevada  is  included  be¬ 
tween  350  and  420  north 
latitude  and  114°  and  120°  west  longitude. 

Extent.  —  It  is  nearly  500  miles  in  length  north  and  south, 
and  300  miles  in  width.  In  area  it  is  about  two-thirds  the  size 
of  California,  and  about  equal  to  Colorado  or  Arizona. 


II.  SURFACE. 

This  state  is  a  vast  plateau,  elevated  about  4,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  crossed  north  and  south  by  short 
detached  mountain  ranges  and  spurs,  over  sixty  in  number,  gen¬ 
erally  lying  in  parallel  lines,  with  narrow  intervening  valleys. 


Mountains.  —  The  highest  mountain  summits  are  Mount  Wheeler  (12,800 
feet),  Mount  Moriah  (12,000  feet),  and  Granite  Mountain  (12,000  feet), 
—  all  in  the  Snake  Range,  near  the  boundary  line  of  Utah. 

The  most  noted  peak  is  Mount  Davidson  (7,827  feet),  famous  for  its 
immense  mineral  treasures. 


The  average  annual  rainfall  in  Nevada  does  not  exceed  five 
inches  :  hence  the  climate  is  exceedingly  dry.  The  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold  are  much  greater  than  they  are  nearer  the 
coast  in  the  same  latitude. 


244 


NEVADA. 


The  cause  of  the  dryness  of  the  Great  Basin  is  the  Sierra  Nevada  Range, 
which  condenses  the  greater  part  of  the  moisture  in  the  rain-winds 
from  the  Pacific.  In  summer,  on  the  arid  plains,  the  heat  during  the 
day  is  intense ;  but,  owing  to  rapid  radiation,  the  nights  are  always 
cool. 

V.  RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture  is  possible  in  Nevada  only  where  the  soil  can  be 
irrigated  by  the  water  of  mountain  streams. 

The  extent  of  land  capable  of  being  cultivated  depends  entirely  on  the 
water-supply.  The  farms  of  Nevada  lie  chiefly  along  the  banks  of  the 
Carson  River,  Walker  River,  and  Humboldt  River,  where  the  products 
are  grain,  hay,  vegetables,  and  fruit. 

In  parts  of  the  state  the  extensive  plains,  covered  with  sage-brush  and 
bunch-grass,  afford  fine  natural  pasturage  for  cattle  and  sheep,  and 
stock-raising  is  an  important  pursuit. 


VII.  EDUCATION. 

The  public  school  system  of  Nevada  resembles  that  of  Cali 
fornia. 

The  schools  are  under  the  general  control  of  a  State  Board  of  Education, 
consisting  of  the  governor,  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
and  the  surveyor-general.  Each  county  has  a  county  superintendent 
of  schools,  and  each  school  district  has  a  local  district  board  of  three 
trustees. 

There  is  a  State  University  at  Elko.  The  schools  of  Virginia  City,  Gold 
Hill,  and  Carson  are  distinguished  for  their  excellence. 

VIII.  HISTORY. 

The  soil  of  Nevada  was  part  of  the  extensive  territory  ac¬ 
quired  by  the  United  States  from  Mexico  by  the  treaty  of 
Guadaloupe  Hidalgo,  in  1848. 


Minerals.  —  Nevada,  though  meager  in  vegetation,  is  rich 
in  minerals,  and  mining  is  the  chief  pursuit  of  the  people. 
Silver-mines  are  found  in  nearly  every  mountain  range  in  the 
state. 

The  most  noted  mines  are  those  of  the  Comstock  Lode,  on  Mount  David¬ 
son,  in  Storey  County,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  These  are 
called  silver-mines,  though  they  yield  both  gold  and  silver.  For  many 
years  after  their  discovery  in  1859  they  were  the  richest  mines  in  the 
world,  yielding  an  annual  product  of  $30,000,000.  The  mines  of  the 
Eureka  and  White  Pine  Districts  were  also  famous  for  their  richness. 
The  total  silver  product  of  Nevada  in  1881  exceeded  $8,000,000. 

Lead  is  obtained  in  large  quantities  in  the  reduction  of  silver  ores.  Salt 
is  found  spread  in  thin  beds  over  the  surface  of  low  basins,  and  in  the 
form  of  rock-salt  in  solid  crystalline  masses. 

Nevada  also  contains  valuable  deposits  of  soda,  sulphur,  borax,  and 
antimony,  though  none  of  these  minerals  are  extensively  worked. 

Forests.  —  The  greater  part  of  Nevada  is  almost  treeless. 

The  forests  are  limited  to  a  narrow  belt  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  canons  of  the  mountain  ridges,  where  the  pine, 
fir,  and  spruce  reach  a  considerable  size,  though  not  so  large  as  on  the 
California  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

The  nut  pine  yields  a  great  abundance  of  edible  nuts,  which  the  Indians 
use  as  an  important  article  of  food. 

Commerce.  —  The  trade  of  Nevada  consists  in  the  export 
of  bullion  and  ores,  live-stock  and  wool,  and  in  the  import  of 
bread-stuffs,  machinery,  and  manufactured  articles  of  all  de¬ 
scriptions. 

The  most  important  railroad  is  the  Central  Pacific,  which  extends  the 
entire  width  of  the  state. 

There  are  several  short  branch  roads,  of  which  the  most  important  are 
the  Virginia  and  Truckee,  from  Reno  to  Virginia  City;  the  Eureka 
and  Palisade ;  the  Battle  Mountain  and  Austin. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1866,  and  its  pro¬ 
visions  are  of  the  most  liberal  character. 

The  officers  of  the  executive  department  of  the  government  are  the 
governor,  lieutenant-governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  comp¬ 
troller,  surveyor-general,  attorney-general,  and  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  all  elected  by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  for  a  term  of  four 
years. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Senate  of  twenty-five  members, 
elected  for  four  years,  and  an  Assembly  of  fifty  members,  elected  for 
two  years.  The  sessions  of  the  Legislature  are  biennial. 

The  judicial  department  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  district  courts, 
and  justices  of  the  peace,  elected  by  direct  vote  of  the  people. 

National  Representation.  —  Nevada  is  represented  in  Congress  at  Wash¬ 
ington  by  two  senators  and  one  representative,  and  is  therefore  entitled 
to  three  electoral  votes. 


When  the  present  boundaries  of  California  were  marked  off,  in  1850,  the 
newly-acquired  region  to  the  east  was  organized  as  Utah  Territory. 
This  territory  embraced  nearly  all  of  what  is  now  the  state  of  Nevada. 

While  Nevada  was  a  part  of  Utah  it  received  a  small  Mormon  popula¬ 
tion.  These  first  actual  settlers  went  to  Nevada  in  1848.  The 
population  was  very  small  till  the  time  of  the  first  great  silver  dis¬ 
covery,  in  1859,  when  it  increased  rapidly  by  emigration  from  Cali¬ 
fornia.  A  number  of  towns  were  founded,  among  which  Virginia  City 
and  Carson  took  the  lead. 

Nevada  was  made  a  separate  territory  in  1861,  and  in  1864  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  a  state. 

IX.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Nevada  is  divided  into  thirteen  counties,  each  of  which  has  a 
local  county  government.  It  contains  the  following  leading 
cities  and  towns  ;  — 

Virginia  City  (10,917),  in  Storey  County,  is  the  most  noted 
mining  town  in  the  world.  It  is  built  on  the  steep  slopes  of 
Mount  Davidson,  at  an  elevation  of  6,000  feet  above  the  sea- 
level  and  of  2,000  feet  above  the  surrounding  plateau. 

The  ores  of  the  famous  mines  that  underlie  the  city  are  obtained  by 
means  of  shafts  and  inclines,  some  of  which  reach  a  depth  of  more 
than  3,000  feet.  The  machinery  of  these  mines  for  hoisting  the  ore, 
pumping  the  water,  and  ventilating  the  lower  levels  is  the  finest  and 
costliest  in  the  world.  The  lower  levels  are  so  intensely  hot  that  the 
miners  can  work  only  half  an  hour  at  a  time ;  and  to  strangers  visiting 
the  mines  the  heat  is  insufferable.  The  immense  quantities  of  lumber 
used  in  timbering  up  the  shafts  and  drifts  in  the  mines  are  brought 
from  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

Gold  Hill  (4, 5 3 1 )  is  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  contiguous  to 
Virginia  City.  Indeed,  the  two  cities  run  together,  and  form 
but  one  town,  though  they  have  distinct  city  governments. 

Some  of  the  richest  mines  lie  underneath  the  town.  Both  Gold  Hill  and 
Virginia  City  are  supplied  with  water  from  the  Sierra  Nevada,  brought 
by  means  of  flumes  and  strong  iron  pipe.  Both  cities  are  distinguished 
for  their  excellent  public  schools. 

Carson  (4,229),  in  Ormsby  County,  is  the  capital  of  Nevada. 
It  is  situated  near  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Moun¬ 
tains,  and  is  abundantly  supplied  with  the  purest  mountain  water. 
It  is  the  site  of  a  ETnited  States  branch  mint. 


Austin,  in  Lander  County,  is  the  center  of  the  silver-mining  district  of 
Reese  River. 


Battle  Mountain  —  on  the  line  of  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad,  is  a  shipping  point  of  ores 
and  mining  supplies. 

Elko  —  on  the  line  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad, 
is  the  site  of  the  State  University. 

Eureka  —  in  Eureka  County,  is  the  center  of  one 
of  the  richest  mining  districts  in  the  state. 
It  is  connected  by  rail  with  the  Central  Pa¬ 
cific  Railroad  at  Palisade. 


Hamilton  —  in  White  Pine  County,  lies  in  the 
center  of  a  rich  mining  district. 

Reno  —  in  Washoe  County,  is  on  the  Truckee 
River,  on  the  line  of  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad,  at  the  point  of  its  junction  with 
the  Virginia  and  Truckee  Railroad. 

Winnemucca —  in  Humboldt  County,  on  Hum¬ 
boldt  River,  contains  extensive  workshops  of 
the  Central  Pacific  Railroad. 


OREGON 


245 


OREGON. 


Situation.  —  What  division  north  of  Oregon?  What  river  marks  most 
of  this  boundary?  What  division  on  the  east?  What  states  on  the  south? 
By  what  is  it  bounded  on  the  west?  Between  what  parallels  is  it  situated? 
Nearly  between  what  meridians?  According  to  the  scale  of  miles,  what  is 
its  width  from  east  to  west  ?  What  its  length  from  north  to  south  ? 

Surface.  —  What  is  the  nature  of  the  surface  of  the  western  portion  ? 
The  central  and  eastern  portion  ?  What  is  the  principal  mountain  range  ? 
Its  location  and  extent?  What  high  mountain  peaks  does  it  contain?  What 
extensive  river  valley  ? 

Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  What  is  the  largest  river  ?  Describe  its  course. 
In  what  direction  do  its  tributaries  in  this  state  flow?  Name  and  describe 
the  tributary  which  forms  part  of  its  eastern  boundary.  What  considerable 
streams  empty  into  the  Pacific  Ocean?  What  lakes  in  the  southern  part? 
Are  they  connected  by  rivers  with  the  ocean  ? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  How  many  counties  are  there  in  Oregon?  In 
what  part  of  the  state  are  the  counties  smallest  in  extent?  Where  the  largest 
in  extent?  What  counties  border  on  the  Columbia  River?  What  counties 
border  on  the  Willamette  River  to  the  west  ?  What  to  the  east  ?  What  is 
the  capital,  and  where  is  it  located?  The  largest  city?  What  city  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River?  Name  several  cities  located  on  the  Colum¬ 
bia  River.  Several  on  the  Willamette  River.  What  proportion  of  the  state 
appears  from  the  map  to  be  but  sparsely  settled  ? 

DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  06,030  square  miles.  Population  (Census  of  1880),  174,768 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Oregon  lies  next  north  of  California,  bordering 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  extending  to  the  Columbia  River, 
which  separates  it  from  Washington  Territory  on  the  north. 
It  extends  from  4 2°  to  46°  20'  north  latitude,  and  from  1 1 6°  30' 
to  1240  35'  west  longitude. 

Extent.  —  In  shape  it  is  an  oblong,  350  miles  long  east  and 


west,  and  275  miles  wide.  In  area  it  is  a  little  more  than  half 
as  large  as  California. 

II.  SURFACE. 

Mountains.  —  Oregon  is  a  mountainous  state.  The  Cascade 
Range  extends  north  and  south  the  entire  length  of  the  state, 
at  a  distance  of  120  miles  from  the  coast.  It  divides  the  state 
into  two  distinct  sections,  East  Oregon  and  West  Oregon. 
The  loftiest  summit  is  Mount  Hood,  a  volcanic  cone  11,225  feet 
in  height. 

The  Coast  Range  is  made  up  of  numerous  broken  ridges  and 
spurs,  the  highest  of  which  do  not  exceed  an  elevation  of  4,000 
feet.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  the  most  marked  ridges 
are  known  as  the  Umpqua,  the  Rogue  River,  and  the  Cala- 
poosa  mountains. 

The  Blue  Mountains  are  in  the  northern  part  of  East  Oregon. 

Valleys.  —  The  largest  and  most  highly  cultivated  valley,  the 


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OREGON. 


247 


Willamette,  lies  between  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  the  Coast 
Range.  It  is  140  miles  long,  and  from  10  to  40  miles  wide. 

There  are  numerous  coast  valleys  opening  towards  the  Pacific,  the  most 
important  of  which  are  those  of  Rogue  River  and  the  Umpqua  River. 

Plateaus  and  Plains.  —  East  Oregon  is  a  plateau  region  which  has  an 
elevation  of  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet.  The  south-eastern  section  is  an 
extension  of  the  Great  Basin.  This  is  largely  a  desert  region,  covered 
with  volcanic  ashes,  sand,  and  sage-brush,  and  dotted  here  and  there 
with  alkaline  lakes. 

The  scenery  along  most  of  the  rivers  of  the  state  is  remarkably  fine;  and 
at  the  Cascades,  where  the  Columbia  breaks  through  the  mountain 
walls  of  lava  basalt,  it  is  especially  majestic  and  beautiful. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

The  Columbia,  with  its  tributaries,  drains  the  greater  part  of 
Oregon.  It  forms  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  for  a 
distance  of  300  miles.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  the 
northern  United  States  and  British  America,  and  flows  south¬ 
westerly  into  the  Pacific.  Its  chief  branches  in  Oregon  are  the 
Willamette,  Des  Chutes,  John  Day,  Umatilla,  and  Snake. 

There  are  numerous  short  rivers  flowing  from  the  Coast  Range  directly 
into  the  ocean,  of  which  the  largest  are  Rogue  River  and  the  Umpqua. 

The  greater  part  of  the  lake  country  along  the  border  of  California  is 
drained  through  that  state  by  the  Klamath  River.  In  a  part  of  the 
central  plateau  the  rivers  terminate  in  alkaline  lakes,  either  within 
the  state,  or  in  Northern  Nevada  and  California. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

The  climate  resembles  that  of  California  in  respect  to  sea¬ 
sons,  there  being  two  seasons,  —  the  wet  or  winter,  and  the  dry 
or  summer  season.  But  the  winters  are  colder  and  the  rainfall 
greater  than  on  the  more  southern  Pacific  coast. 

Eastern  Oregon  has  a  drier  climate  than  Western  Oregon 
because  the  Cascade  Mountains  condense  the  moisture  of  the 
rain-clouds  from  the  Pacific. 

The  climate  of  the  coast  belt  of  Oregon  and  of  the  Willamette  valley  is 
made  cooler  in  summer  and  milder  in  winter  by  the  Japan  current,  which 
flows  southward  along  the  coast.  This  current  is  warmer  than  the  land 
in  winter,  and  colder  in  summer,  thus  causing  the  prevailing  fogs  along 
the  coast  of  Oregon  as  well  as  of  California. 

On  the  coast  there  is  very  little  snow  or  ice ;  but  in  the  mountain  valleys 
and  in  Eastern  Oregon  there  is  considerable  snow’fall,  followed  by 
heavy  rains  toward  the  end  of  the  winter  season.  The  summers  in 
the  mountains  are  warm  and  delightful. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

The  soil  of  the  Willamette  valley,  the  coast  valleys,  the 
Des  Chutes  valley,  and  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  in  Eastern 
Oregon,  is  a  rich  black  loam,  and  is  very  fertile,  yielding  in 
abundance  all  the  products  of  the  temperate  zone.  It  is  espe¬ 
cially  adapted  to  the  production  of  the  cereals,  root-crops,  and 
fruits.  There  are  also  large  tracts  of  natural  pasture-lands 
adapted  to  grazing  of  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep. 

The  gold-mines  of  Eastern  Oregon  are  worked  to  a  considerable  extent, 
and  the  Coast  Mountains  contain  valuable  coal-deposits. 

The  great  forest  belt  between  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  the  coast 
constitutes  one  of  the  chief  resources  of  the  state.  The  trees  are 
mostly  coniferous,  the  pine,  fir,  and  cedar;  being  valuable  for  lumber 
and  for  the  production  of  ship-stores,  — tar,  turpentine,  and  rosin. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  industry  of  the  state ;  and  the 
chief  product  is  wheat,  of  which  many  millions  of  bushels  are 
annually  exported.  The  other  important  farm-products  are 
barley,  oats,  potatoes,  garden  vegetables,  and  fruit, —  such  as 


apples,  pears,  peaches,  apricots,  plums,  and  cherries.  The 
broad  plains  of  Eastern  Oregon  afford  good  grazing-grounds 
for  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep ;  and  wool  and  live-stock  are 
largely  exported. 

In  1880,  according  to  the  report  of  the  tenth  census,  there  were  produced 
7,480,000  bushels  of  wheat,  4,385,000  bushels  of  oats,  1,359,000  bushels 
of  potatoes,  920,000  bushels  of  barley,  126,000  bushels  of  Indian-corn, 
and  orchard  products  to  the  value  of  $583,000.  The  improved  land 
in  farms  amounted  to  2,198,000  acres,  which  was  about  double  that  of 
1870,  and  was  estimated  to  be  worth  about  $57,000,000. 

Manufactures.  —  The  saw-mills  of  Oregon  produce  immense 
quantities  of  lumber.  Oregon  pine  is  shipped  to  all  parts  of 
the  western  coast  of  America,  and  even  to  more  distant  quar¬ 
ters  of  the  globe. 

The  forests  also  Tirnish  material  for  ship-building,  which  is  a  large  and 
growing  industry.  The  other  important  manufactures  are  woolen  goods, 
iron-work,  carriages,  leather,  and  pine  products.  In  1880  the  capital 
invested  in  manufactures  was  over  $6, 312,000,  and  the  annual  product 
over  $10,000,000  in  value. 

Fisheries.  —  The  salmon  fisheries  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  are  very  extensive,  and  great  quantities  of  canned 
salmon  are  exported. 

Sea-fishing  is  also  prosecuted  by  considei'able  numbers.  The  total  value 
of  the  product  of  fisheries  of  Oregon  in  1880  was  over  $2,776,000.  In 
the  value  of  its  fisheries  product,  Oregon  ranked  as  the  seventh  state  in 
the  Union. 

Commerce.  —  Wheat,  lumber,  and  fish  are  the  leading  ex¬ 
ports.  Wheat  is  shipped  direct  from  Portland  and  Astoria  to 
Liverpool  and  China.  Lumber,  masts,  and  spars  are  shipped 
to  California,  South  America,  and  the  Atlantic  States.  Other 
articles  of  export  are  wool,  hides,  and  bullion.  The  chief 
imports  are  manufactured  goods  of  all  kinds,  coffee,  tea,  and 
sugar. 

Oregon  carries  on  an  extensive  coasting  trade  with  California,  Alaska, 
British  Columbia,  and  the  ports  on  Puget  Sound.  It  has  railroad 
communication  with  California  by  means  of  the  Oregon  and  California 
Railroad,  now  nearly  completed.  It  is  connected  with  the  eastern 
states  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  which  has  its  western  termi¬ 
nus  at  New  Tacoma,  on  Puget  Sound  in  Washington  Territory;  and 
by  the  Oregon  Branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  which  enters  the 
state  from  the  south-east. 

The  Columbia  River  system  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Portland  (on  the 
Willamette,  12  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Columbia),  1 12  miles 
from  the  sea.  The  main  stream  of  the  Columbia  is  also  navigable  for 
smaller  vessels  to  the  Cascades,  60  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Willa¬ 
mette.  There  is  a  short  railroad  around  these  Cascades,  above  which 
the  river  is  navigable  for  steamers  to  the  Dalles.  Here  there  is  a 
second  railroad  around  the  rapids,  above  which  small  steamers  ascend 
the  Snake  River  to  Lewiston  in  Idaho,  —  a  distance  of  275  miles  from 
the  Dalles,  and  475  from  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Willamette  is  navi¬ 
gable  for  steamers  of  considerable  size  as  far  south  as  Eugene  City 
during  a  large  part  of  the  year.  This  and  other  rivers  are  rendered 
navigable  by  means  of  locks  and  portage-railroads,  and  thus  contribute 
largely  to  the  commercial  facilities  of  the  state. 

VII.  GOVERNMENT. 

The  government  of  Oregon  is  administered  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  the  State  Constitution,  adopted  in  1859. 

The  officers  of  the  executive  department  of  the  state  government  are  the 
governor,  lieutenant-governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  and  superin¬ 
tendent  of  public  instruction,  all  elected  by  direct  vote  of  the  people 
for  a  term  of  four  years. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Senate  of  thirty  members,  elected 
for  four  years,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  of  sixty  members, 
elected  for  two  years. 


248 


OREGON. 


Th&  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  circuit  courts,  county 
courts,  and  justices  of  the  peace. 

Oregon  is  represented  in  the  National  Congress  by  two  senators  and  one 
representative,  and  has  three  electoral  votes  for  President  of  the  United 
States. 

VIII.  EDUCATION. 

The  public  schools  of  Oregon  are  under  the  general  control 
of  a  State  Board  of  Education,  consisting  of  the  governor,  the 
secretary  of  state,  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 
Each  county  has  a  county  superintendent  of  schools,  and  each 
school  district  a  school  board  of  three  members. 

The  schools  of  Portland  are  noted  for  their  excellence,  and  the  country 
district  schools  are  steadily  increasing  in  excellence. 

In  addition  to  its  excellent  system  of  public  schools,  there  are  a  number 
of  superior  private  institutions  of  high  grade  in  the  state.  Among 
these  are  Pacific  University,  at  Forest  Grove;  McMinnville  College,  at 
McMinnville;  Willamette  University,  at  Salem;  Blue  Mountain  Uni¬ 
versity,  at  La  Grande;  Ashland  College  and  Normal  School,  at  Ash¬ 
land  ;  and  the  Bishop  Scott  Grammar  School,  at  Portland. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

The  coast  of  Oregon,  though  occasionally  visited  by  naviga¬ 
tors  from  early  times,  did  not  attract  much  attention  until  near 
the  close  of  the  last  century.  As  early  as  the  year  1788  two 
trading  ships  from  Boston,  under  Capts.  Kendrick  and  Gray, 
visited  the  Oregon  coast.  In  1792  Capt.  Gray  discovered  the 
great  river  of  Oregon,  which  he  named  the  Columbia,  in  honor 
of  Capt.  Kendrick’s  ship.  At  this  time  this  North  Pacific 
country  did  not  belong  to  any  nation. 

When  the  United  States  acquired  from  France  the  great  territory  of 
Louisiana,  in  1803,  President  Jefferson  sent  an  exploring  party,  under 
Lewis  and  Clark,  to  go  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Missouri  River,  and 
thence  advance  across  to  the  Pacific.  These  bold  explorers,  with  a 
party  of  men,  set  out  in  1804.  They  explored  to  the  very  head  of  the 
Missouri  River,  a  distance  of  three  thousand  miles,  then  crossed  to  the 
head  waters  of  the  Columbia,  and  down  that  river  to  its  mouth.  This 
was  the  first  exploration  of  this  region. 

The  report  of  this  exploration  led  John  Jacob  Astor,  a  far-seeing  merchant 
of  New  York,  to  plan  a  settlement  on  the  Oregon  coast,  with  the  view 
of  fur-trading.  Mr.  Astor  sent  out  one  party  across  the  continent,  and 
another  in  a  vessel ;  and  in  181 1  a  settlement  was  made  on  the  southern 
bank  of  the  Columbia.  This  settlement  was  named  Astoria.  The 
British  became  very  jealous  of  this  American  settlement,  and  set  up  a 
claim  to  the  North  Pacific  region.  By  treachery  Astoria  was  given 
up  to  the  British  “North-west  Fur  Company”  in  1812. 

The  United  States  continued  to  assert  its  claim  to  the  country.  A  great 
deal  of  correspondence  on  the  subject  between  the  two  governments 
resulted.  At  last,  in  1818,  the  United  States  and  England  agreed  to  a 
joint  occupancy  of  the  whole  territory  for  ten  years.  In  1828  the  treaty 
of  joint  occupancy  was  renewed,  to  terminate  on  either  party  giving  a 
year's  notice.  Up  to  this  time,  the  number  of  Americans  in  Oregon 
was  trifling;  and  the  first  beginnings  of  real  settlement  were  made  in 
1834.  In  that  year  a  little  band  of  Methodist  missionaries  established 
themselves  in  the  lovely  valley  of  the  Willamette.  Here  they  were 
joined  by  others,  and  several  mission  stations  were  founded. 

No  settlement  of  the  conflicting  claims  of  the  British  and  Americans  to 
this  region  was  made  till  1846.  It  was  then  agreed  by  a  treaty  that  the 
American  possessions  should  extend  as  far  north  as  latitude  490.  Out 
of  the  bounds  of  Oregon  were  afterwards  formed  the  state  of  Oregon 
and  the  territories  of  Washington  and  Idaho.  Oregon  was  organized 
as  a  territory  in  1848. 

The  growth  of  Oregon  was  very  slow  until  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in 
California.  In  1850  Congress  passed  a  law  giving  lands  to  settlers  in 
Oregon.  The  country  then  began  to  fill  up.  In  1859  h  was  admitted 
as  a  state.  Since  the  completion  of  the  Pacific  railroads  its  growth 
has  been  exceedingly  rapid. 


X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Oregon  contains  twenty-five  counties  and  the  following  lead¬ 
ing  cities  and  towns  :  — 

Portland  (i7,577)>  in  Multnomah  County,  is  the  business 
center  and  largest  city  of  Oregon.  It  is  situated  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Willamette  River,  a  little  over  twelve 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Columbia.  It  is  an  impor¬ 
tant  railroad  center,  and  is  a  manufacturing  and  commercial 
city. 

From  its  location  at  the  foot  of  the  rich  valleys  of  the  Columbia  and  the 
Willamette,  and  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation  in  the  Columbia  River 
system,  it  enjoys  a  commanding  commercial  position  on  the  Pacific 
coast  as  the  most  important  point  between  San  Francisco  and  Puget 
Sound.  Since  the  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  the 
city  has  grown  even  more  rapidly  than  before.  The  city  has  excellent 
public  schools  and  other  educational  institutions. 

Salem  (2,538),  in  Marion  County,  south  of  Portland,  53  miles 
by  rail,  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  has  an  extensive  water¬ 
power,  and  has  large  flour  and  woolen  mills.  The  Willamette 
River  affords  excellent  shipping  facilities,  and  the  city  is  a 
distributing  point  for  a  large  and  wealthy  agricultural  section. 
Other  manufactures  are  iron,  leather,  etc.  The  city  is  the  seat 
of  Willamette  University. 

Astoria,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  is  a  seaport,  a  summer  resort,  and 
the  center  of  the  business  of  canning  salmon.  The  salmon  fisheries  employ 
several  thousand  men,  and  the  value  of  the  annual  product  of  salmon  exceeds 
$3,000,000.  The  facilities  for  lumbering  and  ship-building  are  also  great,  and 
are  being  largely  developed. 

Albany,  on  the  Willamette,  south  of  Salem,  has  extensive  flour-mills, 
saw-mills,  carriage-factories,  and  machine-shops.  It  has  a  large  trade  with 
the  interior,  and  by  means  of  rail  and  river  transportation  has  excellent 
shipping  facilities. 

Corvallis,  the  county  seat  of  Benton  County,  is  favorably  located  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Willamette,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Agricultural 
College. 

The  Dalles,  county  seat  of  Wasco  County,  is  situated  at  the  LIpper  Cas¬ 
cade  Rapids  of  the  Columbia,  115  miles  from  Portland.  It  has  great  advan¬ 
tages  as  a  manufacturing  point,  and  is  the  center  of  trade  for  Eastern  Oregon, 
This  place  is  much  visited  on  account  of  the  splendid  scenery  of  the  Dalles 
of  the  Columbia. 

Eugene  City,  at  the  head  of  steamer  navigation  on  the  Willamette  River, 
is  the  seat  of  the  State  University,  and  is  the  shipping  point  for  farm-products 
for  a  large  section  of  the  Willamette  valley. 

Jacksonville,  county  seat  of  Jackson  County,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  on  the  line  of  the  Oregon  and  California  Railroad,  is  the  trade  center 
of  Southern  Oregon. 

Oregon  City,  county  seat  of  Clackamas  County,  is  situated  about  12 
miles  south  of  Portland,  on  the  Willamette.  It  has  a  valuable  water-power, 
and  contains  flouring-mills,  saw-mills,  and  the  largest  woolen-mills  in  the 
state.  The  Willamette  is  here  made  navigable  by  an  extensive  series  of 
lochs  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river. 

Roseberg,  on  the  Umpqua  River,  is  an  important  trading  town  on  the 
Oregon  and  California  Railroad. 

Baker  City,  county  seat  of  Baker  County,  is  a  growing  place  in  Eastern 
Oregon  on  the  line  of  the  Oregon  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 
Several  prosperous  mining  districts  are  in  the  vicinity. 

East  Portland,  opposite  Portland,  on  the  Willamette,  is  a  busy  and  enter¬ 
prising  place,  which  shares  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  its  neighboring  city. 

Among  other  places  worthy  of  special  mention,  are  Dallas,  a  manufac¬ 
turing  town,  in  Polk  County;  Ashland,  near  the  California  line,  in  Jackson 
County;  Forest  Grove,  seat  of  the  Pacific  University,  in  Washington  County; 
Marshfield  and  Empire  City,  near  the  coast,  in  Coos  County;  McMinnville, 
a  railroad  town  and  seat  of  the  McMinnville  College,  in  Yamhill  County; 
Pendleton,  center  of  a  fine  agricultural  region,  and  county  seat  of  Umatilla 
County;  Umatilla,  a  shipping  and  trading  town  on  the  Columbia  River; 
Brownsville;  Dayton;  Halsey;  Junction  City;  Oakland;  and  Weston. 


WASHINGTON. 


249 


WASHINGTON. 


Extent.  —  Its  length  east  and  west  is  340  miles, 
and  its  width  200  miles.  Its  area  is  thus  somewhat 
less  than  that  of  Oregon,  which  state  it  resembles 
both  in  its  general  shape  and  its  surface  features. 


CAPE  FLATTERY. 


What  is  the 


CUTTING  UP  A  WHALE. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE 
MAP. 

Situation. — What  coun¬ 
try  on  the  north  of  Wash¬ 
ington  Territory?  What  di¬ 
vision  on  the  east?  What 
state  on  the  south  ?  What 
forms  the  western  bound¬ 
ary  ?  What  large  river 
forms  a  large  part  of  the 
southern  boundary  ?  What 

degrees  of  latitude  nearly  mark  its  limits  north  and  south  ? 
distance  between  these  limits  according  to  the  scale  of  miles  ?  What 
degree  of  longitude  marks  its  eastern  limit?  How  many  miles  from  this 
meridian  across  the  territory  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

Surface.  —  What  is  the  nature  of  the  surface  west  of  the  Columbia  River? 
What  east  of  this  river?  What  range  of  mountains  extends  through  the 
territory  from  north  to  south?  Name  and  locate  some  of  the  highest  peaks. 
What  important  valley  largely  within  this  territory  ?  What  is  the  nature  of 
the  coast  ? 

Lakes  and  Rivers. — What  large  river  crosses  this  territory?  Describe 
its  course.  What  are  chief  tributaries  on  the  north?  What  on  the  east? 
What  rivers  on  the  western  slope  ?  What  lake,  and  where  ?  What  other 
important  inland  waters,  and  in  what  part  ? 

Counties  and  Cities.  —  Name  the  counties  that  border  on  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Name  those  that  border  on  its  connected  inland  waters.  Name 
the  tier  of  counties,  north  and  south,  next  east  of  these  waters.  In  what 
portion  of  the  territory  are  the  chief  settlements?  Name  and  locate  the 
capital.  Name  the  more  important  cities  on  the  navigable  waters  in  the 
north.  Those  on  the  Columbia  River. 

DESCRIPTION. 


[Area,  69,180  square  miles. 


Population  ( Census  of  1880),  75,116 ;  1883,  esti¬ 
mated,  125,000 .] 


I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Washington  Territory  lies  north  of  Oregon,  and 
borders  on  the  Pacific  on  the  west,  and  British  Columbia  on  the 
north.  It  is  included  between  45 0  32'  and  490  north  latitude, 
and  1 1 70  and  1240  28'  west  longitude. 


II.  SURFACE. 

Washington,  like  Oregon,  is  crossed  north  and 
south  by  the  Cascade  Mountains,  which  divide  it  into 
Eastern  Washington  and  Western  Washington.  The 
highest  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Range  are  St.  Helens, 
12,000  feet,  and  Mount  Rainier  (Tacoma),  14,444, 
both  volcanic  cones,  whose  peaks  are  covered  with 

perpetual  snow,  and  whose 
upper  slopes  are  covered 
with  glaciers. 


Western  Washington,  includ- 
ing  about  one-third  of  the 
area  of  the  territory,  is  di¬ 
vided  into  the  tide  -  water 
basin  of  the  Columbia  in  the 
south,  the  Chehalis  valley  in 
the  middle,  and  the  Puget 
Sound  basin  in  the  north. 
The  Coast  Range  extends  in 
broken  ridges  along  the  Pa¬ 
cific  near  the  coast.  In  the 
north  these  mountains  are 
known  as  the  Olympic  Range, 
of  which  the  highest  summit 
is  Mount  Olympus,  8, 1 50  feet. 
The  western  slopes  of  these  mountains  feed  numerous  short  and  rapid 
streams  which  flow  directly  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Eastern  Washington,  which  includes  two-thirds  of  the  area  of  the  terri¬ 
tory,  is  for  the  greater  part  a  plateau  of  moderate  elevation  traversed 
by  the  Columbia  River  and  its  tributaries.  The  surface  of  this  plateau 
consists  of  several  broad  plains  or  prairies  well  adapted  for  grazing 
and  wheat-raising,  divided  here  and  there  by  the  spurs  of  the  Cascade 
Range  and  by  many  irregular  and  abrupt  changes  of  elevation.  The 
rivers  are  broken  by  numerous  rapids,  and  the  scenery  is  varied  and 
picturesque. 

In  the  extreme  north-eastern  and  south-eastern  parts  of  the  territory  are 
found  the  broken  spurs  of  the  Pend  d’Oreille,  and  the  Blue  Mountains ; 
the  former  extending  into  the  territory  from  Idaho,  and  the  latter  from 
Oregon. 

III.  DRAINACE. 

The  Columbia  River  drains  the  entire  eastern  part  of  the 
territory,  and  also  a  considerable  part  of  the  region  west  of 
the  Cascade  Range.  It  receives  the  water  of  a  number  of  noble 
streams  in  part  or  entirely  within  the  borders  of  the  territory. 
Among  these  are  the  Cowlitz,  Klikitat,  Yakima,  Okanagan, 
Pend  d’Oreille,  Spokan,  Snake,  and  Walla-Walla. 

The  other  drainage  systems  include  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Puget 
Sound  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  and  those  emptying  directly 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Some  of  these  streams,  though  short,  are  navi¬ 
gable  to  a  considerable  distance,  and  are  of  value  in  lumbering  and 
shipping  operations.  The  Chehalis,  flowing  into  Gray’s  Harbor  on  the 
coast,  is  the  most  important. 

Puget  Sound  is  a  magnificent  arm  of  the  sea,  extending  far  into  the 


250 


WASHINGTON. 


interior,  and  affording  great  commercial  facilities.  It  is  navigable  for 
the  largest  ship;  and  its  network  of  deep  tide-water  channels  is  unsur¬ 
passed  in  any  quarter  of  the  globe. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

Washington,  like  California  and  Oregon,  has  two  seasons,  — 
the  rainy  and  the  dry ;  but  the  rainfall  is  greater  than  in  Cali¬ 
fornia,  and  the  dry  season  is  shorter.  Around  Puget  Sound 
the  winters  are  exceedingly  mild  for  so  high  a  latitude. 

Eastern  Washington,  on  account  of  its  position  to  the  east 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  has  a  much  lighter  rainfall  than 
Western  Washington,  and  much  colder  winters. 

The  territory,  however,  in  all  parts,  has  a  much  milder  climate  than  east¬ 
ern  states  of  the  same  latitude ;  and  this  is  mainly  due  to  the  Japan 
current,  which  renders  the  sea  much  warmer  than  it  is  in  similar  sec¬ 
tions  of  the  eastern  coast  of  the  continent.  This  action  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  Gulf  Stream  on  the  western  coast  of  Europe. 

V.  RESOURCES. 

The  natural  resources  of  Washington  are  of  the  most  splen¬ 
did  character.  The  soil  is  rich  and  productive,  easily  tilled,  and 
adapted  to  the  production  of  cereals.  Extensive  plains  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  territory  afford  fine  pasturage  for  live-stock. 
The  bays  and  rivers  abound  in  fish. 

Western  Washington  is  very  heavily  wooded,  the  forest  trees 
consisting  mainly  of  pine,  fir,  spruce,  and  cedar.  This  whole 
section  is  also  underlaid  by  the  richest  deposits  of  coal. 

The  territory  has  great  commercial  advantages.  It  is  deeply 
penetrated  by  Puget  Sound,  whose  waters  are  navigable  for 
more  than  a  hundred  miles  for  the  largest  vessels,  thus  afford¬ 
ing  excellent  facilities  for  the  ocean  shipment  of  lumber  and 
the  products  of  the  fields  and  mines  of  the  territory. 

VI.  INDUSTRIES. 

The  industries  of  Washington  are  as  varied  as  its  resources. 
Large  numbers  of  the  population  are  engaged  in  farming  and 
lumbering*  Coal-mining  is  rapidly  developing,  the  fisheries  are 
important  and  valuable,  and  an  extensive  foreign  and  domestic 
trade  is  growing  up  with  the  completion  of  the  railroad  lines  to 
the  east. 

Agriculture.  —  Farming  is  the  leading  occupation,  and  wheat  is  the  chief 
product,  of  which  great  quantities  are  raised  for  export. 

On  the  extensive  grazing-grounds  of  Eastern  Washington  stock-raising 
is  an  important  source  of  wealth. 

In  1880  there  were  nearly  500,000  acres  of  improved  land  in  farms, 
valued  at  over  $13,844,000.  The  chief  productions  were  566,000  bush¬ 
els  of  barley,  1,571,000  bushels  of  oats,  1,921,000  bushels  of  wheat, 
703,000  pounds  of  hops,  1,035,000  bushels  of  potatoes.  The  value  of 
live-stock  was  $4,852,000,  and  the  total  farm  product  was  valued  at 
$4,212,000. 

Lumbering.  —  In  the  Puget  Sound  basin  the  cutting,  sawing,  and  ship¬ 
ping  of  lumber  is  a  leading  pursuit.  Ship-building  is  also  carried 
on  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  spars  are  shipped  to  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

Mining.  —  Gold-mines  are  worked  to  some  extent  in  the  mountain  sec¬ 
tions,  but  the  mineral  wealth  consists  chiefly  in  extensive  coal  deposits 
in  the  Puget  Sound  basin.  The  best  known  coal-mines  are  those  of 
Bellingham  Bay,  Seattle,  Renton,  Newcastle,  and  Carbon  Hill. 

Fisheries.  —  On  the  Columbia  River  there  are  extensive  salmon  can¬ 
neries.  The  fisheries  on  the  coast  are  also  of  considerable  value.  In 
1880  the  value  of  the  seal  fisheries  product  was  over  $61,000. 

Manufacturing.  —  The  manufactures  of  Washington  are  in  their  infancy. 
They  consist  principally  of  lumber,  flour,  machinery,  iron-work,  and 
ship  stores. 


Commerce.  —  It  is  connected  with  the  east  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail¬ 
road,  and  by  branch  lines  with  Oregon  and  California.  This  great  line 
of  railway,  the  shortest  of  the  transcontinental  lines,  is  already  exer¬ 
cising  a  great  influence  on  the  development  of  the  territory.  It  is 
opening  up  new  routes  of  travel,  and  bringing  together  distant  parts, 
thus  cementing  the  bonds  of  the  future  great  commonwealth  of  the 
North-west.  It  is  also  utilizing  the  magnificent  harbors  of  the  Puget 
Sound,  and  bringing  forward  the  exhaustless  stores  of  wealth  that  have 
been  locked  up  in  the  mines  and  forests  of  the  territory. 

The  Columbia  River  is  navigable  throughout  the  territory  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  rapids,  affording  good  facilities  for  the  transporta¬ 
tion  of  wheat. 

The  chief  exports  of  Washington  are  wheat,  lumber,  coal,  wool,  live¬ 
stock,  and  fish.  The  imports  are  all  kinds  of  manufactured  articles. 

VII.  EDUCATION. 

Washington  has  laid  the  foundation  for  a  good  system  of 
public  schools.  The  schools  are  under  the  general  control  of  a 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  appointed  by  the  governor 
and  council  for  a  term  of  two  years,  and  of  county  superin¬ 
tendents  of  schools,  elected  by  the  people.  Each  school  district 
has  a  local  board  of  three  school  directors.  The  Territorial 
University  is  established  at  Seattle. 

VIII.  GOVERNMENT. 

Washington  has  a  territorial  form  of  government,  subject  to 
the  provisions  of  the  United  States  statutes. 

The  executive  officers  consist  of  the  governor  and  the  secretary,  ap¬ 
pointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  with  the  consent  of  the 
Senate,  for  a  term  of  four  years. 

The  Legislature  consists  of  the  Council,  of  twelve  members,  and  the  House 
of  Representatives,  of  twenty-four  members,  elected  by  the  people. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  the  Supreme  Court,  the  judges  of  which 
are  appointed  by  the  President  and  Senate  of  the  United  States  for  a 
term  of  four  years;  in  district  courts,  county  probate  courts,  and  jus¬ 
tices’  courts,  the  judges  of  which  are  elected  by  the  people. 

IX.  HISTORY. 

When  the  Territory  of  Washington  was  organized,  in  1853,  it 
included  all  of  the  present  area,  and  also  Idaho  and  considerable 
parts  of  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

In  1863  the  territory  was  reduced  to  its  present  limits  upon 
the  organization  of  the  territories  to  the  east  of  Washington. 
The  settlement  of  the  boundary  disputes  with  Great  Britain, 
the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  and  the  completion  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  have  been  the  main  causes  of  the  growth  of 
the  territory. 

The  north-west  boundary  had  long  been  a  matter  of  dispute  with  Great 
Britain,  and  was  finally  settled  as  to  the  mainland  in  1846.  From  that 
time  the  only  question  unsettled  was  the  true  boundary  line  through 
the  channel  of  the  Strait  of  San  Juan  de  Fuca.  This  resulted  in  the 
joint  occupancy  of  the  San  Juan  Islands,  ten  in  number,  by  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  In  the  year  1872  these  islands  were  decided 
to  belong  to  the  United  States  by  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  to  whom 
the  question  was  submitted  for  arbitration,  and  they  thus  came  under 
the  exclusive  control  of  the  territory. 

X.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Washington  Territory  comprises  thirty-three  counties  and 
the  following  leading  cities  and  towns;  — 

Olympia,  capital  of  the  territory,  and  county  seat  of  Thurs¬ 
ton  County,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Puget  Sound.  It  is 
connected  by  a  branch  road  with  the  main  line  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  has  most  excellent  facilities  for  commerce 


WASHINGTON. 


25  1 


and  general  trade.  Its  harbor  is  safe  and  commodious,  and  is 
especially  adapted  for  the  lumber  trade  and  for  ship-building. 

Seattle,  county  seat  of  King  County,  is  situated  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Puget  Sound,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dawamish 
River.  It  is  one  of  the  leading  financial  and  business  centers 
of  the  territory,  and  has  great  commercial  advantages.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich  coal  and  lumber  region,  which  is  being 
rapidly  developed.  The  principal  manufactures  are  iron  and 
lumber.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Washington  Terri¬ 
tory. 

Tacoma,  in  Pierce  County,  about  midway  between  Seattle 
and  Olympia,  on  Puget  Sound,  is  the  western  terminus  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  is 
largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  and  shipping  of  lumber. 
Here  are  located  the  extensive  machine-shops  of  the  western 
division  of  the  railroad,  and  its  business  is  being  largely  ex¬ 
tended  since  the  completion  of  the  road  to  the  east. 

Walla-Walla  (by  the  census  of  1880,  the  most  populous  town  in  the 
territory)  is  situated  in  the  south-eastern  part  in  the  rich  and  fertile  Walla- 
Walla  valley.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  the  Columbia  River  at 
Wallula,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  trade  and  the  shipment  of  wheat, 
wool,  etc. 

Vancouver,  county  seat  of  Clarke  County,  is  situated  on  the  Columbia, 


too  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled  points  in  the  terri¬ 
tory,  and  has  considerable  trade  and  shipping. 

Spokan,  on  the  Spokan  River  and  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  has  an 
extensive  water-power,  which  is  being  considerably  developed. 

Whatcom,  on  Bellingham  Bay,  is  a  shipping  point  for  coal  and  lumber. 

Colfax,  county  seat  of  Whitman  County,  is  a  growing  town  in  the  center 
of  a  fine  agricultural  district. 

Tumwater,  closely  connected  with  Olympia  in  its  business  and  manufac¬ 
turing  interests,  has  immense  water-power,  which  is  utilized  in  manufacture 
of  lumber,  flour,  etc. 

Cascades,  at  the  head  of  the  lower  rapids  of  the  Columbia,  is  largely 
engaged  in  trans-shipment  of  the  commerce  of  that  river.  A  ship  canal  is 
being  built  at  this  point. 

Wallula,  on  the  upper  Columbia,  is  the  terminus  of  a  railroad  into  the 
fertile  Walla-Walla  valley. 

Oysterville  is  the  most  important  town  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  taking  of  sea-fish. 

Port  Townsend,  county  seat  of  Jefferson  County,  is  the  chief  port  of 
entry  for  the  entire  Puget  Sound  region,  and  the  headquarters  of  the  military 
division  of  the  Columbia. 

Ainsworth,  in  Franklin  County,  is  a  growing  commercial  town  on  the 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the  terminus  of  an  important  branch  of  that 
line. 

Wilkeson  and  Carbonado  are  growing  railroad  towns  in  Pierce  County. 

Other  important  places  are  Dayton,  in  Columbia  County;  Steilacoom,  in 
Pierce  County;  Blakely,  in  Kitsap  County;  San  Juan,  in  San  Juan  County; 
Yakima,  in  Yakima  County;  and  Port  Gamble,  in  Kitsap  County. 


252 


ALASKA. 


ALASKA. 


165  Longitude  East  175 


ATTU  I. 


V  ..SEMICHI  r. 


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■Washington 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP. 

Situation.  —  In  what  part  of  North  America  is  Alaska?  What  bounds 
it  on  the  north  ?  What  on  the  east?  What  waters  form  its  southern  and 
western  boundaries?  What  parallel  marks  its  most  northern  limit?  Its 
most  southern  limit? 

Surface.  —  What  important  continental  range  of  mountains  terminates  in 
Southern  Alaska?  What  peninsula  and  islands  indicate  its  course?  What 
mountains  to  the  north  of  this?  What  important  mountain  peaks,  and 
where  are  they  located?  Which  is  the  highest?  What  is  the  nature  of  the 
southern  coast  of  Alaska  ?  Of  the  western  coast  ? 

Rivers,  Lakes,  and  Towns.  —  What  is  the  principal  river  of  Alaska  ?  De¬ 
scribe  its  course.  In  what  general  direction  do  most  of  the  streams  flow? 
Has  it  many  lakes?  What  is  their  size,  and  where  are  they  mostly  located? 
Name  the  largest  one.  Name  and  locate  the  capital. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  531,409  square  miles.  Population  (Census  of  1880),  33,426 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Situation.  —  Alaska,  which  includes  the  extreme  northern 
and  western  parts  of  our  continent,  is  separated  from  the 
rest  of  the  United  States  by  British  Columbia.  Its  area 
is  considerably  greater  than  that  of  the  original  thirteen 
states. 

The  mainland  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  Portland  Canal,  540  40' 
north  latitude,  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  71 0  23'  north  latitude, 
and  lies  between  the  meridians  of  130°  and  167°  west  longitude.  The 


ALASKA. 


253 


Island  of  Attoo,  the  most  westerly  of  the  Aleutian  group,  which  is  in¬ 
cluded  in  Alaska,  is  situated  in  1730  east  longitude.  This  island  is  as 
many  degrees  west  of  San  Francisco  as  that  city  is  west  of  Maine. 

Extent.  —  Alaska  is  1,100  miles  in  length  north  and  south, 
and  800  miles  in  width.  Its  area  is  nearly  four  times  that  of 
California. 

In  consequence  of  the  numerous  bays,  inlets,  and  fiords  that  indent  its 
shores,  together  with  its  long  chain  of  islands  stretching  across  the 
Pacific  almost  to  Asia,  Alaska  has  a  coast  line  of  not  less  than  20,000 
miles. 

Its  most  northerly  point  is  Cape  Barrow;  and  the  most  westerly  point  of 
the  mainland  is  Cape  Prince  of  Wales. 

II.  SURFACE. 

Mountains.  —  A  great  mountain-chain  called  the  Coast  Range 
extends  along  the  Pacific  from  British  Columbia  to  the  penin¬ 
sula  of  Alaska.  The  Alaskan  portion  is  from  50  to  75  miles 
wide,  and  many  of  its  summits  rise  to  a  great  height.  Mount 
St.  Elias,  estimated  to  exceed  19,000  feet,  is  the  loftiest  peak 
in  North  America.  Mount  Fairweather  exceeds  16,000  feet, 
and  numerous  other  mountains  exceed  12,000  feet  in  height. 

The  slopes  of  this  mighty  range  are  covered  with  thousands  of  glaciers, 
that  push  their  slow-moving  masses  down  to  the  bays  and  fiords  that 
indent  the  coast.  Some  of  these  glaciers  are  40  miles  long,  and  from 
10  to  15  miles  wide.  The  glacial  scenery  of  this  region  is  by  far  the 
grandest  in  the  world.  The  long  chain  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  stretch- 
insr  out  into  the  Pacific  almost  to  Asia  is  a  continuation  of  this  chain  of 
mountains,  though  the  island  peaks  seldom  exceed  a  height  of  5,000 
feet. 

The  interior  of  Alaska  has  been  but  little  explored.  It  consists  of  rolling 
grassy  plains,  and  mountains  covered  with  scattered  groves  of  pine  and 
spruce. 

III.  DRAINAGE. 

The  Yukon,  the  chief  river  of  Alaska,  is  one  of  the  great 
rivers  of  the  globe. 

It  rises  in  British  Columbia,  and  flows  into  the  Pacific.  It  is  navigable 
for  steamers  for  2,000  miles,  and  is  a  mile  wide  at  a  distance  of  600 
miles  from  the  sea.  The  only  large  river  of  Alaska  that  flows  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean  is  the  Colville. 

IV.  CLIMATE. 

Two  thirds  of  Alaska  is  in  the  north  temperate  zone,  and 
one  third  in  the  Arctic  zone. 

Owing  to  the  influence  of  the  warm  Japan  current,  sometimes  called  the 
Gulf  Stream  of  the  Pacific,  that  bathes  the  western  shores  of  Alaska, 


the  climate  of  the  coast  belt  and  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  is  temperate. 
The  rainfall  of  this  region  is  very  heavy,  owing  to  the  condensation, 
by  the  mountains,  of  the  warm  rain-winds  which  come,  heated  and 
vapor-laden,  from  the  Japan  current. 

At  Sitka,  and  southward  along  the  coast,  and  westward  throughout  the 
Aleutian  chain  of  islands,  it  rains  or  snows  two  days  out  of  three  during 
the  entire  year. 

East  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  on  the  vast  plains  that  border  on  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  the  cold  in  winter  is  intense,  the  thermometer  falling  to  70° 
below  zero. 

At  Sitka,  during  the  longest  days  of  summer,  there  is  no  darkness  at 
midnight.  The  sun  just  dips  below  the  horizon,  and  then  rises  again. 

V.  RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 

The  resources  of  Alaska  consist  chiefly  of  the  fish  which 
swarm  in  its  innumerable  bays,  fiords,  and  rivers  ;  of  the  furs 
of  its  wild  animals  ;  and  of  its  forests  and  minerals. 

Fisheries.  —  Salmon  abound  in  all  the  streams  of  Alaska;  and  extensive 
canneries  are  already  established  on  the  Yukon  River,  the  Chilcat,  and 
among  the  islands  of  the  Alexander  Archipelago. 

The  cod  fisheries  off  the  coast  are  carried  on  by  a  considerable  number  of 
vessels  from  San  Francisco. 

The  Arctic  Ocean  is  the  resort  of  many  whaling-vessels,  which  push  their 
way  in  the  summer  months  into  these  dangerous  seas  in  pursuit  of 
whales. 

Furs.  —  The  principal  fur-bearing  animals  are  the  seal,  sea-otter,  fox, 
ermine,  marten,  and  beaver.  The  most  valuable  of  these  is  the  fur- 
seal,  which  is  found  in  vast  numbers  on  the  two  small  islands  of 
St.  Paul  and  St.  George.  These  two  islands  are  leased  by  the  United 
States  Government  to  the  Alaska  Fur  Company.  The  annual  product 
of  the  seal  fisheries,  as  reported  in  the  census  of  1880,  is  valued  at 
nearly  $2,100,000;  and  of  other  fisheries,  over  $500,000. 

Forests.  —  The  timber  lands  of  Alaska  are  limited  chiefly  to  the  coast 
belt  of  South-western  Alaska.  The  trees  most  valuable  for  lumber  are 
the  yellow  cedar,  and  the  spruce  or  Sitka  pine. 

Minerals.  —  Gold  has  recently  been  discovered  on  the  tributaries  of  the 
Yukon,  but  the  mines  have  not  as  yet  been  extensively  worked. 

Vegetation.  —  The  agricultural  resources  of  Alaska  are  limited.  Potatoes 
and  vegetables  can  be  grown  along  the  western  coast  and  on  the  islands, 
but  the  cereals  will  not  ripen. 

VI.  GOVERNMENT. 

No  territorial  government  has  yet  been  organized  in  Alaska. 
This  territory  was  purchased  from  Russia  in  1867  for  $7,200,000. 
The  population  of  the  entire  territory  consists  of  a  few  hundred 
whites  and  about  33,000  natives. 

Sitka  is  a  port  of  entry  in  charge  of  a  United  States  rev¬ 
enue  officer. 


254 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 


DESCRIPTION. 

[Area,  69,304  square  miles.  Estimated  population,  100,000 .] 

I.  SITUATION  AND  EXTENT. 

Indian  Territory  is  situated  between  the  parallels  of  330  35' 
and  370  north  latitude,  and  between  the  meridians  of  94  0  20' 
and  ioo°  west  longitude. 

Its  length  from  east  to  west  is  310  miles;  its  average  breadth,  210 
miles.  Its  area  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  New-England  States. 

II.  SURFACE  AND  DRAINAGE. 

Surface. — The  general  slope  of  the  surface  is  in  an  easterly 
direction.  In  the  south-west  the  Wichita  Mountains  reach  a 
considerable  elevation,  and  in  the  east  there  is  a  continuation 


of  the  Ozark  Mountains  from  Arkansas.  Apart  from  these 
the  country  is,  in  the  main,  a  rolling  prairie,  rising  gradually 
to  the  north  and  west,  where  it  attains  an  elevation  of  from 
3,000  to  4,500  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

Drainage.  —  Indian  Territory  is  well  watered,  surpassing 
Kansas  in  that  respect.  The  principal  river  is  the  Arkansas, 
which  receives  within  the  territory  numerous  large  affluents. 
The  tributaries,  great  and  small,  of  the  Red,  make  up  the 
drainage  of  the  southern  section. 

The  most  important  tributaries  of  the  Arkansas  are  the  Canadian,  the 
North  Fork  of  the  Canadian,  the  Cimarron  or  Red  Fork,  and  the 
Little  Arkansas,  on  its  south  bank;  and  the  Neosho,  Verdigris,  and 
Illinois,  on  the  north.  The  Arkansas  River  is  only  navigable  as  far 
as  Fort  Gibson,  where  it  is  obstructed  by  falls. 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 


255 


The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Red  River  in  this  territory  are  the 
North  Fork  of  Red  River,  and  the  Washita  River.  The  Red  River 
is  navigable  for  nearly  the  whole  distance  along  the  southern  border 
of  the  territory.  The  numerous  streams  of  Indian  Territory  afford 
permanent  and  valuable  water-power. 

III.  CLIMATE. 

General  Character.  —  The  climate  of  Indian  Territory  is 
generally  mild  and  salubrious. 

The  rainfall  in  the  north-west  is  very  slight.  In  the  south-west  there  j 
are  tracts  of  marshy  land,  where  fevers  prevail.  The  mean  annual 
temperature  in  the  south-east  is  6o° ;  in  the  north-west,  550. 

IV.  NATURAL  RESOURCES  AND  INDUSTRIES. 

Owing  to  the  peculiar  conditions  under  which  this  territory 
has  been  set  apart  for  the  exclusive  occupation  of  Indian  tribes, 
we  have  only  an  incomplete  knowledge  of  the  extent  of  its 
natural  resources. 

Minerals.  —  There  are,  in  the  west  and  north-west,  extensive  deposits 
of  gypsum  and  of  salt ;  and,  in  the  Cherokee  country,  iron,  marble,  ( 
and  yellow  sandstone  are  found  in  abundance.  Deposits  of  bitumi¬ 
nous  coal  of  the  best  quality  have  been  discovered  in  the  Cherokee, 
the  Creek,  and  the  Choctaw  countries.  Copper  has  also  been  dis¬ 
covered  at  several  points  in  the  territory. 

Soil  and  Vegetation.  —  The  region  south  of  the  Canadian  River  pos¬ 
sesses  a  fertile  soil.  There  are  extensive  forests  in  the  north-east¬ 
ern  portion  of  the  territory  ;  but  most  of  the  Cherokee  country  is 
rocky,  and  best  fitted  for  grazing.  The  north-western  section  is  in 
the  main  sterile.  The  arable  lands  of  the  territory  are  finely  adapted 
to  cereal  and  root  crops. 

Industries.  —  The  leading  industry  is  agriculture,  although 
in  the  more  thickly  settled  portions,  and  especially  in  the  rail¬ 
way  and  river  towns  of  the  eastern  section,  commerce  has 
made  some  beginnings,  and  the  simpler  mechanical  industries 
have  gained  a  foothold. 

The  principal  agricultural  products  in  1883  were  estimated  as  follows: 
cotton,  5,900,000  pounds ;  wheat,  245,400  bushels ;  Indian-corn, 
1,255,900  bushels;  oats,  202,500  bushels.  Of  sawed  lumber,  the 
annual  product  is  about  8,000,000  feet.  Of  late  several  of  the  tribes 
have  leased  large  tracts  of  lands  to  northern  and  eastern  capitalists 
for  grazing  purposes,  and  thus  stock-raising  bids  fair  to  become  a 
leading  industry. 

Railroads.  —  The  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Texas  Railway  crosses  the 
eastern  part  of  the  territory,  connecting  at  Denison,  in  Texas, 
with  the  railway  system  of  that  state.  At  Vinita,  in  the  Cherokee 
country,  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railway,  entering  the  territory  from 
the  north-east,  forms  a  junction  with  the  first-mentioned  road. 

There  are  at  present  about  300  miles  of  railways  in  operation  within 
the  territory.  Other  lines  have  been  proposed;  and  on  the  31st  of 
May,  1884,  Congress  passed  a  bill  granting  a  right  of  way  through 
the  territory  to  the  Gulf,  Colorado,  and  Santa  Fe  Company. 

V.  HISTORY  AND  GOVERNMENT. 

Indian  Territory  formed  a  part  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
It  was  selected  and  permanently  set  apart  in  1832  (being,  at 
that  time,  the  only  unorganized  portion  of  the  vast  territory 
acquired  from  France)  as  the  future  home  of  the  Indian  tribes 
then  living  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

As  the  result  of  various  treaties,  Indian  nations  were  from  time  to 
time  deported  to  this  region  by  our  Government,  which  covenanted 
to  maintain  the  exclusive  title  of  the  Indians  to  their  new  country 
against  the  tide  of  white  emigration  then  and  now  setting  westward. 
Each  tribe  thus  transplanted  is  supreme,  on  its  own  reservation,  in 
the  regulation  of  its  domestic  concerns.  There  is  accordingly  no 
organized  territorial  government,  such  as  obtains  in  the  other  terri¬ 
tories,  though  the  various  tribes  here  settled  are  looked  upon  as  the 


wards  of  the  American  Government.  The  United  States  maintain 
several  military  stations,  and  numerous  post-offices,  in  this  territory. 

The  most  highly  civilized  tribe  of  any  considerable  numbers 
the  Cherokee  nation,  whose  principal  town,  Tahlequah,  is 
e  nominal  capital  of  Indian  Territory. 

VI.  EDUCATION. 

Considerable  advances  have  been  made  in  education  by  the 
more  civilized  Indian  tribes.  In  1883  they  maintained  over  30 
boarding-schools,  and  205  day  schools,  with  an  average  attend¬ 
ance  of  about  5,000  pupils.  The  relative  educational  develop¬ 
ment  of  the  tribes  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  100  of  these 
schools  were  in  the  Cherokee  nation  alone  ;  and  that  99  of  the 
remainder  were  Choctaw,  Creek,  Chickasaw,  and  Seminole. 

As  an  interesting  evidence  of  progress,  it  may  be  noted  that  there  are 
three  weekly  papers  published  in  the  territory,  —  one  (English  and 
Cherokee)  at  Tahlequah,  one  (English  and  Choctaw)  at  New  Bogy, 
and  one  (English)  at  Caddo. 

VII.  RESERVATIONS. 

The  most  important  reservations  are  those  of  the  five  civil¬ 
ized  tribes,  —  the  Cherokees,  Choctaws,  Creeks,  Chickasaws, 
and  Seminoles. 

Amono-  other  reservations  within  the  boundaries  of  this  territory  may 
be  mentioned  those  of  the  Peorias,  Kaskaskias,  Weas,  Miamis, 
Ottawas,  Shawnees,  Wyandots,  and  Senecas  in  the  north-east;  the 
ICiowas,  Comanches,  Apaches,  Cheyennes,  and  Arapahoes  in  the 
west  and  south-west;  the  Raws  (or  Kansas),  Poncas,  Otoes,  Nez 
Perces,  Pawnees,  and  Osages  in  the  north;  and  the  Iowas,  Sacs, 
Foxes,  Kickapoos,  and  Pottawatomies  in  the  central  part. 

Of  the  five  important  nations,  the  Cherokees  are  easily  foremost  in 
civilization,  and  the  Choctaws  the  strongest  in  numbers. 

Small  but  highly  civilized  nations  are  the  Delawares  and  the  Quapaws ; 

the  latter  long  under  tutelage  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 

Numerous  other  Indian  tribes,  in  varying  stages  of  civilization,  are 
now  domiciled  in  this  territory.  Among  the  latest  transfers  are  some 
bands  of  Utes,  and  the  remnant  of  the  Modocs. 

VIII.  POPULATION. 

We  have  no  means  of  determining  the  exact  population  of 
this  territory.  In  1883  the  Indian  office  reported  the  whole 
number  of  Indians  as  81,731. 

The  greater  part  of  these  have  attained  a  considerable  degree  of  civil¬ 
ization, —wear  citizen’s  dress,  are  farmers  or  herdsmen,  have  some 
education,  maintain  churches  and  schools,  and  successfully  admin¬ 
ister  their  internal  affairs. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  is  also  a  white  population  of  10,000, 
and  a  colored  population  of  8,000,  within  the  territorial  limits, 
thus  making  the  total  population  about  100,000. 

Of  the  whites,  the  greater  number  are  settled  among  the  Cherokees 
and  Chickasaws.  This  class  consists  principally  of  missionaries, 
teachers,  traders,  mechanics,  and  miners,  and  is  rapidly  gaining  in 
numbers  and  importance. 

The  colored  population  is  chiefly  distributed  among  the  five  most 
civilized  nations,  by  whom  they  were  formerly  held  as  slaves. 

There  is,  in  addition,  a  considerable  half-breed  population,  from  which 
the  trading  element  is  mainly  drawn. 

IX.  TOWNS. 

The  capital  of  the  Cherokee  nation  is  Tahlequah;  of  the 
Chickasaws,  Tishemingo ;  of  the  Choctaws,  Armstrong;  of 
the  Creeks,  Okmulgee  ;  and  of  the  Seminoles,  Wewoka. 

Other  important  places  are  Vinita  and  Fort  Gibson  in  the  Cherokee 
country,  MacAllister  and  Caddo  in  the  Choctaw  country,  Muscogee 
and  Eufala  in  the  Creek  country,  and  Fort  Sill  in  the  south-west. 

At  Muscogee  and  MacAllister  are  coal-mines  in  active  operation. 


THE  LAND  SURVEYS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


256 


The  Land  Surveys  of  the  United  States. 


I.  Historical  Note. 

After  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  eastern  colonies  surren¬ 
dered  to  the  General  Government  their  several  claims  to  the  lands  north 
of  the  Ohio,  and  west  of  Pennsylvania,  as  far  as  to  the  Mississippi.  Con¬ 
necticut,  however,  retained  the  north-eastern  corner  of  Ohio,  now  called 
the  Connecticut,  or  Western  Reserve.  Virginia  also  reserved  a  large  tract 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  between  the  Scioto  and  the  Miami 
rivers.  Georgia  relinquished  her  claim  to  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 
Subsequently  Florida,  the  Louisiana  Purchase,  Texas,  California,  and 
Arizona  were  acquired  either  by  treaty  or  by  purchase. 

As  early  as  17S5  provision  was  made  by  Congress  for  a  uniform  sys¬ 
tem  of  surveys  of  all  public  lands.  The  present  system  was  adopted  in 
1786.  Ihomas  Jefferson  is  generally  credited  with  its  authorship. 
'•  Lot  16  ”  of  every  township  was  set  apart  for  the  maintenance  of  pub¬ 
lic  schools.  Since  1852,  sections  16  and  36  in  every  township  are 
given  to  the  school  fund.  They  are  called  School  Sections.  The  sur¬ 
veys  are  not  extended  across  Indian  reservations,  nor  over  any  lands 
which  are  not  the  property  of  the  United  States. 

There  was  no  system  adopted  in  allotting  the  lands  of  the  original 
states.  Each  tract  was  described  by  metes  and  bounds,  and  often  in  a 
manner  so  vague  as  to  present  various  conflicting  claims. 

II.  The  Township  and  its  Subdivisions. 

The  public  lands  of  the  United  States  are  generally  laid  out  in  town¬ 
ships  and  sections.  These  townships  and  sections  are  designated  by  a 
simple  and  uniform  system  of  numbering. 

A  township  is  six  miles  square,  and  consequently  contains  thirty-six 
square  miles,  or  23,040  acres.  Its  boundaries  are  meridians  on  the 
east  and  west,  and  parallels  of  latitude  on  the  north  and  south. 

A  township  is  divided  into  36  sections,  each  one  mile  square  “as 
nearly  as  may  be.”  A  section  contains  640  acres. 

I  he  sections  of  a  township  are  always  numbered  in  the  order  indi¬ 
cated  by  Diagram  1. 


Section  1  is  always  in  the  north-east  corner  of  the  township,  and  the 
numbers  run  alternately  west  and  east.  Sections  are  divided  as  indi¬ 
cated  in  Diagram  2. 

rl  he  government  surveyors  mark  the  corners  of  townships,  sections, 
half-sections,  and  quarter-sections  (except  the  corner  in  the  center  of 
the  section)  with  stakes,  stones,  or  mounds  of  turf,  after  a  uniform 
system.  In  some  of  the  later  surveys  eighths  and  sixteenths  are  also 
measured. 

III.  Numbering  of  Townships. 

Townships  are  legally  designated  by  numbers  instead  of  names. 

All  surveys  begin  by  establishing  a  true  meridian,  along  which  the 


surveyors  measure  from  some  selected  point,  marking  each  half-mile 
point  with  a  “quarter  stake,”  and  each  mile  point  with  a  “section 
corner.”  At  each  six-mile  point  a  “  township  corner  ”  is  marked.  This 
line  is  called  a  principal  meridian. 

I  hrough  this  selected  starting-point  upon  the  principal  meridian,  a 
true  parallel  of  latitude  is  run,  and  measured  from  the  meridian.  The 
half-mile,  mile,  and  six-mile  corners  are  marked  as  upon  the  meridian. 
This  is  called  a  base  line. 

In  the  later  surveys,  additional  parallels,  called  correction  lines,  are 
measured  at  distances  of  twenty-four  or  thirty  miles  apart,  and  also  true 
meridians  fifty-four  miles  apart,  called  guide  meridians.  The  principal 
meridians,  guide  meridians,  base  lines,  and  correction  lines,  are  astro¬ 
nomical  lines.  All  other  lines  are  run  with  chain  and  compass,  and  are 
subject  to  two  errors,  —  one  from  the  variation  of  the  needle,  and  the 
other  from  the  impossibility  of  making  perfectly  accurate  measurements 
with  the  chain.  The  sections  are  never  surveyed  by  the  same  surveyors 
that  mark  the  townships. 

Townships  are  numbered  north  and  south  from  the  base  line.  A  row 
of  townships  running  north  and  south  is  called  a  range.  Ranges  are 
numbered  east  and  west  from  the  principal  meridian. 

This  is  illustrated  by  Diagram  3. 

Diagram  No.  3. 


N 


n 

Corre 

ction 

5 

TAnc. 

T.  5  N. 
R.3  E 

t,4n., 
R  3  W. 

4 

i 

e 

3 

T.  3  N., 
R.4  e. 

T.  2  N  , 
R.  2  W 

s 

2 

E 

w 

Kn.se 

1 

Line. 

I A 

lif. 

ii. 

1. 

1. 

1 

11. 

III. 

IV. " 

cipal 

2 

T.  2  S., 
R.  3  E. 

«S 

3 

t.4s., 

R.  4  W. 

• 

4 

T.  5  S  , 
R.4W 

Corre 

ction 

5 

Line. 

S 

| 

1 

Explanation.  —  Each  square  represents  a  township.  Numerals  on  the  base 
line  indicate  ranges  east  and  west  of  the  principal  meridian.  Numerals  on 
the  principal  meridian  indicate  townships  north  and  south  of  the  base  line. 
The  south-west  township  on  this  diagram  is  described  as  “  Township  5 
South,  of  Range  4  West,”  or  “  T.  5  S.,  R.  4  W.” 

North  of  the  base  line  the  correction  lines  occur  every  four  townships,  or 
twenty-four  miles ;  south  of  the  base  line,  every  five  townships,  or  thirty 
miles.  This  is  on  account  of  the  greater  convergence  of  the  meridians  as 
we  proceed  north.  In  a  survey  of  Central  British  America,  to  secure  equal 
accuracy,  correction  lines  would  need  to  be  laid  out  every  two  or  three 
townships. 


Diagram  No.  2. 

A  SECTION. 

N 


N.  W.  34 

Op 

N  W.  34 

E.  H 

40  A. 

N.  E.  14. 

S.  W.  14 

N.  W.  14 

160  A. 

OF 

80  A. 

N.  W.  14 

s  yt. 

320  A. 


S 


Diagram  No.  1. 

A  TOWNSHIP. 

N 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

S 


THE  LAND  SURVEYS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


257 


In  locating  townships  thev  are  always  described  as  north  or  south  of  th? base 
line. 

Sometimes  a  new  base  line  is  located  in  passing  from  one  state  to  another. 
For  instance,  on  the  fourth  principal  meridian  the  south  boundary  line  of 
Wisconsin  forms  a  new  base  line  for  surveys  in  that  state. 

To  locate  any  given  township,  as,  for  instance,  Township  16  North,  of  Range 
9  East,  count  eastward  from  the  principal  meridian  along  the  base  line  until 
the  ninth  range  is  reached ;  then  count  northward  in  that  range  until  its 
sixteenth  township  is  reached. 

To  locate  a  township  accurately  when  its  number  and  range  are  given,  it  is 
necessary  to  know  from  what  meridian  it  is  reckoned,  and  where  its  base 
line  crosses  that  meridian. 

IV.  Location  of  Meridians. 

The  first  principal  meridian  is  the  west  boundary  of  Ohio.  Its  base 
line  is  the  south  boundary  of  the  Western  Reserve,  latitude  410  north. 
Only  the  western  portion  of  Ohio  is  surveyed  from  this  line. 

The  second  principal  meridian  runs  due  north  from  the  mouth  of 
Little  Blue  Creek,  in  Indiana,  nearly  through  the  center  of  that  state. 
Its  base  line  crosses  it  near  New  Albany.  All  of  Indiana  and  a  little  of 
Eastern  Illinois  are  surveyed  from  this  meridian. 

The  third  principal  meridian  runs  north  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio, 
nearly  through  the  center  of  Illinois,  to  the  north  boundary  of  Wiscon¬ 
sin.  Its  base  line  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  second  principal  meridian. 
Most  of  Illinois  south-east  of  the  Illinois  River  is  surveyed  from  this 
meridian. 

The  fourth  principal  meridian  runs  north  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illi¬ 
nois  River  to  Lake  Superior.  Its  base  line  crosses  it  at  Beardstown  All 
of  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  Illinois  north  of 
the  Illinois  River  and  west  of  the  third  principal  meridian,  are  surveyed 
from  this  meridian. 

The  fifth  principal  meridian  commences  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkan¬ 
sas  River,  and  extends  through  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota. 

Its  base  line  runs  west  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Francis  River,  pass¬ 
ing  a  little  south  of  Little  Rock,  Ark.  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  Dakota  east  of  the  Missouri,  are  surveyed 
from  this  meridian. 

The  sixth  principal  meridian  is  near  the  center  of  Kansas  (long.  970 
13'  west  from  Greenwich).  Its  base  line  is  the  40th  parallel  of  north 
latitude.  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  and  Dakota  west  of  the  Mis¬ 
souri,  are  surveyed  from  it. 

The  other  principal  meridians  are  named,  not  numbered. 

Michigan  is  surveyed  from  the  Michigan  meridian,  running  nearly 
through  the  center  of  the  state.  Its  base  line  forms  the  line  between 
the  second  and  third  tiers  of  counties.  Both  peninsulas  are  surveyed 
from  this  meridian. 

Florida  is  surveyed  from  the  Tallahassee  meridian.  The  base  line 
intersects  the  meridian  in  the  city  of  Tallahassee. 

Utah  is  surveyed  from  the  Salt  Lake  meridian,  which  intersects  the 
base  line  at  the  corner  of  the  Temple  Block  in  Salt  Lake  City. 

Northern  California  and  Nevada  are  surveyed  from  the  Monte  Diablo 
meridian,  which  intersects  its  base  line  on  the  summit  of  Monte  Diablo, 
about  thirty  miles  north-east  of  San  Francisco.  North-western  California 
is  surveyed  from  the  Humboldt  meridian,  whose  base  line  intersects  it 
on  the  summit  of  Mount  Pierce.  Southern  California  is  surveyed  from 
the  San  Bernardino  meridian,  whose  base  line  intersects  it  on  the  sum¬ 
mit  of  Mount  San  Bernardino. 

Oregon  and  Washington  Territory  are  surveyed  from  the  Willamette 
meridian  (long.  1220  30;  west  from  Greenwich).  The  base  line  is  near 
the  city  of  Portland. 

Alabama  is  surveyed  from  the  Huntsville  and  St.  Stephens  meridians. 

Mississippi,  from  the  St.  Stephens,  Choctaw,  and  Washington  meridi¬ 
ans. 


Louisiana,  on  the  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  from  the  St.  Helena 
meridian,  and  on  the  west,  from  the  Louisiana  meridian. 

The  public  lands  of  Texas  belong  to  that  state,  and  are  surveyed  by 
a  system  of  its  own. 

New  Mexico  is  surveyed  from  the  New  Mexico  meridian.  Arizona 
surveys  are  regulated  by  the  Gila  and  Salt  River  meridians  ;  Idaho 
surveys,  by  the  Boise  meridian  ;  and  Montana  surveys,  by  the  Montana 
meridian.  In  all  there  are  twenty-three  principal  meridians  in  the 
United  States. 


V.  Convergence  of  Meridians. 

In  consequence  of  the  convergence  of  meridians,  townships  accu¬ 
rately  surveyed  are  not  perfect  squares,  but  are  longer  upon  the  southern 
than  upon  the  northern  boundary.  If  the  township  corners  upon  abase 
line  are  exactly  six  miles  apart,  the  townships  surveyed  northward  grow 
less  and  less  as  the  distance  from  the  base  line  increases,  and  those 
surveyed  southward  grow  larger.  Hence  the  necessity  of  standard 
parallels,  or  correction  lines ,  to  prevent  the  errors  from  becoming  so 
great  as  to  destroy  the  value  of  the  system. 

Upon  these  correction  lines  the  township  corners  are  carefully  placed 


at  distances  of  six  miles  apart. 

The  convergence  of  meridians  is  great¬ 
er  in  the  higher  latitudes  ;  but  at  latitude 
420  it  is  about  half  a  rod  to  a  mile. 
Supposing  the  surveys  to  be  perfectly 
accurate,  and  the  correction  lines  to  be 
twenty-four  miles  apart,  the  conver¬ 
gence  of  the  meridians  will  then  be 
about  twelve  rods,  and  there  will  be  a 
double  set  of  township  corners,  as  illus¬ 
trated  in  the  following  diagram,  in  which 
the  convergence  of  the  meridians  is 
greatly  exaggerated  to  make  it  evident 
to  the  eye. 

Explanation. — In  consequence  of  the 
convergence  of  meridians,  a  line  run 
due  north  from  a  strikes  the  correction 
line  at  b  instead  of  at  a'.  Double 
township  corners  are  consequently  es¬ 
tablished  at  b  and  a',  and  so  on,  their 
distance  apart  increasing  with  their 
distance  from  the  principal  meridian. 


Diagram  No.  4. 


£ 

1  Principal  Meridian  1 

]N  L 

b 

a/  d 

c* 

C0RRECT1 

on  Lin 'e 

E 

OL 

e 

|  Base  Line 
S 


Lands  are  legally  advertised  in  the  following  way :  — 

“  The  south-east  quarter  of  the  south-east  quarter  of  the  north-west  quarter  of 
Section  thirty-five  in  township  twenty-nine  north,  of  range  seven  east  of  the  fourth 
principal  meridian,  containing  ten  acres  more  or  less.” 


The  above  is  often  abbreviated  thus  :  — 

“  The  S.  E.  ±  of  the  S.  E.  i  of  the  N  W.  |  Sect.  35,  T.  29  N.,  R.  7  E.  of  the  4th 

p.  m.” 

Supposing  the  annexed  drawing  to  Diagram  No.  5. 

represent  the  Section  35  described,  the  N 

star  (*)  shows  the  position  of  the  lot 
advertised. 

The  proper  description  is  found  by 
consulting  the  records  of  the  land  offices, 
or  the  deed  by  which  the  title  was  origi¬ 
nally  conveyed  by  the  government. 

These  records  are  presumed  to  be  cor¬ 
rect,  and  the  only  appeal  from  them  is  to 
the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land 
Office,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and 
ultimately  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 


Diagram  No.  5. 

N 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES 


COMPILED  FROM  THE  CENSUS  REPORT  FOR  1880. 


ALABAMA. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Autauga . 13,108 

Baldwin . 8,603 

Barbour . 33,979 

B>bb . 9,487 

Blount . 15,369 

Bullock . 29,066 

Butler . 19,649 

Calhoun . 19,591 

Chambers . 23,440 

Cherokee . 19,108 

Chilton . 10,793 

Choctaw . 15,731 

Clarke . 1 7,806 

Clay . 12,938 

Cleburne . 10,976 


Coffee 


,119 


Colbert . 16,153 

Conecuh . 12,605 

Coosa . 15,113 

Covington . 5,639 

Crenshaw . 11,726 

Cullman . 6,355 

Dale . 12,677 

Dallas .  48,433 

De  Kalb . 12,675 

Elmore . 17,502 

Escambia .  5,719 

Etowah . 5,398 

Fayette . 1 0,1 35 

Franklin . 9,155 

Geneva . 4,342 

Greene . 21,931 

HaIe . 26,553 


Henry  .  . 

Jackson  .  . 

Jefferson 
Lamar  .  . 

Lauderdale  . 
Lawrence  . 
Lee  .  .  . 

Limestone  . 
Lowndes 
Macon  .  . 

Madison 
Marengo 
Marion  .  . 

Marshall 
Mobile  .  . 
Monroe  .  . 

Montgomery 
Morgan  .  . 

Perry .  . 

Pickens  .  . 

Pike  .  .  . 

Randolph  . 
Russell  .  . 
St.  Clair  .  . 

Shelby  .  . 
Sumter  .  . 

Talladega  . 
Tallapoosa  . 
Tuscaloosa . 
Walker  .  . 


Washington 
Wilcox  .  . 
Winston .  . 


18,761 

25,114 

23,272 

12,142 

21,035 

21,392 

27,262 

21,600 

3LI76 

I7,37i 

37,625 

30,890 

9,364 

14,585 

48,653 

17,091 

52,356 

16,428 

30,741 

21,479 

20,640 

16,575 

24,837 

14,462 

17,236 

28,728 

23,360 

23,401 

24,957 

9,479 

4-538 

31,828 

4,253 


***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 

ALASKA. 

ESTIMATED  POPULATION. 


Arctic  Alaska  .  .  . 
Yukon  Valley  .  .  . 

Kuskokvim  Region  1 

O 

Aleutian  Islands  .  . 


3,094 

6,870 

8,911 

2,451 


Kadiak  Section  . 
South-east  Alaska 


4,352 

7,748 


Total .  33,426 


POPULATION  BY  RACE. 


White 


430 


Creole  . .  1,756 

Innuit . 17,617 

Aleut . 2,145 

. 3,927 


Tinneh 


Thlinket 
Hyda  .  . 


6,763 

788 


Total .  33,426 


1  This  includes  the  population  of  the  Kuskokvim  Valley,  of  the  Togiak  Valley,  and  of  part  of  the 


Yukon  Delta. 


ARIZONA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Apache  . 
Maricopa 
Mohave  . 
Pima  .  . 


5,283 
5,689 
1,190 
1 7,006 


pinal . 3,044 

Yavapai . 5,013 

.  3,215 


Yuma 


POPULATION  BY  RACE. 


White 

Colored 

Chinese 


35,i6o 

155 

1,630 


Japanese 
Indians  . 


2 

3,493 


Silver  product 
Copper  product 
Wool  product . 


ARKANSAS. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


$2,325,825 
3,183,750  pounds. 
313,698  pounds. 


258 


Arkansas 
Ashley 
Baxter 
Benton 
Boone 
Bradley 
Calhoun 
Carroll 
Chicot 
Clark  . 

Clay  . 
Columbia 
Conway  . 
Craighead 
Crawford 
Crittenden 
Cross  . 

Dallas 
Desha 
Dorsey 
Drew  . 
Faulkner 
Franklin 
Fulton  . 
Garland  . 
Grant . 

Greene  . 
Hempstead 
Hot  Spring 
Howard  . 
Independence 
I  zarcl  . 
Jackson  . 
Jefferson 
Johnson  , 


8,038 

10,156 

6,004 

20,328 

12,146 

6,285 

5,671 

13,337 

10,117 

15,771 

7,213 

14,090 

12,755 

7,037 

14,740 

9,4i5 

5,050 

6,505 

8,973 

8,370 

12,231 

12,786 

H,95i 

6,720 

9,023 

6,185 

7,48o 

19,015 

7,775 
9,9 ‘7 
18,086 
10,857 
10,877 
22,386 
11,565 


La  Fayette . 5,730 

Lawrence . 8,782 

Lee . 13,288 


Lincoln 


9,255 


Little  River . 6,404 

Logan . 14,885 

Lonoke . 12,146 

Madison . 11,455 

Marion . 7,907 

Miller . 9,919 

Mississippi . 7,332 


Monroe 


9-574 


Montgomery . 5,729 

Nevada . 12,959 

Newton . 6,120 

Ouachita . 11,758 

Perry . 3,872 

Phillips . 21,262 

Pike . 6,345 

Poinsett . 2,192 

Polk .  5,857 

Pope . 14,322 

Prairie . 8,435 

Pulaski . 32,616 

Randolph . 11,724 

St.  Francis . 8,389 

Saline . 8,953 

Scott . 9d74 

Searcy . 7,278 

Sebastian . 19,560 

Sevier . 6,192 

Sharp . 9,047 

Stone . 5,089 

Union  ....... 


Van  Buren 


13,419 

9,565 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


259 


Washington . 23,844  Woodruff  .  . 

White . 17,794  Yell  ...  . 

***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


8,646  Routt .  . 

13,852  Saguache 
San  Juan, 


140  Summit 
1,973  Weld  . 
1,087 


5,459 

5,646 


Alameda 
Alpine  .  . 

Amador  .  . 
Butte  .  .  . 

Calaveras  . 
Colusa  .  . 
Contra  Costa 
Del  Norte  . 
El  Dorado  . 
Fresno  .  . 

Humboldt  . 
Inyo  .  .  . 

Kern  .  .  . 

Lake  .  .  . 

Lassen  .  . 

Los  Angeles 
Marin  .  . 

Mariposa 
Mendocino  . 
Merced  .  . 

Modoc  .  . 

Mono  .  . 

Monterey  . 
Napa .  .  . 
Nevada  .  . 

Placer  .  . 


CALIFORNIA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


62,976 

539 

11,384 

18,721 

9,094 

13,118 

12,525 

2,584 

10,683 

9,478 

15,512 

2,928 

5,601 

6,596 

3,340 

33,38i 

11,324 

4,339 

12,800 

5,656 

4,399 

7,499 

11,302 

13,235 

20,823 

14,232 


Plumas  .  .  . 

Sacramento 
San  Benito  .  . 

San  Bernardino 
San  Diego  .  . 

San  Francisco 
San  Joaquin  . 
San  Luis  Obispo 
San  Mateo  .  . 

Santa  Barbara 
Santa  Clara 
Santa  Cruz  .  . 

Shasta  .  .  . 

Sierra  .  .  . 

Siskiyou .  .  . 

Solano  .  .  . 

Sonoma  .  .  . 

Stanislaus  .  . 

Sutter  .  .  . 

Tehama  .  .  . 

Trinity  .  .  . 

Tulare  .  .  . 

Tuolumne  .  . 

Ventura  .  .  . 

Yolo  .... 
Yuba  .... 


.  6, 1 80 

•  34,39° 

•  5,584 

.  7,786 

.  8,618 

•  233,959 
.  24,349 

•  9A42 
8,669 

•  9,5i3 

•  35,039 

.  12,802 

.  9,492 

6,623 
8,610 
.  18,475 

.  25,926 

•  8,751 

•  5d59 

•  9,3oi 

.  4,999 

.  11,281 

.  7,848 

•  5,073 

.  11,772 

.  11,284 


White 

Colored 

Chinese 


POPULATION  BY  RACE. 


767,181 

6,Ol8 

75d32 


Japanese 

Indian 


C6 

16,277 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Barley . 

Wheat . 

Wool . 

Hops . 

Irish  potatoes . 

Butter . '.  .  .  .  . 

Cheese  . 

Value  of  gold  product . 

Value  of  silver  product . 

Coal  product . 

Copper  . 

Value  of  fisheries  product . 


12,463,561  bushels. 
29,017,707  bushels. 
16,798,036  pounds. 
1,444,077  pounds. 
4,550,565  bushels. 
14,084,405  pounds. 
2,566,618  pounds. 
$17,150,941 
$1,150,887 
239,950  tons. 
720,000  pounds. 
$1,860,714 


COLORADO. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Arapahoe  .... 

Grand . 

417 

Bent . 

Gunnison . 

8,235 

Boulder . 

•  •  •  9,723 

Hinsdale . 

1,487 

Chaffee . 

Huerfano . 

4,124 

Clear  Creek  .  .  . 

•  •  •  7,823 

Jefferson . 

6(804 

Conejos . 

.  .  .  5,605 

Lake . 

23,563 

Costilla . 

La  Plata . 

1, 1 10 

Custer . 

.  .  .  8,080 

Larimer . 

4,892 

Douglas . 

Las  Animas . 

8,903 

Elbert . 

Ouray . 

2,669 

El  Paso  . 

•  •  •  7,949 

Park . 

3,970 

Fremont  .  .  .  . 

•  •  ■  4,735 

Pueblo . 

7,617 

Gilpin . 

Rio  Grande . 

L944 

SPECIAL  STATIST  ICS. 

Wool  product . 

Gold  product . 

Silver  product . 

Coal  product . 


Fairfield  . 
Hartfor  1 
Litchfield 
Middlesex 


CONNECTICUT. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


1 12,042 
125,382 
52,044 
35,589 


New  Haven 
New  London  . 
Tolland  .  .  . 

Windham  .  . 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Principal  Agricultural  Productions  :  — 

Indian  corn . 

Oats . 

Tobacco . 

Irish  potatoes . 

Butter . 

Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Products:  — 

Boots  and  shoes . 

Boots  and  shoes  (rubber) . 

Brass  and  copper  (rolled) . 

Carpets . 

Carriages  and  wagons . 

Clocks  . 

Clothing  (men’s) . 

Cotton  goods . 

Corsets . * . 

Cutlery  and  edge-tools . 

Firearms . 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products  .... 
Foundery  and  machine-shop  products  .  . 

Hardware . 

Hats  and  caps . 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods . 

Mixed  textiles . 

Paper  . 

Plated  ware . 

Sewing  machines . 

Silk  and  silk  goods . 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing  .  .  .  ' .  . 

Woolen  goods . 

Quarries :  — 

Number  of  quarries . 

Product  in  1880  (cubic  feet) . 

Value  of  product . 

Fisheries :  — 

Persons  employed . 

Capital  invested . 

Value  of  products . 

Public  Schools  :  — 

Number  of  teachers . 

Number  of  school-buildings . 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  .  .  . 


DAKOTA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 

Aurora  .  . 

Barnes  .  . 

Beadle  .  . 

Billings  .  . 

|  Bon  Homme 


69 

1,585 

1,290 

1,323 

5,468 


Boreman 
Brookings 
Brown  . 
Brule 
Buffalo  . 


3,197,39!  pounds. 
$2,699,898 
$16,549,274 

462,747  tons. 


156,523 

73d52 

24,112 

43,856 


1,880,421  bushels. 
1,009,706  bushels. 
14,044,652  pounds. 
2,584,262  bushels. 
8,198,995  pounds. 


$2,211,385 

4d75,997 

10,985,471 

2,500,559 

2,605,591 

3,016,717 

2,210,159 

17,050,126 

3,322,359 

2,704,708 

2,470,398 

2,964,134 

6,339,599 

10,374,293 

4,407,993 

2,432,271 

5,9!9,5°5 

•  4,337,550 

,  6,080,076 

.  2,969,741 

5,881,000 
.  4,669,540 

.  16,892,284 

38 

•  3,527,4oo 

.  $1,087,425 

3d3i 
.  $1,421,020 
.  $1,456,866 

2,719 

'1,643 

72,725 


534 

4,965 

353 

238 

63 


260 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


Burleigh 
Campbell 
Cass  .  . 

Charles  Mix 
Clark  .  . 

Clay  .  . 

Codington 
Custer 
Davison  . 
Day  .  . 

Deuel 
Douglas  . 
Emmons 
Faulk  . 
Foster 
Grand  Forks 
Grant 
Hamlin  . 
Hand 
Hanson  . 
Howard  . 
Hughes  . 
Hutchinson 
Kidder  . 
Kingsbury 
Lake  .  . 

LaMoure 
Lawrence 
Lincoln  . 
Lyman  . 
McCook . 


3,246 1  Meyer .  115 

50 1  Miner .  363 

8,998  ;  Minnehaha . 8,251 

407  Moody . 3,915 

1 14  Morton .  200 

5,001  Mountraille .  13 

2,156  Pembina . 4,862 

995  {  Pennington . 2,244 

1,256  Ramsey .  281 

97  |  Ransom .  537 

2,302 1  Richland . 3,597 

6  Rusk .  46 

38  Shannon .  113 

4  Spink .  477 

37  Stanley .  793 

6,248  Stevens .  247 

3,010  j  Stutsman .  1,007 

693  |  Sully .  296 

1 53  |  Todd .  203 

1,301  ;  Traill . 4,123 

12  Turner . 5)320 

268  Union . 6,813 

5,573  Wallette .  432 

89  j  Walworth .  46 

1,102  Williams .  14 

2,657  Yankton . 8,390 

20 

13,248  Sisseton  and  Wahpeton  Res- 

5,896  ervation .  73 

124  Fort  Sisseton .  134 

1,283 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Indian  corn . 2,000,864  bushels. 

Oats . 2,217,132  bushels. 

\\  heat . 2,830,289  bushels. 

Gold  product  (1880) . $3,305,843 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  buildings . 361 

Number  of  teachers . 320 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils . 8,530 


DELAWARE. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 

Sussex  .  . 


Kent  .  .  . 

New  Castle 


32,874 

77,716 


36,018 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products :  — 

Indian  corn . 3,894,264  bushels. 

Wheat .  1,175,272  bushels. 

Butter .  1,876,275  pounds. 

Value  of  Chief  Manufactured  Products  :  — 

Iron  and  steel . $2,347,177 

Wrought-iron  pipe . 2,000,000 

Ship-building . 2,162,503 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  school-buildings .  369 

Number  of  teachers .  326 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils .  1 7,439 


FLORIDA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Alachua . 16,462  Calhoun  . 

Baker . 2,303  Clay  .  . 

Bradford . 6,112  Columbia 

Brevard  1,478  Dade  .  . 


1,580 
2,838 
9,589 
2  57 


Duval . 

’9,43’ 

Marion . 

13,046 

Escambia . 

12,156 

Monroe . 

10,940 

Franklin . 

L791 

Nassau . 

6,635 

Gadsden . 

1 2, 1 69 

Orange . 

6,618 

Hamilton . 

6,79° 

Polk" . 

3,i8i 

Hernando . 

4,248 

Putnam . 

6,261 

Hillsborough . 

5,814 

St.  Johns . 

4,535 

Holmes . 

2,170 

Santa  Rosa . 

6,645 

Jackson  . 

i4,37i 

Sumter . 

4,686 

Jefferson . 

16,065 

Suwanee . 

7,161 

Lafayette  ....... 

2,441 

T  aylor . 

2,279 

Leon . 

19,662 

Volusia . 

3,294 

Levy . 

5,767 

Wakulla . 

2,723 

Liberty . 

1,362 

Walton . 

4,201 

Madison . 

14,798 

Washington . 

4,089 

Manatee . 

3,544 

*#*  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


GEORGIA. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Appling . 5,276 

Baker . 7,307 

Baldwin . 13,806 

Banks . 7,337 

Bartow . 18,690 

Berrien . 6,619 

Bibb . 27,147 

Brooks . 11,727 

Bryan . 4,929 

Bullock . 8,053 

Burke . 27,128 

Butts . 8,311 

Calhoun .  7,024 

Camden . 6,183 

Campbell . 9,970 

Carroll . 16,901 

Catoosa . 4,739 

Charlton . 2,154 

Chatham . 45,023 

Chattahoochee . 5,670 

Chattooga . 10,021 

Cherokee . 14,325 

Clarke  .  11,702 

Clay . 6,650 

Clayton . 8,027 

Clinch . 4,138 

Cobb . 20,748 

Coffee . 5,070 

Colquitt . 2,527 

Columbia . 10,465 

Coweta . 21,109 

Crawford . 8,656 

Dade . 4,7°2 

Dawson . 5,837 

Decatur . 19,072 

De  Kalb . 1 4,497 

Dodge .  5,358 

Dooly . 12,420 

Dougherty . 12,622 

Douglas . 6,934 

Early . 7,611 

Echols .  2,553 

Effingham . 5,979 

Elbert . 12,957 

Emanuel . 9,759 

Fannin . 7,245 

Fayette . 8,605 

Floyd . 24,418 

Forsyth . 10,559 

Franklin . 11,453 

Fulton . 49T37 

Gilmer . 8,386 

Glascock . 3,577 


Glynn 
Gordon  . 
Greene  . 
Gwinnett 
Habersham 
Hall  .  . 

Hancock 
Haralson 
Harris 
Hart  . 
Heard 
Henry 
Houston 
Irwin  . 
Jackson 
Jasper 
Jefferson 
Johnson 
Jones  . 
Laurens 
Lee 

Liberty 
Lincoln 
Lowndes 
Lumpkin 
McDuffie 
McIntosh 
Vfacon  . 
Madison 
Marion  . 
Meriwether 
Miller 
Milton 
Mitchell  . 
Monroe  . 
Montgomer 
Morgan  . 
Murray  . 
Muscogee 
Newton  . 
Oconee  . 
Oglethorpe 
Paulding 
Pickens 
Pierce 
Pike  . 

Polk  . 
Pulaski 
Putnam 
Ouitman 
Rabun 
Randolph 
Richmond 


6,497 

11,171 

17,547 

19,531 

8,718 

15,298 

16,989 

5,974 

15,758 

9>°94 

8,769 

HT93 
22,414 
2,696 
16,297 
11,851 
15,671 
4,800 
11,613 
10,053 
io,577 
10,649 
6,412 
1 1,049 
6,526 

9,449 

6,241 

11,675 

7,978 

8,598 

17,651 

3,720 

6,261 

9.392 
18,808 

5,38i 

14,032 

8,269 

19,322 

13,623 

6,351 

15,400 

10,887 

6,79° 

4,538 

15,849 

11,952 

14,058 

H,539 

4.392 
4,634 

’3,341 

34,665 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


261 


Rockdale 
Schley  . 
Screven  . 
Spalding 
Stewart  . 
Sumter  . 
Talbot  . 
Taliaferro 
Tattnall  . 
Taylor  . 
Telfair  . 
Terrell  . 
Thomas  . 
Towns  . 
Troup 
Twiggs  . 


6,838  |  Union 


5,3°2 


Upson 


12,785 

12,585 

13,998 

18,239 

14,115 

7,034 

6,988 

8,597 

4,828 

10,451 

20,597 

3,261 

20,565 

8,918 


Walker  .  . 

Walton  .  . 

Ware .  .  . 
Warren  .  . 

Washington 
Wayne  .  . 

Webster 
White  .  . 
Whitfield  . 
Wilcox  .  . 

Wilkes  .  . 

Wilkinson  . 
Worth  .  . 


*%*  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


Ada  .  .  . 
Alturas  .  . 

Bear  Lake  . 
Boise .  .  . 
Cassia  .  . 

Idaho  .  . 
Kootenai 


IDAHO. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


4,674 

1,693 

3,235 

3,214 

1,312 

2,031 

518 


Lemhi  .  . 

Nez  Perces 
Oneida  .  . 

Owyhee  .  . 

Shoshone  . 
Washington 


White 

Indian 


POPULATION  BY  RACE. 


29,013 

165 


Colored 

Chinese 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Mining  Products  (1880):  — 

Gold . 

Silver . 

Copper  . 


Adams  .  . 

Alexander  . 
Bond  .  .  . 

Boone  .  . 

Brown  .  . 

Bureau  .  . 

Calhoun  .  . 

Carroll  .  . 

Cass  .  .  . 
Champaign  . 
Christian 
Clark  .  .  . 

Clay  .  .  . 

Clinton  .  . 

Coles  .  .  . 

Cook  .  .  . 
Crawford  . 
Cumberland 
De  Kalb .  . 

De  Witt .  . 

Douglas .  . 

Du  Page 
Edgar  .  . 

Edwards 
Effingham  . 
Fayette  . 

F ord  .  . 

Franklin 


ILLINOIS. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


59? 1 35 
14,808 
14,866 
1 1,508 

13,041 

33d72 

7,467 

16,976 

14,493 
40,863 
28,227 
21,894 
1 6, 1 92 
18,714 
27,042 
607,524 
16,197 
13,759 
26,768 
17,010 
15,853 
19,161 
25,499 

8,597 
18,920 
23,241 
1 5,099 
16,129 


F  ulton  .  . 

Gallatin  .  . 

Greene  .  . 

Grundy  .  . 

Hamilton  . 
Hancock 
Hardin  .  . 

Henderson  . 
Henry  .  . 

Iroquois 
Jackson  .  . 

Jasper  .  . 

Jefferson 
Jersey  .  . 

Jo  Daviess  . 
Johnson  .  . 

Kane .  .  . 

Kankakee  . 
Kendall  .  . 

Knox .  .  . 

Lake  .  .  . 

La  Salle  .  . 

Lawrence  . 
Lee  .  .  . 

Livingston  . 
Logan  .  . 

McDonough 
McHenry  . 


6,431 
12,400 
1 1,056 
15,622 

4J59 
10,885 
21,964 
5,980 
5,237 
5,341 
1 1 ,900 
3,109 

15,985 

12,061 

5,892 


2,230 

3,965 

6,964 

1,426 

469 

879 


53 

3,379 


$1,479,653 

$464,550 

1 50,000  pounds. 


41,240 

12,861 

23,010 

16,732 

16,712 

35,337 

6,024 

10,722 

36,597 

35,45i 

22,505 

H,5i5 

20,686 

15,542 

27,528 

13,078 

44,939 

25,047 

13,083 

38,344 

21,296 

70,403 

>3,663 

27,491 

38,450 

25,037 

27,970 

24,908 


McLean  .  . 

Macon  .  . 

Macoupin  . 
Madison 
Marion  .  . 

Marshall 
Mason  .  . 

Massac  .  . 

Menard  .  . 

Mercer  .  . 

Monroe  .  . 

Montgomery 
Morgan  .  . 

Moultrie 
Ogle.  .  .  . 
Peoria  .  . 

Perry .  .  . 

Piatt  .  .  . 

Pike  .  .  . 
Pope  .  .  . 

Pulaski  .  . 

Putnam  .  . 

Randolph  . 


60,100  j 

30,665 

37,692 

50,126 

23,686 

15,055 

16,242 

io,443 

13,024 

19,502 

13,682 

28,078 

3i,5i4 

13,699 

29,937 

55,355 

16,007 

15,583 

33,75i 

13,256 

9,507 

5,554 

25,690 


Richland 
Rock  Island 
St.  Clair .  . 
Saline  .  . 
Sangamon  . 
Schuyler 
Scott  .  .  . 

Shelby  .  . 

Stark  .  .  . 

Stephenson 
Tazewell 
Union  .  . 

Vermillion  . 
Wabash  .  . 

Warren  .  . 

Washington 
Wayne  .  . 

White  .  . 

Whiteside  . 
Will  .  .  . 
Williamson 
Winnebago 
Woodford  . 


***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


INDIANA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Adams  .  . 

Allen  .  .  . 

Bartholomew 
Benton  .  . 

Blackford  . 
Boone  .  . 

Brown  .  . 

Carroll  .  . 

Cass  .  .  . 

Clark  .  .  . 

Clay  .  .  . 

Clinton  .  . 

Crawford  . 
Daviess  .  . 

Dearborn  . 
Decatur  .  . 

De  Kalb 
Delaware  . 
Dubois  .  . 

Elkhart  .  . 

Fayette  .  . 

Floyd  .  . 

Fountain 
Franklin 
Fulton  .  . 

Gibson  .  . 

Grant.  .  . 

Greene  .  . 

Hamilton  . 
Hancock 
Harrison 
Hendricks  . 
Henry  .  . 

Howard  .  . 

Huntington 
Jackson  .  . 

Jasper  .  . 

Jay  .  .  • 

Jefferson 
Jennings 
Johnson  .  . 

Knox .  .  . 

Kosciusko  . 
Lagrange  . 
Lake  .  .  • 

La  Porte 


15,385 

Lawrence  . 

54,763 

Madison 

22,777 

Marion  .  . 

1 1,108 

Marshall 

8,020 

Martin  .  . 

25,922 

Miami  .  . 

10,264 

Monroe  .  . 

18,345 

Montgomery 

27,61 1 

Morgan  .  . 

28,610 

Newton  .  . 

25,854 

Noble  .  . 

23,472 

Ohio  .  .  . 

12,356 

Orange  .  . 

2>,552 

Owen .  .  . 

26,671 

Parke  .  . 

>9,779 

Perry .  .  . 

20,225 

Pike  .  .  . 

22,926 

Porter  .  . 

1 5,992 

Posey  .  . 

33,454 

Pulaski  .  . 

>1,394 

Putnam  .  . 

24,590 

Randolph  . 

20,228 

Ripley  .  . 

20,092 

Rush  .  .  . 

>4,301 

St.  Joseph  . 

22,742 

Sc6tt  .  .  . 

23,618 

Shelby  .  . 

22,996 

Spencer  .  . 

24,801 

Starke  .  . 

17,123 

Steuben  .  . 

21,326 

Sullivan  .  . 

22,981 

Switzerland 

24,016 

Tippecanoe 

19,584 

Tipton  . 

21,805 

Union 

23,050 

Vanderburg 

9,464 

Vermillion 

19,282 

Vigo  .  • 

25,977 

Wabash  . 

>6,453 

Warren  . 

>9,537 

Warrick  . 

26,324 

Washington 

26,494 

Wayne  . 

15,630 

Wells  . 

15,091 

White 

30,985 

Whitley  . 

>5,545 
38,302 
61,806 
15,950 
52,894 
16,249 
10,741 
30,270 
1 1,207 

31,963 

29,666 

18,102 

41,588 

9,945 

22,933 

21,112 

21,291 

23,087 

30,885 

53,422 

19,324 

30,505 

21,620 


.  .  >8,543 

•  •  27,527 

.  .  102,782 

.  .  23,414 

•  •  >3,475 

.  •  24,083 

•  •  15,875 

.  .  27,316 

.  .  18,900 

.  .  8,167 

.  .  22,956 

•  •  5,563 

•  •  14,363 

.  .  15,901 

.  .  1 9,460 

.  .  16,997 

.  .  16,383 

.  .  17,227 

.  .  20,857 

.  .  9,851 

.  .  22,501 

•  •  26,435 

.  .  21,627 

•  •  >9,238 

•  •  33,>78 

•  •  8,343 

.  .  25,257 

OO  T  OO 

•  •  1  ^ 

.  .  5,105 

.  •  14,645 

.  .  20,336 

•  •  13,336 

•  •  35,966 

.  .  14,407 

•  •  7,673 

•  •  42d93 
.  V  12,025 

•  •  45,658 

.  .  25,241 

•  •  n,497 

.  .  20,162 

.  •  18,955 

.  .  38,613 
.  .  18,442 

•  •  >3,795 

.  .  16,941 


262 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Indian  corn . 1 15,482,300  bushels. 

Oats . 15,599,518  bushels. 

W  heat . 47,284,853  bushels. 

Wool . 6,167,498  pounds. 

Hay .  1,361,083  tons. 

Tobacco . 8,872,842  pounds. 

Irish  potatoes . 6,232,246  bushels. 

Butter .  37,377,797  pounds. 

Bituminous  coal  product .  1,449,496  tons. 


IOWA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Adair 


Buena  Vista 


Calhoun 
Carroll 
Cass  . 


Clay 


Clinton 


Dallas 


Dickinson 


Emmet . 

Fayette . 22,258 

Floyd  . 

Franklin . 

Fremont . 


Guthrie  . 
Hamilton 
Hancock 


Henry 
Howard  . 
Humboldt 
Ida  .  . 
Iowa  .  . 

Jackson  . 
Jasper 


Jefferson  .... 

.  .  .  1 7,469 

Johnson  . 

•  •  •  25,429 

•  i9,79> 

Jones  . 

.  16,636 

Keokuk  ...*.. 

CO 

rn 

N 

CN 

•  7,448 

Kossuth . 

.  .  .  6,178 

Lee . 

•  •  34,859 

•  23,913 

Linn . 

.  20,838 

Louisa . 

Lucas  . 

.  .  14,530 

.  18,546 

Lyon . 

•  7,537 

Madison  .... 

.  .  17,224 

•  14,293 

Mahaska  .... 

•  5,595 

Marion . 

.  .  25,111 

•  12,351 

Marshall  .... 

•  •  23,752 

•  [6,943 

Mills . 

•  •  14437 

•  18,936 

Mitchell . 

Monona . 

.  8,240 

Monroe . 

•  •  13,719 

•  14,534 

Montgomery  .  . 

•  •  15,895 

•  1  [,5r3 

Muscatine . 

.  4,248 

O’Brien . 

Osceola . 

•  36,763 

Page . 

•  12,413 

Palo  Alto . 

.  18,746 

Plymouth . 

.  .  8,566 

Pocahontas  .  .  .  . 

•  •  3,7i3 

•  15,336 

Polk . 

•  •  42,395 

•  1 7,95° 

Pottawattamie  .  .  . 

•  •  39,850 

•  33,099 

Poweshiek . 

•  •  18,936 

1,901 

Ringgold . 

.  .  12,085 

.  42,996 

Sac . 

•  •  8,774 

•  i,55o 

Scott . 

.  22,258 

Shelby . 

•  14,677 

Sioux . 

.  .  5,426 

.  10,249 

Story  . 

.  17,652 

Tama . 

.  .  21,585 

•  12,727 

Taylor . 

•  •  15,635 

•  12,639 

Union . 

•  14,394 

Van  Buren . 

•  •  17,043 

.  11,252 

Wapello . 

Warren  . 

•  •  19,578 

.  17,807 

Washington  .  .  .  . 

•  •  20,374 

16,649 

Wayne . 

.  20,986 

Webster.  .'.... 

•  •  i9,95i 

.  10,837 

Winnebago . 

•  •  4,9i7 

•  5,34i 

Winneshiek  .  .  .  . 

•  •  23,938 

Woodbury . 

•  •  14,996 

.  19,221 

Worth . 

•  •  7,953 

•  23,771 

Wright . 

•  25,963 

Ha>* . 3,613,941  tons. 

Irish  potatoes . 9,962,537  bushels. 

Butter . 55,481,958  pounds. 

Cheese .  1,075,988  pounds. 

Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Products  :  — 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products . $19,089,401 

Sawed  lumber . 6,185,628 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing . 11,285,032 

Bituminous  coal  product .  \  442  tons. 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  school  buildings .  11,148 

Number  of  teachers .  12,794 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils .  260,813 


KANSAS.1 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Allen . 11,303 

Anderson . 9,057 

Arapahoe  .  3 

Atchison . 26,668 

Barbour . 2,661 

Barton . 10,318 

Bourbon . 19,591 

Brown . 12,817 

Buffalo .  1 91 

Butler . 18,586 

Chase . 6,081 

Chautauqua . 11,072 

Cherokee . 21,905 

Cheyenne .  37 

Clark .  163 

Clay . 12,320 

CIoud . 15,343 

Coffey . 11,438 

Comanche .  372 

Cowley . 21,538 

Crawford . 16,851 

Davis . 6,994 

Decatur  . . 4,180 

Dickinson . 15,251 

Doniphan . 14,257 

Douglas . 21,700 

Edwards . 2,409 

Elk . 10,623 

Ellis . 6,179 

Ellsworth . 8,494 

Foote .  41 1 

Ford . 3,122 

Franklin . 16,797 

Gove .  1,196 

Graham . 4,258 

Grant .  9 

Greeley .  3 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Barley . 4,022,588  bushels. 

Indian  corn . 275,014,247  bushels. 

°ats . 50,610,591  bushels. 

Wheat . 31,154,205  bushels. 

.  2,971,975  pounds. 


Wool 


Greenwood .  . 

. 10,548 

Sherman 

Hamilton  .  . 

.  168 

Smith 

Harper  .  .  . 

. 4J33 

Stafford  . 

Harvey  .  .  . 

. u,45i 

Stanton  . 

Hodgeman  . 

.  1,704 

Stevens  .  . 

fackson  . 

Sumner  . 

Jefferson  .  . 

Thomas  . 

Jewell  .  .  . 

T  rego  .  . 

Johnson  .  .  . 

. '6,853 

Wabaunsee 

Kansas  .  .  . 

Wallace  .  . 

Kearney .  .  . 

.  159 

Washington 

Kingman 

.  3,7i3 

Wichita  .  . 

Labette  .  .  . 

. 22,735 

Wilson  .  . 

Lane  .... 

Woodson  . 

Leavenworth  . 

.  32,355 

Wyandotte  . 

***  For  other  general  statistics  see 

Lincoln . 8,582 

Lynn . 5,298 

Lyon . 17,326 

McPherson . 1 7, 143 

Marion . 12,453 

Marshall . 16,136 

Meade .  296 

Miami . 17,802 

Mitchell . 14,911 

Montgomery . 18,213 

Morris . 9,265 

Nemaha . 12,462 

Neosho . 15,121 

3,722 


Ness 

Norton . 6,998 

Osage . 19,642 

Osborne . 12,517 

Ottawa . 10,307 

Pawnee . 5*396 

Phillips . 12,014 

Pottawatomie . 16,350 

Pratt .  1,890 

Rawlins .  1,623 

Reno . 12,826 

Republic . 14,913 

Rice . 9,292 

Riley . 10,430 

Rooks . 8,1  r  2 

. 5,490 

. 7,35i 

. [3,808 

.  43 

.  18,753 

.  568 

.  5 

. 29,093 

. 1,567 

.  13 

. 13,883 

. 4,755 

.  5 

.  12 

. 20,812 

.  161 

. 2,535 

. 8,756 

.  686 

. 14, 910 

.  14 

. 13,775 


Rush 
Russell  . 
Saline 
Scott  .  . 

Sedgwick 
Sequoyah 
Seward  . 
Shawnee 
Sheridan 


19,143 


1  The  counties  here  given  are  those  enumerated  in  the  census  of  1880;  and  while  the  list  is  now 
incomplete,  owing  to  the  remarkable  growth  of  population  since  the  year  1880,  it  affords  some  basis  foi 
estimating  the  relative  density  of  population  in  different  parts  of  the  State. 


I 


GENERAL 


KENTUCKY. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Adair . 13,078 

Allen . 12,089 

Anderson . 9,361 

Ballard . 14,378 

Barren . 22,321 

Bath . 11,982 

Bell . 6,055 

Boone . 1 1 ,996 

Bourbon . 1 5,956 

Boyd . 12,165 

Boyle . .  11,930 

Bracken.  .......  13,509 

Breathitt . 7,742 

Breckinridge . 17,486 

Bullitt . 8,521 

Butler . 12,181 

Caldwell.  .......  11,282 

Calloway . 1 3,295 

Campbell .  37,44° 

Carroll . 8,953 

Carter . 12,345 

Casey . 10,983 

Christian . .  31,682 

Clark . 12,115 

Clay . 10,222 

Clinton . 7, 21 2 

Crittenden . 11,688 

Cumberland . 8,894 

Daviess . 27,730 

Edmonson . 7,222 

Elliott . 6,567 

Estill . 9,860 

Fayette . 29,023 

Fleming . 15,221 

Floyd . 10,176 

Franklin . 18,699 

Fulton . 7,977 

Garrard . 11,704 

Gellatin . 4,832 

Grant . 13,083 

Graves . 24,138 

Grayson . 1 5,784 

Green . 11,871 

Greenup . 1 3,37 1 

Hancock . 8,563 

Hardin . .*  .  .  22,564 

Harlan . 5,278 

Harrison . 16,504 

Hart . I7d33 

Henderson . 24,515 

Henry . 14,492 

Hickman . 10,651 

Hopkins . 19,122 

Jackson . 6,678 

Jefferson . 146,010 

Jessamine . 10,864 

Johnson . 9, 1 55 

Kenton .  43,983 

Knox . 10,587 


La  Rue . 9,793 

Laurel . 9,131 

Lawrence . .  13,262 

Lee . 4,254 

Leslie . 3,74o 

Letcher . 6,601 

Lewis . 13,1 54 

Lincoln . 15,080 

Livingston . 9, 1 65 

Logan . 24,358 

Lyon . 6,768 

McCracken  ......  16,262 

McLean . 9,293 

Madison . 22,052 

Magoffin . 6,944 

Marion .  .  .  14,693 

Marshall . 9,647 

Martin . 3, 057 

Mason . 20,469 

Meade . 10,323 

Menifee . 3,755 

Mercer . 14,142 

Metcalfe . 9>423 

Monroe . 10,741 

Montgomery  ......  10,566 

Morgan . 8,455 

Muhlenburgh . 1 5,098 

Nelson . .  16,609 

Nicholas . 11,869 

Ohio . 19,669 

Oldham . 7,667 

Owen . 17,401 

Owsley . 4,942 

Pendleton . 16,702 

Perry . 5,607 

Pike . 13,001 

Powell . 3,639 

Pulaski . 21,318 

Robertson . 5,814 

Rockcastle . 9,670 

Rowan . 4, 420 

Russell .  7,591 

Scott . 14,965 

Shelby . 16,813 

Simpson . 10,641 

Spencer . 7,040 

Taylor . 9,259 

Todd . 15,994 

Trigg . 14,489 

Trimble . 7,  t  7 1 

Union . 17,809 

Warren . 27,531 

Washington . 14,419 

Wayne . 12,512 

Webster . 14,246 

Whitley . 12,000 

Wolfe . 5,638 

Woodford . 11,800 


***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 

LOUISIANA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


STICAL  TABLES. 

263 

Claiborne  .  .  . 

.  18,837 

Red  River  .... 

•  •  •  8,573 

Concordia  .  .  . 

.  14,914 

Richland  .... 

.  .  .  8,440 

De  Soto  .  .  . 

.  1 5,603 

Sabine . 

•  •  •  7,344 

East  Baton  Rouge 

.  1 9,966 

St.  Bernard  .  .  . 

.  .  .  4,405 

East  Carroll 

.  12,134 

St.  Charles .... 

.  .  .  7, 1 61 

East  Feliciana 

•  I5d32 

St.  Helena  .... 

.  .  .  7,504 

Franklin  .  .  . 

.  6,495 

St.  James  .... 

.  .  .  14,714 

Grant  .... 

.  6,188 

St.  John  Baptist  .  . 

.  .  .  9,686 

Iberia  .... 

1 6,676 

St.  Landry  .... 

.  .  .  40,004 

Iberville  .  .  . 

•  0,544 

St.  Martin  .... 

.  .  .  12,663 

Jackson  .... 

•  5,328 

St.  Mary  .... 

.  .  .  19,891 

Jefferson  .  .  . 

.  1 2, 1 66 

St.  Tammany  .  .  . 

.  .  .  6,887 

La  Fayette  .  .  . 

•  '3,235 

Tangipahoa  .  .  . 

.  .  .  9,638 

La  Fourche  .  . 

•  '9,' '3 

Tensas  . 

.  .  .  17,815 

Lincoln  .... 

.  11,075 

Terre  Bonne  .  .  . 

•  •  •  U,957 

Livingston  .  .  . 

.  5,258 

Union . 

.  .  .  13,526 

Madison  .  .  . 

.  13,906 

Vermillion  .... 

.  .  .  8,728 

Morehouse  .  .  . 

.  [4,206 

Vernon . 

.  .  .  5,160 

Natchitoches  .  . 

•  19,707 

Washington  .  .  . 

.  .  .  5,190 

Orleans  .... 

.  216,090 

Webster  .... 

Ouachita  .  .  . 

.  14,685 

West  Baton  Rouge  . 

.  .  .  7,667 

Plaquemines  .  . 

•  ",575 

West  Carroll  .  .  . 

.  .  .  2,776 

Point  Coupde  .  . 

•  17,785 

West  Feliciana  .  . 

Rapides  .... 

.  23,563  i  Winn . 

.  .  .  5,846 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products:  — 

Indian  corn . 9,889,689  bushels. 

Sugar .  171,706  hogsheads. 

Molasses . .  1 1,696,248  gallons. 

Rice  . 23,188,31 1  pounds. 

Cotton .  508,569  bales. 


MAINE. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Androscoggin . 45,042 

Aroostook . 41,700 

Cumberland . 86,359 

Franklin . 18,180 

Hancock . 38,129 

Kennebec . 53, 058 

Knox . 32,863 

Lincoln . 24,821 


Oxford . 32, '627 

Penobscot . 70,476 

Piscataquis . 14,872 

Sagadahoc . 19,272 

Somerset .  32,333 

Waldo . 32,463 

Washington .  44,484 

York . 62,257 


Ascension  .... 

.  .  .  16,895 

Caddo  . 

.  .  .  26,296 

» 

Assumption  .  .  . 

Calcasieu  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  12,484 

Avoyelles  .... 

.  .  .  16,747 

Caldwell  .  .  .  . 

.  •  •  5,767 

Bienville  .... 

.  .  .  10,442 

Cameron  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  2,416 

1 

Bossier . 

Catahoula  .  .  .  . 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Agricultural  Products :  — 

Barley . 242,185  bushels. 

Buckwheat . 382,701  bushels. 

Indian  corn .  960,633  bushels. 

Oats . 2,265,575  bushels. 

Rye .  26,398  bushels. 

Wheat .  665,714  bushels. 

Wool . 2,776,407  pounds. 

Hay .  1,107,788  tons. 

Hops .  48,214  pounds. 

Irish  potatoes .  7, 999, 625  bushels. 

Butter . 14,103,966  pounds. 

Cheese .  1,167,730  pounds. 

Value  of  Principal  Manufactured  Products  :  — 

Boots  and  shoes . $5,823,45 1 

Cotton  goods . 1 3,3 1 9,363 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products . 3,566,023 

Foundery  and  machine-shop  products . 2,232,675 

Leather,  curried . 2,612,350 

Leather,  tanned . 7, 100,967 

Lumber,  sawed .  7,933,868 

Paper . 2,170,321 

Ship-building . 2,909,846 

Woolen  goods . 6,686,073 


264 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


Quarries :  — 

Number  of  quarries .  74 

Product  .  .  . . 2,465,670  cubic  ft. 

Value  of  product . $1,259,086 

Fisheries :  — 

Number  of  persons  employed .  11,071 

Capital  invested . $3,375,994 

Value  of  products . $3,614,178 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  school-buildings .  4,324 

Number  of  teachers .  4,797 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils .  106,763 


MARYLAND. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Allegany  .... 

.  .  .  38,012 

Anne  Arundel  .  . 

.  .  .  28,526 

Baltimore  .... 

•  •  •  83,336 

Baltimore  City  .  . 

•  •  •  332,3'3 

Calvert . 

.  .  .  10,538 

Caroline  .  . 

•  •  •  13,766 

Carroll . 

.  .  .  30,992 

Cecil . 

Charles . 

.  .  .  18,548 

Dorchester .... 

.  .  .  23,110 

Frederick  .... 

.  .  .  50,482 

Garrett . 

.  .  .  12,175 

Harford . 

.  28,042 

Howard . 

.  16,140 

Kent . 

.  17,605 

Montgomery . 

•  24,759 

Prince  George’s  .... 

.  26,451 

Oueen  Anne . 

.  19,257 

St.  Mary’s . 

•  16,934 

Somerset . 

.  2 1 ,668 

Talbot . 

.  19,065 

Washington . 

•  38,561 

Wicomico . 

.  18,016 

Worcester . 

•  19,539 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Porducts  :  — 

Boots  and  shoes . 

Bread  and  other  bakery  products .... 

Clothing,  men’s . 

Cotton  goods . 

Fertilizers . 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products  .... 
Foundery  and  machine-shop  products  .  . 

Fruits  and  vegetables,  canned  and  preserved 

Iron  and  steel . 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing  .  .  .  . 

Tinware,  copper-ware,  and  sheet-iron  ware 
Mining :  — 

Bituminous  coal  product . 

Value  of  bituminous  product . 

Iron-ore  product . 

Value  of  iron-ore  product . 

Fisheries :  — 

Persons  employed . 

Number  of  vessels . 

Value  of  products . 

Chief  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Indian  corn . . 

Wheat . . 

Tobacco  . 

Butter . 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  school-buildings . 

Number  of  teachers . 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  .  .  .  . 


$2,212,963 

2,275,227 

9,579,066 

4,688,714 

5,770,198 

7,954,004 

4,454,3t7 

6,245,297 

4,470,050 

3,377,605 

3,564,994 

2,227,844  tons. 
$2,584,455 

57,940  tons. 
$118,050 

26,008 

1,450 

$5,221,715 

15,968,533  bushels. 
8,004,864  bushels. 
26,082,147  pounds. 
7,485,871  pounds. 

L934 

3,038 

85,449 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Barnstable . 

•  31,897 

Hampshire  .  .  . 

Berkshire . 

.  69,032 

Middlesex  .  .  .  . 

Bristol . 

.  139,040 

Nantucket  .  .  .  . 

Dukes . 

•  4,300 

Norfolk . 

Essex  . 

•  244,535 

Plymouth  .  .  . 

Franklin . 

.  36,001 

Suffolk . 

Hampden . 

.  1 04. 1 42 

Worcester  .  .  . 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Principal  Agricultural  Products:  — 

Indian  corn . 

Oats . 

Wool . 

Hay . 

Tobacco  . 

Irish  potatoes . 

Butter . 

Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Products  :  — 

Boots  and  shoes . 

Men’s  clothing . 

Cotton  goods . 

Foundery  and  machine-shop  products  .  . 

Iron  and  steel . 

Leather,  curried . 

Leather,  tanned . 

Mixed  textiles . 

Paper  . 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing  .... 

Refined  sugar  and  molasses . 

Woolen  goods . 

Worsted  goods . 

Quarries :  — 

Number  of  quarries . 

Product  in  census  year . 

Value  of  product . 

Fisheries :  — 

Number  of  persons  employed . 

Capital  invested . 

Value  of  products . 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  teachers . 

Number  of  school-buildings . 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  .  .  . 


Alcona  .  .  . 
Allegan  .  .  . 

Alpena  .  .  . 

Antrim  .  .  . 

Baraga  .  .  . 
Barry  .... 
Bay  .... 
Benzie  .  .  . 

Berrien  .  .  . 

Branch  .  .  . 

Calhoun  .  .  . 

Cass  .... 
Charlevoix  .  . 

Cheboygan  .  . 

Chippewa  .  . 
Clare  .... 
Clinton  .  .  . 

Crawford  .  . 
Delta .... 
Eaton  .  .  . 

Emmet  .  .  . 
Genesee .  .  . 

Gladwin  .  .  . 

Grand  Traverse 
Gratiot  .  .  . 

Hillsdale  .  . 

Houghton  .  . 

Huron  .  .  . 

Ingham  .  .  . 

Ionia  .... 
Iosco  .... 
Isabella  .  .  . 
Isle  Royale 
Jackson  .  .  . 


MICHIGAN. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


3,io7 

Kalamazoo  . 

37,8i5 

Kalkaska  . 

8,789 

Kent  .  .  . 

5,237 

Keweenaw  . 

1,804 

Lake  .  .  . 

25,317 

Lapeer  .  . 

38,081 

Leelenaw  . 

3,433 

Lenawee 

36,785 

Livingston  . 

27,941 

Mackinac  . 

38,452 

Macomb .  . 

22,009 

Manistee 

5, "5 

Manitou  .  . 

6,524 

Marquette  . 

5,248 

Mason  .  . 

4,187 

Mecosta .  . 

28,100 

Menominee 

M59 

Midland .  . 

6,812 

Missaukee  . 

31,225 

Monroe  .  . 

6,639 

Montcalm  . 

39,220 

Muskegon  . 

1,127 

Newaygo  . 

8,422 

Oakland .  . 

21,936 

Oceana  .  . 

32,723 

Ogemaw 

22,473 

Ontonagon  . 

20,089 

Osceola  .  . 

33,676 

Oscoda  .  . 

33,872 

Otsego  .  . 

6,873 

Ottawa  .  . 

12,159 

Presque  Isle 

55 

Roscommon 

42,031 

Saginaw .  . 

1,797,768  bushels. 
645,1 59  bushels. 
299,089  pounds. 
684,679  tons. 
5,369,436  pounds. 
3,070,389  bushels. 
9,655,587  pounds. 

$95,900,5 1  o 
1 7, 902,662 
74,780,835 

23,935,604 
10,288,921 
23,282 ,775 
'3,556,721 
13,043,829 
15,188,196 
22,951,782 
22,880,439 
45,099,203 
10,466,016 

"3 

5,468,030  cubic  ft. 
$1,7", 104 

20,1 17 

£'4,334,45° 

8,141,750 

7,336 

3,343 

235,664 


34.342 
2,937 

73,253 

4,270 

3,233 

30,138 

6,253 

48.343 
22,251 

2,902 

31,627 

12,532 

B334 

25,394 

10,065 

13,973 

11,987 

6,893 

',553 

33,624 

33,148 

26,586 

14,688 

4', 537 
11,699 

i,9'4 

2,565 

10,777 

467 

L974 

33,126 


3, "3 


L459 

46,197 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


265 


Saint  Clair . 

.  .  26,626 

Tuscola  .  .  . 

. 25,738 

Public  Schools :  — 

Saint  Joseph  .... 

•  •  59,095 

Van  Buren  .  . 

. 30,807 

Number  of  school-buildings . 

3,978 

Sanilac . 

.  .  26,341 

Washtenaw 

. 41,848 

Number  of  teachers . 

5,100 

Schoolcraft . 

•  •  L575 

Wayne  .  .  . 

. 166,444 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  ...... 

103,378 

Shiawassee  .... 

•  •  27,059 

Wexford  .  . 

. 6,815 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Leading  Products  :  — 

Wheat . 

•  35,532,543  bushels. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 

Aitkin  .... 

Anoka  .... 

7,108 

Becker  .... 

.  5,218 

Beltrami  .  .  . 

10 

Benton  .... 

Big  Stone  .  .  . 

•  3,688 

Blue  Earth .  .  . 

.  22,889 

Brown  .... 

.  12.018 

Carlton  .... 

1,230 

Carver  .... 

.  14,140 

Cass . 

486 

Chippewa  .  .  . 

.  5,408 

Chisago  .... 

•  7,982 

Clay . 

.  5,887 

Cook . 

65 

Cottonwood  .  . 

•  5,533 

Crow  Wing  .  . 

•  2,319 

Dakota  .... 

•  I7,39i 

Dodge  .... 

•  n,344 

Douglas  .... 

•  9A30 

Faribault  .  .  . 

.  13,016 

Fillmore  .  .  . 

Freeborn  .  .  . 

Goodhue  .  .  . 

.  29,651 

Grant  .... 

.  3,004 

Hennepin  .  .  . 

.  67,013 

Houston  .  .  . 

. 

•  16,332 

Isanti  .... 

•  5,063 

Itasca  .... 

124 

Jackson  .... 

Kanabec  .  .  . 

505 

Kandiyohi  .  .  . 

.  10,159 

Kittson  .... 

905 

Lac-qui-parle  .  . 

.  4,891 

Lake . 

Le  Sueur  .  .  . 

•  16,103 

Lincoln  .... 

.  2,945 

Lyon . 

.  6,257 

McLeod  .... 

.  12,342 

Irish  potatoes . 10,924,111  bushels. 

Wool . 1 1,858,497  pounds. 

Butter . 38,821,890  pounds. 

Copper  ingots . 45,830,262  pounds. 

Coal .  100,800  tons. 

Iron  ore .  1,837,712  tons. 

Value  of  sawed  lumber . $52,449,928 


MINNESOTA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Marshall .  992 

Martin . 5,249 

Meeker . 1 1,739  i 

Mille  Lacs . 1,501 

Morrison  .  . . 5,875 

Mower . 16,799 1 

Murray . 3,604 

Nicollet . 12,333 

Nobles .  4435 

Olmsted . 21,543 

Otter  Tail . 18,675 

Pine . 1,365 

Pipestone . 2,092 

Polk . 1 1 433 

Pope .  5,874 

Ramsey . 45,890 

Redwood . 5,375 

Rertville . 10,791 

Rice . 22,481 

Rock . 3,669 

St.  Louis . 4,504 

Scott . 1 3,5 1  ^ 

Sherburne . 3,855 

Sibley . 10,637 

Stearns . 21,956 

Steele . 12,460 

Stevens . ,  .  .  3,911 

Swift . 7,473 

Todd . 6,133 

Traverse . 1,507 

Wabasha . 18,206 

Wadena . 2,080 

Waseca . 12,385 

Washington . 19,563 

Watonwan . 5,104 

Wilkin .  1,906 

Winona . 27,197 

Wright . 18,104 

Yellow  Medicine . 5,884 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Barley . 2,972,965  bushels. 

Indian  corn . 14,831,741  bushels. 

Oats . 23,382,158  bushels. 

Wheat . 34,601,030  bushels. 

Hay .  1,636,912  tons. 

Irish  potatoes . 5,184,676  bushels. 

Butter . 19,161,385  pounds. 

Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Products  :  — 

Agricultural  implements  .  $2,340,288 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products . 41,519,004 

Sawed  lumber . 7,366,038 


Adams . 22,649 

Alcorn . 14,272 

Amite . 14,004 

Attala . 19,988 

Benton . 11,023 

Bolivar . 18,652 

Calhoun . 13492 

Carroll .  .  17,795 

Chickasaw . 17,905 

Choctaw . 9,036 

Claiborne  .  16,768 

Clarke . 15,021 

Clay . 17,367 

Coahoma . 13,568 

Copiah . 27,552 

Covington .  5,993 

De  Soto . 22,924 

Franklin . 9,729 

Greene . 3,1 94 

Grenada . 12,071 

Hancock  .  6,439 

Harrison . 7, 895 

Hinds .  43,958 

Holmes . 27,164 

Issaquena . 10,004 

Itawamba . .  -  10,663 

Jackson  . . 7,607 

Jasper . 12,126 

Jefferson . 17,314 

Jones . 3,828 

Kemper . 15,719 

La  Fayette . 21,671 

Lauderdale . 21,501 

Lawrence . 9420 

Leake . 13,146 

Lee . 20,470 

Le  Flore . 10,246 


Lincoln  .  . 
Lowndes 
Madison.  . 
Marion  .  . 

Marshall 
Monroe  .  . 

Montgomery 
Neshoba 
N  ewton  .  . 

Noxubee 
Oktibbeha  . 
Panola  .  . 

Perry .  .  . 

Pike  .  .  . 
Pontotoc 
Prentiss  .  . 

Quitman 
Rankin  .  . 

Scott  .  .  . 

Sharkey  .  . 

Simpson 
Smith  .  . 

Sumner  .  . 

Sun  Flower 
Tallahatchie 
Tate  .  .  . 

Tippah  .  . 

Tishomingo 
Tunica  .  . 

Union  .  . 

Warren  .  . 

Washington 
Wayne  . 
Wilkinson  . 
Winston .  . 

Yalobusha  . 
Yazoo  .  . 


13,547 

28,244 

25.866 
6,901 

29,330 

28,553 

13,348 

8,741 

13436 

29,874 

15,978 

28,352 

3,427 
1 6,688 
13,858 
12,158 

1.407 

16,752 

10.845 
6,306 
8,008 
8,088 

9,534 

4,661 

10,926 

18,721 

12.867 

8,774 

8,461 

13,030 

31,238 

25,367 

8,741 

17,815 

10,087 
1 5,649 

33.845 


For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 

MISSOURI. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Adair . 

•  15,190 

Christian  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  9,628 

Andrew  .... 

Clarke  . 

.  .  .  15,031 

Atchison  .  .  . 

.  14,556 

Clay . 

.  .  .  15,572 

Audrain  .... 

•  19,732 

Clinton . 

.  •  •  16,073 

Barry . 

.  14,405 

Cole . 

•  •  •  15,515 

Barton  .... 

•  10,332 

Cooper  . 

.  .  .  21,596 

Bates . 

.  25,381 

Crawford  .... 

.  .  .  10,756 

Benton  .... 

Dade . 

.  .  .  12.557 

Bollinger  .  .  . 

.  11,130 

Dallas . 

.  .  .  9,263 

Boone  .... 

.  25,422 

Daviess . 

•  •  •  I9d45 

Buchanan  .  .  . 

.  49,792 

De  Kalb  .  .  .  . 

•  •  ••  13,334 

Butler  .... 

Dent . 

Caldwell .... 

.  13,646 

Douglas . 

•  •  •  7,753 

Callaway  .  .  . 

.  23,670 

Dunklin . 

Camden  .... 

.  7,266 

Franklin  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  26,534 

Cape  Girardeau  . 

•  •  • 

.  20,998 

Gasconade  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  11,153 

Carroll  .... 

.  23,274 

Gentry . 

.  .  .  17,176 

Carter  .... 

Greene . 

Cass . 

Grundy  . 

.  .  .  15,185 

Cedar  .... 

Harrison  .  .  .  . 

.  .  .  20,304 

Chariton  .  .  . 

.  25,224 

Henry . 

.  .  .  23,906 

266 


general  statistical  tables. 


Hickory 
Holt  . 
Howard 
Howell 
Iron  . 
Jackson 
Jasper 
Jefferson 
Johnson 
Knox  . 
Laclede 
La  Fayette 
Lawrence 
Lewis 
Lincoln  . 
Linn  .  . 

Livingston 
McDonald 
Macon  . 
Madison 
Maries  . 
Marion  . 
Mercer  . 
Miller 
Mississippi 
Moniteau 
Monroe  . 
Montgomery 
Morgan 
New  Madrid 
Newton  . 
Nodaway 
Oregon  . 
Osage 
Ozark 
Pemiscot 
Perry .  . 


Leading  Agricultural 


7,387 
15,509 
18,428 
8,814 
8,183 
82,325 
32,019 
18,736 
28,172 
13,047 
1  1.524 
25,710 
0,583 
I5,925 
1 7,426 
20,016 
20, 1 96 
7.816 
26,222 
8,876 
7,304 

24,837 
14,673 
9,805 
9,270 
14,346 
19,07  [ 
16,249 
10,132 

7,694 

18,947 

29,544 

5,79i 

11,824 

5,618 

4.299 

11,895 


Pettis . 27,271 

Phelps . 12,568 

Pike . 26,715 

Platte . 17,366 

Polk . 15,734 

Pulaski . 7,250 

Putnam . 1 3,555 

Ralles . 11,838 

Randolph . 22,751 

Ray . 20,  f  90 

Reynolds . 5,722 

P'pley . 5,377 

St.  Charles . 23,065 

St.  Clair . 14,125 

St.  Francois . 13,822 

St.  Genevieve  ......  10,390 

St.  Louis . 31,888 

St.  Louis  City.  .....  350,518 

Saline . 29,911 

Schuyler . 10,470 

Scotland . 12,508 

Scott . 8,587 

Shannon . 3,441 

Shelby . 14,024 

Stoddard  .......  13,431 

Stone . 4,404 

Sullivan . 16,569 

Taney . 5,599 

Texas . 12,206 

Vernon . 1 9,369 

Warren  . . 10,806 

Washington . 12,896 

Wayne . 9,096 

Webster . 12,175 

Worth  ........  8,203 

Wright . 9,712 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS 

Products :  — 


Indian  corn 
Oats  .... 
Wheat  .  .  . 
Wool  .  .  . 
Tobacco  .  . 
Butter  .  .  . 

Mining  Products  :  — 
Bituminous  coal 
Iron  ore  .  . 

Lead  ore  .  . 

Zinc  ore .  .  . 


MONTANA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION 


202,414,413  bushels. 
20,670,958  bushels. 
24,966,627  bushels. 

7G1 3,924  pounds. 
12,015,657  pounds. 
28,572,124  pounds. 

543,990  tons. 
386,197  tons. 
28,31 5  tons. 
34,344  tons. 


NEBRASKA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION.1 


Adams . 10,235 

Antelope . 3,953 

Blackbird  .  109 

Boone . 4,17° 

Buffalo . 7,53i 

Burt . 6,937 

Butler . 9d94 

Cass . 16,683 

Cedar . 2,899 

Chase .  70 

Cheyenne . L558 

Clay  . . 11,294 

Colfax . 6,588 

Cuming . 5,569 

Custer . .  2,211 

Dakota . 3,213 

Dawson . .  2,909 

Dixon . 4477 

Dodge .  .  11,263 

Douglas . 37,645  | 

Dundy  .........  37 

Fillmore . 10,204 

Franklin  5,465 

Frontier .  934 

Furnas . 6,407 

Gage . 13,164 

Gosper .  .  1,673 

Greeley .  1,461 

Hall . 8.572 

Hamilton . 8,267 

Harlan . 6,086 

Hayes  . .  119 

Hitchcock .  1,0121 

Holt . 3,287  | 

Howard . 4,391  1 


Jefferson 
Johnson 
Kearney 
Keith  . 

Knox  . 
Lancaster 
Lincoln 
Madison 
Merrick 
Nance 
Nemaha 
Nuckolls 
Otoe  . 
Pawnee 
Phelps 
Pierce 
Platte 
Polk  . 

Red  Willow 
Richardson 
Saline 
Sarpy 
Saunders 
Seward  . 
Sherman 
Sioux 
Stanton  . 
Thayer  . 
Valley 
Washington 
Wayne 
Webster 
Wheeler 


York  .  . 

Unorganized  Territory 
***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text.  ' 


NEVADA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION 


8,096 

7,595 

4,072 

194 

3,666 

28,090 

3,63^ 

5,589 

5,34i 

1,212 

10,451 

4,235 

15,727 

6,920 

2,447 

1,202 

9,5H 

6,846 

3,044 

15,031 

14,491 
4,48r 
1 5,810 
11447 
2,061 
699 

1,813 

6,1  13 

2,324 

8,631 

813 

7,104 

644 

11,170 

2,913 


Beaver  Head  .  .  . 

.  .  .  2,712 

Choteau . 

.  .  .  3,058 

Custer . 

.  .  .  2,510 

Dawson . 

Deer  Lodge  .  .  . 

.  .  .  8,876 

Gallatin . 

•  •  •  3,643 

Jefferson  .  .  . 

Lewis  and  Clarke 
Madison .  .  .  . 

Meagher  .  .  . 

Missoula  .  .  . 


2,464 

6,521 

3,9 1 5 
2,743 
2,537 


Churchill 

.  479 

Lyon . 

2,409 

Douglas .  . 

.  1,581 

N  ye . 

1,875 

Elko  .  .  . 

......  5,716 

Ormsby . 

5,412 

Esmeralda  . 

. 3,220 

Roop  .  . . 

286 

Eureka  .  . 

. 7,086 

Storey . 

16,115 

Humboldt  . 

. 3,48o 

Washoe . 

5,664 

Lander  .  . 

. 3,624 

White  Pine . 

2,682 

Lincoln  .  . 

. 2,637 

POPULATION  BY  RACE. 

White  .  . 

.  53,556 

Chinese . 

5,416 

Colored  .  . 

.  488 

Indians . . 

2,803 

Japanese 

.......  3 

! 

White 

Colored 


POPULATION  BY  RACE. 

Chinese  .  . 


35,385 

346 


Indians 


1,765 

1,663 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 


Mining  Products : 


Gold  . 
Silver 
Copper 


M  ,805,767 
2,905,068 
1,212,500 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 


Mining  Products:  — 

Value  of  gold  product 
Value  of  silver  product 
Copper  product  .  .  . 


$4,888,242 

$12,430,667 

734,730  pounds. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 

Belknap . 1 7,948  Cheshire . 28,734 

Carroll . 18,224  Coos . 18,580 

1  The  counties  here  named  are  those  enumerated  in  the  census  of  1880,  since  which  time,  with  the 
great  increase  of  population,  there  have  been  numerous  changes  and  subdivisions  modifying  this  list. 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


Grafton . 38,788  j  Rockingham . 49,064 

Hillsborough . 75,634  Strafford . 35,558 

Merrimac . 46,300  Sullivan . 18,161 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 


Principal  Agricultural  Products:  — 

Indian  corn .  1,350,248  bushels. 

Oats .  1,017,620  bushels. 

Wool .  1,060,589  pounds. 

Hay . 583.069  tons. 

Irish  potatoes . 3,358,828  bushels. 

Butter . .  .  .  .  7,247,272  pounds. 

Cheese .  807,076  pounds. 

Value  of  Principal  Manufactured  Products  :  — 

Boots  and  shoes . £7,2 3°>8o4 

Cotton  goods . 18,226,573 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products . 2,542,784 

Hosiery  and  knit  goods . 2,362,779 

Leather,  tanned . 2,315,616 

Leather,  curried . 2,161,734 

Lumber,  sawed . 3>842!°12 

Mixed  textiles . 2,703,281 

Woolen  goods . 8,113,839 

Worsted  goods . 2,694,232 

Quarries :  — 

Number  of  quarries .  39 

Annual  product .  1,920,340  cubic  ft. 

Value  of  product .  $303,066 

Fisheries :  — 

Number  of  persons  employed .  414 

Capital  invested . $209,465 

Value  of  products .  176,684 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  teachers .  2,620 

Number  of  school-buildings .  2,230 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  ......  48.943 


Tobacco  and  snuff . $5,063,949 

Woolen  goods . 4,984,007 

Mining:  — 

Product  of  iron  ore .  754,872  tons. 

Product  of  zinc  ore .  39.38 1  tons. 

Fisheries :  — 

Number  of  persons  employed .  6,220 

Value  of  products . $3476,589 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  school-buildings .  1,588 

Number  of  teachers .  3,422 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils .  116,860 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Indian  corn . 1 1,150,705  bushels. 

Oats . 3.7io,573  bushels. 

Wheat .  1,901,739  bushels. 

Hay .  518,990  tons. 

Irish  potatoes .  3.563.793  bushels. 

Sweet  potatoes . 2,086,731  bushels. 

Butter .  9.51 3.835  pounds. 


Bernalillo 
Colfax 
Doha  Aha 
Grant .  . 

Lincoln  . 
Mora  .  . 


White 

Colored 


NEW  MEXICO. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


17,225 

3.398 

7,612 

4,539 

2,5i3 

9,75i 


Rio  Arriba 
San  Miguel 
Santa  Fd 
Socorro  . 
Taos  .  . 

Valencia . 


POPULATION  BY  RACE. 


108,721 

I.OI5 


Indian 

Chinese 


1 1.023 
20,638 
10,867 
7,875 
1 1,029 
13,095 


9,772 

57 


Atlantic  .  . 
Bergen  .  . 

Burlington  . 
Camden  .  . 

Cape  May  . 
Cumberland 
Essex  .  . 

Gloucester  . 
Hudson  .  . 

Hunterdon  . 
Mercer  .  , 


NEW  JERSEY. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


18,704 

36,786 

55,402 

62,942 

9,765 

37,687 

189,929 

25,886 

187,944 

38,570 

58,061 


Middlesex 
Monmouth 
Morris  . 
Ocean 
Passaic  . 
Salem 
Somerset 
Sussex  . 
Union 
Warren  . 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Value  of  Principal  Manufacturing  Products:  — 

Boots  and  shoes . 

Clothing  (men’s) . 

Cotton  goods . 

Drugs  and  chemicals . 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products  .... 
Foundery  and  machine-shop  products  .  . 

Hats  and  caps . 

Iron  and  steel . 

Jewelry . 

Leather,  curried . 

Leather,  tanned . 

Liquors,  malt . 

Sewing-machines . 

Silk  and  silk  goods  . 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing  .... 

Smelting  and  refining . 

Sugar  and  molasses,  refined . 


52,286 ! 
55,538 1 
50,861  ; 

1 4,45  5 
68,860  ' 

24-579 ! 
27,162 

23,539 

55,571 

36,589 


$4,689,286 

4,737,525 

5,039,519 

4,993,965 

8,459,944 

11,282,748 

6,152,447 

10,341,896 

4,079,677 

8,727,128 

6,748,094 

4,532,733 

4,640,852 

17,122,230 

20,719,640 

8,370,100 

22,841,258 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Products :  — 

Wool . 

Silver . 

Gold . 

Copper  . 


NEW  YORK. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Albany  .  . 

Madison .  . 

Allegany 

.  .  .  41,810 

Monroe  .  . 

Broome  .  . 

Montgomery 

Cattaraugus 

•  • 

.  .  .  55,806 

New  York  . 

Cayuga  .  . 

Niagara  .  . 

Chautauqua 

•  t 

.  •  •  65,342 

Oneida  .  . 

Chemung  . 

.  .  .  43,065 

Onondaga  . 

Chenango  . 

.  .  .  39,891 

Ontario  .  . 

Clinton  .  . 

Orange  .  . 

Columbia  . 

Orleans  .  . 

Cortland .  . 

Oswego  .  . 

Delaware  . 

.  .  .  42,721 

Otsego  .  . 

Dutchess 

Putnam  .  . 

.  .  .  219,884 

Queens  .  . 

Essex  .  . 

Rensselaer  . 

Franklin 

•  •  •  32,390 

Richmond  . 

Fulton  .  • 

Rockland  . 

Genesee .  . 

St.  Lawrence 

Greene  .  . 

Saratoga 

Hamilton 

•  ■  •  3,923 

Schenectady 

Herkimer  . 

Schoharie  . 

Jefferson 

Schuyler 

Kings  .  . 

Seneca  .  . 

Lewis .  .  . 

Steuben  .  . 

Livingston  . 

Suffolk  .  . 

4,019,188  pounds. 

£392,33  7 

£49,354 

4,055  pounds. 


.  44,112 

.  144,903 

•  38,315 
1,206,299 

•  54d73 

•  115,475 
.  117,893 

•  49,541 

.  88,220 

.  30,128 

•  77,9' 1 

•  5i,397 

.  15,181 

•  90,574 

•  115,328 

.  38,991 
.  27,690 

.  85,997 

•  55,156 

•  23,538 

•  32,910 

.  18,842 

.  29,278 
.  77,586 

•  53,888 


268 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


Sullivan . 32,491 

Tioga . 32,673 

Tompkins . 3. 1,4/1  c 

Ulster . 85,838 

Warren . 25,179 


Washington . 47,871 

Wayne . 51,700 

Westchester . 108,988 

Wyoming . 30,907 

Yates . 21,087 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 


Principal  Agricultural  Products:  — 

Barley . 

Buckwheat . 

Indian  corn . 

Oats . 

Rye . 

Wheat . 

Wool . 

H  ay . 

Hops . 

Tobacco . 

Irish  potatoes  . 

Butter . 

Cheese  . 

Ship-building :  — 

New  vessels  built . 

Tonnage  of  new  vessels . 

Value  of  all  ship-building  products  . 

Production  of  iron  ore . 

Number  of  persons  employed  in  the  fisheries 
Value  of  fisheries  products  .... 

Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Products:  — 

Agricultural  implements . 

Boots  and  shoes . .  . 

Bread  and  other  bakery  products  .  .  . 

Cheese  and  butter . 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products  .  . 

Foundery  and  machine-shop  products  . 

Furniture . 

Iron  and  steel . 

Lard,  refined  . . 

Leather,  tanned . 

Liquors,  malt . 

Lumber,  sawed . 

Marble  and  stone  work . 

Men’s  clothing . 

Mixed  textiles . 

Printing  and  publishing . 

Shirts . 

Silk  and  silk  goods . 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing  .  .  . 

Sugar  and  molasses,  refined  .... 
Tobacco,  cigars,  and  cigarettes  .  .  . 

Women’s  clothing  . . 

Quarries :  — 

Number  of  quarries . 

Product  in  census  year . , 

Value  of  product . 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  teachers . 

Number  of  school-buildings . 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  .  .  , 


7,792,062  bushels. 
4,461,200  bushels. 
.  25,690,156  bushels. 

•  37,575,5°6  bushels. 

.  2,634,690  bushels. 

.  1 1,587,766  bushels. 

.  8,827,195  pounds. 

5,240,563  tons. 

.  21,628,931  pounds. 

.  6,481,431  pounds. 

.  33,644,807  bushels. 

.  1 1 1,922,423  pounds. 
8,362,590  pounds. 

635 

76,418 

.  $  7,985,044 

•  L 239, 759  tons. 

7,266 
.  $4,380,565 

.  $10,707,766 

•  18,979,259 

•  19,937,953 

.  12,295,353 

•  49,33L984 

.  44,714,915 
.  15,210,879 

.  22,219,219 
.  14,758,718 

•  23,652,366 

•  35,392 ,677 

•  i4,356,9to 

.  10,189,267 

.  81,133,611 

•  13,376,380 

•  27,885,376 

.  11,014,820 

.  1  o,  1 70, 1 40 

•  43,096,138 

•  71,237,051 

•  24,767,504 

•  20,314,307 

251 

6,057,278  cubic  ft. 

.  $1,261,495 

20,738 

11,927 

55L958 


Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe  .  . 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen  . 

Brunswick 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


14,613 

8,355 

5,486 


17,994 
H,437 
17,474 
i6,399 
16,1 58 

9,389 


Buncombe 
Burke 
Cabarrus 
Caldwell 
Camden  . 
Carteret  . 
Caswell  . 
Catawba . 
Chatham 


21,909 
r  2,809 
14,964 
10,291 

6,274 

9,784 

17,825 

14,946 

23,453 


Cherokee  . 
Chowan  .  , 

Clay  .  .  . 

Cleveland  . 
Columbus  . 
Craven  . 
Cumberland 
Currituck  . 
Dare  .  .  . 

Davidson  . 
Davie .  .  . 

Duplin  .  . 

Edgecombe 
Forsyth  .  . 
Franklin.  . 
Gaston  .  . 

Gates .  .  . 

Graham  .  . 

Granville 
Greene  .  . 

Guilford  .  . 
Halifax  .  . 
Harnett  .  . 
Haywood 
Henderson  . 
Hertford 
Hyde  .  .  . 

Iredell  .  . 
Jackson  .  . 

Johnston 
Jones  .  .  •. 
Lenoir 
Lincoln  .  . 

McDowell  . 
Macon  .  . 

Madison 
Martin  ,  . 

Mecklenburgh 


8,182 

7,900 

3,3i6 

16,571 

14,439 
19,729 
23,836 
6,476 
3,243 
20,333 
1 1,096 
18,773 
26, 1 8 1 
18,070 
20,829 


Mitchell  .  .  . 

Montgomery  . 
Moore  .  .  . 
Nash  .  .  . 
New  Hanover . 
Northampton  . 
Onslow  .  .  . 
Orange  .  .  . 

Pamlico  .  .  . 
Pasquotank 
Pender  .  .  . 

Perquimans 
Person  .  .  . 
Pitt  .  .  .  . 
Polk  .  .  .  . 


14,254 

8,897 

2,335 

31,286 

10,037 

23,585 

30,300 

10,862 

10,271 

10,281 

11,843 

7,765 

22,675 

7,343 

23,461 

7.491 
15,344 
1 1,061 

9,836 

8,064 

12,810 

13,140 

34A75 


Randolph  . 
Richmond  . 
Robeson 
Rockingham 
Rowan  . 
Rutherford  . 
Sampson 
Stanley  .  . 

Stokes  .  . 
Surry .  .  . 

Swain  .  . 

Transylvania 
Tyrrell  .  . 

Union  .  . 

Wake  .  . 
Warren  .  . 

Washington 
Watauga 
Wayne  .  . 

Wilkes  .  . 
Wilson  .  . 
Yadkin  .  . 
Yancey  .  . 


For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


OHIO. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Adams 

24,005 

Hamilton  . 

Allen  .  .  . 

3L3I4 

Hancock 

Ashland  . 

• 

23,883 

Hardin  .  . 

Ashtabula 

37A39 

Harrison 

Athens  .  . 

28,41 1 

Henry  .  . 

Auglaize .  . 

25,444 

H  ighland  . 

Belmont .  . 

49,638 

Hocking 

Brown 

32,911 

Holmes  .  . 

Butler  .  . 

42,579 

Huron  .  . 

Carroll  .  . 

16,416 

Jackson  .  . 

Champaign  . 

27,817 

Jefferson 

Clarke  .  . 

41,948 

Knox .  .  . 

Clermont 

36,713 

Lake  . 

Clinton  .  . 

24,756 

Lawrence  . 

Columbiana 

48,602 

Licking  .  . 

Coshocton  , 

26,642 

Logan  .  . 

Crawford 

• 

30,583 

Lorain  .  . 

Cuyahoga  , 

196,943 

Lucas  .  . 

Darke  .  . 

40,496 

Madison 

Defiance 

22,515 

Mahoning  . 

Delaware  . 

27,381 

Marion  .  . 

Erie  .  .  . 

32,640 

Medina  . 

Fairfield .  . 

34,284 

Meigs  .  . 

Fayette  .  . 

20,364 

Mercer  .  . 

F  ranklin 

86.797 

Miami  .  . 

Fulton  .  . 

21,053 

Monroe  . 

Gallia  .  . 

28,124 

Montgomery 

Geauga  .  . 

14,251 

Morgan  .  . 

Greene  .  . 

3L349 

Morrow  .  . 

Guernsey  . 

27A97 

Muskingum 

•  9,435 

•  9,374 

.  16,821 

•  i7,73i 

•  2r,376 

.  20,032 

.  9,829 

•  23,698 

•  6,323 

•  10,369 

.  1 2,468 

9,466 

•  13,719 

.  21,794 

.  5,062 

.  20,836 

•  18,245 

.  23,880 

.  21,744 

.  19,965 

.  15,198 

.  22,894 
.  10,505 

•  15,353 

•  15,302 

•  3,784 

•  5,340 

•  4,545 

.  18,056 

•  47,939 

.  22,619 
.  8,928 

.  8,160 

•  24,951 

.  19,181 

.  1 6,664 
.  12,420 

•  7,694 


•  •  313,374 

•  •  27,784 

•  •  27,023 

.  .  20,456 
.  .  20,585 
.  .  30,281 
.  .  21,126 
.  .  20,776 

•  31,609 

.  .  23,686 
.  .  33,018 

•  •  27,431 

.  .  16,326 

•  •  39,o68 

•  •  40,450 
.  .  26,267 

■  •  35,526 

■  •  67,377 

.  .  20,129 

.  .  42,871 

•  •  20,565 

•  •  21,453 

•  •  32,325 

.  .  21,808 

•  •  36,158 
.  .  26,496 

•  •  78,550 

.  .  20,074 

.  .  19,072 

•  •  49,774 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


269 


Noble  .  .  . 

. 21,138 

Shelby . 

.  .  .  24,137 

Ottawa  .  .  . 

. 19-762 

Stark  . 

.  -  -  64,031 

Paulding  .  . 

. 13,485 

Summit . 

.  .  .  43,788 

Perry .... 

. 28,218 

Trumbull  .... 

.  .  .  44,880 

Pickaway  .  . 

. 27,415 

Tuscarawas  .  . 

.  .  .  40,198 

Pike  .... 

. 17,927 

Union . 

-  -  -  22,375 

Portage  .  .  . 

. 27,500 

Van  Wert  .... 

Preble  .  .  . 

. 24,533 

Vinton  . 

.  .  .  17,223 

Putnam  .  .  . 

.  23,713 

Warren . 

.  .  .  28,392 

Richland  .  . 

. 36,306 

Washington  .  .  . 

.  .  .  43,244 

Ross  .... 

. 40,307 

Wayne . 

Sandusky  .  . 

. 32,057 

Williams  .... 

.  .  .  23,821 

Scioto  .  .  . 

. 33,5*1 

Wood . 

.  .  .  34,022 

Seneca  .  .  . 

.  36,947 

Wyandot  .... 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 


Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Indian  corn . 

Oats . 

Wheat . 

Wool . 

Hay . 

Tobacco . 

Irish  potatoes . 

Butter . 

Cheese . 

Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Products:  — 

Agricultural  implements . 

Men’s  clothing . 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products  .  .  . 

Foundery  and  machine-shop  products  . 

Iron  and  steel . 

Sawed  lumber . 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing  .  .  . 

Bituminous-coal  product . 

Iron-ore  product . 

Value  of  quarried  products . 


1 1 1,877,124  bushels. 
28,664,505  bushels. 
46,014,869  bushels. 
25,003,756  pounds. 

2,210,923  tons. 
34-735,235  pounds. 
12,719,215  bushels. 

67.634.263  pounds. 
2,170,245  pounds. 

$15,479,825 

20,008,398 

38.950.264 
18,242,325 
34,918,360 
1 3,864,460 
19,231,297 

5.932,853  tons. 
198,835  tons. 
$2,541,647 


Baker 
Benton  . 
Clackamas 
Clatsop  . 
Columbia 
Coos  .  . 

Curry .  . 

Douglas  . 
Grant 
Jackson  . 
Josephine 
Lake  .  . 


OREGON. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION 


4.616 

6,403 

9,260 

7,222 

2,042 

4-834 

1,208 

9-596 

4-303 

8,154 

2,485 

2,804 


Lane  .  .  .  . 

Linn  .  .  .  . 

Marion  .  .  . 

Multnomah 
Polk  .  .  .  . 

Tillamook  .  . 

Umatilla  .  . 

Union  .  .  . 

Wasco  .  .  . 

Washington 
Yam  Hill  .  *. 


9,411 
1 2,676 
14-576 
25,203 
6,601 
970 
9,607 
6,650 
1 1,120 
7,082 
7,945 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  products  :  — 

Oats . 

Wheat . 

Wool  . . 

Value  of  sawed  lumber . 

Value  of  gold  product . 

Value  of  fisheries  product . . 


4,385,650  bushels. 
7,480,010  bushels. 
5,718,524  pounds. 
$2,030,463 
1,097,701 
2,781,024 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Adams  .  . 

Allegheny  . 
Armstrong  . 


32,455 

355-869 

47,641 


Beaver 

Bedford 

Berks. 


39-605 

34,929 

122,597 


Blair . 

.  .  .  52,740 

Bradford  .... 

.  .  .  58,541 

Bucks  . 

Butler . 

.  •  -  52,536 

Cambria . 

Cameron  .... 

.  .  .  5,159 

Carbon  . 

•  •  •  31,923 

Centre . 

.  .  .  37,922 

Chester . 

.  .  .  83,481 

Clarion . 

.  .  .  40,328 

Clearfield  .... 

•  •  •  43,408 

Clinton . 

.  .  .  26,278 

Columbia  .... 

.  .  .  32,409 

Crawford  .... 

Cumberland  .  .  . 

•  •  •  45-977 

Dauphin  .... 

.  .  .  76,148 

Delaware  .... 

Elk . 

Erie . 

.  .  .  74,688 

Fayette . 

.  .  .  58,842 

Forest . 

.  .  .  4,385 

Franklin  .... 

.  .  .  49,855 

Fulton . 

.  .  .  10,149 

Greene . 

.  .  .  28,273 

Huntington  .  .  . 

•  •  -  33-954 

Indiana . 

•  •  -  40,527 

Jefferson  .... 

•  •  •  27,935 

Juniata . 

.  .  .  18,227 

Lackawanna  .  .  . 

.  .  .  89,269 

Lancaster  .... 

•  •  •  *39-447 

Lawrence  .... 

•  •  •  33-3*2 

Lebanon . 38,476 

Lehigh . 65,969 

Luzerne . 133,065 

Lycoming .  57,486 

McKean . 42,565 

Mercer . 56,161 

Mifflin . 19,577 

Monroe . 20,175 

Montgomery . 96,494 

Montour . 15,468 

Northampton . 70,312 

Northumberland . 53,1 23 

Perry . 27,522 

Philadelphia . 847,170 

Pike . 9,663 

Potter . 13,797 

Schuylkill . 129,974 

Snyder  .  .  .  • . <7,797 

Somerset . 33,110 

Sullivan . 8,073 

Susquehanna . 40,354 

Tioga . 45,8i4 

Union . 16,905 

Venango .  43,67° 

Warren . 27,981 

Washington . 55,4 1 8 

Wayne . 33,5  <3 

Westmoreland . 78,036 

Wyoming . *5,598 

York . 87,841 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Mineral  Products :  — 

Product  of  anthracite  coal . 28,612,595  tons. 

Value  of  anthracite  product . $42,116,500 

Product  of  bituminous  coal . 18,075,548  tons. 

Value  of  bituminous  product . $18,267,151 

Product  of  iron  ore .  1,820,561  tons. 

Value  of  iron-ore  product . $4-3*8-999 

Petroleum  product . 24,005,392  barrels. 

Shipbuilding:  — 

Number  of  new  vessels .  802 

Capital  invested . $5, 184,200 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Buckwheat .  3-593-326  bushels. 

Indian  corn . 45,82*1,531  bushels. 

Oats . 33,841,439  bushels. 

Rye . 3-683,621  bushels. 

Wheat . 19,462,405  bushels. 

Wool . 8,470,273  pounds. 

Hay . 2,81 1,654  tons. 

Tobacco . 36,943,272  pounds. 

Irish  potatoes . 16,284,819  bushels. 

Butter . 79,336.012  pounds. 

Cheese .  1,008,686  pounds. 

Quarries :  — 

Number  of  quarries .  164 

Product . 15,310,184  cubic  ft. 

Value  of  product . $*,944,2°8 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  school-buildings .  12,857 

Number  of  teachers .  19-388 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils .  622,351 

•Value  of  Leading  Manufactured  Products:  — 

Boots  and  shoes . $9, 59°, 002 

Carpets . 14,304,660 

Clothing  (men’s) . 23,821,887 

Cotton  goods . 21,640,397 

Drugs  and  chemicals . 13,092,863 

Flouring  and  grist  mill  products . 41,522,662 

Foundery  and  machine-shop  products . 35,029,673 

Iron  and  steel . >45,576,268 

Leather,  tanned . 27,042,068 

Liquors,  malt . 10,124,348 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


270 


Lumber,  sawed . 22. 457, 359 

Mixed  textiles . 20,882,764 

Printing  and  publishing . 10,229,893 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing . 9,908,545 

Sugar  and  molasses,  refined . 24,294,929 

\\  oolen  goods . 32,341,291 

V  orsted  goods . 10,072,473 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Bristol . IL394 

Kent . 20,588 

Newport . 24,180 


Providence . 197,874 

Washington . 22,495 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS 

Value  of  the  Leading  Manufactured  Products:  — 

Cotton  goods . $24,609,461 

Dyeing  and  finishing  textiles . 6,874,254 

Foundery  and  machine-shop  products . 6,281,70 7 

Gold  and  silver,  refined .  1,421.100 

Jewelt7 . 5^50, 1 33 

Men's  clothing .  1,980,330 

Mixed  textiles . 2,718,822 

Rubber  and  elastic  goods . 2,217,000 

Rubber  boots  and  shoes .  1,455,420 

Slaughtering  and  meat-packing . 3,876,740 

Woolen  goods . ^io^o 

Worsted  goods . 6,177,754 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Abbeville 

Aiken 

Anderson 

Barnwell 

Beaufort 

Charleston 

Chester  . 

Chesterfield 

Clarendon 

Colleton  . 

Darlington 

Edgefield 

Fairfield  . 

Georgetown 

Greenville 

Hampton 

Horry 


40,815 
28,1  12 

33.612 

39.857 

30,176 

102,800 

24d53 

16,345 

19,190 

36,386 

34,485 

45,844 

27,765 

19.613 

37.496 

18,741 

5  5,574 


Kershaw 


=  5,538 


Lancaster  . . 16,903 

Laurens 
Lexin 
Marion 


. 29,444 

gton . 18,564 


.  34,5  07 

Marlborough . 20,598 

Newberry . 26,497 

Ocone . 1 6,256 

Orangeburgh . 41,395 

Pickens . 1 4,389 

Richland . 28,573 

Spartanburgh . 40,409 


Sumter 

Union 


Williamsburgh 

O 


York 


37,037 

24,080 

24,110 

30,753 


Carroll . 22,103 

Carter . 10,019 

Cheatham . 7-956 

Claiborne .  53,373 

Clay . 6,987 

Cocke . 14,808 

Coffee . 12,894 

Crockett . 14,509 

Cumberland . 4,538 

Davidson . 79,026 

Decatur . 8,498 

De  Kalb . 14,813 

Dickson . 12,460 

Dyer . 15,158 

Fayette . 31,871 


Fentress 


5,94i 


Franklin . 17,578 

Gibson . 32,685 

Giles . 36.014 

Grainger . 1  2,384 

Greene . 24,005 

Grundy . 4,592 

Hamblen . 10,187 

Hamilton . 23,642 

Hancock . 9,098 

Hardeman  .......  22,921 

Hardin .  54,793 

Hawkins . 20,610 

Haywood . 26.053 

Henderson . 17,430 

Henry . 22,142 

Hickman . i’2,o95 

Houston . 4,295 

Humphreys . 1  r  ,379 

Jackson . 12,008 

James . 5,187 

Jefferson . 15,846 

Johnson . 7,766 

Knox . 59,  [  24 

Lake . 3,968 

Lauderdale . 14,918 

Lawrence . 10,383 

Lewis . 2,181 


Lincoln . 26,960 

Loudon . 9,148 

McMinn . 15,064 

McNairy . 17,271 


Macon 


9,321 


Madison . 30,874 

Marion . 10,910 


Marshall 


19,259 


Maury . 39,904 


Meigs 


7,5 17 


Monroe . 14,283 

Montgomery . 28,481 

Moore . 6,233 


5,156 


7,174 

7,269 


1 1 


501 
7,073 


Morgan 

Obion . 22,912 

Overton . 12,153 

Perry . 

Polk  . 

Putnam 
Rhea  . 

Koane . 15,237 

Robertson . 18,861 

Rutherford . 36,741 

Scott . 6,021 

Sequatchie . 2,565 

Sevier . 15,541 

Shelby . 78,430 

Smith . 17,799 

Stewart . . . 

Sullivan . 18,321 

Sumner . 23,625 

Tipton . 21,033 

Trousdale . 6,646 

Unicoi . 3,645 

Union . 10,260 

Van  Buren . 2,933 

Warren . 14,079 

Washington . 16,181 

Wayne . 11,301 

Weakly . 24,538 

White . 11,176 

Williamson . 28,313 

Wilson . 28,747 


***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


TEXAS. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Anderson . 1 7,395 

Angelina . 5,239 

996 
596 

35 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products:  — 

Indian  corn . 1 1,767,099  bushels. 

°ats . 2,715,505  bushels. 

<“otton .  522,548  bales. 

Rlce . 52,077,515  pounds. 

Sweet  potatoes . 2,189,622  bushels. 

RuUci . 3,596,851  pounds. 


Aransas 
Archer  . 

Armstrong 
Atascosa . 4,217 


14,429 


Austin 

Bandera . 2,158 

Bastrop . 17,215 

Baylor .  7x5 

Bee . 2,298 


3,453 
5  4,959 
5,935 
16,724 
2,187 
16,723 

25 

5,045 


TENNESSEE. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Anderson  .  .* . 10,820 

Bedford . 26,025 

Benton . 9,780 

Bledsoe . 5,617 


B]ount . 1 5,985 

Bradley . 12,124 

Campbell . 10,005 

Cannon . 11,859 


20,518 

30,470 


Bell . 

Bexar . 

Blanco  . 

Borden  . 

Bosque . 1 1.2 17 

Bowie . 10,965 

Brazoria . 9,774 

Brazos  .  13,576 

Briscoe .  12 

Brown . 8,414 

Burleson . 9,243 

Burnet . 6,855 

Caldwell . 11,757 

Calhoun . .  .  1,739 


Callahan . 

Cameron . 

Camp . 

Cass . 

Chambers . 

Cherokee . 

Childress . 

Clay . 

Coleman . 3,603 

Collin . 25,983 

Collingsworth .  6 

Colorado . 16,673 

Comal . 5,546 

3,583  Comanche . 8,608 

35  Concho .  800 

Cooke . 20,391 

Coryell . 10,924 


Cottle 
Crockett.  . 
Crosby  .  . 

Dallas  .  . 

Dawson  .  . 

Deaf  Smith 
Delta  .  .  . 


Denton . 18, 


24 
127 
82 
33,488 
24 
38 
5,597 
5  43 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


De  Witt .  . 
Dickens  .  . 

Dimmit  .  . 

Donley  .  . 

Duval  .  . 

Eastland 
Edwards 
Ellis  .  .  . 
El- Paso  .  . 

Enciflal  .  . 

Erath .  .  . 

Falls  .  .  . 

Fannin  .  . 

Fayette  .  . 

Fisher  .  . 

Floyd .  .  . 

Fort  Bend  . 
Franklin.  . 
Freestone  . 
Frio  .  .  . 

Gaines  .  . 

Galveston  . 
Garza  .  . 

Gillespie 
Goliad  .  . 
Gonzales 
Gray  .  .  . 

Grayson .  . 

Gregg  .  . 

Grimes  .  . 

Guadalupe  . 
Hall  .  .  . 
Hamilton 
Hansford  . 
Hardeman  . 
Hardin  .  . 

Harris  .  . 

Harrison 
Hartley  .  . 

Haskell  .  . 
Hayes  .  . 

Hemphill  . 
Henderson  . 
Hidalgo  .  . 

Hill  .  .  , 
Hood .  .  , 

Hopkins.  . 
Houston 
Howard  .  . 

Hunt  .  . 

Hutchinson 
Jack  .  . 

Jackson  . 
Jasper 
Jefferson 
Johnson  . 
Jones  .  . 

Karnes  . 
Kaufman 
Kendall  . 
Kent  .  . 
Kerr  .  . 

Kimble  . 
King  .  . 

Kinney  . 
Knox  .  . 

Lamar  . 
Lampasas 
La  Salle  . 
Lavaca  . 
Lee  .  . 
Leon  .  . 
Liberty  . 
Limestone 
Lipscomb 
Live  Oak 


271 


10,082 

Llano .... 

. 4,962 

28 

Lubbock  .  . 

.  25 

665 

Lynn  .... 

.  9 

160 

McCulloch  .  . 

. i,533 

5,732 

McLennan  .  . 

. 26,934 

4,855 

McMullen  .  . 

266 

Madison  .  . 

. 5,395 

21,294 

Marion  .  .  . 

. 10,983 

3,845 

Martin  .  .  . 

1,902 

Mason  .  .  . 

. 2,655 

11,796 

Matagorda  .  . 

. 3,940 

16,240 

Maverick  .  . 

. 2,967 

25,501 

Medina  .  .  . 

. 4,492 

27,996 

Menard  .  .  . 

. i,239 

136 

Milam  .  .  . 

. 18,659 

3 

Mitchell  .  .  . 

.  117 

9,38o 

Montague  .  . 

. n,257 

cn 

To 

CO 

0 

Montgomery  . 

. 10,154 

14,921 

Morris  .  .  . 

. 5,032 

2,130 

Motley  .  . 

.  24 

8 

Nacogdoches  . 

. 11,59° 

24,121 

N  avarro ,  .  . 

36 

Newton  .  .  . 

. 4,359 

5,228 

Nolan  .  .  . 

5,832 

Nueces  .  .  . 

. 7,673 

15,840 

Oldham  .  .  . 

56 

Orange  .  .  • 

38,108 

Palo  Pinto  .  . 

. 5,885 

8,530 

Panola  .  .  . 

18,603 

Parker  .  .  . 

1 2,202 

Pecos  .  .  . 

36 

Polk  .... 

. 7,189 

6,365 

Potter  .  .  . 

18 

Presidio  . 

50 

Rains  .  .  . 

. 3,035 

Randall  .  .  . 

.  3 

27,985 

Red  River  .  . 

. I7d94 

25d77 

Refugio  .  .  . 

.  1,585 

100 

Roberts  .  .  . 

48 

Robertson  .  . 

7,555 

Rockwall  .  . 

. 2,984 

149 

Runnels .  .  . 

9,735 

Rusk  .... 

4-347 

Sabine  .  .  . 

i6,554 

San  Augustine 

. 5,084 

6,125 

San  Jacinto 

15,461 

San  Patricio  . 

16,702 

San  Saba  .  . 

. 5,324 

50 

Scurry  .  .  . 

17,230 

Shackelford 

5° 

Shelby  .  .  . 

6,626 

Smith  .  .  . 

2,723 

Somervel  .  . 

5,779 

Starr  .... 

3,489 

Stephens  .  . 

. 4,725 

17,9” 

Stonewall  .  . 

546 

Swisher  .  .  . 

3,270 

Tarrant  .  .  . 

15,448 

Taylor  .  .  . 

2,763 

Throckmorton. 

92 

Titus  .... 

2,168 

Tom  Green 

1,343 

Travis  .  .  . 

40 

Trinity  .  .  . 

4,487 

Tyler  .... 

77 

Upshur  .  .  . 

27d93 

Uvalde  .  .  . 

5,421 

Van  Zandt  .  . 

789 

Victoria  .  .  . 

13,641 

Walker  .  .  . 

8,937 

Waller  .  .  . 

12,817 

Washington  . 

. 27,565 

4,999 

Webb  .  .  . 

16,246 

Wharton  .  . 

. 4,549 

69 

Wheeler.  .  . 

i,994 

Wichita  .  .  . 

.  433 

Wilbarger  .  . 

Wood  .... 

.  .  .  .  XI, 212 

Williamson .  . 

•  •  •  • 

•  I5d55 

Young  .... 

.  .  .  .  4,726 

Wilson  .  .  . 

7,h8 

Zapata  .... 

....  3,636 

Wise  .... 

Zavalla  .... 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

Indiah  corn . 29.065,172  bushels. 

Oats . 4,893,359  bushels. 

Wheat . 2,567,737  bushels. 

Cotton .  805,284  bales. 

Wool . 6,928,019  pounds. 

Sweet  potatoes .  1,460,079  bushels. 

Butter . 13,899,320  pounds. 

Livestock :  — 

Horses,  number  of .  805,606 

Milch  cows,  number  of .  606,176 

Working  oxen,  number  of .  90,502 

Other  cattle,  number  of . 3.387,927 

Sheep,  number  of . 2,411,633 

Swine,  number  of .  1,950,371 

Mules  and  asses,  number  of .  132,447 

Total  value  of  livestock  in  1880 . $60,307,987 

Value  of  flouring  and  grist  mill  products  . . 7,617,177 

Value  of  sawed  lumber . 3,673,449 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  school-buildings .  1,054 

Number  of  teachers .  6,764 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils .  1 23,473 


UTAH. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 

Beaver  .... 

.  .  .  .  3,918 

Salt  Lake  .  . 

.  .  ,  .  .  31,977 

Box  Elder  .  .  . 

.  .  .  .  6,761 

San  Juan  .  . 

.  204 

Cache  .... 

San  Pete  .  . 

. ii,557 

Davis  .... 

....  5,279 

Sevier  .  ..  . 

. 4,457 

Emery  .... 

Summit  .  .  . 

. 4,921 

Iron . 

Tooele  .  .  . 

. 4,497 

Juab . 

Uintah  .  .  . 

.....  799 

Kane . 

Utah  .... 

. 17,973 

Millard  .... 

Wasatch  .  . 

. 2,927 

Morgan  .... 

Washington 

. 4,235 

Pi  Ute  .  .  .  . 

Weber  .  .  . 

. 12,344 

Rich . 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Gold  product 

Silver  product  . 

Addison  . 

Bennington 

Caledonia 

Chittenden 

Essex 

Franklin 

Grand  Isle 


VERMONT. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


24d73 

21,950 

23,607 

32,792 

7,93i 

30,225 

4d24 


Lamoille 
Orange  .  . 

Orleans  .  . 

Rutland  .  . 

Washington 
Windham  . 
Windsor 


12,684 

23,525 

22,083 

41,829 

25,404 

26,763 

35d96 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Principal  Agricultural  Products  :  — 


Indian  corn . 2,014,271  bushels. 

Oats .  3,742,282  bushels. 

Wool . 2,551,113  pounds. 

Hay .  1,051,183  tons. 


272 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


Tobacco . 

Irish  potatoes . 

Butter . 

Cheese . 

Value  of  Principal  Manufactured  Products 
Flouring  and  grist  mill  products  .  . 

Lumber,  planed . 

Lumber,  sawed . 

Scales  and  balances . 

Woolen  goods . 

Quarries :  — 

Number  of  quarries . 

Annual  product  in  cubic  feet  .  .  . 

Value  of  product . 

Public  Schools :  — 

Number  of  teachers . 

Number  of  school-buildings  .  .  .  . 

Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  .  , 


131,432  pounds. 
4,438,1 72  bushels. 
25,240,826  pounds. 
1,545,789  pounds. 


$3,038,688 

2,709,522 

3,258,816 

2,080,474 

3,217,807 

61 

2,468,150 
$L752, 333 

2,597 

2,450 

47,206 


Chehalis 
Clallan  . 
Clarke 
Columbia 
Cowlitz  . 
Island 
Jefferson 
King  .  . 

Kitsap  . 
Klikitat  . 
Lewis 
Mason  . 
Pacific  . 


WASHINGTON. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


921 

638 

5,49° 

7,103 

2,062 

1,087 

1,712 

6,910 

L738 

4,055 

2,600 

639 

1,645 


Pierce  .  . 
San  Juan 
Skamania  . 
Snohomish  . 
Spokan  .  . 

Stevens  .  . 
Thurston 
Wahkikum  . 
Walla  Walla 
Whatcom  . 
Whitman  . 
Yakima  .  . 


3,319 

948 

809 

L387 

4,262 

1,245 

3,270 
1,598 
8,716 
3,137 
7,oi4 
2,81 1 


Accomack  .  . 
Albemarle  .  . 

Alexandria  .  . 
Alleghany  .  . 

Amelia  .  .  . 
Amherst  .  . 

Appomattox  . 
Augusta  .  .  . 

Bath  .... 
Bedford  .  .  . 

Bland  .  .  . 
Botetourt  .  . 

Brunswick  .  . 

Buchanan  .  . 

Buckingham  . 
Campbell 
Caroline .  .  . 

Carroll  .  .  . 

Charles  City  . 
Charlotte  .  . 
Chesterfield 
Clarke  .  .  . 

Craig  .... 
Culpeper  .  . 
Cumberland 
Dinwiddie  .  . 

Elizabeth  City 
Essex  .  .  . 

Fairfax  .  .  . 

Fauquier  .  . 

Floyd  .  .  . 

Fluvanna  .  . 

Franklin  .  . 

Frederick  .  . 

Giles  .... 
Gloucester  .  . 

Goochland  .  . 

Grayson .  .  . 

Greene  .  .  . 
Greenville  .  . 

Halifax  .  .  . 

Hanover  .  . 
Henrico  .  .  . 
Henry  .  .  . 

Highland  .  . 
Isle  of  Wight . 
James  City  .  . 

King  and  Queen 
King  George  . 
King  William  . 


VIRGINIA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


24,408 

Lancaster  .... 

32,618 

Lee . 

17,546 

Loudoun  .... 

•  •  •  23,634 

5,586 

Louisa . 

10,377 

Lunenburgh  .  .  . 

•  •  •  IL535 

18,709 

Madison . 

10,080 

Matthews  .... 

35,7io 

Mecklenburgh  .  . 

.  .  .  24,610 

4,482 

Middlesex  .... 

.  .  .  6,252 

31,205 

Montgomery  .  .  . 

•  •  •  16,693 

5,004 

Nansemond  .  .  . 

•  •  15,903 

14,809 

Nelson . 

.  .  16,536 

16,707 

New  Kent  .... 

•  •  5,5U 

5,694 

Norfolk . 

•  •  58,657 

U,54o 

Northampton  .  .  . 

.  .  9,152 

36,250 

Northumberland  .  . 

•  •  7,929 

17,243 

Nottoway  .... 

.  .  11,156 

1 3,323 

Orange . 

5,5i2 

Page . 

.  .  9,965 

16,653 

Patrick . 

•  •  12,833 

LO 

CO 

O 

LO 

N 

Pittsylvania  .  .  . 

•  •  52,589 

7,682 

Powhatan  .... 

3,794 

Prince  Edward  .  . 

.  .  14,668 

13,408 

Prince  George  .  . 

.  .  10,054 

10,540 

Princess  Anne  .  . 

.  .  9,394 

32,870 

Prince  William  .  . 

.  .  9, 1 80 

10,689 

Pulaski . 

•  •  8,755 

1 1,032 

Rappahannock  .  . 

.  .  9,291 

16,025 

Richmond . 

•  •  7095 

22,993 

Roanoke  . 

13,255 

Rockbridge  .  .  .  . 

10,802 

Rockingham  .  .  . 

.  .  29,567 

25,084 

Russell . 

•7,553 

Scott . 

8,794 

Shenandoah  .  .  .  . 

1 1,876 

Smyth . 

10,292 

Southampton  .  .  .  . 

13,068 

Spottsylvania  .  .  .  . 

5,830 

Stafford . 

8,407 

Surry . 

33,588 

Sussex  . 

18,588 

Tazewell . 

82,703 

Warren . 

•  •  7,399 

1 6,009 

Warwick . 

.  .  2,258 

5,164 

Washington  .  .  .  . 

10,572 

Westmoreland  .  .  . 

.  .  8,846 

5,422 

Wise . 

10,502 

Wythe . 

6,397 

8,751 

York . 

•  •  7,349 

***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products:  — 

Oats . 

Wheat . 

Wool . 

Hops . 

Value  of  sawed  lumber . 

Coal  product . 


Barbour  . 

Berkeley 

Boone 

Braxton  . 

Brooke  . 

Cabell 

Calhoun  . 

Clay  .  . 

Doddridge 

Fayette  . 

Gilmer  . 

Grant .  . 

Greenbriar 

Hampshire 

Hancock 

Hardy  . 

Harrison 

Jackson  . 

Jefferson 

Kanawha 

Lewis 

Lincoln  . 

Logan 

McDowell 

Marion  . 

Marshall 

Mason  . 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


11,870  | 
I7,38o 
5,824 
9,787 
6,013 

13,744 
6,072 
3,46o 
10,552 
11,560 
7,108 ! 
5,542  j 
1 5,060 
10,366 
4,882 
6,794 

20,l8l  ; 

1 6,3 1 2 
15,005 
32,466 
13,269 
8,739 ! 
7,329 
3,074 
17,198 

18,840 

22,293 


Mercer  . 
Mineral  .  , 
Monongalia 
Monroe  . 
Morgan  .  . 

Nicholas 
Ohio  .  .  . 
Pendleton  . 
Pleasants  . 
Pocahontas 
Preston  .  . 

Putnam  .  . 

Raleigh  .  . 
Randolph  . 
Ritchie  .  . 
Roane  .  . 

Summers 
Taylor  .  . 

Tucker  .  . 

Tyler.  .  . 

Upshur  .  . 

Wayne  .  . 

Webster.  . 
Wetzel  .  . 

Wirt  .  .  . 

Wood  .  . 
Wyoming  . 


***  For  other  general  statistics  see  text. 


WISCONSIN. 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION. 


Adams  .  .  . 

Burnet  . 

Ashland  .  .  . 

.  L559 

Calumet  . 

Barron  .  .  . 

. 7,024 

Chippewa 

Bayfield  .  .  . 

.  564 

Clark  .  . 

Brown  .  .  . 

.  34,078 

Columbia 

Buffalo  .  .  . 

. 15,528 

Crawford 

I,57L7o6  bushels. 
1,921,322  bushels. 
1,389,123  pounds. 
703,277  pounds. 

734,742 
145,015  tons. 


•  7,467  - 
8,630 

•  H,985 

.  11,501 

•  5,777 

•  7,223 

•  37,457 

8,022 

6,256 

•  5,59i 

.  19,091 

•  IL375 

•  7,367 
8,102 

•  13,474 

.  12,184 

•  9,033 

•  IL455 

•  3T5i 

•  11,073 

.  10,249 

•  H,739 

•  3,207 

.  13,896 

.  7,104 

.  25,006 

•  4,322 


3,MO 

16,632 

1 5,49 1 
10,715 
28,065 
1 5,644 


GENERAL  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


2/3 


Dane . 

•  •  53,233 

Oconto  .  .  . 

. 9,848 

Oats . 

•  32,905,320  bushels. 

Dodge . 

•  •  45,931 

Outagamie  .  . 

. 28,716 

Rye . 

2,298,513  bushels. 

Door . 

.  .  .  11,645 

Ozaukee .  .  . 

. 15,461 

Wheat . 

.  24,884,689  bushels. 

Douglas . 

.  .  .  655 

Pepin  .  .  . 

Wool . 

.  7,016,491  pounds. 

Dunn . 

Pierce  .  .  . 

. 17,744 

Hay . 

1,896,969  tons. 

Eau  Claire  .... 

•  •  19,993 

Polk  .... 

Hops . 

.  1,966,827  pounds. 

Fond  du  Lac  .  .  . 

.  .  .  46,859 

Portage  .  .  . 

. I7,73i 

Tobacco  .... 

.  10,608,423  pounds. 

Grant . 

•  •  •  37,852 

Price  .... 

.  785 

Irish  potatoes  .  . 

8,509,161  bushels. 

Green . 

.  .  .  21,729 

Racine  .  .  . 

. 30,922 

Butter . 

•  33,353,045  pounds. 

Green  Lake  .  .  . 

.  .  .  14,483 

Richland  .  . 

. 18,174 

Cheese . 

2,281,411  pounds. 

Iowa . 

.  .  .  23,628 

Rock  .... 

. 38,823 

Value  of  flouring  and  grist  mill  products  .... 

•  $27,639,430 

Jackson  . 

.  .  .  13,285 

St.  Croix  .  . 

. 18,956 

Value  of  sawed  lumber. 

•  17,952,347 

Jefferson  .... 

.  .  .  32,156 

Sauk  .... 

. 28,739 

Juneau  . 

N 

CO 

*-0 

1-0 

Shawano  .  . 

. 10,371 

Kenosha  .... 

.  .  .  13,550 

Sheboygan  .  . 

. 34,2o6 

Kewaunee  .... 

.  .  .  15,807 

Taylor  .  .  . 

.  2,311 

WYOMING. 

La  Crosse  .... 

.  .  .  27,073 

Trempealeau  . 

. 17,189 

La  Fayette  .... 

.  .  .  21,279 

Vernon  .  .  . 

. 23,235 

COUNTIES  AND  POPULATION 

Langlade  .... 
Lincoln  . 

.  .  .  685 

Walworth  .  . 

Washington  . 

. 26,249 

. 23,442 

Albany  . 

Carbon . 

•  •  3,438 

Laramie  .  .  . 

Sweetwater . 

. 6,409 

2,561 

Manitowoc  .... 

.  •  •  37,505 

Waukesha  .  . 

. 28,957 

Crook  . 

•  •  239 

Uintah  .  .  . 

. 2,879 

Marathon  .... 
Marinette  .... 

.  .  .  17,121 

.  .  .  8,929 

Waupaca  .  . 

Waushara  .  . 

. 20,955 

. 12,687 

Johnson  . 

•  •  637 

Marquette  .... 

Winnebago 

.  42,740 

Milwaukee  .... 

•  •  •  138,537 

Wood  .  .  . 

POPULATION  BY  RACE. 

Monroe  ..... 

.  .  .  21,607 

White . 

•  •  19,437 

Chinese  .  . 

.  9'4 

Colored . 

Indians  .  . 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Leading  Agricultural  Products  :  — 

5,043,1 18  bushels. 

SPECIAL  STATISTICS. 

Barley  .... 

Indian  corn  .  . 

.  34,230,579  bushels. 

Bituminous  coal  product 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 


Abbaye,  Point . 

Abbeville,  S.C . 

Aberdeen,  Dakota  Ter . 

Aberdeen,  Miss . 

Aberle,  Kan . 

Aborigines  of  Mexico . 

Abraham,  Mount . 

Acapulco . 

Acushnet  River . 

Ada  County,  Idaho  Ter . 

Adams,  Mount . 

Addison  County,  Vt . 

Adelaide,  Col . 

Adirondack  Mountains . 

Adrian,  Mich . 

African  race,  estimated  numbers  of  . 

Agogebic . 

Aiken,  S.C . 

Ainsworth,  Wash.  Ter . 

Akron,  0 . 

Alabama . 

admitted  to  Union . 

area  of . 

ceded  to  the  United  States  .  . 

description  of . 

general  statistics  of . 

historical  sketch  of . 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

when  part  of  Georgia  .  .  .  . 

Alabama  River . 

Alabaster,  Mich . 

Alameda,  Cal . 

Alameda  County,  Cal . 

Alamosa,  Col . 

Alaska  Territory . 

area  of . 

description  of . 

general  statistics  of  ...  . 

government  of . 

map  of . 

population  of . 

Albany,  Ga . 

Albany,  N.Y . 

view  of . 

Albany,  Ore . 

Albert  Lea,  Minn . 

Albion,  Mich . 

Albion,  Neb . 

Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.  .... 
Alder  Gulch,  Montana  Ter.  .  . 

Aleutian  Islands . 

Aleuts  of  Alaska . 

Alexander  Islands . 

Alexandria,  La . 

Alexandria,  Minn . 

Alexandria,  Va.  (see  map )  .  .  . 


PAGE. 

.  .  .  164,  167 

.  .  .  1 14,  1 19 

.  .  .  208,  212 

.  .  .  129,  130 

.  .  .  197,  200 

. 15 

.  .  .  .  48,  Si 

.  .  .  .  14,  15 

.  ...  63,68 

.  .  .  214,  219 

....  54,  57 

....  54, 61 

.  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  25,  26,  81,  82 

.  .  165,  169,  170 

.  3 

.  .  .  164,  167 

.  .  .  114,119 

.  .  .  246,  251 

•  •  •  146,  is1 

28,  29,  30,  31,  123 

. 3° 

....  3°,  123 

. 30 

. 123 

. 123 

. 124 

. 123 

. 120 

. 30 

.  .  .  120,  123 

.  .  .  165,  168 

.  .  .  238,  242 

.  .  .  238,  242 

•  •  •  223,  227 

•  19,  43,  44,  252 

. 252 

. 252 


....  252 

....  44 

....  252 

.  .  .  .  252 

.  .  120,  123 

25,  26,  27,  81,  86 
....  82 

.  .  246,  248 

.  .  176,  182 

.  165,  169,  170 
.  .  203,  206 

.  .  .  232,  234 

.  .  .  214,  217 

•  •  •  252,  253 

. 44 

■  •  •  252,  253 

•  •  •  129,  133 

.  .  .  1 76,  182 

. 108 


PAGE. 

Alexandria,  Va . 10S,  no,  112 

Algona,  Io.  . .  184,  188 

Allegany  County,  Md . 100,  103 

Alleghany  Mountains  .  25,  26,92,  95,  no,  113,  114,  115 

Alleghany  River . 80,  82,  92,  95 

Allegheny,  Penn . 92>  9& 

Allentown,  Penn . 93>  98 

Alliance,  0 .  146,15! 

Alligator  Swamp . 31 

Alma,  Col . 223,  227 

Alma,  Neb . 203,  206 

Alpena,  Mich . 165,  170 

Alpine,  Col . 223,  227 

Altamaha  River .  120,  1 21 

Alton,  Ill . 158,160,163,191 

Alton  Bay,  N.H . 54,  5^ 

Altoona,  Penn . 92»  98 

Altoona  Pass,  Ga.,  action  at . 122 

Alturas  County,  Idaho  Ter.  ......  214,219 

Amboy,  N.J . 88,  90 

American  Falls,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  218 

American  Fork,  Utah  Ter .  222,  230 

American  River,  Cal .  238,  240 

Americus,  Ga . 120,  123 

Ames,  Io . ^4,  *87 

Amherst,  Mass . 62,  66 

Amite  City,  La . 129,  133 

Amoskeag  Falls . 55,  58 

Amsterdam,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Anacostia  River . 108,  109 

Anamosa,  Io . 1 85,  J87 

Anderson,  S.C .  1 1 4,  n9 

Androscoggin  County,  Me . 49,  52 

Androscoggin  River . 48,  5 1 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich . 165,  168,  170 

Annapolis,  Md . 26,  27,  101,  103,  104 

Anne  Arundel  County,  Md . 101,  104 

Anoka,  Minn . l7&>  J^2 

Antarctic  Ocean,  area  of .  3 

Antelope  Springs,  Col . 223,  227 

Anthracite  coal  region,  map  of . 95 

Antietam  Creek . IOO>  io4 

Antilles,  Greater  and  Lesser . 1 4,  1 5 

Anto  Chico,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Apachees .  254>  255 

Apache  Indians,  the . 43 

Apopka,  Fla .  126,  127 

Apostle  Islands,  the . 164,  170,  172,  173 

Appalachian  Mountains  ....  7,  1 6,  17,  28,  29,  51 

Appen,  Col .  223>  227 

Appleton,  Wis . *65,  !74,  l75 

Appomattox  River . no,  in 

Aquidneck  Island  .  . 75’  7 6,  77 

Arabian  Sea .  3 

Arctic  America,  account  of .  1 1 

Arctic  explorations,  account  of . 11 

Arctic  Ocean,  area  of .  3 


Arctic  regions,  map  of .  n 

Arizona  Territory . 41,  42,  43,  235 

area  of . 41 

description  of . 235 

general  statistics  of . 235 

historical  sketch  of . 236 

population  of . 41 

special  map  of . 232 

Arkadelphia,  Ark .  129,  135 

Arkansas . 32>  33-  34,  ^33 

area  of . 134 

description  of . 133 

general  statistics  of . 133 

population  of . 33 

special  map  of . 129 

Arkansas  City,  Ark . 129,  135 

Arkansas  Post,  Ark . 135 

Arkansas  River  .  .  129,  135,  196,  197,  198,  223,  225 

Armstrong,  Indian  Ter . 254,  255 

Aroostook  County,  Me . 49>  52 

Aroostook  River . 48,  51 

Arrapahoes .  2 54,  255 

Arrow  River,  Minn . 176,  178 

Ascension  Parish,  La . 129,  133 

Ashcroft,  Col . 223,  227 

Asheville,  N.C .  114,116 

Ashland,  Ky . 140,  142 

Ashland,  Neb . 203,  206 

Ashland,  Ore . 246,  248 

Ashland,  Penn . 93>  9^ 

Ashland,  Wis . 164,  173 

Ashland  County,  0 .  146,  148 

Ashley  River . H4>  Ir7>  u8 

Ashtabula,  0 . 146,  148 

Ashuelot  River . 55>  58 

Assabet  River . 63,  65 

Astoria,  Fla . I27 

Astoria,  Ore . 246,  247,  248 

Atchafalaya  River . 129,  132 

Atchison,  Kan . r97»  200 

Athens,  Ga . 120,  122 

Athens,  O . l4^  *5* 

Athens,  Tenn . I4°,  !45 

Atkins,  Ark . 1 29»  T35 

Atlanta,  Ga . 28,  30,  120,  122 

scene  in . 121 

Atlantic,  Io .  ^5,  J88 

Atlantic  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Atlantic  Ocean,  area  of .  3 

Atlantic  Plain,  width  of .  l7 

Attleborough,  Mass . 63,  68 

Attoo,  Island  of .  252>  253 

Aubrey  City,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Auburn,  Ala . 120,  124 

Auburn,  Me . 48,  53 

Auburn,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Augusta,  Ark . I29>  1 35 


275 


2  76 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


PAGE. 


TAGE. 


Augusta,  Ga. 
Augusta,  Me. 
Aurora,  Ill.  .  . 
Au  Sable  River  . 
Austin,  Lake .  .  , 
Austin,  Minn.  .  , 
Austin,  Nev.  .  .  . 
Austin,  Tex.  .  .  . 
Aux  Barques  Point 
Avon,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

Aztecs  of  Mexico  . 


28,  29,  30,  1 19,  120,  121,  122 

.  .  .  .23,24,48,51,52 

. 158.  i63 

. 165,  167 

. 60 

. 176,  l82 

. 238,  244 

•  •  32>  33.  136.  r38,  139 

. 165,  167 

. 81, 84 

. D 


01,  202,  207,  209,  213,  214 
. 11 


Bad  Lands,  the  .  .  .  .40, 

Baffin’s  Arctic  expedition  . 

Baffin  Bay .  3 

Bahamas,  the . 14,  15 

Bahamas,  British  ownership  of . 15 

Bainbridge,  Ga .  120,  123 

Baker  City,  Ore . 246,  248 

Bald  Mountain . 48,  51 

Baldwin  City,  Kan . 197,  199 

Baldy  Mountain . 222,  228 

Balize,  area  of . 15 

British  ownership  of . 15 

government  of . 15 

population  of .  15 

town  of . 14,  1 5 

Ballston,  N.Y . 81,  84 

Baltic  Sea .  3 

Baltimore,  Md . 26,  27,  100,  101,  103,  104 

view  of . 102 

and  vicinity,  map  of . 100 

Baltimore  County,  Md.,  mines  of . 103 

Bangor,  Me . 23,  24,  48,  51,  53 

Barnstable,  Mass . 63,  66 

Barnstable  County,  Mass . 63,  67 

Barre,  Vt . 54,  60 

Barrington,  R.1 . 76,  79 

Barrow,  Cape . 252,  253 

Barrow  Strait .  11 

Barry  County,  Mich . 165,  167 

Bartlett,  N.H . 55,57 

Bastrop,  Tex . 136,  139 

Batavia,  N.Y . So,  87 

Batesville,  Ark .  129,  135 

Bath-  Me . 48,  5b  52>  53 

Baton  Rouge,  La . 32,  33,  129,  132,  133 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 165,  169,  170 

Battle  Mountain,  Nev . 238,  244 

Bay  City,  Mich .  165,  169 

Bayfield,  Wis . 164,  173 

Bayfield  Peninsula . 164,  172 

Bayonne,  N.J . 88,  91 

Bayou  Lafourche . 129,  132 

Bayou  Plaquemine . 129,132 

Bayou  Terre  Bonne . 129,  132 

Bay  St.  Louis,  Miss . 129,  130,  131 

Bear  Lake . 222,  228,  229 

Bear  Lake  County,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 

Bear  River . 214,  218,  228 


Bear  Paw  Mountains . 213,  214 

Beatrice,  Neb . 202,  206 

Beaufort,  N.C . 114,116 

Beaufort,  S.C . 1 14,  118,  1 19 

Beaver  City,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Beaver  Falls,  Penn . 92,  98 

Beaver  Head  River .  213,  214 

Beaver  Mountains . 222,  228 

Beaver  River,  Penn . 92,  98 

Bedford,  Ind . 152,  155 

Bedloe’s  Island,  N.Y . 83,  86 


Behring  Strait . 

Belcher’s  arctic  expedition  . 

Belfast,  Me . 

Belknap  County,  N.H.  .  . 

Bellaire,  O . 

Bellefontaine,  O . 

Bellefonte,  Penn . 

Belleville,  Ill . 

Bellevue,  Idaho  Ter.  .  .  . 

Bellingham  Bay,  Wash.  Ter, 

Bellows  Falls,  Vt . 

Belmont  County,  O.  .  .  . 

Beloit,  Kan . 

Beloit,  Wis . 

Belt  Range,  Montana  Ter.  . 

Belton,  Tex . 

Bengal,  Bay  of . 

Bennington,  Vt . 

Bennington  County,  Vt.  .  . 

Benton,  Ark . 

Benzonia,  Mich . 

Bergen,  N.J . 

Bergen,  N.J.,  settlement  at  . 

Berkeley,  Cal . 

Berkeley  Springs,  W.Va. 
Berkshire  County,  Mass. 

Berkshire  Hills . 

Berlin,  Conn . 

Bernalillo,  N.  Mex.  .  .  . 

Berwick  Bay,  La . 

Bethesda  Spring,  Wis.  .  . 

Bethlehem,  N.H . 

Bethlehem,  Penn . 

Beverly,  Mass . 

Beverly,  N.J . 

Biddeford,  Me . 

Big  Blue  River . 

Big  Cypress  Swamp,  Fla.  . 
Big  De  Noquette  Bay  -  .  . 

Bigelow,  Mount . 

Big  Horn  Mountains  .  .  . 

Big  Muddy  River,  Ill.  .  . 

Big  Rapids,  Mich . 

Big  Sandy  River  .... 
Big  Sioux  River  .... 

Big  Stone  Lake . 

Big  Tarkio  River  .... 
Billings,  Montana  Ter.  .  . 

Biloxi,  Miss . 

Binghamton,  N.Y . 

Birmingham,  Ala . 

Birmingham,  Conn.  .  .  . 
Bismarck,  Dakota  Ter.  .  . 
Bistineaux  Lake  .... 
Bitter  Root  Mountains  .  . 
Bitter  Root  River  .... 
Blackburn  Mountain  .  .  . 

Black  Hawk,  Col . 

Black  Hills,  the  .... 
Black  Mountains,  N.C.  .  . 

Black  River,  Ark . 

Black  River,  La . 

Black  River,  Mich.  .  .  . 

Black  River,  N.Y . 

Black  River,  O . 

Black  River,  Vt . 

Black  River,  Wis . 

Black  Sea  . 

Blackstone  River  .... 
Black  Warrior  River  .  .  . 
Black  Water  River,  Va. .  . 

Blackwell’s  Island,  N.Y.  . 

Blair,  Neb . 

Blakely,  Wash.  Ter.  .  .  . 
Blanco  Mountain  .... 


.  3 

. 11 

. 48,  53 

. 55.  58 

. 146,  1 51 

. 146,  151 

. 92, 98 

. 158,  163 

. 214,  219 

. 246,  250 

. 55. 60 

. 146,  148 

. 197,  200 

. 164,  i74,  175 

. 214,  217 

. 136,  i39 

.  3 

. 54,  61 

. 55,  61 

. 129,  135 

. 165,  169 

. 86,88,91 

. 27 

. 238,  241,  242 

. no,  1 15 

. 62,  65 

. 62,  64,  65 

. 70,  72 

. 232,  234 

. J33 

. 173 

. 54,  58 

. 93, 98 

. 63,  65,  68 

. 88,  91 

. 48,  51,  53 

. 203,  204 

. 126 

. 165,  167 

. 48,  5 1 

. 213,  214,  220 

. 158,  160 

. 165,  170 

. 140,  141 

176,  1S1,  1S2,  186,  209,  210 

.  .  .  176,  178,  207,  208 

. 190,  192 

. 214,  217 

. 128,  129,  131 

. 80,  87 

. 120,  125 

. 24 

. 208,  211,  212 

. 129,  132 

.....  213,  214,  218 

•  . . 213,  214 

. 213,  214 

. 223,  227 

•  38,  39,  207,  208,  215,  220 

. ”4,  1 15 

. 129,  134 

. 132 

. 165,  167 

. 80,  83 

. 146,  148 

. 54,  60 

. 164,  172 

.  3 

...  63,  65,  75,  76,  77 

. 120,  123,  125 

. 1  to,  III 

. 83,86 

. 203,  206 

. 246,  251 

. 223,  225 


Block  Island . 

Bloomfield,  N.J . 

Bloomington,  Ill . 

Bloomington,  Ind . 

Bloomsburg,  Penn . 

Blue  Earth,  Minn . 

Blue  Grass  Region . 

Blue  Hills  of  Connecticut  .... 

Blue  Mountain . 

Blue  Mountains,  the . 

Blue  Mountains,  Ore . 

Blue  Ridge,  the  .  100,  no,  in,  113, 

Blue  River,  Kan . 

Blue  Sulphur  Springs,  W.Va.  .  .  . 

Bois  Blanc  Lake,  Minn . 

Bois  de  Sioux  River . 

Boise  City,  Idaho  Ter . 

Boise  County,  Idaho  Ter . 

Bolivar,  Tenn . 

Bolton,  Conn . 

Bombazine  Lake . 

Bonanza,  Col . 

Bonham,  Tex . 

Bonne  Femme  Creek,  Mo . 

Boone,  explorations  of . 

Boonesborough,  Ky . 

Booneville,  Miss . 

Booneville,  Mo . 

Boothbay,  Me . 

Bordentown,  N.J . 

Borgne  Lake  . 

Boston,  Mass . 

bird’s-eye  view  of  ..... 

map  of  vicinity  of . 

Boston  Bay,  view  from . 

Boulder,  Col . 

Boulder  County,  Col . 

Bowling  Green,  Ky . 

Box  Elder,  Col . 

Boyer  River,  Io . 

Bozeman,  Montana  Ter . 

Brace,  Mount . 

Braddock,  Penn . . 

Bradford,  Penn . 

Brahmanists,  estimated  numbers  of  .  . 

Brainerd,  Minn . 

Brandon,  Vt . . 

Brandywine  Creek . 

Brattleborough,  Vt . 

Brazos  River . 

Breckenridge,  Col . 

Brenham,  Tex . 

Brewer,  Me . 

Bridesburg,  Penn . 

Bridgeport,  Conn . 

scene  in  harbor  of . 

Bridger’s  Pass . 

Bridgeton,  N.J . 

Bridgewater,  Mass . 

Brigham  City,  Utah  Ter . 

Brighton,  Mass . 

Bristol,  Conn . 

Bristol,  Penn . 

Bristol,  R.I . 

Bristol,  Tenn . 

Bristol  County,  Mass . -  . 

Bristol  County,  R.I . 

British  Columbia . 

British  Honduras . 

British  West  Indies,  area  of  ...  . 

population  of . 

Broad  Creek,  Del . 

Broad  River,  S.C . 

Brockton,  Mass . 

Bronx  River,  N.Y . 


PAGE. 

•  ■  •  75.76 

.  .  .  88, 91 

36,  37,  158,  163 

•  •  152,  155 

•  •  •  93.98 

.  .  176,  182 

.  .  140,  141 

.  .  .  .  69 

...  48,  51 

.  25,  26,  88,  90 
.  .  245,  246 

14,  1 1 5,  1 19,  120 

.  .  196,  198 

.  .  no,  1 15 

•  •  176,  179 

.  .  176,  178 

42,  43,  214,  219 
.  .  214,  219 

.  .  140,  145 

...  70,  72 

...  54, 60 

.  .  223, ‘22  7 

•  •  136,  139 

.  .  190,  I94 

....  30 

....  142 
.  .  129,  I3I 

.  .  I90,  I94 

•  •  •  49.  53 
.  .  88,  90,  91 

•  •  129.  133 

.  63,  65,  66,  67 


.  .  23, 62 

...  64 

223,  225,  227 
.  223,  225 

140,  142 
.  223,  227 

.  184,  186 

.  214,  217 

.  .  69,  72 

.  .  92, 99 

.  .  92,  99 

•  •  •  3 

.  176,  182 

.  .  54,  61 

.  101,  105 

•  •  55.  61 

•  136.  137 

.  223,  227 

•  136,  139 

•  •  49.  53 

•  •  97,  98 

.  69,70,74 
...  69 

.  215,  220 

.  88,  90,  91 
.  .  63,66 

.  222,  230 

.  .  62,  67 

•  70,  72,  74 

•  •  93. 99 

•  75.  76,  79 

.  140,  145 

.  .  63,  67 

•  •  76,  78 

•  •  12,  13 

.  .  14,  15 

.  .  .  15 

.  .  .  15 

.  101,  106 

.  1 14,  1 19 

.  .  63,  68 

•  •  85.8<i 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


2  77 


Brookfield,  Mo . 

Brookhaven,  Miss . 

Brookings,  Dakota  Ter . 

Brookline,  Mass . 

Brooklyn,  N.Y . 

population  of . 

map  of  vicinity  of  ...  . 
Brooklyn  Bridge,  glimpse  of  .  . 

Brookvale,  Col . 

Brownsville,  Ore . 

Brownsville,  Tex . 

Brownville,  Neb . 

Brunswick,  Ga . 

Brunswick,  Me . 

Buckskin  Mountains . 

Bucksport,  Me . 

Bucyrus,  O . 

Buddhists,  estimated  numbers  of 

Buena  Vista,  Col . 

Buffalo,  N.Y . 

map  of  vicinity  of  ...  . 

Bunker  Hill,  battle  of  .  .  .  . 

Burlington,  Io . 

Burlington,  Kan . 

Burlington,  N.J . 

Burlington,  Vt . 

view  near . 

Burrillville,  R.I . 

Burt’s  Lake,  Mich . 

Butler,  Mo . 

Butler’s  Island,  Vt . 

Butte  City,  Montana  Ter.  .  .  . 

Butte  County,  Cal . 

Buzzards  Bay . 

Byram  River,  Conn . 


Cabot’s  arctic  expedition  .  . 

Cache  County,  Utah  Ter.  .  . 

Cache  River . 

Cachise  County,  Arizona  Ter. 

Caddo,  Indian  Ter . 

Caddo  Parish,  La . 

Cahaba  River . 

Cahokia,  Ill . 

Cairo,  111 . 

Calais,  Me . 

Calapoosa  Mountains  .  .  . 

Calaveras  River . 

Calcasieu  Parish,  La . 

Caledonia,  Minn . 

Caledonia  County,  Vt.  .  .  . 

California . 

area  of . 

description  of . 

historical  sketch  of  .  .  . 

population  of . 

special  map  of  .  .  .  . 

California,  Gulf  of  ...  . 

California,  Mo . 

California  Gulch,  Col.  .  . 

Calvert,  Tex . 

Cambridge,  Mass . 

Cambridge,  Md . 

Cambridgeport,  Mass.  .  . 

Camden,  Ark . 

Camden,  Del . 

Camden,  N.J . 

Camden,  S.C . 

Camel’s  Hump,  Vt.  .  .  . 

Cameron,  Mo . 

Campton,  N.H . 

Canaan,  Conn . 


PAGE. 

...  190,  194 

.  .  129,  130,  131 
.  .  .  209,  212 

....  62,  68 

.  .  .  26,  27,  86 

. 86 

. 86 

. 25 

.  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  246,  248 

,  .  .  .  136,  139 

.  .  .  203,  206 

.  .  .  120,  121,  122 

■  •  -43,  49.  52,  S3 
.  .  .  .  223,  225 

. 49.  S3 

.  .  .  .  146,  151 

.  3 

.  .  .  •  223,  227 

25,  26,  27,  So,  83,  86 

. 80 

. 67 

39,  40,  185,  187,  188 
.  .  .  .  197,  200 

. 88, 91 

•  23,  24,  54,  60,  61 

. 59 

. 76,  79 

.  .  .  .  165,  167 

.  .  .  .  190,  194 

. 54,  59 

216,  217 
238,  240 

63,  64 

69,  70 


!I4, 


. 11 

.  .  .  222,  230 

.  .  .  158,  160 

•  •  •  232,  236 

129,  t33-  254,  255 

•  •  •  254,  255 

.  .  .  120,  1 

. 162 

.  .157,  158,  163 
....  48,  53 


PAGE. 


.  .  245, 246 

.  .  238, 240 

.  .  129,  13 

.  .  176,  182 

...  54, 6 

42,  43,  44,  237 
....  237 

....  237 

....  241 
....  237 
.  .  238,  239 

■  •  •  •  3,  239 

.  .  190,  194 

.  •  •  223,  227 

•  •  i36>  x39 

23,  24,  63,  66,  67 
.  .  .  101,  104 

. 67 

•  •  •  129,  135 

.  .  .  101,  106 

.  .  .  88,  91,  98 
.  .  1 14,  1 18,  119 

.  .  .  .  54,  59 
.  .  .  190,  194 

.  .  .  .  54,  58 

.  .  .  .  70,72 


Canada,  area  of . 12 

description  of .  12 

map  of . x3 

Canadian  River . 231,  232,  254,  255 

Canandaigua,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Canandaigua  Lake,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Cane  River,  La .  129,  133 

Canisteo  River . 80,  87 

Cannon  Ball  River . 208,  210 

Cannon  River,  Minn .  176,  182 

Canon  City,  Col .  . 223,  227 

Canonicut  Island . 75>  7^ 

Canterbury,  N.H . 55>  57 

Canton,  Dakota  Ter .  209,  212 

Canton,  Miss . I29,  131 

Canton,  Mo . I9°>  x94 

Canton,  0 . 1 4^,  1 5 1 

Cape  Ann . 63,  64 

Cape  Cod . 63,  64 

Cape  Cod  Bay . 63,  64 

Cape  Constitution .  11 

Cape  Elizabeth,  Me . 49,  53 

Cape  Fear  River . U4,  Ir5 

Cape  Girardeau,  Mo . 189,  190,  193,  194 

Cape  May,  N.J . 88,  90 

Cape  Sable,  Fla . 126,  127 

Cape  Vincent . 80,  83,  87 

Capon  Springs,  W.Va . IIQ,  ”5 

Caravan  routes  {see  map ) . 4,  5 

Carbon,  Wyoming  Ter . 215,  220,  221 

Carbon  Hill,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  250 

Carbonado,  Wash.  Ter . 244,  246 

Carbondale,  Ill . 1 57.  i58>  160,  161 

Carbondale,  Penn . 93>  95>  99 

Cardigan  Mountain . 55»  57 

Caribbean  Sea . 

Caribou,  Col .  223>  2 

Carlisle,  Penn . 93,  99 

Carolinas,  why  so  named . 31 

Carp  Lake,  Mich .  1 65,  1&7 

Carp  River,  Mich . t64>  I&7 

Carroll  County,  N.H . 55>  58 

Carroll  County,  O . 148 

Carrollton,  Ga . 12°,  1 

Carrollton,  Mo .  19°.  *94 

Carson  City,  Nev . 42»  43>  238>  244 

Carson  Lake . 238,  243 

Carson  River . 238,  24°,  243 

Cartersville,  Ga . 120,  122,  1 

Carthage,  Mo . x9°>  *94 

Cascade  Range .  7,  42,  43,  245>  246,  24§ 

Cascades,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Cascades  of  the  Columbia . 247,  248 

Casco  Bay . 49,  5 

Castine,  Me . 48,  52 

Castle  Dome  City,  Arizona  Ter .  232,  236 

Castleton,  Vt . 54,  60,  6 

Catasaqua,  Penn . 93,  99 

Catawba  River . n4,  11 

Catskill,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Catskill  Mountains . 25,  26,  81,  8 

Cattaraugus  County,  N.Y.,  springs  of . 84 

Caucasian  race,  estimated  numbers  of  .  . 

Caucasians,  number  of,  in  North  America 

Cave  Spring,  Ga . 12 

Cayuga  Lake . 80,  83 

Cazenovia,  Wis . x64>  x73 

Cedar  Creek,  natural  bridge  over 


Central  America,  map  of . 14 

Central  American  republics . 15 

Central  City,  Col . 223,  227 

Central  City,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  212 

Central  States  (East),  description  of  ....  35-37 

map  of . 36 

Central  States  (West),  description  of  ...  .  38-40 

map  of . 39 

Central  Time . 45>  4^ 

Centralia,  Ill . 158,  162 

Centre  Harbor,  N.H . 54,  58 

Cerro  Gordo,  Fla . 126,  127 

Ceuka  Lake,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Chaffee  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Chagrin  River,  0 .  146,  148 

Challis,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 

Chamberlain,  Dakota  Ter .  209,  212 

Chamberlain,  Lake . 48,  5 1 

Chambersburg,  Penn . 93>  99 

Champaign,  Ill . 15,  I^I>  x^3 

Champlain,  Lake . 54,  6°,  81,  83 

scene  on . 59 

Champlain  and  Hudson  Canal . 60,  81,  83 

Champlain’s  expedition . 27,  8 5 

Chapel  Hill,  N.C .  114,116 

Chariton  River . 184,  186,  190,  192 

Charles  River . 62,  63,  67 

Charleston,  S.C . 28,  29,  30,  114,  118,  119 

map  of  vicinity  of . IX4 

Charlestown,  Mass . 62,  67 

Charlestown,  W.Va .  no,  115 

Charlotte,  N.C .  114,116 


Cedar  Falls,  Io . J84,  1 87 ,  X8S 

Cedar  Keys,  Fla . I2^,  12 

Cedar  Rapids,  Io .  ^5.  J88 

Cedar  River,  Io . x84,  x86 

Cedar  Spring,  S.C . n4,  11 

Central  America,  commerce  of . 

description  of . . 


PAGE. 


Charlottetown,  P.E.I . I2>  r3 

Chart  of  world’s  commerce . 4,  5 

Chaska,  Minn . l7&>  *82 

Chatfield,  Minn . 176,  182 

Chattahoochee  River  .  .  .  .  119,120,121,123,126 

Chattanooga,  Tenn . 28,  30,  140,  144,  145 

Chautauqua  County,  N.Y.,  springs  of . 84 

Chautauqua  Lake . 80,  83 

Cheboygan  Lake .  x65>  I&7 

Chehalis  River . 246,  249 

Chelsea,  Mass . 62,  67,  68 

Chemung  River,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Chenango  River,  N.Y . 80,  87,  92,  99 

Chequamegon  Bay,  Wis . 164,  174 

Cheraw,  S.C . 114,  I!0 

Cherokee  nation . 32>  33 

Cherokees .  254>  255 

Cherry  River,  Col .  222,  225,  227 

Chesapeake  Bay . iOI>  I03>  io4 

Chesapeake  City,  Md . I0I>  104 

Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal  .  .  .  101,  103,  105 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  .  .  .  100,  103,  107,  108 

Cheshire,  Conn . 7°)  7 2 

Cheshire  County,  N.H . 55>  58 

Chester,  Ill .  1 5^»  I^° 

Chester,  Penn . 93>  97»  99 

Chester,  S.C . IX4>  IX9 

Chestertown,  Md .  IOI>  I04 

Chestnut  Hill,  Penn . '.f . 97.  98 

Chesuncook,  Lake . 48,  51 

Cheyenne,  Wyoming  ler.  .  .  .  42>  43>  2I5>  22°>  221 

Cheyenne  River . 2°9>  210 

Cheyennes .  254>  255 

Chicago,  Ill . 36,  37.  157,  x58,  162 

view  of . 35 

from  the  river . x57 

from  the  lake . r57 

Chicago  River . x58.  x6o,  162 

Chickamauga,  Ga . 120,  122 

Chickasaw  Reservation . 32>  33 

Chickasawha  River . 128,  129 

Chickasaws .  254>  255 

Chico,  Cal . 23s>  242 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


2  78 


M7 

*5* 


Chicopee,  Mass . 62,  68 

Chicopee  River . 62,  65 

Chilcat  River . 252,  253 

Chillicothe,  Mo . 190,  194 

Chiliicothe,  0 . 146,  149,  151 

Chimney  Mountains,  Montana  Ter .  215,  220 

Chippewa  Falls,  Wis . 164,  172,  175 

Chippewa  River,  Wis . 164,  172,  175 

Chittenden  County,  Vt . 54,  61 

Choctaw  Reservation . 32,  34 

Choctawhatchee  River . 120,  123 

Choctaws . 254,  255 

Choptank  River . 101,  104 

Choteau  County,  Montana  Ter . 214,  217 

Chowan  River . 114,115 

Christiana  Creek,  Md . 101,  105 

Christians,  statistics  of .  3 

Cimarron,  Indian  Ter . 254,  255 

Cimarron,  N.  Mcx . 232,  234 

Cincinnati,  0 . 35,  36,  146,  149,  150 

map  of  vicinity  of . 36 

view  of . 

Circleville,  0 . 146, 

Citronelle,  Ala .  120,  124 

City  Creek,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  212 

Clackamas  County,  Ore . 246,  248 

Claremont,  N.II . 54,  58 

Clarendon,  Ark . 129,  135 

Clarke’s  Fork  of  the  Columbia . 213,  214 

Clarksburg,  W.  Va . no,  115 

Clarksville,  Ark.  .  .  • . 129,  135 

Clarksville,  Tenn .  140,  145 

Clay  Center,  Kan.  . . 197,  200 

Clay  County,  Ind .  152,  155 

Clay  Mountain . 54,  57 

Clear  Creek  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Clear  Lake,  Cal . 238,  240 

Clear  Lake,  Io .  184,  186 

Clear  River,  Col . 223,  225 

Clear  River,  R.1 . 76,  79 

Clearwater  River . 214,  218 

Cleburne,  Tex . 136,  139 

Clemens,  Mount . 165,  170 

Cleveland,  0 . 35,  36,  146,  148,  150 

scene  at . 147 

Cleveland,  Tenn . 140,  145 

Clinch  River . no,  hi,  140,  143 

Clinton,  Io . X85,  187,  188 

Clinton,  La . 129,  133 

Clinton,  Mass . 63,  68 

Clinton,  Miss . 129,  130 

Clinton,  Mount . 54,  57 

Clinton  County,  N.Y.,  mines  of . 84 

Coal  Creek,  Col . 223,  227 

Coast  Range,  7,  42,  43,  237,  238,  245,  246,  249,  252,  253 
(See  Pacific  maps.) 

Cobbossecontee  River,  Me . 53 

Cocheco  River . 55,  58 

Cochetopa,  Col . 223,  227 

Cochituate  Lake . 63,  68 

Coeur  d’Alene,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 

Cceur  d’Alene  Mountains . 212,  218 

Cohoes,  N.Y . 81,  83,  87 

Cohoes  Falls,  N.Y . 83 

Cokesbury,  S.C .  114,  119 


Colchester,  Conn. 


. 7L74 

Colchester,  Vt . 54,  61 

Cold  Spring,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Coldwater,  Mich . 165,  169,  170 

Colebrook,  N.H . 55,  58 

Colfax,  Wash.  T . 246,  251 

Colorado . 4i)  42,  43,  224 

area  of . 4J 

description  of . 224 

general  statistics  of . 224 


Colorado,  parks  of . 41,  42 

population  of  .  \  .  .  • . 41 

special  map  of . 222,  223 

Colorado  Mountains . 223,  225 

Colorado  Plateau,  elevation  of . 17 

Colorado  River . 232,  235 

canon  of  the . 42,  43 

sources  of . 17 

Colorado  Springs,  Col . 223,  226,  227 

Columbia,  Col . 223,  227 

Columbia,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  212 

Columbia,  District  of  .  .  .  .25,  26,  27,  107,  108,  109 

Columbia,  Mo . 190,  193,  194 

Columbia,  Penn . 93,  99 

Columbia,  S.C . 28,  29,  30,  114,  118,  119 

Columbia,  Tenn . 140,  145 

Columbia,  plain  of  the .  17 

Columbia  County,  Wis .  164,  172 

Columbia  River . 213,  214,  245,  246,  247 

sources  of .  X7 

Columbiana  County,  0 .  146,  148 

Columbus,  Ga . 28,  30,  119,  120,  121,  122 

Columbus,  Kan . 197,  200 

Columbus,  Miss . 128,  129,  130 

Columbus,  Neb . 203,  206 

Columbus,  0 . 35,  36,  146,  149,  150 

Columbus,  Tex .  136,139 

Colville,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Colville  River . 252,  253 

Comanches . 254,  255 

Como,  Col . 223,  227 

Como,  Lake,  Minn . 176,  182 

Commercial  chart  of  the  world . 4,  5 

Commercial  products  of  the  world . 4,  5 

Comparative  statistics,  tables  of .  3 

Comparison  of  continents .  3 

Concord,  N.H . 23,  24,  55,  57,  58 

Concord  River . 63,  65 

Concordia,  Kan . 197,  199,  200 

Conecuh  River .  120,  123 

Conestoga  Creek . 93>  99 

Congaree  River . 114,  117 

Conneaut,  0 .  146,  148 

Connecticut,  area  of . 69 

boundaries  of . 69,  70 

description  of . 69-74 

general  statistics  of . 71 


PAGE. 


Costa  Rica,  area  of .  15 

population  of . 15 

Cotton  states,  the . 29 

Cottonwood  River . X97,  200 

Cottonwood  Springs,  Col . 223,  227 

Council  Bluffs,  Io . 184,  187,  188 

Counties  of  United  States  (see  tables  under  tht 
several  States) . 

Coventry,  R.I . .  .  76,  77,  79 

Covington,  Ky . 28,  30,  140,  142 

Cowan,  Mount . .  .  .  .  .  213,  214 

Cowlitz  River . 246,  249 

Cowpens,  S.C . n8 

Cranston,  R.I . 76,  77,  79 

Crawford  County,  Ind . 152,  155 

Crawfordsville,  Ind . I52>  1 55,  156 

Creek  Reservation . 32>  34 

254>  255 


Creeks 


historical  sketch  of 


73 


origin  of  name  of . 7 

population  of,  by  counties . 71 

quarries  of . 24 

special  map  of . 70,  71 

Connecticut  River . 55,  59,  70,  71,  72 

Conshohocken,  Penn . 93»  99 

Continents,  comparison  of .  3 

Contra  Costa  County,  Cal .  238,  240 

Conway,  Ark . 129,  135 

Conyers,  Ga . 120,  123 

Cook  County,  Ill .  150,  1 60 

Coon  River,  Io .  184,  1S8 

Cooper  River . 114,117 

Cobs  County,  N.H . 55)  58 

Coos  County,  Ore . 246,  248 

Coosa  River . 120,  123 

Copperas  Creek . 158,  160 

Corinne,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Corinth,  Miss . 129,  130 

Corning,  Ark . 129,  135 

Corning,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Corry,  Penn . 92,  99 

Corsicana,  Tex .  136,  139 

Cortez  in  Mexico .  15 

Corunna,  Mich .  165,  168 

Corvallis,  Ore . 246,  248 

Coshocton,  0 . 146,  151 


Creighton,  Neb . 203,  206 

Crested  Butte,  Col . 223,  227 

Creston,  Io . 184,  188 

Crete,  Neb . 203,  206 

Crisfield,  Md . 1 01,  103 

Crooked  Fork  of  Grand  River . 190,  194 

Crooked  Lake,  Mich . 165,  167 

Crookston,  Minn . i76)  182 

Croton  River,  N.Y . • . 86 

Crow  Wing  River,  Minn . 176,  179 

Cuba,  Spanish  ownership  of . 13 

Cuero,  Tex . 136,  139 

Cuivre  River . 189,  190 

Culbertson,  Neb . 202,  206 

Cumberland,  Md . 100,  103,  104 

Cumberland,  R.I . 76,  77,  79 

Cumberland  County,  Me . 49)  52 

Cumberland  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Cumberland  Mountains  .  .  .  .  no,  113,  123,  140,  141 

Cumberland  River . 140,  141,  143 

Custer  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Cnthbert,  Ga . 120,  122,  123 

Cuyahoga  River . 146,  148 

Cynthiana,  Ky .  140,  143 

Cypress  Swamp,  Del .  101,  105 

Cypress  Swamp,  Fla . 126 


Dahlonega,  Ga . 120,  122,  123 

Dakota . 38,  39,  40,  207 

area  of . 207 

counties  of . 209 

general  statistics  of . 209 

historical  sketch  of . 21 1 

population  of . 207 

special  description  of . 207 

special  map  of . 208,  209 

Dakota  City,  Neb . 203,  206 

Dakota  River . 208,  209,  210 

Dallas,  Ga .  120,  122 

Dallas,  Ore . 246,  248 

Dallas,  Tex . 136,  139 

Dalles,  the,  Ore . 246,  247,  248 

Dalles,  the,  Wis . 164,  172 

Dalton,  Ga . 120,  122,  123 

Dan  River,  Va .  no,  112 

Danbury,  Conn . 70,  74 

Dane  County,  Wis . 164,  172 

Danielsonville,  Conn . 71,  74 

Danish  America .  q 


Danish  West  Indies . 13 

Dansville,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Danvers,  Mass . 63,  68 

Danvers  Center,  Mass . 63,  68 

Danversport,  Mass . 63,  68 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


2/9 


PAGE. 

Danville,  Ill .  158,  163 

Danville,  Ky .  140,142 

Danville,  Penn . 93>  99 

Danville,  Va .  no,  112 

Danville,  Vt . 54,  61 

Dardanelle,  Ark . 129,  135 

Darien,  Ga.  % . 120,121 

Darke  County,  0 .  146,  148 

Darlington,  S.C . 114,119 

Datil  Mountains . 231,  232 

Davenport,  Io . 39,  40,  185,  187,  188 

view  of . 183 

Davidson  Mountain . 238,  243,  244 

Daviess  County,  Ind .  152,  155 

Davis  Strait,  Cabot  in . n 

Dawamish  River . 246,  251 

Dawson,  Ga .  120,  123 

Dayton,  Ky .  140,  143 

Dayton,  0 . 146,  M9-  ISI 

Dayton,  Ore . 246,  248 

Dayton,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Daytona,  Fla . 126,  127 

Deadwood,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  212 

view  of . 207 

Decatur,  Ala . 120,  125 

Decatur,  Ill . 158)  163 

Decorah,  Io . 184,  188 

Deerfield  River . 55,  60,  62,  65 

Deering,  Me . 48,  5 2 

Deer  Lodge  City,  Montana  Ter . 213,  214,  217 

Deer  Lodge  County,  Montana  Ter .  214,  217 

Deer  Lodge  Mountains . 213,  214 

Deer  Lodge  River . 213,  214 

Deer  Trail,  Col . 223,  227 

Defiance,  N.  Mex . 232,  233 

DeHaven’s  arctic  expedition . 11 

Delano,  Mount . 213,  214 

Delavan,  Wis . 164,  174 

Delaware . 25,  26,  27,  105 

area  of . 105 

general  statistics  of . 102 

population  of . 105 

settlement  of . 27 

special  description  of . 103 

special  map  of . 101 

Delaware,  0 .  146,  151 

Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal . 81,  83 

Delaware  and  Maryland,  physical  view  of  .  .  .  103 

Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal . 88,  90 

Delaware  Breakwater . 101,  105 

Delaware  City,  Del . 101,  105,  106 

Delaware  River . 81,  82,  88,  90,  93,  95 

Delawares .  254>  255 

Delaware  Water-Gap,  Penn . 93>  95 

Dell  Rapids,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  210 

Del  Norte,  Col . 223,  227 

Delta  of  the  Mississippi . 129,  131 

Deming,  N.  Mex . 232,  233,  234 

Demopolis,  Ala . 120,  125 

Denison,  Io .  t84,  188 

Denison,  Tex . r36>  139 

Denver,  Col .  42.  43-  223>  226,  227 

Derby,  Conn . 7°>  72>  74 

Des  Chutes  River . 246,  247 

De  Smet,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  212 

Des  Moines,  Io . 39»  4°,  !84>  t88 

Des  Moines  River  .  .  176,  179,  182,  185,  186,  189,  190 

De  Soto,  Mo . I9°>  *94 

De  Soto  Parish,  La . 129,  133 

Des  Plaines  River . 164,  172 

Detour  Point . ^4,  167 

Detroit,  Mich . 36>  37,  165,  168,  169 

from  the  river . 166 

map  of  vicinity  of . 165 

Detroit  River . ^5 


Devil’s  Island,  Wis . 164,  170 

Devil’s  Lake,  Dakota  Ter .  208,  210 

Devil’s  Lake,  Wis.,  view  of . 17 1 

Dillon,  Montana  Ter . 214,  217 

Dismal  Swamp,  the . 28,  29,  31 

District  of  Columbia  ....  19,  25,  26,  27,  107,  109 

area  of . 107 

population  of . 107 

special  map  of . 108 

Dixon,  Ill .  158,  163 

Dodge  City,  Kan .  196,  200 

Dolores  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Dome  Rock,  Col . 223,  227 

Dominion  of  Canada,  map  of . 13 

area  of . 12 

description  of . 12 

Dona  Ana  County,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Donaldsonville,  La . 129,  133 

Donner  Lake,  Cal . 238,  240 

Door  Peninsula,  Wis . 164,  171,  174 

Dorchester,  Mass . 62,  67 

Dover,  Del . 26,  27,  101,  106 

Dover,  N.H .  55.  57,  5§ 

Dresden,  0 . 146,  148 

Dubois  County,  Ind . 152,  155 

Dubuque,  Io . .  39,  40,  185,  186,  187,  188 

scenes  at . 183 

Duck  Creek,  Del . 101,  106 

Dukes  County,  Mass . 63,  67 

Duluth,  Minn . 176,  180,  182 

Dunkirk,  N.Y . 80,  83,  87 

Dunmore,  Lake . 54,  60 

Durango,  Col . 223,  225,  227 

Durham,  N.C . 114,  116 

Dutch  West  Indies .  15 

Dutchess  County,  N.Y.,  mines  of . 84 

Dutch  Island . 75 

Dyersburg,  Tenn .  140,  145 


East  Boston,  Mass . 62,  67 

East  Central  States,  map  of . 36 

description  of . 35-37 

East  Chariton  River,  Mo . 190,  194 

East  Derry,  N.H . 55,  5^ 

Eastern  Hemisphere,  map  of .  2 

Eastern  States,  map  of . 23 

description  of . 22 

Eastern  Time . 45,  4^ 

East  Feliciana,  La . 129,  133 

East  Greenwich,  R.1 . 7  6,  78,  79 

East  Hartford,  Conn . 7°,  74 

East  Jacksonville,  Fla . 127 

Easton,  Md . 01,  104 

Easton,  Penn . 93>  95>  99 

Eastport,  Me . 48,  53 

East  Portland,  Ore . 246,  248 

East  Providence,  R.1 . 7^>  78 

East  Range,  Vt .  54,  55*  59 

East  Rochester,  N.H . 55,  5^ 

East  Rock,  Conn . 69,  7° 

East  Saginaw,  Mich . 36,  37,  165,  169 

East  St.  Louis,  Ill . 19b  J94 

Eatonton,  Ga .  120,  123 

Eau  Claire,  Wis . 164,  175 

Eau  Claire  River,  Wis . 

Echo  Canon,  Utah  Ter.,  scene  in . 17 

Eddyville,  N.Y . Si,  S3 

Edgartown,  Mass . 63,  66 

Edisto  River . 11 4,  lI7 

Edwardsville,  Ill . 158,  162 

Eel  River,  Cal . 238,  240 

Eel  River,  Ind .  I52>  1 5^ 


Ehrenberg,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Elbert,  Col . 223,  227 

Elbert,  Mount . 223,  225 

Elberton,  Ga . 120,  123 

Elbow  Lake . 176,  179 

Eldora,  Io . 185,  187 

Eldorado  County,  Cal . 238,  240 

Elgin,  Ill . 158,  161,  163 

Elizabeth,  N.J .  86,  88,  91 

Elizabeth  City,  N.C .  114,  116 

Elizabeth  Islands . 63,  64,  66 

Elizabeth  River,  Va .  no,  112 

Elizabethtown,  Ky . 140,  143 

Elk  Horn,  Ark . 135 

Elkhorn,  Col . 223,  227 

Elkhorn  River . 201,  203 

Elk  Lake,  Mich . 165,  167 

Elk  Mountains . 215,  220,  223,  225 

Elko,  Nev . 238,  244 

Elk  Point,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  212 

Elk  River,  Md . 101,  104 

Elk  River,  Mo . 190,  192 

Elkton,  Md .  101,  104 

Ellicott  City,  Md . 101,  104 

Ellis  Island,  N.Y . 83,  86 

Ellsworth,  Me . .  48,  53 

Elmira,  N.Y . 80,  87 

El  Moro,  Col . 223,  227 

El  Paso,  Col . 223,  227 

El  Paso,  Tex . 136,  1 39 

Elyria,  0 .  146,  151 

Embarras  River . 158,  160 

Emery  County,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Emigrant  Peak . 213,  214 

Empire  City,  Ore . 246,  248 

Emporia,  Kan . 197,  !99>  201 

Enfield,  Conn . 7°,  74 

Englefield’s  arctic  expedition . 1 1 

Engleman’s  Canon,  Col . 223,  227 

Ennis,  Tex . *3^,  *39 

Enterprise,  Fla . 126,127 

Enterprise,  Miss . 129,  131 

Ephraim  City,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Erie,  Penn . 92>  94,  99 

Erie  Canal . 25,  26,  80,  81,  82,  85 

Erie,  Lake  .  .  .25,  26,  27,  80,  83,  146,  148,  165,  167 

Escambia  River . 120,  123,  126,  127 

Escanaba,  Mich . 165,  170 

Escanaba  River . 164,  167 

Esopus  Creek,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Essex  County,  Mass . '•  •  •  63,  65,  67 

Essex  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Essex  County,  N.Y.,  mines  of . 84 

Esterbrook  Park,  Col . 223,  227 

Estes  Park,  Col . 223,  225,  227 

Eufaula,  Ala .  120,125 

Eufaula,  Indian  Ter . 254,  255 

Eugene  City,  Ore . 246,  247,  248 

Eureka,  Cal.  . . 238,  242 

Eureka,  Nev . 238,  244 

Eureka  Springs,  Ark .  I29>  !35 

Eutaw,  Ala .  . 120,  125 

Eutaw  Springs,  S.C . 114,  118 

Evans,  Col .  223,  227 

Evans,  Mount . 223,  225 

Evanston,  Wyoming  Ter . 215,  220,  221 

Evansville,  Ind . 3^>  37,  I52>  !5^ 

164,  175  |  Everglades,  the . 28,  29,  31,  126 

i  Exeter,  N.H . 55>  5^ 

Exeter,  R.I . . 7^,  79 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


280 


Fabius  River . 

Fairfield,  Conn . 

Fairfield,  Io . 

Fairfield  County,  Conn.  .  . 

Fairfield  County,  O.  .  .  . 

Fairplay,  Col . 

Fairview,  Utah  Ter.  .  .  . 

Fairweather,  Mount  .  .  . 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

Falls  City,  Neb . 

Falls  of  St.  Anthony  .  .  . 
Fargo,  Dakota  Ter.  .  .  . 

Faribault,  Minn . 

Farmington,  Me . 

Fayette,  Io . 

Fayette,  Mo . 

Fayetteville,  Ark . 

Fayetteville,  N.C . 

Fayetteville,  Tenn . 

Feather  River,  Cal.  .  .  . 

Felchville,  Mass . 

Fergus  Falls,  Minn.  .  .  . 

Fernandez  de  Paos,  N.  Mex, 

Fernandina,  Fla . 

Fevre,  Ill . 

Fifteen  Mile  Falls,  N.H.  . 

Findlay,  O . 

Fire-Hole  Basin  .  .  .  . 

Fitchburg,  Mass . 

Flathead  River . 

Flattery,  Cape,  view  of  .  . 
Flemington,  N.J.  .  .  .  . 

Flint,  Mich . 

Flint  River,  Ga . 

Florence,  Ala . 

Florence,  Arizona  Ter.  .  . 

Florence,  Wis . 

Florida,  area  of . 

description  of  ...  . 
first  settlement  of  .  . 

general  statistics  of  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 

purchase  of . 

special  map  of  .  .  .  . 

sponge  fisheries  of  .  . 

Florida  Keys . 

Floyd  River,  Io . 

Flushing,  N.Y . 

Flushing  Bay,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.  .  .  . 

Forest  City,  Ark . 

Forest  Grove,  Ore.  .  .  . 

Forsyth,  Ga . 

Fort  Benton . 

Fort  Buford . 

Fort  Collins,  Col . 

Fort  Dodge,  Io . 

Fort  Edward,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

Fort  Garland,  Col . 

Fort  Gibson,  Indian  Ter.  . 
Fort  Kearney,  Neb.  .  .  . 

Fort  Keough,  Montana  Ter. 

Fort  Madison,  Io . 

Fort  Moultrie,  S.C.  .  .  . 

Fort  Riley,  Kan . 

Fort  Scott,  Kan . 

Fort  Sill,  Indian  Ter. .  .  . 

Fort  Smith,  Ark . 

Fort  Sumter,  S.C . 

Fort  Wayne,  Ind . 

Fort  Worth,  Tex . 

Foster,  R.I . 

Fountain  County,  Ind.  .  . 

Fox  River,  Ill . 

Fox  River,  Mo . 


PAGE. 


PAGE. 


.  .  .  189,  190 

...  70,  72,  74 
.  .  .  185,  188 

•  •  •  •  7L  73 

.  .  .  146,  148 

.  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  222,  230 

•  •  •  252,  253 

•  23,  24,  63,  65,  67 

.  .  .  203,  206 

....  38,  40 

.  .  .  208,  212 

.  .  176,  180,  182 

•  •  •  48,  52,  53 

.  .  .  185,  187 

.  .  .  190,  194 

•  •  129,  134,  135 

.  .  .  1 1 4,  1 16 

.  .  .  140,  145 

•  •  •  23S,  240 

....  62,  68 

.  .  .  176,  182 

•  •  •  232,  237 

.  .  .  126,  127 

•  •  •  158,  163 

. 58 

.  .  .  146,  151 

. 41 

....  62,  68 

•  •  •  213,  214 

. 249 

.  .  .  .  88,  91 

.  .  165,  169,  170 
.  .  .  120,  121 

.  .  120,  124,  125 

•  •  •  232,  236 

.  .  .  164,  173 

. I25 

2S,  29,  30,  31,  125 

. 3° 

.  ....  125 

. 125 

. 30 

. 126 


.  31,  125,  126 

.  .  184,  186 

...  86, 87 

...  86, 87 

36,  37,  164,  175 

•  •  129,  135 

.  .  246,  248 

.  .  120,  123 

.  201,  214,  217 
.  .  .  .  201 

.  223,  226,  227 
.  184,  186,  188 
...  81, 87 

•  •  223,  227 

•  •  254,  255 

.  .  203,  206 

.  .  215,  217 

.  .  187,  188 

.  .  1 14,  1 18 

.  196,  197,  198 
.  .  197,  200 

•  •  254,  255 

32,  33,  129,  135 

.  .  114.119 

36,  37,  152,  156 

•  •  i36.  139 

...  76, 79 

•  •  152,  155 

.  .  158,  163 

.  .  189,  190 


Fox  River,  Wis . 

Francestown,  N.H.  .  .  . 

Franconia,  N.H . 

Franconia  Mountains  .  .  . 

Frankfort,  Ky . 

Franklin,  Ind . 

Franklin,  La . 

Franklin,  Mount  .  .  .  . 

Franklin,  N.H . 

Franklin,  Penn . 

Franklin,  Tenn . 

Franklin  County,  Mass.  .  . 
Franklin  County,  Me.  .  . 

Franklin  County,  Vt.  .  .  . 

Franklin’s  arctic  expedition 

Frederick,  Md . 

Fredericksburg,  Va.  .  .  . 
Fredericktown,  Mo.  .  .  . 

Fredericton,  N.B . 

Frederika,  Del . 

Fredonia,  N.Y . 

Freeport,  Ill . 

Fremont,  Neb . 

Fremont,  O . 

Fremont  Peak . 

French  Broad  River  .  .  . 

French  West  Indies  .  .  . 

Fresno,  Cal . 

Fresno  River . 

Frisco,  Col . 

Frobisher’s  arctic  voyages  . 
Front  Mountains  .... 

Fulton,  Ark . 

Fulton,  Mo . 


.  .  164,  171 

•  •  •  55.  57 

•  •  •  55.  57 

...  54,  56 

28,  30,  140,  142 

•  •  152,  155 

•  •  129,  133 

•  •  •  54,  57 

•  •  •  55,  58 

•  •  •  92,99 

.  140,  144,  145 

•  •  62,  65,  67 

...  49,  52 

...  54,  61 

.  .  .  .  11 

.  .  100,  104 

.  .  no,  1 12 

.  .  190,  194 

.  .  .  12,  13 

.  .  101,  106 

.  .  80,  84,  87 
.  157, 158, 163 
.  203,  205,  206 
.  146,  148,  1 51 

215,  220 
.  .  114,115 

.  .  .  .  15 

.  .  238,  242 

.  .  238,  240 

.  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  .  I  I 

.  .  223,  225 

.  .  129,  I35 

•  190,  193,  194 


Gadsden  Purchase  . 

44 

Gainesville,  Ga . 

120, 

123 

Gainesville,  Tex . 

136, 

139 

Galena,  Ill . 

I57, 

158, 

163 

Galesburg,  Ill . 

158, 

Gallatin,  Tenn . 

140, 

M5 

Gallatin  City,  Montana  Ter.  . 

201 

Gallatin  County,  Montana  Ter., 

mines  of 

• 

214, 

216 

Gallatin  River . 

20, 

213, 

214 

Gallia  County,  O . 

146, 

148 

Gallion,  O . 

146, 

151 

Gallipolis,  O . 

146, 

151 

Gallup,  N.  Mex . 

232, 

233 

Galveston,  Tex . 

•  32>  33. 

1  136, 

138, 

139 

view  of . 

!37 

Garden  of  the  Gods  .... 

224 

Gardiner,  Me . 

48 

;,  53 

Gardner,  Col . 

223, 

227 

Garfield,  Col . 

223, 

227 

Gasconade  River  . 

190, 

192 

Geauga  County,  O . 

146, 

148 

Genesee  Falls . 

83 

Genesee  River . 

26,  2 

00 

0 

83 

Geneva,  N.Y . 

80 

87 

Geneva  Lake,  Wis . 

164, 

172 

George,  Lake . 

Si 

,83 

Georgetown,  Col . 

223, 

225, 

227 

Georgetown,  Del . 

101, 

106 

Georgetown,  D.C . 

103, 

108, 

109 

Georgetown.  S.C . 

1 14, 

1 18, 

119 

Georgetown,  Tex . 

136, 

i39 

Georgetown  Falls . 

18 

Georgia . 

.  .  28,: 

J9>  3° 

>  3b 

119 

area  of  . 

”9 

first  settlement  of  .  .  . 

30 

general  statistics  of  .  .  . 

n9 

Georgia,  population  of  .  .  . 

special  description  of  .  . 
special  map  of  .  .  .  . 

Germantown,  Penn . 

Gettysburg,  Penn . 

Gibson  County,  Ind . 

Gila  River . 

Gilford,  N.H . 

Gilpin  County,  Col . 

Girard,  Kan . 

Glasgow,  Mo . 

Glastonbury,  Conn . 

Glencoe,  Minn . 

Glendive,  Montana  Ter.  .  .  . 

Glens  Falls,  N.Y . 

Glenwood,  Io . 

Globe  City,  Arizona  Ter.  .  . 
Globular  map  of  the  world 

Gloriata,  N.  Mex . 

Gloucester,  Mass . 

Gloucester,  N.J . 

Gloucester,  R.I . 

Gloucester  County,  N.J. .  .  . 

Gloversville,  N.Y . 

Goat  Island,  N.Y . 

Golden,  Col . 

Golden  Gate,  the . 

view  of . 

Gold  Hill,  Col . 

Gold  Hill,  Nev . 

Goldsborough,  N.C . 

Gonic,  N.H . 

Gonzales,  Tex . 

Goodhue  County,  Minn. .  .  . 

Goose  Lake,  Cal . 

Goose  River,  Dakota  Ter.  .  . 

Gorham,  Me . 

Gorham,  N.H . 

Gothic,  Col . 

Governor’s  Island,  N.Y.  .  .  . 
Grafton  County,  N.H.  .  .  . 

Granby,  Conn . 

Granby,  Mass . 

Grand  Banks  of  Newfoundland 

Grand  County,  Col . 

Grand  divisions,  population  by 
Grand  Forks,  Dakota  Ter.  .  . 

Grand  Haven,  Mich . 

Grand  Island,  Mich . 

Grand  Island,  Neb . 

Grand  Island,  N.Y . 

Grand  Isle  County,  Vt.  .  .  . 

Grand  Junction,  Col . 

Grand  Lake,  Me . 

Grand  Lake,  Col . 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

Grand  Rapids,  Wis . 

Grand  River,  Col . 

Grand  River,  Dakota  Ter.  .  . 
Grand  River,  Iowa  .... 

Grand  River,  Mich . 

Grand  River,  Mo . 

Grand  River,  O . 

Grand  River,  Utah  Ter.  .  .  . 
Grand  Traverse  Bay  .... 
Granger,  Wyoming  Ter. .  .  . 

Granite  Mountains  .... 

Graniteville,  Mass . 

Graniteville,  S.C . 

Grant,  Col . 

Grantsville,  Utah  Ter.  .  .  . 

Grasshopper  River,  Kan.  .  . 

Grass  Valley,  Cal . 

Gratiot  County,  Mich.  .  .  . 

Gray’s  Harbor,  Wash.  Ter.  . 


PAGE. 

.  .  .  .  119 
.  .  .  .  119 

.  ...  120 

•  •  93»97,98 

•  •  93,97,99 

I52,  155 
.  231,  232,  235 

•  •  55,  57,  58 

•  •  223,  225 

.  .  197,  200 

•  •  19°,  l94 

...  70,  74 

.  .  176,  182 

.  .  214,  217 

.  .  81,  83,  87 

.  184,  187,  188 

•  •  232,  236 


•  •  •  •  232,  233 

.  ...  63,  65,  68 
.  .  .  .  88,  91, 98 

. 76,  79 

. 88,  91 

. 81, 87 

. 83 

.  .  .  .  223,  226 

. 242 

. 44 

.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  .  238,  244 

.  .  .  .  114,  116 

. 55,  58 

.  .  .  .  136,  139 

.  .  .  .  176,  181 

.  .  .  .  238,  240 

.  .  .  .  208,  210 

. 48,  52 

. 54,  58 

.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  ' .  .  83,  86 

. 55,  58 

. 70, 72 

. 62, 65 

. 13 

.  .  .  .  223,  225 

.  3 

.  .  .  208,  211,  212 

.  165,  167,  168,  170 

.  .  .  .  165,  167 

.  .  .  .  203,  206 

. 80,83 

...  54,  59,  61 

.  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  .  .  48,  51 

.  .  .  .  223,  227 

36,  37,  165,  168,  169 
.  .  .  164,  173 

.  .  .  .  223,  225 

.  .  .  208,  210 

.  .  .  .  184,  186 

.  .  .  .  165,  167 

.  .  .  190,  192 

.  .  .  .  146,  148 

.  .  .  222,  229 

.  .  .  165,  167 

.  .  .  215,  221 

.  .  .  238,  243 

....  63,  65 

...  1 14,  1 19 

•  •  •  223,  227 

.  .  .  222,  230 

.  .  .  196,  198 

.  .  .  238,  242 

.  .  .  165,  167 

.  .  .  246,  249 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


28 1 


Gray’s  Peak . 

Great  Bend,  Kan . 

Great  Divide,  the,  of  Ohio  . 
Great  Egg  Harbor  .... 
Greater  Antilles,  the  .  .  . 

Great  Falls  of  the  Lamoille 

Great  Falls,  N.H . 

Great  Lakes,  the  .... 
Great  Miami  River  .  .  *. 
Great  Monadnock  Mountain 
Great  Pedee  River .... 
Great  Plains,  the  (see  maps ) 
Great  Plateau,  the  (see  maps ) 
Great  Salt  Lake  .... 

view  of . 

Great  Shoshone  Falls  .  . 

Greeley,  Col . 

Green  Bay,  Mich . 

Green  Bay,  Wis . 

Greenbrier  County,  West  Va. 

Greenbush,  N.Y . 

Greencastle,  Ind . 

Greene  County,  Ind.  .  .  . 

Greeneville,  Tenn . 

Greenfield,  Mass . 

Green  Lake,  Col . 

Greenland,  exports  of  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 

Green  Mountains  .... 

Green  River,  Ky . 

Green  River,  Utah  Ter.  .  . 

Green  River,  Vt . 

Green  River,  Wyoming  Ter. 
Greensborough, Ala.  .  .  . 

Greensborough,  Ga.  .  .  . 

Greensborough, N.C.  .  .  . 

Greensburg,  Ky . 

Greenville,  Ala . 

Greenville,  Mich . 

Greenville,  S.C . 

Greenwich,  Conn.  .... 

Greenwood,  S.C . 

Greenwood  Lake,  N.J.  .  . 

Grenada,  Miss . 

Gretna,  La . 

Greylock  Mountain  .  .  . 

Griffin,  Ga . 

Grinnell,  Io.  . . 

Grinnell  Land . 

Gros  Ventre  Mountains  .  . 

Groton,  Conn . 

Guadalaxara,  Mex . 

Guadaloupe  Mountains  .  . 

Guanaxuato,  Mex . 

Guatemala,  area  of  ... 

city  of . 

population  of  ...  . 

Guernsey  County,  O.  .  .  . 

Guilford,  N.C . 

Gulf  of  California  .... 

Gulf  of  Kara . 

Gulf  of  Mexico . 

Gulf  of  Obi . 

Gull  Island,  Vt . 

Gunnison  Canon,  view  of  . 
Gunnison  City,  Col.  .  .  . 
Gunnison  County,  Col.  .  . 


Hackensack,  N.J . 

Hackensack  River,  glimpse  of 
Haddam,  Conn . 


PAGE. 

.  .  .  223, 225 

.  .  .  196,  200 

.  .  .  147,  148 

.  .  .  .  88,  90 

....  14,  15 

. 60 

....  55,  58 

35>  36’  37.  164,  165 
.  .  .  146,  148 

•  •  •  •  55.  57 

.  .  .  1 14,  ”5 

....  16,  17 

,  .  .  .  .  16,  17 

.  .  .  222,  228 

. 43 

,  .  .  .  214,  218 

.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  .  164,  167 

.  .37,164,171,175 

.  .  .  .  no,  113 

. 81,87 

•  •  •  I52>  155 

•  •  •  152.  155 

.  .  .  .  140,  145 

. 62, 68 

.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  9 

.  9 

22,  23,  54,  55,  59,  60 

.  .  .  .  140,  141 

.  .  .  .  222,  229 

. 55-  60 

.  .  .  215,  220,  221 
.  .  .  .  120,  125 

.  .  .  .  120,  123 

.  .  .  .  1 14,  1 1 6 

.  .  .  .  140,  141 

.  .  .  .  120,  125 

.  .  .  .  165,  170 

.  .  .  .  1 14,  1 19 

. 70,  74 

.  .  .  .  1 14,  119 

. 88, 90 

.  .  .  .  129,  130 

.  .  .  .  129,  133 

. 62, 65 

.  .  .  .  120,  123 

.  .  .  184,  187,  188 

. 11 


215,  220 

•  71.  74 

•  14.  15 
23b  232 

•  14,  15 

•  •  T5 

•  14’  15 

•  •  15 

146,  148 

.  .  116 
3 

•  •  3 

•  •  3 

•  •  3 

•  •  59 

.  .  224 

3>  225,  227 
223,  225 


.  86,  88,  91 
.  .  .  89 

•  •  70,  72 


Hagerstown,  Md . 

Hailey,  Idaho  Ter . 

Halifax,  N.S . 

Halifax  River,  Fla.  .  .  . 

Hall’s  polar  expedition  .  . 

Hallowell,  Me . 

Halsey,  Ore . 

Hamburgh,  Ark . 

Hamden,  Conn . 

Hamilton,  Mount  .  .  .  . 

Hamilton,  Nev . 

Hamilton,  O . 

Hamilton  County,  O.  .  .  . 
Hammondton,  N.J.  .  .  . 

Hampden  County,  Mass.  . 
Hampshire  County,  Mass.  . 
Hampstead,  Tex.  .  .  .  , 

Hampton,  N.H . 

Hancock,  Mich . 

Hancock  County,  Me.  .  . 

Hannibal,  Mo . 

Hanover,  Ind . 

Hanover,  N.H.  .  . 

Hansontown,  Fla . 

Hardin  County,  Ill.  .  .  , 

Hardyville,  Arizona  Ter. 
Harney’s  Peak,  Dakota  Ter, 
Harper’s  Ferry,  W.  Va.  . 

scene  at  . 

Harrington,  Del.  .  .  . 

Harrisburg,  Penn.  .  .  . 

Harrison,  N.J . 

Harrison  County,  O.  .  . 

Harrodsburg,  Ky.  .  .  . 

Hartford,  Conn . 

view  of . 

Hart’s  Island,  N.Y.  .  . 

Hartville,  Wyoming  Ter. 

Hastings,  Minn . 

Hastings,  Neb . 

Haverhill,  Mass.  .  .  . 

Havre  de  Grace,  Md.  .  . 

Hawkinsville,  Ga.  .  .  . 

Hayden,  Mount  .... 
Hayes’s  polar  expedition 
Haystack  Mountain  .  . 

Hayti  and  St.  Domingo  . 
Hazardville,  Conn. .  .  . 

Hazel  ton,  Penn. .  .  .  . 

Hearne,  Tex . 

Heart  River,  Dakota  Ter. 
Heber  City,  Utah  Ter.  . 

Hebron,  Neb . 

Height  of  Land  .... 

Helena,  Ark . 

Helena,  Montana  Ter.  . 
Hellgate  River  .... 
Hemispheres,  map  of  the 
Hempstead,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

Henderson,  Ky . 

Henderson,  Minn.  .  .  . 

Henlopen,  Cape  .  .  . 

Hennepin  County,  Minn. 
Hennepin’s  exploration  . 

Henry,  Ill . 

Hermann,  Mo . 

Hernando,  Miss.  .  .  . 

Heron  Lake . 

Hiawassee  River  .  .  . 

Hiawatha,  Kan . 

Higgins  Lake,  Mich.  .  . 

Highland,  Kan . 

Highland  Range,  N.J.  . 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson 
Hightstown,  N.J.  .  .  . 


PAGE. 

.  .  100,  104 

.  .  214,219 

.  .  .  12,  13 

.  .  125,  126 

.  .  .  .  11 

•  •  •  48,  53 

.  .  246,  248 

•  •  129,  135 

...  io,  74 

•  •  237,  238 

.  .  238,  244 

.  .  146,  151 

.  .  146,  150 

.  .  .  88, 91 

.  .  .  62,  67 

.  .  .  62, 67 

•  136,  i38>  139 

•  •  •  55-  56 

.  .  165,  170 

.  .  .  49,  52 

.  190,  193,  194 

•  •  152,  155 

•  •  •  55-  57 

.  .  126,  127 

.  .  158,  162 

.  .  232,  236 

.  .  207,  208 

28,  31,  no,  1 13 

'  •  •  •  "3 

.  .  101,  105 

.  26,  27,  93,  98 
.  .  86,  88,  91 
.  .  146,  148 

•  •  140,  143 

•  24,  70,  72,  73 

....  69 


215,  220 
176,  182 
203,  206  [ 
63,  65,  68  ! 
100, 104 ! 
120, 123  J 
215, 220, 

•  •  11 

•  48, 51 : 


. 70,74 

. 93’  99 

. 136’  139 

. 208,  210 

. 222,  230 

. 203,  206 

7,  16,  18,  35,  40,  176,  179 

. 129-  135 

.  42,  43,  201,  214,  216,  217 

. 213,  214 


81,  87 
140,  142 
176,  182 
101,  105 
176,  181 
.  162 

158,  160 
190, 194 
129, 131 
48, 51 
120,  1 2 1 
197,  200 
165,  167 
197’  199 
88,  90 
81,  82 
88,  91 


Hilliard,  Wyoming  Ter . 

Hillsborough,  O . 

Hillsborough  County,  N.I1.  .  . 

Hillsdale,  Mich . 

Hillsdale  County,  Mich . 

Hinsdale,  N.H . 

Hinsdale  County,  Col . 

Hoboken,  N.J . 

Hocking  County,  O . 

Hocking  River . 

Hog  Island,  Vt . 

Hokah,  Minn . 

Hokah  River,  Minn . 

Holland,  Mich . 

Plollidaysburg,  Penn . 

Holly  Springs,  Miss . 

Holmes  County,  O . 

Holston  River . 

Holy  Cross  Peak . 

Holyoke,  Mass . 

Holyoke,  Mount . 

Honduras,  area  and  population  of 

Honesdale,  Penn . 

Hood,  Mount,  view  of  .... 

Hooksett,  N.H . 

Hoosac  Mountains . 

view  in . 

Hoosac  River . 

Hopatcong  Lake . 

Hopedale,  Mass . 

Hope  Island,  R.I . 

Hopkins  Hill,  R.I . 

Hopkinsville,  Ky . 

Hopkinton,  R.I . 

Horicon  Marsh,  Wis . 

Hornellsville,  N.Y . 

Hot  Springs,  Ark . 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Col.  .  .  . 

Houghton,  Mich . 

Houghton  Lake . 

Houlton,  Me . 

Houma,  La . 

Housatonic  River . 

Houston,  Tex . 

Hubbardton,  Vt.,  action  at  .  .  . 

Hudson,  N.Y . 

Hudson  Bay . 

Hudson  County,  N.J . 

;  Hudson  River . 

Hudson  River,  Lower,  map  of 
Hudson’s  arctic  expedition  .  .  . 

Hudson’s  discovery  of  New  York 

Hugo,  Col . 

j  Pluguenots  in  Florida,  the  .  .  . 

Humboldt,  Kan . 

j  Humboldt  County,  Cal . 

Humboldt  River . 

j  Humphrey’s  Peak . 

j  Hunterdon  County,  N.J . 

j  Huntingdon,  Penn . 

j  Huntington,  Ind . 

Huntington,  W.  Va . 

;  Huntsville,  Ala . 

Huntsville,  Mo . 

Huntsville,  Tex . 

Huron,  Dakota  Ter . 

Huron,  O . 

|  Huron,  Lake . 

I  Huron  River . 

Hutchinson,  Kan . 

Hyde  Park,  Mass . 

Hyrum,  Utah  Ter . 


PAGE. 

.  .  .  215,  221 

.  .  .  146,  1 51 

....  55,  58 

.  .  165,  169,  170 
.  .  .  165,  167 

....  55,  58 

.  .  .  223,  225 

.  .  .  86,  88,  91 
.  .  .  146,  148 

.  .  .  146,  148 

•  •  •  •  54-59 

.  .  .  176,  182 

.  .  .  176,  182 

.  .  .  165,  169 

....  92,  99 

.  .  .  129,  130 

.  .  .  146,  148 

no,  hi,  140,  143 
.  .  .  223,  225 

.  .  .  62,  65,  68 
.  .  23,  24,  62,  65 

. 15 

...  93,  96,  99 
. 245 

•  •  •  •  55>  57 

.  .  .22,  23,  62,  64 

. 64 

. 62, 65 

,  .  .  .  .  88,  90 

. 68 

. 75’  76 

. 75-76 

.  .  .  .  140,  142 

•  •  •  •  76,  77-  79 

.  .  .  .  164,  172. 

. 80,  87 

32>  33-  129-  134-  135 
.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  .  165,  170 

.  .  .  .  165,  167 

.  48,  53 

■  •  •  •  129-  133 

.  62,  64,  69,  70,  72 

•  •  32>  33.  136-  139 

. 61 

. 81,  87 

.  3 

. 88,  91 

. 81,83 

. 26 

.  .  /  .  .  .  II 

. 85 

223,  227 

. 3° 

.  .  .  .  197,  200 

....  238,  240 

....  238,  243 

•  •  •  •  232-  235 

. 88,  91 

. 92-  99 

•  •  •  •  i52»  155 

.  .  .  no,  1 13,  1 15 
.  .  .  120,  124,  125 

....  190,  194 

.  .  .  136,  138,  139 
.  .  .  .  209,  212 

.  .  .  .  146,  148 

•  35-  36.  37-  165-  167 

.  146,  148,  165,  167 

.  .  .  .  197,  200 

....  62,  63,  68 
.  .  .  .  222,  230 


282 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


Iberia  Parish,  La . 

Iceland,  population  of  .  .  .  . 

Idaho  Territory . 

area  of . 

description  of . 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

Idaho  City,  Idaho  Ter . 

Idaho  County,  Idaho  Ter.  .  .  . 

Idaho  Springs,  Col . 

Ilion,  N.Y . 

Illinois . 

area  of  . 

description  of . 

general  statistics  of  ...  . 

history  of . 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  .  . 

Illinois  River . 

Independence,  Io . 

Independence,  Kan . 

Independence,  Mo . 

Indiana . 

area  of  . 

description  of . 

general  statistics  of  ...  . 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

Indianapolis,  Ind . 

scene  in . 

Indian  Ocean . 

Indianola,  Neb . 

Indian  race,  estimated  numbers  of 

Indian  reservations . 

Indian  River,  Fla . 

Indian  Territory . 

area  of . 

description  of . 

population  of . 

general  statistics  of  ...  . 

special  map  of . 

Iola,  Kan . 

Ionia,  Mich . 

Iowa . 

area  of  .  .  \ . 

counties  of . 

description  of . 

general  statistics  of  ...  . 
historical  sketch  of  ...  . 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

Iowa  City,  Io . 

Iowa  River,  Io . 

Iowas . 

Iron  County,  Utah  Ter . 

Iron  Mountain,  Mo . 

view  of . 

Iron  Ridge,  Wis . 

Ironton,  Mo . 

Ironton,  O . 

Ironton,  Wis . 

Irvington,  Ind . 

Irwin,  Col . 

Ishpeming,  Mich . 

Isle  La  Motte . 

Isle  Royale . 

Isles  of  Shoals,  scene  in  ... 

Itasca  Lake . 

Ithaca,  N.Y . 

Iuka,  Miss . 


PAGE. 

.  .  .  .  129,  132 

.  9 

.  41,  42,  43,  214,  218 

. 218 

. 218 

. 218 

.  .  .  .  214,215 

.  .  .  .  214,  219 

.  .  .  .  214,  219 

o  'y  3  oon 

.  .  .  . 

. 81,87 

•  •  35.36,37.15  7 

. 157 

. 157 

. 157 

. 162 

. J57 

.  .  .  .  158,  159 

.  .  .  .  158,  160 

.  158,160,254,255 

.  .  .  185,  187,  188 
.  .  .  .  197,  200 

.  .  .  .  190,  194 

•  •  35,  36,37.  153 

. 153 

. 153 

. 153 

. J53 

. i52 

•  •  36,  37,  i52,  1 56 

. !53 

.  3 

.  .  .  .  202,  206 

.  3 

•  32,  34,  39,  40,  206 

.  .  .  .  125,  126 

32,  33,  34,  254,  255 

. 254 

•  •  •  34,  254,  255 

. 254 

. 254 

. 254 

•  .  .  .  197,  200 

.  .  .  165,  169,  170 

•  38,  39,  40,  1S2,  185 
.  ...  7  .  182 

. 185 

. 182 

. 185 

. 187 

. 182 

. 184 

.  .  .  185,  187,  188 

.  .  .  .  184,  186 

.  .  .  .  254, 255 

222,  229 
.  .  .  190, 192, 194 

. 189 

.  .  .  .  164, 173 

.  .  .  190, 194 

■  •  •  •  146, 151 

•  •  •  164, 173 

•  •  •  152, 155 

.  .  .  223, 227 

.  .  .  165, 170 

....  54, 59 

.  .  .  164, 167 

. 56 

•  •  38,  39, 176, 179 

1  .  .  .  .  80, 87 

.  .  .  129, 130 


Jackson,  Mich . 

Jackson,  Miss . 

Jackson,  Mount  .... 

Jackson,  O . 

Jackson,  Tenn . 

Jackson  County,  O.  .  . 

Jacksonport,  Ark.  .  .  . 
Jacksonville,  Fla.  .  .  . 
Jacksonville,  III.  .  .  . 
Jacksonville,  Ore.  .  .  . 
Jamaica,  Island  of  .  .  . 

Jamaica,  N.Y . 

James  River,  Va.  .  .  . 
Jamestown,  Dakota  Ter. 
Jamestown,  N.Y.  .  .  . 
Jamestown,  R.I.  .  .  . 

j  Jamestown,  Va . 

Janesville,  Wis . 

Japan  Sea  . 

Jay  Peak,  Vt . 

Jefferson,  Mount  .  .  . 

Jefferson,  N.H . 

Jefferson,  Tex . . 

Jefferson  City,  Mo.  .  .  , 

Jefferson  County,  O.  .  . 

Jefferson  Parish,  La.  .  . 

Jefferson  River  .... 
Jeffersonville,  Ind.  .  .  . 

Jersey  City,  N.J.  .  .  . 
(see  map)  .... 
waterside  •scene  at 
Joachim  Creek,  Mo.  .  .  . 

Jo  Daviess  County,  Ill.  .  . 
John  Day  River .  .  .  . 

Johnson,  Vt . 

Johnston,  R.I . 

Johnstown,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

Johnstown,  Penn . 

Joliet,  Ill . 

Jonesborough,  Ga . 

Joplin,  Mo . 

Jordan  River . 

Juab  County,  Utah  Ter.  .  . 

Juan  de  Fuca  Strait  .  .  . 

Judith  River,  Montana  Ter 

Judsonia,  Ark . 

Junction  City,  Kan.  .  .  . 

Junction  City,  Ore.  .  .  . 

Juniata  River . 

Juniper  Island  Light  .  .  . 


Kaaterskill  Falls  .... 

Kalamazoo,  Mich . 

Kalamazoo  River  .... 
Kampeska  Lake,  Dakota  Ter 
Kanawha  River,  W.  Va.  . 
Kane’s  polar  expedition  .  . 

Kane’s  search  for  Franklin  . 

Kankakee  River . 

Kansas . 

area  of  .  , 

description  of . 

genera]  statistics  of  .  .  . 

historical  sketch  of  .  .  , 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

Kansas  City,  Mo . . 

Kansas  Indians . 

Kansas  River . 

Kara,  Gulf  of . 

Kaskaskias . 


1 


PAGE. 

,  .  I65,  l68,  I69 

28,  30,  129,  I3O 

•  •  •  54.  57 

.  .  146,  151 

•  •  140,  145 

.  .  146,  148  J 

•  •  129,  i35 

28,  30,  126,  127 
.  158,  161,  163 
.  .  246,  248 

....  15 

.  .  81,86,87 

.  1 10,  1 1 1,  1 12 
.  .  20S,  212 

.  .  .  80, 87 

•  •  75.  76,  79 

.  .  .  30,  1 12 
.  164,  174,  175 
....  3 

•  •  •  54,  59 

•  •  •  54,  57 

...  54,  58 

•  •  136,  139 

39,  40,  190,  193 
.  .  146,  148 

•  •  129,  133 

.  2or,  213,  214 
.  152,  154,  156 

26,  27,  88,  90,  91 
....  86 
....  89 

.  .  190,  194 

.  .  158,  160 

.  .  246, 247 

...  54,  60 

•  •  76,  77,  79 

...  81,  87 

...  92, 99 


Ivasson,  Minn.  .  .  . 

Katahdin,  Mount  .  . 
Kaw  River  .... 
Kaysville,  Utah  Ter.  . 
Kearney,  Neb.  .  .  . 

Kearn  River  .... 
Kearsage  Mountain 

Keene,  N.H . 

Keewatin,  district  of  . 
Kenduskeag  River,  Me. 
Kenesaw  Mountain,  Ga. 
Kennebec  County,  Me. 
Kennebec  River  .  . 
Kennedy  Channel  .  . 
Kenosha,  Wis.  .  .  . 

Kent,  Conn . 

Kent  County,  Del.  . 
Kent  County,  R.I.  .  . 
Kent  Island,  Md.  .  . 
Kent’s  Hill,  Me.  .  . 

Kentucky . 

area  of  ...  . 
description  of  .  . 
first  settlement  of 
genera]  statistics  of 
population  of  .  . 

special  map  of .  . 

Kentucky  River .  .  . 

Keokuk,  Io . 

Keweenaw  Bay  .  .  . 
Keweenaw  Point  .  . 

Keyport,  N.J.  .  .  . 
Keyser,  W.  Va.  .  .  . 

Key  West,  Fla.  .  .  . 

Kickapoos  .... 
Killingly,  Conn. .  .  . 

Killington  Peak,  Vt.  . 
Kineo  Mountain  .  . 


.  .  158,  161,  163 
.  .  .  120,  123 

•  •  19°,  r93>  1 94 

.  .  ,  222,  229 

.  .  .  222,  230 

.  .  .  246,  249 

.  .  .  213,  214 

•  •  •  129,  134 

196,  197,  198,  200 
.  .  .  246,  248 

•  •  •  92,  93,  95 

.  .  .  .  59,61 


•  83 

165,  170 
165,  167 
209,  212 
no,  1 15 
.  11 


•  •  •  152,  154 

38,  39,  40,  195,  198 


King’s  County,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

King’s  River,  Cal . 

Kingston,  Jamaica  .  .  .  . 

Kingston,  N.Y . 

Kiowa,  Col . 

Kiowas . 

Kirksville,  Mo . 

Kirkwood,  Mo . 

Kissimee  River,  Fla.  .  .  . 

Kit  Carson,  Col . 

Kitsap  County,  Wash.  Ter. 
Kittatinny  Mountains,  N.J. . 

Kittery,  Me . 

Kittery  Point . 

Klamath  Lake,  Cal.  .  .  . 

Klamath  River,  Cal.  .  .  . 

Klikitat  River . 

Knightstown,  Ind . 

Knobs,  The,  Ind . 

Knox  County,  O . 

Knox  County,  Ind.  .  .  . 

Knox  County,  Me . 

Knoxville,  Tenn . 

Kokomo,  Col . 

Kootenai  River . 

Kosciusko,  Miss . 


. 195 

. J95 

. r95 

. 199 

. 38 

.  .  .  .  196,  197 

39,  40,  190,  193,  194 

•  •  •  254,  255 

.  .  .  196,  197,  198 

• .  3 

•  •  •  254,  255 


Labrador  Plateau 
Laconia,  N.H.  . 
La  Crosse,  Wis. 
Lac  Vieux  Desert 
La  Fayette,  Ala. 
Lafayette,  Ind.  . 


PAGE 

176,  182 

•  •  48,  51 

196,  197,  198 
.  222,  230 

203,  205,  206 
.  238,  240 

•  •  55-  57 

•  •  55.  58 

•  •  12,  13 

•  •  48,  53 

.  .  •  l 22 


. 49. 52 

. 48, 5 1 

. 11 

....  164, 175 

. 7°,  72 

....  101,  105 

. 76, 78 

.  .  .  .  101,  104 

. 52 

28, 29,  30,  31,  140, 141 

. 141 

. 141 


. 30 

. 1 40 

. 141 

. 140 

. 140,  141 

.  39,  40,  185,  186,  187,  188 

. 164,  167 

. 164,  167 

. 88,  91 

. no,  1 15 

•  •  -28,  30,  31,  126,  127 

. 254,  255 

. 7L74 

. 54,  59 

. 48,  5 1 

. 81,  82 

. 238,  240 

. 15 

. 81,87 


.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  .  254,  255 

•  •  •  190.  J93,  T94 

.  .  .  .  190,  194 

.  .  .  .  125,  126 

.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  .  246,  251 

. 88, 90 

. 49,  56 

....  49,  50 

.  .  .  .  238,  240 

.  .  .  238,  240 

.  .  .  .  246,  249 

.  .  .  .  152,  155 

.  .  .  .  152,  154 

.  .  .  .  146,  148 

■  •  •  •  152.  155 

. 49,  52 

28,  30,  140,  143,  145 

.  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  .  214,218 

•  •  •  129,  131 


•  •  •  •  7,  13 

•  •  •  55-  58 

•  •  164,  175 

.  .  165,  167 

.  .  120,  125 

.  152,  154,  156 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


28 


PAGE. 


PAGE. 

Lafourche  Bayou,  La . 129,  132  Le  Roy,  N.Y . 80,  87 

La  Grande,  Ore . 246,  248  Lesser  Antilles,  the . 14,  15 


La  Grange,  Ga . 120,  123 

La  Grange,  Mo .  '9°.  '94 


La  Junta,  Col. 


23.  227 


Lake  Charles,  La . 129,  133 

Lake  City,  Col . 223,  227 

Lake  City,  Fla .  126,  127 

Lake  City,  Minn . 176,  182 

Lake  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Lake  County,  Ill . 158)  160 

Lake  Erie . 25,  26,  27,  35,  36,  37 

Lake  Eustis,  Fla . 127 

Lake  George,  N.Y . 81,  83 

Lake  Huron . 35>  3^’  37»  T6s,  167 

Lake  Itasca . 38,  39,  176,  179 

Lake  Michigan . 35,  36,  37,  158,  160 

elevation  of . 35 

Lake  of  the  Woods . 38,  39,  176,  178,  179 

Lake  Pohenagamook . 5° 

Lake  Superior . 

copper-mines  of . 


Lewes,  Del . toi,  105,  106 

Lewis  and  Clarke’s  expedition . 216 

Lew’isburg,  Penn . 93,  99 

Lewis  Lake . 215,220 

Lewiston,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  218,  219 

Lewiston,  Me . 48,  52,  53 

Lewistown,  Penn . .  93,  99 

Lexington,  Ky . 140,  142 

Lexington,  Mo . 190,  193,  194 

Liberty,  Mo . i9°>  I94 

Liberty,  Tex .  I36»  *37 

Licking  County,  0 . 146)  148 

Licking  River . 140,  141 

Lima,  0 . 146,  1 51 

Limestone  quarries  of  Maine . 24 

Lincoln,  Ill . 158)  161,  163 

Lincoln,  Neb . 39,  40,  203,  205,  206 

Lincoln,  R.1 . 76,  77,  78 

35,  36,  37,  164  j  Lincoln  County,  Me . 49,  5 2 

.  .  .  35  |  Lincoln  County,  Wis . 164,  173 


elevation  of . 35 

Lake  Tahoe . 42>  44 

I.ambertville,  N.J . 88,  91 

La  Mine  River .  190,  192 

Lamoille  County,  Vt . 54,  61 

Lamoille  River . 54>  60 

Lancaster,  N.H . 54,  58 

Lancaster,  0 . 146,  151 

Lancaster,  Penn . 93>  99 


Linden,  Mass . 62,  68 

Litchfield,  Conn . 70,  74 

Litchfield,  Minn .  176,  182 

Litchfield  County,  Conn . 7',  73 

Little  Arkansas  River . 197,  200,  254,  255 

Little  Blackfoot  River . 213,  214 

Little  Blue  River . 203,  204 

Little  Colorado  River . 231,  232 

Little  Compton,  R.1 . 76,  79 


Lancaster,  S.C .  1 14,  1 19  Little  de  Noquette  Bay . 165,  167 

Lancaster  County,  Penn . 93,  96  !  Little  Egg  Llarbor . 88,  90 

Lancaster  Sound . 1 1  Little  Falls,  N.Y . 81,  83,  87 

I.andaff.  N.H . 54,  57  |  Little  Kanawha  River . 110,115 

Lander  County,  Nev .  238,  244  j  Little  Miami  River . '46,  148 

Land  surveys  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  .  256,  257  !  Little  Missouri  River . •  •  208,210 

Lanesborough,  Minn .  176,  182  j  Little  River,  La.  . . 129,  132 

Lansing,  Mich . 36,  37,  165,  169  !  Little  River,  Mo .  191,  192 

Lansingburg,  N.Y . 81,  87  Little  Rock,  Ark . 32>  33>  I29>  '34.  1 3 5 


La  Pointe,  Wis . 164,  174 

Laporte,  Ind . 152,  154,  156 

Laramie  City,  Wyoming  Ter . 215,  220,  221 

Laramie  Mountains . 

Laredo,  Tex . 


Little  Sioux  River,  Io . 184,  1S6 

Little  Tennessee  River  .  .  . 114,  115 

Littleton,  N.H . 54>  58 

215,  220  Little  Traverse  Bay  .........  165,  167 

136,  139  I  Little  Wabash  River . 158,  160 


La  Salle,  Ill .  158,  163 

La  Salle’s  expedition . 162 

Las  Crusces,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Las  Lunas,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Las  Vegas,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Las  Vegas  Mountains . 231,  232 

Laurel,  Del . 101,  106 

Laurel,  Md . 101,  104 

Laurens,  S.C . 114,119 

Laurentide  Mountains .  7 

Lav  ill  a,  Fla .  126,  127 


PAGE. 

Louisiana,  population  of . 1 31 

special  map  of . 129 

sugar-crop  of . 33,  132 

Louisiana,  Mo . 190,  194 

Louisville,  Ky . 28,  30,  140,  142 

Loup  River . 20 r,  203 

Loveland,  Col . 223,  227 

Lowell,  Mass . 23,  24,  63,  65,  67 

Lower  Hudson,  map  of . 26 

Ludington,  Mich .  165,  170 

Lunenburg,  Vt . 54,  6° 

Lynchburg,  Va .  no,  112 

Lynn,  Mass . 23,  24,  63,  68 

Lyons,  N.Y . 80,  87 


Live  Oak,  Fla . 126,  127 

Livingston,  Montana  Ter . 214,  216,  217 

Llano  Estacado . '36.  '37.  232 

Llewellyn  Park,  N.J . 86,  91 

Lock  Haven,  Penn . 93>  99 

Lockport,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Logan,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Logan  County,  0 .  146)  148 

Logansport,  Ind . 1 52>  1 5^ 

Long,  Mount,  Col .  223,  227 

Long  Branch,  N.J.,  view  of . 89 


Lawrence,  Kan . 39.  4°.  '97.  '99,  200  j  Long  Island,  N.Y 


81,  82 


Lawrence,  Mass.  .  .  .  ....  23,  24,  63,  65,  67 


Lawrence  County,  Ind. 


Long  Island  City,  N.Y . Si,  86,  87 


Lawrence  County,  O . *  146,  148 

Lead  City,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  212 

Leadville,  Col . 42,  43.  223.  225.  227 

Leaf  River,  Miss . 128,  129 

Leavenworth,  Kan . 39,  40,  197,  198,  200 

view  of . 195 

Lebanon,  Ky . 140.  143 

Lebanon,  0 .  146,  151 

Lebanon,  Penn . 93.  99 

Lebanon,  Tenn .  140,  145 

Leech  Lake,  Minn . 176,  179 

Leelenaw  Point . 165,  167 

Lehi,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Lehigh  River . 93 ,  96 

Le  Mars,  Io .  184,  188 

Lemhi  County,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 


152,  154  Long  Island  Sound . 70,  71,  81 

48,  5‘ 


071  07 


227 


Long  Lake  . 

Long’s  Peak . 

Longview,  Tex .  1 3^»  1 39 

Lonoke,  Ark . 129,  135 

Lookout  Mountain . 14°.  r 44.  '45 

Lordsburg,  N.  Mex . 232,  233,  234 

Los  Angeles,  Cal . 238,  241,  242 

Losanteville,  O . '49 

Lost  River,  Ind . 1 52.  1 54 

Louisiana . 32>  33>  34.  I29>  I3I 

area  of . '31 

civil  law  of . '32 

description  of . '3' 

general  statistics  of . 131 

historical  notes  on . 34.  '32 

parishes  of  (see  map) . 129 


MacAlister,  Indian  Ter . 254,  255 

Mackenzie  River . 11,252 

Mackinaw,  Mich .  165,  168 

Mackinaw  Point . 165,  167 

MacKinney,  Tex . 136,  139 

Macon,  Ga . 28,  30,  120,  122 

Macon,  Miss .  129,  131 

Macon  City,  Mo . 190,  194 

Madison,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  212 

Madison,  Ga . 120,  123 

Madison,  Ind .  152,  156 

Madison,  Mount . 54.  57 

Madison,  Wis . 36,  37,  164,  174,  175 

view  of . .  17 1 

Madison  River . 201,  213,  214 

Mad  River,  0 . 146,15' 

Magalloway  River,  Me . 48,  5' 

Mahanoy  City,  Penn . 93>  99 

Mahoning  County,  0 .  146.  148 

Mahoning  River . 146,  148,  1 51 

Maidstone  Lake . 60 

Maine,  area  of . 5° 

description  of . 5°.  53 

fisheries  of . 5' 

general  statistics  of . 49 

historical  sketch  of . 52 

lumbering  industry  of . 24,  51 

population  of . 5° 

population  of,  by  counties . 49 

quarries  of . 24,  52 

special  map  of . 48,  49 

surface  and  scenery  of . 51 

Maine  coast,  description  of . 5° 

Makoqueta,  Io . 184,  188 

Makoqueta  River . '84,  186 

Malade  City,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 

Malay  race,  estimated  numbers  of .  3 

Malden,  Mass . 62,  68 

Mammoth  Cave,  Ky . 3 1 »  1 42 

scene  in . '4' 

Managua,  Nicaragua . '4.  '5 

Manayunk,  Penn . 97,  98 

Manchester,  Conn . 7°.  74 

Manchester,  Io . '85,  '88 

Manchester,  N.H . 23,  24,  55,  57,  58 

Manchester,  Va . no,  112 

Manchester,  Vt . 54,  60.  61 

Mandan  Indians,  the . 39,  4°,  211 

Mandarin,  Fla . 126,  127 

Manhattan,  Kan . '97,  '99,  200 

Manhattan  Island . 82,  86 

Manistee,  Mich .  165,  170 

Manistee  River . '65,  167 

Manistique  Lake . '64.  '67 

Manistique  River . '65,  '67 

Manitoba,  Province  of . I2>  r3 


284 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Manitou,  Col . 223,  227 

Manitowoc,  Wis . 164,  175 

Manitowoc  River,  Wis . 164,  172 

Mankato,  Minn . 176,  179,  182 

Mansfield,  La . 129,  133 

Mansfield,  Mount . 54,  59 

Mansfield,  O . [46,  149,  1 5 1 

Manti,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Maplewood,  Mass . 62,  68 

Maramec  River . 189,  190 

Marblehead,  Mass . 63,  65,  66,  68 

Marble  quarries  of  Vermont . 24 

Marcy, 'Mount . 25,26,81,82 

Mare  Island,  Cal . 238,  240 

Marianna,  Ark . 129,  135 

Marianna,  Fla . 126,  127 

Maricopa  County,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Marietta,  Ga . 120,  123 

Marietta,  0 . 146,  148,  149,  151 

settlement  of . 37 

Marin  County,  Cal . 238,  240 

Marinette,  Wis . 164,  172,  173 

Marion,  Ala . 120,  124,  125 

Marion,  0 .  146,  151 

Marion,  S.C . 114,  119 

Mariposa  Grove,  the . 240 

Marlborough,  Mass . 63,  68 

Marquette,  Mich . 165,  168,  170 

Marquette’s  expedition . 162 

Marseilles,  Ill . 158,  160 

Marshall,  Mich . 165,  170 

Marshall,  Tex . 136,  139 

Marshalltown,  Io . 184,  188 

Marshfield,  Ore . 246,  248 

Mars  Hill,  Me . 48,  51 

Martha’s  Vineyard,  Mass . 63,  64 

Martin  County,  Ind .  1 52,  1 55 

Martinsburg,  W.  Va .  no,  1 1 5 

Maryland . 25,  26,  27,  103 

area  of . 103 

counties  of . 101,  102 

description  of . 103 

general  statistics  of . 102 

historical  sketch  of . 104 

population  of . 103 

settlement  of . 27,  104 

special  map  of . 100,  101 

Maryland  and  Delaware,  physical  view  of  .  .  .  103 

Marysville,  Cal . 238,  242 

Marysville,  Kan . 197,  200 

Marysville,  Tenn . 140,  144,  145 

Mascoma  Lake . 54.  57 

Masillon,  0 . 146,  151 

Mason  City,  Io . 184,  188 

Massachusetts . 23,  24,  64 

area  of . 64 

description  of . 64-68 

general  statistics  of . 62,  63 

historical  sketch  of . 66 

population  of . 64 

special  map  of . 62,  63 

Massachusetts  Bay . 63,  64,  66 

Massive,  Mount . 223,  225 

Matagorda  Bay . 136,  138 

Matanzas,  Cuba .  15 

Mauch  Chunk,  Penn . 93,  95,  99 

Maumee  Bay . 146,  148 

Maumee  River . 146,  148,  152,  154 

Maurice  River . 88,  91 

Maysville,  Ky . 140,  142 

Mayville,  N.Y . 80,  87 

McClintock’s  search  for  Franklin . 11 

McClure’s  arctic  expedition . n 

McComb  City,  Miss . 129,  131 

McGregor,  Io . 185,  187,  188 


McHenry  County,  Ill . 158,  160 

McKeesport,  Penn . 92,  99 

McLean  County,  Ill . 158,  162 

McMinnville,  Ore . 246,  248 

McMinnville,  Tenn . 140,  145 

Meadville,  Penn . 92,  99 

Mechanicsburg,  Penn . 93.  99 

Mecklenburg,  N.C . 1 14,  1 16 

Medford,  Mass . 63,  66,  68 

Medicine  Bow  Mountains . 215,  220 

Medicine  Creek . 203,  204 

Medina  County,  0 . 146,  148 

Mediterranean  Sea .  3 

Meigs  County,  0 . 146,  148 

Memphis,  Tenn . 28,  30,  140,  144,  145 

view  of . 143 

Memphremagog  Lake . 54,  60 

Mendota  Lake . 164,  175 

Menominee  River . 164,  167,  172 

Mercator’s  map .  2 

Merced  River . 238,  240 

Mercer  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Mercer  County,  0 . 146,  148 

Mercer  County,  Penn . 92,  96 

Meriden,  Conn . 70,  73,  74 

Meriden,  N.H . 55.  58 

Meridian,  Miss .  129,  130 

Merom,  Ind . 152,  155 

Merrimac  County,  N.H . 55,  58 

Merrimac  River . 55,  56,  58,  63,  64 

Mesilla,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Mexia,  Tex . 136,  139 

Mexican  people,  account  of . 15 

Mexico,  area  of .  15 

commerce  of . 15 

Cortez  in .  15 

description  of .  15 

gulf  of . ^ . 3,  14 

map  of . ' . 14 

map  of  valley  of .  14 

population  of .  ...  15 

the  Aztecs  in .  15 

Mexico,  Mo .  190,  194 

Miami  and  Erie  Canal . 146,  149 

Miami  River . 146,  148 

Miamis . 254,  255 

Michigamme  Lake . 165,  167 

Michigan . 35>  36,  37,  166 

area  of . 166 

description  of . 166 

general  statistics  of . 166 

population  of . 166 

special  map  of . 164,  165 

Michigan,  Lake,  35,36,37,  152,  154, 158, 160,  164, 165, 167 

Michigan  City,  Ind . 152,  154,  156 

Middlebury,  Vt . 54,  60,  61 

Middlesex  County,  Conn . 7 1 ,  73 

Middlesex  County,  Mass . 62,  65,  67 

Middlesex  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Middle  States,  area  of . 26 

description  of . 25 

settlement  of . 27 

Middletown,  Conn . 70,  72,  74 

Middletown,  Del . 101,  106 

Middletown,  N.Y . 8r,  87 

Middletown,  0 . 146,  151 

Middletown,  R.1 . 75,  76,  79 

Milan,  Tenn . 140,  145 

Miles  City,  Montana  Ter . 215,2x7 

Milford,  Conn . 70,  74 

Milford,  Mass . 63,  68 

Milford,  N.II . 55,  57,  58 

Millbank,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  212 

Milledgeville,  Ga . 28,  29,  30,  120,  122,  123 

Mille  Lacs  Lake . 176,  179 


Millers  River,  Mass . 62,  65 

Millinoket  Lake . ✓  .  .  48,  51 

Mill  River,  Mass . 62,  65 

Millview,  Fla . 126,  127 

Millville,  N.J . 88,  91 

Milton,  Del . 101,  106 

Milton,  Fla . 126,  127 

Milton,  Wis . 164,  174 

Milwaukee,  Wis . 36,37,  164,  175 

view  of . 17 1 

Milwaukee  River . 164,  172 

Mimbres  Mountains . 231,  232 

Minden,  La . 129,  133 

Mined  a,  Tex . 136,  139 

Minersville,  Penn . 93,  99 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 39,  40,  176,  180,  181 

Minnehaha  Falls . 176,  179 

view  of . 178 

Minnesota . 38,  39,  40,  178 


area  of 
counties  of  .  .  . 

description  of  .  . 

general  statistics  of 
historical  sketch  of 
population  of  .  . 

special  map  of .  . 


178 

177 

178 

177 
180 

178 
176,  177 

Minnesota  Point . 176,  182 

Minnesota  River . 38,  39,  176,  179 

Minniwakan  Lake . 208,  210 

Missisquoi  River . 54,  60 

Mississippi . 28,  29,  30,  31,  128 

area  of . 128 

description  of . 128 

general  statistics  of . 128 

population  of . 128 

special  map  of . 129 

Mississippi  City,  Miss . 129,  131 

Mississippi  River  (see  maps) . 128,  129 

delta  of . 129,  131 

levees  of . 33-  1 31 

Mississippi  Valley,  description  of . 18 

Missoula,  Montana  Ter . 214,  217 

Missoula  River . 213,  214 

Missouri . 38,  39,  40,  189 

area  of . . . 189 

counties  of  .  191 

description  of . 189 

general  statistics  of . 191 

historical  sketch  of . 193 

mines  of . 192 

population  of . 189 

special  map  of . 190,  191 

Missourias . 254,  255 

Missouri  River . 189,  190,  191,  192 

sources  of . 17,  201 

tributaries  of . 208,  209,  210 

Mitchell,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  212 

Mitchell,  Mount . 114,  115 

Mitchellville,  Io . 185,  187 

Moberly,.  Mo . 190,  194 

Mobile,  Ala . 28,  29,  30,  120,  125 

Mobile  Bay . 120,  123,  125 

Mobile  River . 120,  123,  125 

Modesto,  Cal . 238,  242 

Modocs . 254,  255 

Mohammedans,  estimated  numbers  of .  3 

Mohave  County,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Mohawk  River . 25,  26,  80,  81,  83 

Mokelumne  River . 238,  240 

Moline,  Ill . 158,  163 

Molino,  Fla . 126,  127 

Monadnoek,  Mount . 55,  57 

Mongolian  race,  estimated  numbers  of  ...  .  3 

Monmouth,  N.J . 88,  91 

Monmouth,  Ill . 158,  163 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


28s 


TAGE. 

Monmouth  County,  N.J . 88,  gi 

Mono  Lake,  Cal . 238,  24° 

Monona  Lake . 164,  175 

Monongahela  River . 92»  95 

Monroe,  La . I29>  x33 

Monroe,  Mich . 165,  169,  170 

Monroe,  Mount . 54>  57 

Monroe  County,  Ind . 1 52»  1 55 

Monroe  County,  O . I4^»  *48 

Monroe  County,  W.  Va .  no,  113 

Monroe  County,  Wis . 164,  17 1 

Monson,  Mass . •  63,  65 

Montana  Territory . 4L  42>  43>  2I3 

area  of . 2I3 

description  of . 2I3 

historical  sketch  of . 21 6 

population  of . 2I3 

special  map  of . 214,  215 

Montauk  Light,  view  of . 82 

Monte  Diablo .  237>  238 

Monterey,  Cal . 238.  24°>  242 

Montgomery,  Ala . 28,  29,  30,  120,  125 

Montgomery  County,  Ind . 1 52»  1 55 

Monticello,  Ark . I29>  r35 

Montpelier,  Idaho  Ter . 2I4>  2I9 

Montpelier,  Vt . 23,  24,  54,  60,  61 

Montreal,  P.Q . 12,  13 

Montreal  River,  Wis . 167,  172 

Monument  Park,  Col . 223,  227 

Moorhead,  Minn . l7&,  iS 


PAGE. 


Multnomah  County,  Ore . 246,  248 

Murderkill  Creek,  Del . 101,  106 

Murfreesboro,  Tenn . 140,  144,  145 

Muscatine,  Io . 185,  188 

Muskegon,  Mich . 165,  170 

Muskegon  River . 165,  166 

Muskingum  County,  0 . 146)  148 

Muskingum  River . 146,  148 

Mystic  River,  Conn . 7L  74 

Mystic  River,  Mass . 62,  68 


Nahant,  Mass . 63,  68 

Namekin  Lake,  Minn . *76,  1 79 

Nanticoke  River,  Del . I0I>  I06 

Nantucket  County,  Mass . 63,  67 

Nantucket  Island . 63,  64,  66 

Nantucket  Sound . 63,  64 

Napa,  Cal .  238.  242 

Napa  River . 238,  240 

Nares’s  polar  expedition .  11 

Narragansett  Bay . 63,  67,  75,  76 

Narragansett  Pier,  R.1 . 7 6.  79 

Nashua,  N.H . 23,  24,  55,  57,  58 

Nashua  River . 55»  58>  63,  65 

Nashville,  Ind . 1 52>  1 54 

Nashville,  Tenn . 28,  3°>  I4°i  T44>  T45 


New  Bogy,  Indian  Ter . 254,  255 

New  Brighton,  N.Y . 81,  86,  87 

New  Brighton,  Penn . 92,  99 

New  Britain,  Conn . 70,  73,  74 

New  Brunswick,  N.J . 88,  90,  91 

New  Brunswick,  Province  of . 12,  13 

Newburgh,  N.Y . 8 r ,  85,  87 

Newburyport,  Mass . 63,  65,  66,  68 

New  Castle,  Del . 101,  106 

New  Castle,  Penn . 92,  99 

Newcastle,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  250 

New  Castle  County,  Del . 101,  105 

New  England,  area  of  .  . . 22 

description  of .  22 

first  map  of . 24 

historical  note  on . 24 

manufactures  of . 24 

map  of . 23 

quarries  of . 24 

settlement  of . 24>  27 

Newfound  Lake . 54>  57 

Newfoundland,  description  of . 13 


24,  28,  51  i  Natchez,  Miss . 28,  30,  129,  130 


Natchitoches,  La . I29>  T33 

Natick,  Mass . 63,  68 

National  Park . 41,  42 

Natural  Bridge,  view  of . 31 

Naugatuck  River . 7°>  7 2 

Navosata,  Tex . 1 3^»  1 39 

Nebo,  Mount .  222>  228 

Nebraska . 38,  39>  4°,  201 

area  of . 201 

description  of . 201 

general  statistics  of . 201 

historical  sketch  of . 205 

population  of . 201 

special  map  of .  202>  203 

Nebraska  City,  Neb . 203,  205,  206 

Neenah,  Wis . ld4>  l75 


Moosehead  Lake,  Me . 

Moose  Island,  Me . 48.  53 

Moran,  Mount . 215,220 

Moreau  River . 208,  210 

Morgan  City,  La . I29>  *33 

Morgan  County,  O . !46>  14S 

Morgantown,  W.  Va . n°,  Ir3 

Moriah,  Mount . 238,  243  1 

Morrillton,  Ark . I29>  *35 

Morris  Canal,  N.J . 88,  90  i 

Morris  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Morrison,  Col . 223,  227 

Morristown,  N.J . 88,  91 

Morristown,  Tenn . M0>  x45 

Moshassuck  River . 75>  7*3 

Mount  Abraham . 48,  5 1 

Mountain  Island,  Minn . 1 7^,  179  , 

Mountain  Time . 45,  46  j  Negaunee,  Mich . *.  '  *  *  l65,  *7° 

Mount  Bigelow . 48,  5X  !  Negroes,  number  of,  in  North  America  .... 

Mount  Blue . 48,  51  |  NeSro  Head>  RL>  sketch  of . 75 

Mount  Brace . 69,  70  ;  Nemaha  River . 2°3>  2°4 

Clemens,  Mich . 165,  170  j  Nemasket  River . 03,  05 

. 49,  50  j  Neosho,  Mo . I9°,  1 94 


Mount 

Mount  Desert  Island 

Mount  Haystack . 48,  5 1 

Mount  Holly,  N.J . 88,  91 

Mount  Holyoke . 62,  65 

Mount  Hope,  R.1 . 75>  7*3 

Mount  Hope  Bay . 63,  67 

Mount  Katahdin . 48,  5 1 

view  of . 5° 

Mount  Kineo . 48,  5 1 

Mount  Mansfield,  Vt . 54,  59 

Mount  Marcy . 25,  26 

Mount  Pleasant,  Io . 185,  187,  188 

Mount  Pleasant,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Mount  Saddleback . 48,  51 

Mount  Sterling,  Ky . *4°,  J43 

Mount  Sugarloaf . 4§i  51 

Mount  Tom . 62,  65 

Mount  Vernon,  Io . 1S4,  187 

Mount  Vernon,  O .  ISl 

Mount  Wachusett . 62,  65 

Mount  Washington . 22>  23>  24>  57 

Mouse  River,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  210 

Mullett  Lake . i65>  l67 


190,  192,  196,  198,  254,  255 


222,  2T.O 


Neosho  River  ... 

Nephi,  Utah  Ter.  .  .  . 

Neuse  River  .  .  .  . . 1  T4»  1 1 5 

Nevada,  Mo . I9°>  *94 

Nevada  City,  Cal. . ?o8>  242 

Nevada  Territory .  41,  42,  43>  243 

area  of  ...  243 

description  of  . . 

population  of . 243 

special  map  of .  238>  239 

Nevadaville,  Col .  223>  227 

Neversink  Highlands,  N.J . 88,  90 

New  Albany,  Ind . !52>  1 54,  T5d 

view  of . 1 53 

Newark,  Del . •QL  I05>  106 

Newark,  N.J . 26,  27,  86,  88,  91 

scene  at  ...  .  89 

Newark,  . . 46,  1 5 1 

Newark  Bay .  86,  88,  90 

New  Bedford,  Mass .  63,  64,  65,  66,  6S 

New  Berne,  N.C.  .  . 

Newberry,  S.C.  .  .  . 


map  of . '3 

New  Hampshire . 23,  24,  57 

area  of . 5d 

description  of . 5d>  57,  58 

first  settlers  in . 24 

general  statistics  of . 55 

grants,  the . 61 

history  of . 58 

mines  of . 57 

population  of . 3d 

quarries  of . 57 

special  map  of . 5  b  55 

New  Hampton,  N.H . 55>  58 

New  Hanover  County,  N.C . 114,  116 

New  Hartford,  Conn . 7°,  74 

New  Haven,  Conn . 24,  69,  70,  73 

New  Haven  County,  Conn . 7 1 ,  73 

New  Haven  Light,  Conn.,  view  of . 69 

New  Herrnhut,  Greenland .  9 

New  Iberia,  La .  I29>  !33 

New  Ipswich,  N.H . 55>  58 

New  Jersey . 25,  26,  27,  89 

area  of . 89 

description  of . 89,  90,  91 

general  statistics  of . 89 

historical  sketch  of . 91 

physical  view  of . 9° 

population  of . 89 

special  map  of . 88 

New  Lebanon,  N.Y . 81,  84 

New  London,  Conn . 69,  71,  72»  74 

New  London,  N.H . 55>  5*8 

New  London,  Wis . 164,  172 

New  London  County,  Conn . 71,  73 

New  Mexico  Territory . 4r>  42.  43»  23! 

area  of . 23r 

description  of . 23l 

general  statistics  of . 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

New  Milford,  Conn . 7°,  72»  74 

Newnan,  . . 123 

New  Orleans,  La . 32>  33>  I29>  L33 

map  of  vicinity  of . . 

view  of . . 

New  Philadelphia,  O .  x46,  151 

Newport,  Ark . I29>  r35 

Newport,  Ky . 28,  30,  140,  142 

Newport,  R.1 . 23,  24,  75,  76,  78 

Newport,  Vt . 61 

Newport  County,  . . 7d>  78 

114,  1 16  Newport  Harbor,  scene  in . 75 

1 14,  1 1 9  j  New  Preston,  Conn . .  7 2 


231 

231 

232 


2  86 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


PAGE. 

New  River,  N.C . 114,  115 

New  Shoreham,  R.1 . 75.  76,  79 

New  standard  time,  map  of . 46 

Newton,  Kan . 197,  200 

Newton,  Mass . 62,  68 

Newton,  N.J . 88,  91 

Newtown,  Conn . 70,  74 

Newtown,  Md . 104 

Newtown  Creek,  N.Y . 87 

New  Ulm,  Minn . 176,  182 

New  York . 25,  26,  27,  82 

area  ©f . 82 

counties  of . 81 

description  of . 82,  87 

discovery  of . *27 

general  statistics  of . 80,  8 x 

historical  sketch  of . 84 

physical  view  of . 83 

population  of .  82 

special  map  of . 80,  81 

New  York  City . 85,  86 

bird’s-eye  view  of . 25 

description  of . 85 

population  of . 85 

view  of,  from  the  bay . .  .  .  .  82 

New  York  City  and  vicinity,  maps  of  ...  .  26,  86 

Nez  Perces . 254,  255 

Nez  Perces  County,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 

Niagara  Falls,  N.Y . 80,  83,  87 

Niagara  River,  map  of . 80 

Nicaragua . 

Nicholasville,  Ky . 140,  143 

Niles,  Mich .  165,  170 

Nimishillen  Creek . 146,  151 

Niobrara  River . 201,  202,  203 

Nishnabotna  River,  Io . 184,  186 

Noble  County,  0 . 146,  148 

Nodaway  River . 184,  186,  190,  192 

Norfolk,  Neb . 203,  206 

Norfolk,  Va . 28,  29,  30,  1 10,  1 12 

Norfolk  County,  Mass . 63,  65,  67 

Norichucky  River . 1 14,  1 1 5 

Normal,  Ill . 158,161 

Norsemen  in  Greenland . . 


North  Adams,  Mass.  .  .  . 

North  America,  description  of 
physical  map  of  .  .  . 

political  map  of  .  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 
Northampton,  Mass.  .  .  . 

North  Attleborough,  Mass. 

North  Carolina . 

area  of  . 

description  of  ...  . 

first  settlement  of  .  .  , 

general  statistics  of  .  .  , 

historical  note  on  .  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 

special  map  of . 

North  Conway,  N.H . 

North-east  Territory  .  .  .  . 

Northfield,  Minn . 

North  field,  Vt . 

North  Hero  Island  .  .  .  . 
North  Kingstown,  R.I.  .  .  . 

North  Milford,  Del . 

North  Platte  River . 

North  Point,  Mich . 

North  River . 

North  Russell  Mountain .  .  . 

North  Sea . 

North  Smithfield,  R.I.  .  .  . 
North-west  passage,  the  .  .  . 

Norwich,  Conn . 

Norwich,  N.Y . 


62,  68 

•  7.9 
6 


. 10 

. 7.3 

.  .  .  62,66,68 

.  .  .  .  63,68 

28,  29,  30,  31,  1 15 

. ”5 

. ”5 

. 3° 

. ”5 

. 1 16 

•  •  •  •  •  115 

. "4 

.  .  .  .  54,  58 


.  176,  182 

.  54,  60,  61 

•  •  54.  59 

•  •  76,  79 

101,  106 
201,  202,  206 
.  165,  167 

•  •  55. 60 

•  •  48,  51 

•  •  •  3 

•  75.  76,  79 

.  .  .  1 1 

•  71,72,74 
.  .  So,  87 


Nova  Scotia,  Province  of 
Nueces  River  .  .  .  . 

Nulhegan  River .  .  .  . 


Oakland,  Cal . 

Oakland,  Fla . 

Oakland,  Ore . 

Oakland  County,  Mich.  .  . 

Oberlin,  O . 

Obi,  Gulf  of . 

Ocala,  Fla.  . . 

Ocean  County,  N.J.  .  .  . 
Ocean  Springs,  Miss.  .  .  . 
Ocklawaha  River,  Fla.  .  . 

j  Ocmulgee  River . 

Oconee  River . 

Oconto,  Wis . 

Oconto  River . 

Odessa,  Del . 

Ogden,  Utah  Ter . 

Ogden  River . 

Ogdensburg,  N.Y . 

Ogeechee  River . 

Oglethorpe’s  Colony  .  .  . 

Ohio . 

area  of  . 

description  of  ...  . 
first  settlement  of  .  . 

general  statistics  of  .  . 

historical  sketch  of  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 
special  map  of  ...  . 

Ohio  Canal,  the . 

Ohio  City,  Col . 

Ohio  River . 

Oil  City,  Penn . 

Okanagan  River  .... 

Okaw  River . . 

Okefinokee  Swamp  .  .  .  , 

Okhotsk  Sea . . 

Okmulgee,  Indian  Ter.  .  .  . 

Okoboji  Lakes,  Io . 

Okolona,  Miss . 

Olathe,  Kan . 

Old  Town,  Me . 

Olivet,  Mich . 

Olympia,  Wash.  Ter . 

Olympic  Range . 

Olympus,  Mount . 

Omaha,  Neb . 

view  of . 

Oneida  County,  Idaho  Ter. .  . 

Oneida  Lake,  N.Y . 

O’Neil  City,  Neb . 

Onion  River,  Vt . 

Onondaga  County,  elevation  of 

Ontario,  Lake . 

Ontario,  Province  of  ...  . 

Ontonagon  River . 

Opelika,  Ala . 

Opelousas,  La . 

Orange,  N.J . 

Orangeburg,  S.C . 

Orange  County,  Vt . 

Orchard  Lake,  Mich . 

Ord,  Neb . 

Ordway,  Dakota  Ter . 

Oregon . 

area  of  . 

description  of . 

general  statistics  of  .  .  . 


PAGE. 

12,  13 
136.  137 
54.  60 


42,  44,  238,  242 

.  .  126,  127 

.  .  246,  248 

.  .  165,  167 

.  .  146,  1 51 


.  .  .  .  126,  127 

. 88,  91 

.  .  .  .  129,  131 

.  .  .  .  125,  126 

.  .  .  .  120,  1 21 

•  .  .  .  120,  1 2 1 

.  .  .  .  164,  175 

.  .  .  .  164,  172 

.  .  .  .  101,  106 

.  .  .  .  222,  230 

222,  228 
.  ...  80,  83,  87 

.  .  .  .  120,  1 21 

. 30,  31 

•  •  35.  36,  37.  147 

. i47 

. i47 

. 37 

. i47 

. i49 

. i47 

. 146 

.  .  .  .  146,  149 

.  .  .  .  223,  227 

.  140,  141,  146,  148 

.  ...  92,  96,  99 

.  .  .  .  246,  249 

.  .  .  .  158,  160 

.  .  .  .28,  31,  120 

.  3 

•  •  •  •  254,  255 

.  .  .  .  1S4,  186 

.  .  .  .  129,  131 

•  •  •  1 97.  199.  200 

. 48,  53 

.  .  .  .  165,  169 

.  .  42,  44,  246,  250 

.  .  .  .  246,  249 

.  .  .  .  246,  249 

39,  40,  201,  203,  206 

. 204 

.  .  .  .  214,  219 

. So,  83 

.  .  .  .  203,  206 

. 61 

....  82,  84 

.  .  .  80,  82,  83 

....  12,  13 

.  .  .  167,  168 

.  .  .  120,  125 

•  •  •  129,  133 

.  .  .  .  88,  91 

.  .  1 14,  1 18,  1x9 
....  54,  61 

.  .  .  165,  169 

.  .  .  203,  206 

.  .  .  209,  212 

•  42,  43.  44.  245 

. 245 

. 245 

. 245 


Oregon,  historical  sketch  of 
population  of  ...  . 

special  map  of .  .  .  . 

Oregon,  Mo . 

Oregon  City,  Ore . 

Organ  Mountains  .  .  .  . 

Orlando,  Fla . 

Orleans  County,  Vt.  .  .  . 

Ormsby  County,  Nev. .  .  . 

Orono,  Me . 

Osage  River  . 

Osages  . 

Oscura  Mountains  .  .  .  . 

Oshkosh,  Wis . 

scene  at  . 

Oskaloosa,  Io . 

Ossawattomie,  Kan.  .  .  . 

Ossipee  Lake . 

Oswego,  Kan . 

Oswego,  N.Y . 

Oswego  River . 

Otoes . 

Otsego  County,  Mich.  .  . 

Otsego  Lake . 

Ottaquechee  River .  .  .  . 

Ottawa,  Ill . 

Ottawa,  Kan . 

Ottawa,  Ontario . 

Ottawas . 

Otter  Creek,  Vt . 

Otter  Tail  River,  Minn.  .  . 

Ottumwa,  Io . 

Ouachita  Parish,  La.  .  .  . 

Ouachita  River . 

Ouray  County,  Col.  .  .  . 
Owasco  Lake,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

Owatonna,  Minn . 

Owego,  N.Y . 

Owensboro,  Ky . 

Owens  Lake,  Cal . 

Owens  River,  Cal . 

Owyhe  County,  Idaho  Ter.  . 

Oxford,  Miss . 

Oxford,  N.H . 

Oxford  County,  Me.  .  .  . 

Oysterville,  Wash.  Ter.  .  . 

Ozark,  Ark . 

Ozark  Mountains  .... 


Pacific  Highland,  description  of 
Pacific  Ocean,  area  of .  .  .  . 

Pacific  States . 

historical  notes  on  .  .  . 

map  of . 

Pacific  Time . 

Paducah,  Ky. .  . 

Pagoda  Springs,  Col . 

Pah  Vant  Mountains  .... 

Painesville,  O . 

Palatka,  Fla . 

Palestine,  Tex . 

Palisades,  the,  N.Y . 

Palmyra,  Mo . 

Palo  Alto,  battle  of  .... 
Pamedumcook  Lake  .... 

Pamlico  River . 

Panama  Bay . 

Pan  Handle,  the . 

Paola,  Kan . 

Papinsville,  Mo . 

Paris,  Idaho  Ter . 


PAGE. 

. 248 

. 245 

. 246 

•  •  •  •  19°.  J94 

•  ■  ■  .  246,  248 

•  •  •  •  231,  232 

.  .  .  .  126,  127 

. 54>  61 

•  •  •  •  238,  244 

. 48,  52 

.  190,  192,  197,  200 

.  .  .  .  254,  255 

.  .  .  .  231,  232 

36,  37,  164,  174,  175 
. 171 

.  .  .  .  184,  188 

.  .  .  .  197,  199 

•  •  •  •  54,  56 

.  .  .  .  197,  200 

.  .  .  80,  83,  86 
....  80,  83 

.  .  .  .  254,  255 

.  .  .  .  165,  167 

. 81, 83 

....  54,  60 

.  .  .  158,  160,  163 

.  .  .  197,  200 

....  12,  13 

•  •  •  254,  255 

....  54, 60 

.  .  .  176,  182 

.  .  .  184,  188 

•  •  •  129,  133 

•  •  •  129,  132 

•  •  •  223,  225 

.  .  .  .  80, 87 

.  .  .  176,  182 

.  .  .  .  80,  87 

.  .  .  140,  142 

.  .  .  238,  240 

.  .  .  238,  240 

.  .  .  214,  219 

•  -129,  13°.  L31 

•  •  •  •  55.  57 

....  49,  52 

.  .  .  246,  251 

•  •  •  129,  i35 

•  38.  39.  l89)  190 


•  •  17 

3 

■  43-  44 

19.  44 
.  42 

45.  46 
140,  142 
22^  227 
222,  228 
146,  1 51 
126,  127 

!36-  J39 
86,  87 
190,  194 

•  r39 
48,  51 
1 14,  1 1 6 
3 

no,  1 13 
197,  200 
190,  192 
214,  219 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


2S7 


PAGE. 

Paris,  Ky . 140,  142 

Paris,  Tenn . 140,  145 

Paris,  Tex . 136,  139 

Park  City,  Utah  Ter . 222,230 

Park  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Parke  County,  Ind . 152,  155 

Parkersburg,  W.  Va . 28,  30,  no,  115 

Park  Mountains . 223,  225 

Park  River,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  210 

Parks  of  Colorado . 223,  225 

Parrowan  Mountains . 222,  228 

Parry’s  arctic  expedition . n 

Parsons,  Kan . i97>  200 

Pascagoula  River . 128,  129 

Passaic  Falls . 9° 

Passaic  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Passamaquoddy  River . 48,  51 

Pass  Christian,  Miss . 129,  131, 

Passumpsic  Falls . 60 

Passumpsic  River . 54>  60 

Patapsco  River . .  100,  1 01,  103 

Paterson,  N.J .  86,  88,  90,  91 

Patience  Island .  •  75>  76 

Patuxent  River . 101,  103 

Pawcatuck  River . 69,  70,  75,  76 

Pawlet  River . 55,  60 

Pawnee  City,  Neb . 203,  206 

Pawnees . 254,  255 

Pawtucket,  R.I.  .  .  . . 76,  77,  78 

Pawtuxet  River . 75.  76 

Peabody,  Mass . 63,  68 

Peace  River . 125,  126 

Pea  Ridge,  Ark . 1 35 

Pearl  River,  Miss . 128,  129 

Pecatonica  River,  Ill .  158,  163 

Peclee  River . 114,  117 

Peekskill,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Pekin,  Ill .  .  .  158,  163 

Pelham,  N.H . 57.  58 

Pembina,  Minn . 176,  180 

Pembina  River . 208,  210 

Pembroke,  N.H . 55>  58 

Pend  d’Oreille  Lake . 214,  219 

Pend  d’Oreille  Mountains . 246,  249 

Pend  d’Oreille  River . 214,  218 

Pendleton,  Ore . 246,  248 

Pennsylvania . 25,  26,  27,  94 

area  of . .  ....  94 

canals  of . 92.  93»  96 

counties  of . 92>  93>  97 

description  of . 94.  99 

general  statistics  of . 94 

historical  sketch  of  . . 97 

physical  view  of .  95 

population  of . 94 

railways  of . 92>  93>  96 

settlement  of . 27 

special  map  of . 92>  93 

Penn  Yan,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Penobscot  Bay . 48,  51 

Penobscot  County,  Me . 49>  52 

Penobscot  River . 48,  51 

Penokee  Range,  Wis . 164,  17 1,  173 

Pensacola,  Fla . 28,  30,  126,  127 

Peoria,  Ill. . 36>  37.  i58>  l6o>  i63 

Peoria  Lake . 58,  160 

Peorias .  254>  255 

Pepin  Lake . *64.  l72 

view  on . U8 

Perdido  River,  Fla . 125,  126 

Perry  County,  Ind .  1 52>  1 55 

Perry  County,  O . I4^>  J48 

Perry  Island . 75 

Persian  Gulf .  3 

Perth  Amboy,  N.J . 88,  90,  91 


Peru,  Ill . 158,160 

Peru,  Ind . 152,  156 

Peru,  Neb . 203,  205,  206 

Peshtigo  River . 164,  172 

Petaluma,  Cal . •.  .  .  .  238,  242 

Petaluma  Creek,  Cal . 238,  240 

Peterborough,  N.II . 55,  58 

Petersburg,  Va . 28,  29,  30,  no,  112 

Petite  Anse,  La . 132 

Petroleum  mines  of  Pennsylvania . 96 

Philadelphia,  Penn . 26,  27,  93,  95,  97,  98 

Philadelphia  and  vicinity,  maps  of . 28,  98 

Phillipsburg,  N.J . 88,  90,  91 

Phoenix,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Phoenixville,  Penn . 93>  99 

Physical  description  of  North  America  ....  7 

Physical  geography  of  the  United  States  .  .  16,  17,  18 

Physical  map  of  North  America .  6 

of  the  United  States . 16 

Physical  United  States,  description  of . 17 

Physical  view  of  New  Jersey . 90 

of  New  York . 83 

of  the  United  States .  18 

Pickens,  S.C .  114,  119 

Pictured  Rocks . 165,  167 

view  of . 37,  166 

Piedmont  region  of  Virginia . nr 

Piermont,  N.H . 55>  57 

Pierre,  Dakota  Ter .  .  209,  212 

Pigeon  River . 38>  39.  I7^,  178 

Pike  County,  Ind . 1 52>  1 55 

Pike’s  Peak .  223»  225 

Pilot  Knob,  Mo  . 190,  192 

view  of . i89 

Pima  County,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Pine  Barrens,  the . 29>  1 1 5 

Pine  Bluff,  Ark . 32,  33,  129,  134,  135 

Pine  River,  Mich . 164,  167 

Pine  woods  of  Maine  ....  24 

Pinos  Altos  Mountains . 231,  232 

Piqua,  0 . 146,15! 

Piscataqua  River . 48,  52,  55,  58 

Piscataquis  County,  Me . 49>  52 

Pitkin  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Pittsburg,  Penn . 26,  27,  92,  95,  98 

view  of . -  94 

Pittsfield,  Mass . 62,  68 

Pittston,  Penn . 93>  95 

Placerville,  Cal.  . 238,  242 

Placerville,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 

Plainfield,  Conn . 71.  74 

Plainfield,  Ind . 1 52»  1 55 

Plainfield,  N.J . 8S,  91 

Plain  of  the  Columbia .  17 

Plaquemine,  La . 1 29>  *33 

Plaquemine  Bayou . 1 29,  132 

Platte  River  .  .  .  184,  186,  190,  192,  201,  202,  223,  225 

Platteville,  Wis . *64,  U4 

Plattsburg,  N.Y . 81,  83,  87 

Plattsmouth,  Neb .  203>  2°6 

Pleasant,  Mount . 54.  57 

Pleasant  Grove,  Utah  Ter .  222,  230 

Pleasant  Hill,  Mo . r9°>  *94 

Plum  Creek,  Neb . 203.  2°6 

Plum  Island . 64 

Plymouth,  Mass . 63,  65,  66,  68 

settlement  of .  ....  24 

Plymouth,  N.H . 55>  57.  58 

Plymouth  County,  Mass . 63,  67 

Pochuck  Mountains . 88,  90 

Pocomoke  River,  Md . IOI>  I04 

Pohenagamook  Lake . 5° 

Point  Judith,  R.I . 75>  76 

Polar  explorations,  map  and  account  of  ...  .  1 1 

Political  divisions  of  North  America .  9 


PAGE. 

Political  divisions  of  the  United  States  ....  19 

of  the  West  Indies . 15 

Political  map  of  North  America . 10 

of  the  United  States . 20,  21 

Political  North  America,  description  of  ...  .  9 

Political  United  States . 19,  20,  2  r 

Polk  County,  Wis . 164,  171,  172 

Pomeroy,  0 .  146,  1 51 

Poncas .  254.  2 55 

Ponce  de  Leon  in  Florida . 31 

Poncho  Springs,  Col . 207,  223 

Pontchartrain,  Lake . 129,  133 

Pontiac,  Ill .  158,  1 61 

Pontiac,  Mich.  . . 165.  170 

Pontoosuc  River . 68 

Population,  nations  compared  by .  3 

Porcupine  Mountains . 164,  167 

Portage,  Wis . 164,  172,  174,  175 

Portage  County,  0 . 146,  148 

Portage  Lake . 165,  167 

Portage  River . 146,  148 

Portchester,  N.Y . 81,  86,  87 

Port  Costa,  Cal . 238,  242 

Port  Deposit,  Md .  101,  104 

Port  Eads,  La . 129,  1 31 

Port  Gamble,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Port  Gibson,  Miss . 129,  130 

Port  Huron,  Mich . 165,  169,  170 

Port  Jervis,  N.Y . 81,87 

Portland,  Conn . 7°.  72>  74 

Portland,  Me . 12,  13,  22,  23,  49,  52 

view  of . 5° 

Portland  and  vicinity,  map  of . 49 

Portland,  Ore .  42,  44.  246,  247,  248 

Portland  Canal,  Alaska  Territory . 252 

Porto  Rico .  >5 

Port  Royal,  S.C . ”4.  ^9 

Portsmouth,  N.H . 23,  24,  55,  56,  57,  58 

Portsmouth,  O . 146.  148,  151 

Portsmouth,  R.I . 75>  76.  77.  79 

Portsmouth,  Va . 110,112 

Portsmouth  Light,  N.H .  56 

Port  Townsend,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Potomac  Falls . 18 

Potomac  River . .  too,  101,  103,  no,  111 

Pottawatomies . 254,  255 

Potter’s  Island,  Vt . 54>  59 

Pottstown,  Penn . 93>  99 

Pottsville,  Penn . 26,  27,  93,  95,  99 

Poughkeepsie,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Poultney,  Vt . 54,  60,  61 

Poultney  River . 55>  59.  60 

Powder  River  Mountains . 213,  214 

. 213,  214 


Powell,  Mount . 

Powow  River . 63,  65 

Prescott,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Prescott,  Ark .  42,  43>  129>  *35 

Preston,  Minn .  1 76,  182 

Prickly  Pear  River . 213,  214 

Prince  Edward  Island . 1 2»  1 3 

Prince  of  Wales,  Cape . 252,  253 

Princeton,  N.J . 88,  91 

Projection,  Mercator’s . 

Providence,  R.I . 23>  24>  ?6>  77.  78 

Providence  County,  R.I . 76,  78 

Providence  Island,  Vt . 55>  59 

Providence  River . 75*  76 

Provincetowm,  Mass . 63,  65 

Provo,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Provo  River  .  222,  228 

Prudence  Island . 75>  76 

Public  lands . . 

Pueblo,  Col .  223>  227 

Pueblo,  Mex . 1 4.  1 5 

Puget  Sound . .  44.  246.  249 


288 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Pulaski,  Tenn . 140,  145 

Put-in  Bay,  0 . 146,  148 

view  of . 147 

Putnam,  Conn . 71,  74 

Putnam  County,  Ill . 158,  162 

Putnam  County,  Ind . 152,  155 

Pyramid  City,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Pyramid  Lake . 238,  243 


Quapavv  Agency . 254,  255 

Quarries  of  New  England . 24 

Quebec,  Province  of . 12,  13 

Quebec,  view  of .  12 

Quechee  River . 54,  6° 

Queen’s  County,  N.Y . 81,  82 

Quincy,  Fla .  126,  127 

Quincy,  Ill . 36,37,158,163 

Quincy,  Mass . 63,  65,  68 

Quinebaug  River . 69,  71,  72 

Quoddy  Head,  Me . 48,  50 


Races,  population  by .  3 

Racine,  Wis .  36>  37,  164,  H4,  H5 

Rahway,  N.J . 88,  91 

Rahway  River . 86,  91 

Railways  of  the  United  States  (see  special  state 
maps). 

Railway  time,  account  of  the  new . 45 

Railway  time,  map  of . 46 

Rainier,  Mount . 246,  249 

Rainy  Lake . 176,  178,  179 

Rainy  Lake  River . 176,  178 

Rainy  River . 38,  39 

Raisin  River . 165,  167 

Raleigh,  N.C . 28,  29,  30,  114,  116 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  explorations  of  ....  .  30 

Ramsey  County,  Minn . 176,  181 

Randall’s  Island,  N.Y . 83,  86 

Randolph,  Vt . 54,  60,  61 

Rangeley  Lakes,  the . 48,  51 

Rapides  Parish,  La . 129,  133 

Rappahannock  River . no,  hi 

Raritan  Bay,  N.J . 88,  90 

Ratom,  N.  Mex . 232,  233,  234 

Rattlesnake  Mountains . 215,  220 

Ravenna,  0 . 146,  151 

Rawlins,  Wyoming  Ter . 215,  220,  221 

Reading,  Penn . 93,  99 

Red  Bank,  N.J . 88,  91 

Red  Bluff,  Cal . 238,  240,  242 

Red  Cedar  River . 176,  182 

Red  Cliff,  Col.  .  .  .  v . 223,  227 

Red  Cloud,  Neb . 203,  206 

Redfield,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  212 

Red  Lake,  Minn . 176,  179 

Red  Lake  River,  Dakota  Ter . 212 

Red  Oak,  Io .  184,  188 

Red  River  (north) . 176,  178,  179,  207,  208 

Red  River  (south)  .  .  .  .129,  131,  132,  134,  136,  137 

Red  Sea .  3 

Red  Willow  Creek . 203,  204 

Red  Wing,  Minn . 176,  181 

Reed’s  Peak . 222,  228 

Reese  River,  Nev . 238,  244 

Rehoboth,  Del . 101,  105,  106 

Relief  map  of  the  United  States . 18 

Religions,  population  by .  3 


PAGE. 

Reno,  Nev . 238,  244 

Renton,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  250 

Republican  City,  Neb . 203,  206 

Republican  River  ....  196,  197,  202,  204,  223,  225 

Resaca,  Ga.,  battle  at . 122 

Resaca  de  la  Palma,  battle  of . 139 

Reservations,  Indian . 32,  34,  254,  255 

Reykjavik,  Iceland .  9 

view  of  . . 17 

Rhett  Lake,  Cal . 238,  240 

Rhode  Island . 23,  24,  75 

area  of . 75 

description  of . .  75,  79 

general  statistics  of . 77 

historical  sketch  of . 78 

land  area  of . 75 

population  of . 75 

special  map  of . 76 

Richfield,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Richfield  Springs,  N.Y . 81,  84 

Richland  County,  0 .  146,  148 

Richland  County,  Wis . 164,  173 

Richmond,  Ind . 152,  155,  156 

Richmond,  Ky . 140,  143 

Richmond,  Mo . 190,  194 

Richmond,  R.1 . 76,  77,  79 

Richmond,  Tex . 136,  137 

Richmond,  Utah  Ter .  222,  230 

Richmond,  Va . 28,  29,  30,  no,  112 

view  of . hi 

Richmond  County,  N.Y.  .  ....  81,  82,  86 

Rico,  Col . 223,  227 

Rincon,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Ringgold,  Ga . 120,  122 

Rio  Chama  River .  232,  238 

Rio  Grande  River  ....  136,  137,  223,  225,  231,  232 

sources  of .  17 

Rio  Pecos  River .  231,  232 

Rio  Puerco  River . 231,  232 

Ripon,  Wis .  164,  174 

River  Falls,  Wis . 164,  174 

Roan  Mountains . 223,  225 

Roanoke  River . 1 10,  1 1 1,  1 14,  1 15 

Robeson  Channel .  1 1 

Robinson,  Col . 223,  227 

Rochester,  Minn . 176,  182 

Rochester,  N.H . 55,  58 

Rochester,  N.Y . 26,  27,  80,  83,  86 

Rock  Creek,  D.C . 107,  108 

Rockdale,  Tex .  136,  139 

Rockford,  Ill . 158,  163 

Rockingham,  Vt . 54,  61 

Rockingham  County,  N.H . 55,  5S 

Rock  Island,  Ill . 158,  163 

scene  at . 157 

Rock  Island,  Wis .  164,  171 

Rockland,  Me . 48,  53 

Rockport,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  210 

Rockport,  Mass . 63,  65 

Rock  River,  Ill . 158,  160 

Rock  River,  Io . 184,  186,  188 

Rock  River,  Wis .  164,  171 

Rock  Springs,  Wyoming  Ter . 215,  220,  221 

Rockville,  Conn . 71,  74 

Rockwood,  Tenn . 140,  145 

Rocky  Mountains . 17,  41 

(See  maps  of  Pacific  States  and  Territories.) 

Rocky  Mountain  states . 41,  42 

Rocky  River,  0 . 146,  148 

Rodney,  Miss . 129,  130 

Roger  Williams  in  Rhode  Island . 24 

Rogue  River . 246,  247 

Rogue  River  Mountains . 245,  246 

Rolla,  Mo . 190,  194 

Rome,  Ga . 120,  123 


PAGE. 

Rome,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Romney,  W.  Va . no,  113 

Rondout  Creek,  N.Y . 81,  83 

Root  River,  Minn .  176,  182 

Root  River,  Wis . 164,  172 

Rosalie,  Mount . 223,  225 

Roscommon  County,  Mich . 165,  167 

Roseberg,  Ore . 246,  248 

Rosita,  Col . 223,  227 

Ross’s  arctic  expedition . .  j 

Roxbury,  Conn . 70,  72 

Roxbury,  Mass . 62,  67 

Rushford,  Minn . 176,  182 

Russellville,  Ark . 129,  135 

Russellville,  Ky . 140,  143 

Russian  River . 238,  240 

Rutland,  Vt . 54,  61 

Jutland  County,  Vt . 55,  61 

Rye,  N.H . 55,  56 


Sabine  River . 136,  137 

Sabula,  Io . 185,  187 

Sac  and  Fox  Indians . 254,  255 

Saco,  Me . .  48,  53 

Saco  River . 48,  51 

Sacramento,  Cal . 42,  44 

view  of . 237 

Sacramento  Mountains . 231,  232 

Sacramento  River . 237,  238,  240 

Saddle  Back,  Mount . 48,  51 

Saddle  Mountain . 62, 65 

Safford,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Sagadahoc  County,  Me. . 49,  52 

Sag  Harbor,  N.Y . 81,  83,  87 

Saginaw  Bay . .  165,  167 

Saginaw  City,  Mich . 36,  37,  165,  169 

Saginaw  River . 165,  167 

Saguache  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Saguache  Mountains . 223,  225 

Salem,  Mass . 63,  65,  66,  68 

Salem,  N.J . 88,  91 

Salem,  O . 146,  151 

Salem,  Ore . 42,  44,  246,  248 

Salem  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Salina,  Kan .  197,  2oo 

Salinas  River . 238,  240 

Saline  River,  Ill . 158,  160 

Saline  River,  Kan .  196,  198 

Saline  River,  La . 129,  132 

Salisbury,  Conn . 70,  72,  74 

Salisbury,  Md . 101,  104 

Salisbury,  N.C .  114,116 

Salmon  City,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  219 

Salmon  Falls . 214,  218 

Salmon  Falls  River . 55,  58 

Salmon  River  Mountains . 214,  218 

Salt  Creek,  Neb . 203,  206 

Salt  Lake,  Great . ' . 42,  43 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Ter . 42,  43,  222,  230 

view  of . 228 

Salt  River,  Mo . .  .  189,  190 

Saluda  River,  S.C .  114,  119 

San  Andres  Mountains . .  231,  232 

San  Antonio,  Tex .  136,  139 

San  Antonio  Bexar . 139 

San  Bernardino,  Cal . 238,  242 

San  Bernardino  Mountain . 237,  238 

San  Diego,  Cal . 238,  241,  242 

San  Domingo,  area  of . 15 

population  of . 

San  Domingo  and  Hayti . 15 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


289 


PAGE. 


Sandusky,  0 . 35-36-  HC  148,  151 

Sandusky  Bay . 146,  148 

Sandusky  River . 146,  148 

Sandwich,  N.H . 54>  5° 

Sandy  Hook,  N.J . 88,  98 

Sandy  Lake,  Minn . 176,  1S1 

Sandy  River,  Me . 49>  S3 

San  Francisco,  Cal . 42>  44>  238-  242 

maps  of  vicinity  of . 42,  238 

view  of . 41 

San  Francisco  Mountains . 232,  233 

San  Gabriel  River . •*....  238,  240 

Sangamon  River . 158-  162 

Sangre  de  Cristo  Mountains . 223,  225 

San  Jacinto,  Tex . 139 

San  Joachim  River  .  237,  238,  240 

San  Jose,  Cal . 238,  241,  242 

San  Jose,  Central  America . •  •  •  i4»  1 5 

San  Juan,  Porto  Rico . 14.  1 5 

San  Juan,  Utah  Ter. 


OO')  22' 


29  j 

San  Juan,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

San  Juan  County,  Col . 223,  225 

San  Juan  Islands,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  250 

San  Juan  Mountains . 223,  225 

San  Juan  River . 223,  225,  231,  232 

San  Luis,  Col . 223,  225 

San  Luis  River . 223,  225 

San  Marcos,  Tex .  136,  139 

San  Pete  County,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

San  Quentin,  Cal . 238,  242 

San  Rafael,  Cal . .  238,  242 

San  Salvador,  area  of .  15 

population  of . 15 

San  Salvador,  City  of . M-  l5 

Santa  Ana  River,  Cal . 238,  240 

Santa  Barbara,  Cal . 238,  241,  242 

Santa  Clara,  Cal . 238,242 

Santa  Clara  County,  Cal . 238,  240 

Santa  Clara  River . 238,  240 

Santa  Cruz,  Cal . 238,  242 

Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex .  42.  43»  232>  234 

Santa  Fe  Mountains . 231,  232 

Santa  Rita,  N.  Mex.  .  .  .  , . 232,  233 

Santa  Rosa,  Cal . 238,  240 

Santee  River . 114,  117 

Santiago  de  Cuba . 1 4>  1 5 

Saranac  Lakes,  the . 81,  83 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.Y . 81,  84,  87 

Sardis,  Miss .  129>  I3I 

Satilla  River . 120,  121 

Saugerties,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Sauk  Center,  Minn . 176,  182 

Sauk  County,  Wis . 164,  173 

Sauk  Rapids,  Minn . 176.  182 

Sault  St.  Marie,  Mich . 165,  168 

Savannah,  Ga . 28,  29,  30,  120,  121,  122 

map  of  vicinity  of . ri4 

Savannah,  Mo . I9°>  !94 

Savannah,  Tenn . I4°>  J45 

Savannah  River . IT4-  Il7-  I20>  121 

Saxton’s  River,  Vt . SS>  60 

Saybrook,  Conn . 69,  71 

Schenectady,  N.Y . 81,87 

Schoharie  County,  N.Y . 81,  84 

Schoodic  Lake . 48,  51 

Schoodic  River . 48,  5 1 

Schooley’s  Mountain . 88,  90 

Schroon  Lake . 81, 83 

Schuylkill  Falls .  18 

Schuylkill  River .  93-  97,  9$ 

Scioto  County,  0 . 146-  J48 

Scioto  River . 146,  148 

Scituate,  R.1 . 76-  77>  79 

Scotland,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  210 

Scranton,  Penn . 26,  27,  93,  95,  99 


Seaford,  Del . 101,  106 

Searcy,  Ark . 129,  135 

Seattle,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  250,  251 

Sebago  Lake . 48,  51 

Section  of  United  States  showing  land  elevations,  16,  18 

Sedalia,  Mo .  190,  194 

Seekonk  River . 76,  77 

Seguin,  Tex . 136,  139 

Selma,  Ala . 28,  30,  120,  125 

Seminole  Reservation . 32>  34 

Seminoles . 254,  255 

Senatobia,  Miss . 129,  1 31 

Seneca  Falls,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Seneca  Lake,  N.Y . 80,  83 

Senecas  .  254,  255 

Severn  River,  Md .  101,  104 

Sevire,  Lake . 222,  229 

Sevire  River . 222,  228 

Seymour,  Lake  . . 54,  60 

Shakespeare,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Shakopee,  Minn . 176,  182 

Shamokin,  Penn . 93-99 

Shamokin  Creek . 93>  99 

Sharon,  Penn . 92,  99 

Sharon  Springs,  N.Y . 81,84 

Sharpsburg,  Md . 100,  104 

Shasta,  Mount . 237,  238,  240 

Shawangunk  Mountains . 81,82 

Shawnees . 254,  255 

Shawneetown,  Ill . 157,  158 

Shawsheen  River . 63,  615 

Sheboygan,  Wis . 164,  175 

Sheboygan  River,  Wis . 164,  172 

Shelby ville,  Ky . 140,  143 

Shelby ville,  Tenn .  140,  145 

Shenandoah  Valley,  Va.  . 110,112 

Shepherd  Mountain,  Mo . .  189,  190 

Sheridan,  Neb . 203,  206 

Sherman,  Tex . 136-139 

Sherman,  Wyoming  Ter . 215,  221 

Sherman  Station,  Wyoming  Ter . 43 

Shetucket  River . 71- 74 

Shoshone  Lake . 215,  220 

Shoshone  Mountains . 215,  220 

Shoshone  River . 214,  218 

Shreveport,  La . 32>  33-  I29>  *33 

Shrewsbury  River  ...  . 88,  91 

Sidney,  Neb . 203,  206 

Sidney,  O .  T46>  151 

Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  ...  42,  43,  237,  238,  239 

Silver  City,  Idaho  Ter .  214,  219 

Silver  City,  N.  Mex . 232,  233,  234 

Silver  Plume,  Col . 223,  227 

Silver  Reef,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Silverton,  Col . 223,  227 

Simsbury,  Conn . 7°>  72 

Sing  Sing,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Sioux  City,  Io . •83,184 

Sioux  Falls,  Dakota  Ter . 209,  21 1,  212 

view  of . 207 

Sipsey  River . 120,  123 

Siskiyou  County,  Cal . 238,  240 

Sitka  River .  252>  253 

Skowhegan,  Me . 48-53 

Skunk  River,  Io . •84,  186 

Smithfield,  R.1 . 76,  77,  79 

Smithfield,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Smith  Sound . 11 

Smoky  Hill  River . 196,  •97,  198 

Smyrna,  Del .  I0I>  Ic>6 

Snake  Mountains . 238,  243 

Snake  River,  Idaho  Ter . 214,  218 

Snake  River,  Ore . 246,  247 

Socorro,  N.  Mex . 232,  233,  234 

Soda  Springs,  Col .  223»  227 


Solano  County,  Cal . 238,  240 

Soldier  River,  Io . 184,  186 

Solomon  River,  Kan . 196,  198 

Somerset  County,  Me . 49,  52 

Somerset  County,  N.J . 88,  91 

Somersworth,  N.H . 55-58 

Somerville,  Mass . 62,  63,  68 

Somerville,  N.J . 88,  91 

Sonoma  County,  Cal . 238,  240 

Souhegan  River . "55-58 

Souris  River . 208,  210 

South  Bend,  Ind . 152,  155,  156 

South  Bethlehem,  Penn . 93,  99 

South  Bowlder  River . 223,225 

South  Carolina . 28,  29,  30,  31 

area  of . 1 17 

description  of . 1 1 7 

general  statistics  of . 117 

historical  sketch  of  .  . . . 1 18 

population  of . 117 

special  map  of . 114 

South-eastern  States,  area  of . 29 

description  of . 29,  30,  31 

map  of . 28 

South  Easton,  Penn . 93-99 

South  Fox  River,  Wis . 164,  172 

South  Hadley,  Mass . 62,  66 

South  Hero  Island,  Vt . 54-59 

Southington,  Conn . 70,  72,  74 

South  Kingstown,  R.1 . 76,  79 

South  Milford,  Del . 101,  106 

South  Milford,  Mass . 63,  68 

South  Natick,  Mass . 63,  68 

South  Norwalk,  Conn . 7°-  73-  74 

South  Orange,  N.J . 88,  91 

South  Pass  of  the  Mississippi . 129,  131,  132 

South  Platte  River . 201,  202 

South  Pueblo,  Col . 223,  227 

South  Russell  Mountain . 48,  5 1 

South  Toledo,  0 . 146,  148 

South-western  States,  area  of . 33 

description  of . 33-  34 

map  of  . . 32 

South  Weymouth,  Mass . 63,  68 

Spanish  Fork,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Spanish  Peak . 223,  225 

Spanish  West  Indies . *4-  1 5 

Spartanburg,  S.C .  H4>  u9 

Spearfish,  Dakota  Ter . 209,211 

Spencer  County,  Ind .  1 52*  1 55 

Spicket  River . 63, 65 

Spirit  Lake,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  210 

Spirit  Lake,  Io . 183,  184,  186 

Spokan,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Spokan  River . 214,  218 

Sprague,  Conn . 71*  74 

Spring  Creek . 203,  204 

Springer,  N.  Mex . 232,  234 

Springfield,  Ill . 36-  37-  •58-  *62 

Springfield,  Mass . 23,  24,  62,  68 

Springfield,  Mo .  i9°>  J94 

Springfield,  0 .  1 4^-  1 5 1 

Springfield,  Vt . 54-  61 

Spring  River,  Mo .  >9°-  I92 

Spring  Valley,  Minn .  176.  182 

Springville,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Squam  Lake . *  •  •  •  54-  56 

Squamscot  River . 58 

Stafford,  Conn . 7°,  72-  74 

St.  Albans,  Vt . 54-  61 

Stamford,  Conn . 7°-  74 

Standard  Time,  explanation  of . 45 

map  of . 46 

Stanislaus  River . 238,  240 

St.  Anthony’s  Falls . >7^-  *79 


1 


290 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


St.  Anthony’s  Falls,  view  of . 178 

Stark  County,  0 . 146;  148 

Starkville,  Miss . 129,  130 

Staten  Island,  N.Y . 81,  82,  86 

Statistics  of  the  world,  tables  of .  3 

St.  Augustine,  Fla . 30,  126,  127 

Staunton,  Neb . 203,  206 

Staunton,  Va .  110,112 

St.  Charles,  Minn .  176,  182 

St.  Charles,  Mo .  190,  194 

St.  Clair,  Penn . 93,  99 

St.  Clair,  Lake . 165,  167 

St.  Clair  River,  Mich .  165,  170 

St.  Cloud,  Minn . 176,  180,  182 

St.  Croix,  Lake,  Wis .  164,  172 

St.  Croix  River,  Me . 48,  50,  51 

St.  Croix  River,  Minn . 38,  39,  176,  178,  179 

St.  Croix  River,  Wis .  164,  172 

Ste.  Genevieve,  Mo . 191,  193,  194 

Steilacoom,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  151 

St.  Elias,  Mount . 7,  252,  253 

Sterling,  Ill . 158,  163 

Steubenville,  0 .  146,  151 

Stevens  Point,  Wis . 164,  175 

St.  Francis  River,  Ark . 129,  134 

St.  Francis  River,  Me . 50 

St.  Francois  River,  Mo .  189,  191 

St.  George,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

St.  George  Island . 252,  253 

St.  Helena,  Cal .  238,  242 

St.  Helena,  Mount . 237,  238 

St.  Helens,  Mount . 246,  249 

St.  Ignace  Point . 164,  167 

Stillwater,  Minn . 176,  180,  182 

St.  John,  N.B . 12,  13 

St.  John  River,  Me . 48,  50 

St.  Johns,  Newfoundland . 13 

St.  Johnsbury,  Vt . 54,  60,  61 

St.  Johns  River,  Fla .  125,  126 

St.  Joseph,  Mo . 39)  40,  190,  193,  194 

St.  Joseph  River,  Ind . 152,  154 

St.  Joseph’s  River,  Mich . 165,  167 

St.  Landry  Parish,  La . 129,  133 

St.  Lawrence  County,  N.Y . 80,  84 

St.  Lawrence  River . 12,  13,  80,  83 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 39,  40,  191,  193,  194 

map  of  vicinity  of . 191 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  views  of . 3S,  189 

St.  Louis  River,  Minn . 176,  178,  179 

St.  Louis  River,  Wis .  164,  172 

St.  Martinsville,  La . 129,  133 

St.  Marys,  Ga . 120,  1 21 

St.  Marys,  Kan . 197,  199 

St.  Mary’s  Parish,  La . 129,  133 

St.  Mary’s  River,  Ga .  120,  121 

St.  Mary’s  River,  Fla . 125,  126 

St.  Mary’s  River,  Ind . 13^ 

St.  Mary’s  River,  Mich . 165,  167 

St.  Mary’s  River,  Montana  Ter . 213,  214 

St.  Michaels,  Md .  101,  104 

Stockton,  Cal . 238,  240,  242 

Stonington,  Conn . 69,  71,  74 

Storey  County,  Nev . 238,  244 

Storm  Lake,  Io .  184,  186 

Stowe,  Vt . 54,  61 

St.  Paul,  Minn . 39,  40,  176,  180,  181 

map  of  vicinity  of . 176 

view  of . 178 

St.  Paul  Island . 252,  253 

St.  Peter,  Minn . 176,  180,  182 

Strafford  County,  N.H! . 55,  58 

Straight  River,  Minn .  176,  182 

Stratford,  Conn . 70,  74 

Stratford  Peaks . 54,  57 

Straw  Island,  Vt . 54,  59 


PAGE. 

Sturgeon  River . 164,  167 

St.  Vincent,  Minn .  176,  182 

Submarine  cables  (see  map) . 4,  5 

Suffield,  Conn . 70,  74 

Suffolk  County,  Mass . 63,  67 

Suffolk  County,  N.Y . 81,  82 

Sugar-loaf  Mountain . 48,  51 

Sugar  River,  N.H . 55,  58 

Sugar  River,  Wis .  164,  173 

Sullivan  County,  Ind . 152,  1 55 

Sullivan  County,  N.H . 55,  58 

Sulphur  Springs,  Tex . 136,  139 

Summit,  Miss . 129,  131 

Summit  County,  Col . 223,  225 

Summit  County,  0 . 146,  148 

Sumter,  S.C .  114,  119 

Sunapee  Lake . 54,  57 

Sunbury,  Penn . 93,  99 

Sun  River,  Montana  Ter . 213,  214 

Superior,  Lake .  35,  36,  37,  164,  165,  167 

Surveys  of  the  United  States . 256,  257 

Suspension  Bridge,  N.Y . 80,  83,  87 

Susquehanna  Canal . 101,  103 

Susquehanna  River  ...  80,  82,  92,  93,  95,  101,  103 

Sussex  County,  Del . 101,105 

Sussex  County,  N.J . 88,  90,  91 

Sutro  Tunnel,  glimpse  of . 243 

Suwanee  River . 126 

Swanton,  Vt . 54,  61 

Swift  River,  Mass . 62,  65 

Sweetwater  Mountains . 215,  220 

Syracuse,  N.Y . 26,  27,  80,  86 


Table  Rock,  Neb . 203,  206 

Tacoma,  Mount . 246,  249 

Tacoma,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Taconic  Mountains . 62,  64,  81,  82 

Tahlequah,  Indian  Ter . 32,  33,  44,  255 

Tahoe,  Lake . 42,  44,  238,  240 

scene  on . 243 

Talbotton,  Ga . 120,  123 

Talladega,  Ala . 120,  124,  125 

Tallahassee,  Fla . 28,  30,  126,  127 

Tallapoosa  River . 120,  123 

Tallassee,  Ala . 120,  125 

Tallulah,  Falls  of . 31 

Tallulah  Mountains . 120,  121 

Tallulah  River . 120,  121 

Tamalpais,  Mount .  237,  238 

Tamaqua,  Penn . 93,  95,  99 

Tampa,  Fla .  ....  126,  127 

Taos  Mountains . 231,  232 

Tappan  Bay,  N.Y . 87 

Tar  River,  N.C .  1x4,  1 15 

Tarrytown,  N.Y . 81,  87 

Taunton,  Mass . 63,  68 

Taunton  River . 63,  65 

Tawas  Bay . 165,  167 

Taylor’s  Falls,  Minn . 172,  176,  177,  182 

Tecamah,  Neb . 203,  206 

Teche,  Bayou . 129,  133 

Tecumseh,  Neb . 203,  206 

Tegucigalpa,  Honduras . 14,  15 

Tehama  County,  Cal .  238,  240 

Teller,  Col . 223,  227 

Tennessee . 28,  29,  30,  31,  143 

area  of . 143 

Tennessee,  description  of . 143 

general  statistics  of . 143 

population  of . 143 

special  map  of . 140 


PAGE. 

Tennessee  River . 128,  129,  140,  141 

Tensas  River . 129,  132 

Tequamenon  Bay . 165,  167 

Tequamenon  River .  ...  164,  167 

Terre  Bonne  Bayou . 129,  132 

Terre  Bonne  Parish,  La .  129,  133 

Terre  Haute,  Ind . 36,  37,  152,  154,  156 

Terrell,  Tex .  136,  139 

Teton  Mountains . 215,  220 

Texarcana . 129,  135,  136,  139 

Texas,  area  of . 137 

description  of  . . 137 

general  statistics  of . 137 

historical  sketch  of . 138 

population  of . 137 

special  map  of . 136 

Thames  River,  Conn . 69,  71,  72 

Thibodeaux,  La . 129,  133 

Thomaston,  Conn . 70,  74 

Thomasville,  Ga . 120,  122,  123 

Thompson,  Conn . 71,  74 

Thompsonville,  Conn . 70,  74 

Thousand  Islands,  the . 80,  83 

Three  Rivers,  Mich . 165,  170 

Thunder  Bay . 165,  167 

Thunder  Bay  River . 165,  167 

Ticonderoga . 61,  85 

Tiffin,  0 . 146,  151 

Tilton,  N.H . 55,  58 

Time,  map  showing  standard . 46 

Tin  Cup,  Col . 223,  227 

Tintic  Mountains . 222,  228 

Tippecanoe  River . 152,  154 

Tishemingo,  Indian  Ter . 254,  255 

Titusville,  Penn . 92,  99 

Tiverton,  R.1 . 76,  79 

Toledo,  0 . 35,  36,  146,  148,  150 

Tolland  County,  Conn . 7 t,  73 

Tombigbee  River . 120,  123,  125,  128,  129 

Tombstone,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Tona wanda  Creek,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Tooele,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Topeka,  Kan.  . . 39,  40,  197,  199 

scene  in . 195 

Torch  Lake . 164,  167 

Toronto,  P.0 . 12,  13 

To  wanda,  Penn . 93,  99 

Township  surveys  of  the  United  States  .  .  256,  257 

Trade  routes  (see  map) . 4,  5 

Traverse  Lake . 176,  178,  207,  208 

Trenton,  Mo .  190,  194 

Trenton,  N.J . 26,  27,  88,  90 

view  of . 89 

Trenton,  Tenn .  140,  145 

Trenton  Falls,  N.Y . 81,  83 

Trinidad,  Col . 223,  225 

Trinity  River .  136,  137 

Troy,  N.Y . 26,  27,  8r,  83,  86 

Troy,  0 . 146,  151 

Troy,  Vt . 54,  60 

Truckee,  Cal . 238,  242 

Truckee  River . 238,  240,  243 

Trumbull  County,  0 .  146,  148 

Tubac,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Tucson,  Arizona  Ter .  232,  236 

Tucson,  Col . 223,  227 

Tugaloo,  Miss . 129,  130 

Tulare  Lake,  Cal . 238,  240 

Tularosa  Mountains . 231,  232 

Tumwater,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Tuolumne  River . 238,  240 

Tupelo,  Miss . 129,  131 

Turkey  River,  Io .  184,  186 

Turner’s  Falls,  Mass . 62,  65 

Tuscaloosa,  Ala . 28,  30,  120,  124,  125 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


291 


Tuscarawas  County,  O 
Tuscarora  Mountains  . 
Tuskegee,  Ala.  .  .  . 
Twin  Lakes,  Col.  .  . 

Tyler,  Tex . 


Uintah  County,  Wyoming  Ter 
Uintah  Mountains  .... 
Ulster  County,  N.Y.  .  .  . 

Umatilla,  Ore . 

Umatilla  River . 

Umbagog  Lake . 

Umpkwa  River . 

Umpkwa  Mountains  .  .  . 

Uncompahqre  Mountains  . 

Union  City,  N.J . 

Union  City,  Tenn . 

Union  River,  Me . 

Union  Springs,  Ala.  .  .  . 

Uniontown,  Penn . 

United  States,  area  of  .  . 
physical  geography  of  . 
physical  map  of  .  .  . 

physical  view  of  .  .  . 

political  description  of  . 
political  map  of  .  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 

Senate  chamber,  view  of 
Upernavik,  Greenland  .  . 

Upper  Iowa  River  .... 

Urbana,  Ill . 

Urban  a,  O . 

Utah  Lake  . 

Utah  Territory . 

area  of  . 

description  of  ...  . 

general  statistics  of  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 

scene  in  Echo  Canon  . 
special  map  of .  .  .  . 

Utes . 

Utica,  N.Y . 


Valdosta,  Ga . 

Valencia  County,  N.  Mex.  . 

Vallejo,  Cal . 

Valley  City,  Dakota  Ter. 

Van  Buren,  Ark.  .... 
Vancouver,  Wash.  Ter.  .  . 

Vandalia,  Ill . 

Vanderberg  County,  Ind. 
Venango  County,  Penn.  .  . 

Vera  Cruz,  Mex . 

Verdigris  River . 

Vergennes,  Vt . . 

Vermilion,  Dakota  Ter.  .  . 
Vermilion  County,  Ind.  .  . 

Vermilion  Lake,  Minn.  .  . 
Vermilion  River,  Dakota  Ter, 
Vermillion  River,  Ill.  .  .  . 

Vermillion ville,  La.  .  .  . 

Vermont . 

area  of  . 

description  of  ...  . 

general  statistics  of  .  . 

historical  sketch  of  .  . 

population  of  ...  . 


PAGE. 


146,  148 
.  .  25,  26 

120,  124,  125 
.  223,  227 

i36>  x38>  *39 


.  .  .  .  215,  221 

.  .  .  .  222,  228 

. 80, 84 

.  .  .  .  246,  248 

.  .  .  .  246,  247 

48,  51,  52,  53,  54,  57 
.  .  .  .  246,  247 

.  .  .  .  245,  246 

.  .  .  .  223,  225 

. 88,  91 

.  .  .  .  140,  145 

. 49.  S3 

.  .  .  .  120,  125 

. 93. 99 

. 17 

.  .  .  .  16,  17,  18 

. 16 

. 18 

.  19 

.  ....  20,  21 

. 19 

. X9 

.  9 

.  .  .  .  184,  186 

.  .  .  .  158,  163 

.  .  .  .  146,  151 

.  .  .  .  222,  228 

.  .  41,  42,  43,  228 

. 228 

. 228 

. 228 

. 228 

. D 


2 54,  255 
80,  86 


.  120,  123 

.  232,  234 

.  238,  242 

.  208,  212 

•  129,  i35 

.  246,  251 

.  158,  162 

•  i52.  IS5 

...  96 

.  .  14,  15 

.  254,  255 

.  .  54,  60 

209,  21 1,  212 

•  I52,  i55 

•  176,  179 

.  208,  210 

.  158,  163 

•  129,  133 

23.  24,  59.  60 

■  •  •  59 

.  59,  60,  61 

•  •  •  55 

.  .  .  61 

...  59 


Vermont,  special  map  of  .  .  . 

Vernon,  Conn . 

Versailles,  Ky . 

Vicksburg,  Miss . 

Victoria,  B.C . 

Vieux  Desert  Lake . 

Vigo  County,  Ind . 

Vincennes,  Ind . 

Vineyard  Sound . 

Vinita,  Indian  Ter . 

Vinton,  Io . 

Vinton  County,  O . 

Virginia . 

area  of . 

description  of . 

general  statistics  of  ...  . 

historical  sketch  of  ...  . 

population  of . 

special  map  of . 

University  of . 

Virginia  City,  Montana  Ter.  .  . 

Virginia  City,  Nev . 

Virgin  River . 

Visalia,  Cal . 


Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  . 
Wabash  River  .... 
Wachita  Reservation  .  . 

Wachusett  Mountain  .  . 

Waco,  Tex . 

Waconda  Creek,  Mo.  .  . 

Wagon- Wheel  Gap,  Col. 
Wahpeton,  Dakota  Ter.  . 
Wahsatch  Mountains  .  . 

Waits  River . 

Wakaruda  River,  Kan.  . 
Wake  County,  N.C.  .  . 
Waldo  County,  Me.  .  . 

Walhalla,  S.C . 

Walker  Lake,  Nev.  .  . 

Walker  River,  Cal.  .  . 
Walla  Walla  River  .  . 
Wallingford,  Conn.  .  . 

Wallkill  Mountains  .  . 

Walloostook  River  .  . 

Wallula,  Wash.  Ter.  .  . 

Walsenburg,  Col.  .  .  . 

Waltham,  Mass.  .  .  . 

Wapsipinicon  River  .  . 

Ward’s  Island,  N.Y.  .  . 

Ward’s  Peak . 

Ware  River . 

Warren,  O . 

Warren,  R.I.  ... 
Warren  County,  Ind.  .  . 

Warren  County,  N.J.  .  . 

Warrensburg,  Mo.  .  .  . 

Warrenton,  Ga . 

Warrington,  Fla.  .  .  . 

Warwick,  R.I . 

Warwick  County,  Ind.  . 
Wasco  County,  Ore.  .  . 

Waseca,  Minn . 

Washakie  Needles,  the  . 
Washington,  Conn.  .  . 

Washington,  D.C.  .  .  . 

map  of . 

Washington,  D.C.,  view  of 
Washington,  Ga.  .  .  . 

Washington,  Idaho  Ter.. 
Washington,  La.  .  .  . 


PAGE. 

•  •  •  •  54.  55 

.  .  .  .  74,  75 

.  .  .  140,  143 

.  28,  30,  129,  130 

.  .  .  .  12,  13 

.  .  .  164,  167 

•  •  •  152,  155 

•  •  •  152.  156 

....  63, 64 

•  •  •  '  •  255 

.  .  .  184,  187 

.  .  .  146,  148 

28,  29,  30,  31,  hi 

. hi 

. hi 

. 1 1 1 

. 112 

. 1 1 1 

. 110 

. 112 

•  42,  43-  214,  217 

•  42,  43.  238,  244 

.  .  .  222.  228 

.  .  .  238,  242 


.  .  .  152,  156 

.  .  .  152,  154 

•  •  •  •  32,  34 

....  62,  65 

•  •  •  I36.  x39 

.  .  .  190,  194 

.  .  .  223,  227 

.  .  208,  210,  212 
.  .  .  222,  228 

....  54,  60 

.  .  .  196,  198 

.  .  .  1 14,  116 

....  49,  52 

.  .  .  1 14,  119 

•  •  •  238,  243 

.  .  .  238,  240 

.  .  .  246,  249 

....  70,  74 

.  .  .  .  88, 90 

....  48,  51 

.  .  .  246,  251 

.  .  .  223,  227 

....  63, 68 

.  .  .  184,  186 

.  .  .  .  83,86 

.  .  .  212,  214 

....  62, 65 

.  .  .  146,  151 

•  •  •  76,  77.  79 

•  •  •  152,  155 

.  .  .  .  88, 91 

.  .  190,  193,  194 
.  .  .  120,  123 

.  .  .  126,  127 

•  •  76,  77,  78,  79 

•  •  •  152,155 

.  .  .  246,  248 

.  .  .  176,  182 

.  .  .  215,  220 

....  70,  72 

19,  26,  27,  108,  109 

. 108 

. i°7 

.  .  .  120,  123 

.  .  .  214,  219 

•  •  •  129,  133 


PAGE. 

Washington,  Mo .  190,  194 

Washington,  Mount . 22,  23,  24,  54,  57 

Washington,  N.C .  1 14,  1 16 

Washington,  Penn . 92,  99 

Washington  County,  Me . 49,  52 

Washington  County,  0 .  146,  148 

Washington  County,  R.I . 76,  78 

Washington  County,  Vt . 54,  61 

Washington  Land . n 

Washington  Territory . 42,  43,  44,  249 

area  of . 249 

description  of . 249 

general  statistics  of . 249 

population  of . 249 

special  map  of . 246 

Washoe  County,  Nev . 238,  244 

Watauga  River . 114,  115 

Waterbury,  Conn . 24,  70,  73,  74 

Waterbury,  Vt . 54,  60,  61 

Wateree  River . 114,  115,  117 

Waterloo,  Io . 184,  188 

Waterloo,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Watertown,  Dakota  Ter . 208,  21 1,  212 

Watertown,  N.Y . So,  87 

Watertown,  Wis . 164,  175 

Waterville,  Me . 48,  51,  53 

Watkins  Glen,  N.Y . 80,  83 

Watuppa  Pond . 63,  67 

Waukegan,  Ill . 158,  160,  163 

Waukesha,  Wis . 164,  173,  174 

Waupun,  Wis . 164,  174 

Wausau,  Wis .  164,  175 

Waushara  County,  Wis .  164,  173 

Waverly,  Io .  184,  188 

Waxahatchie,  Tex . 136,  139 

Wayne  County,  0 .  146,  148 

Waynesborough,  Ga .  120,  122 

Weas . 254,  255 

Weatherford,  Tex .  136,  139 

Weber  County,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Weber  River,  Utah  Ter . 222,  228 

Webster,  Mount . 54,  57 

Webster  City,  Io . 180,  184 

Webster  Parish,  La . 129,  133 

Weed-Patch  Hill,  Ind . 154 

Wellesley,  Mass . 63,  66 

Wellington,  Kan .  197,  200 

Wells  River . 54,  60 

Wellsville,  Utah  Ter . 222,  230 

Wesson,  Miss . 129,  1 31 

West  Bay  City,  Mich .  165,  170 

West  Canada  Creek . 81,  83 

West  Central  States,  map  of . 39 

description  of . 38 

West  Chester,  Penn . 93>  99 

Westchester  County,  N.Y . 84,  85,  86 

Westerly,  R.I .  75-  76,  77,  79 

Western  Hemisphere,  map  of .  2 

Western  Reserve,  the . 149 

Westfield,  Mass . 62,  66,  68 

Westfield,  N.Y . 80,  87 

Westfield  River . 62,  65 

West  Greenwich,  R.I . 75,  7^,  79 

West  Indies,  the . 14,  1 5 

West  Lebanon,  N.H . 55>  58 

Westminster,  Md . 101,  104 

Weston,  Mo .  T90,  194 

Weston,  Ore .  246,248 

Weston,  W.  Va .  no,  115 

West  Point,  Ga .  120,123 

West  Point,  Miss .  129,  131 

West  Point,  N.Y . 81,  85,  87 

Westport,  Conn . 7°,  74 

West  Range,  Vt .  54,  55>  59 

West  River,  Vt . 55,  6° 


2g2 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX. 


PAGE. 

West  Rock,  Conn . 69 

West  Troy,  N.Y . 81,  83,  87 

West  Virginia . 28,  29,  30,  31,  1 13 

area  of . 1 13 

description  of . 1 13 

general  statistics  of . 113 

historical  note  on . 113 

population  of . 113 

special  map  of . ‘  no 

Wethersfield,  Conn . 70,  73 

Wewoka,  Indian  Ter .  254,  255 

Weymouth,  Mass . 63,  68 

Whatcom,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Wheeler,  Mount . 238,  243 

Wheeling,  W.  Va . 28,  30,  110-115 

Whitefish  Bay .  165,  167 

Whitefish  Point . 164,  167 

Whitefish  River.  . 165,  167 

Whitehall,  N.Y . 81,83-87 

White  Lake,  Io .  184,  186 

White  Mountains,  the . 22,  23,  24,  54,  57 

scene  in . 56 

White  River,  Ark . 129,  134,  190,  192 

White  River,  Col . 223,  225 

White  River,  Dakota  Ter.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  209,  210 

White  River,  Ind . 152,  154 

White  River,  Vt . 54,  60 

White  Sea .  -j 


White  Sulphur  Springs,  Montana  Ter..  .  214,  216,  217 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va .  no,  115 

Whitewater,  Wis . 164,  174,  175 

Whitewater  River,  Ind . 152,  154 

White  wood  Creek,  Dakota  Ter . 212 

Whitney,  Mount . 237,  238 

Wichita,  Kan . 197,  200 

Wichita  Mountains . 254,  255 

Wichitas . 254,  255 

Wickenburg,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Wickford,  R.1 . 76,  79 

Wicomico  River,  Md .  101,  104 

Wilber,  Neb . 203,  206 

Wild  Rice  River . 208,  210 

Wilkesbarre,  Penn . 26,  27.  93,  95,  99 

Wilkeson,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Willamette  River . 42,  44,  246,  247 

Williamsport,  Md . 100,  104 

Williamsport,  Penn . 93,  94 

Williams  River,  Vt . 55,  60 

Williamstown,  Mass . 62,  66 

Williamstown,  Mich . 165 

Willimantic,  Conn . .  71,74 

Willmar,  Minn . 176,  182 

Willoughby  Lake . 54,  60 

Wilmington,  Del . 26,  27,  101,  105 

view  at . 102 

Wilmington,  N.C . 28,  30,  1 14,  1 16 

map  of  vicinity  of . 114 

Winchester,  Conn . 70,  74 

Winchester,  Ky . 140,  143 


PAGE. 


Winchester,  Tenn .  140,  145 

Winchester,  Va . 1x0,112 

Windham,  Conn . 71,  74 

Windham  County,  Conn . 7 1,  73 

Windham  County,  Vt . 55>  61 

Wind  River  Mountains . .  .  215,  220 

Windsor,  Conn . 70,  73 

Windsor  County,  Vt . 55»  61 

Wine  Islands,  0 . 146,  148 

Wingfield,  Kan. . . 197,200 

Winibigosish  Lake . 176,  179 

Winnebago  City,  Minn .  176,  182 

Winnebago  Lake . 164,  171 

Winnemucca,  Nev .  238,  244 

Winnepesaukee  Lake . 24,  54,  55,  56,  57 

scene  on . 56 

Winnipeg . 12,  13 

Winnsborough,  S.C.  . . 114,  119 

Winona,  Minn . 176,  180,  181 

Winona,  Miss . 129,  131 

Winooski  Falls . 54,  60 

Winooski  River . 54,  60 

Winsted,  Conn . 70,  74 

Winterset,  Io . 184,  188 

Wisconsin . 35.  36,  37.  1 7© 

area  of . 170 

description  of . 170 

general  statistics  of . 170 

historical  sketch  of . 174 

population  of . 170 

special  map  of . 164,  165 

Wisconsin  Mountains . 164,  167 

Wisconsin  River,  view  on . 171 

Wissahickon  Creek . 97,  98 

Withlacoochee  River . 125,  126 

Woburn,  Mass . 63,  68 

Wolfborough,  N.H . 54,  58 

Wolf  River,  Wis . 164,  172,  175 

Woodbury,  N.J . 88,  91 

Wood  Island,  Vt . 59 

Wood  River,  Neb . 201,  202,  203 

Woodstock,  Vt . 54,  61 

Woodstown,  N.J . 88,  91 

Woolastook  River . 48,  51 

Woonasquatucket  River . 75.76 

Woonsocket,  R.1 . 76,  77,  78 

Woonsocket  Hill,  R.1 . 75,  76 

Wooster,  0 . 146,  1 51 

Worcester,  Mass . .  23,  24,  63,  66,  67 

Worcester  County,  Mass . 62,  65,  67 

World,  globular  map  of .  1 

World  in  hemispheres,  the .  2 

World’s  commerce,  chart  of . 4,  5 

Wyakonda  River . 189,  190 

Wyandotte,  Kan . 197,  199,  200 

Wyandotte,  Mich .  165,  170 

Wyandotte  Cave,  Ind . 154 

Wyandottes . 254,  255 

Wymore,  Neb . 203,  209 


PAGE. 

Wyoming,  Penn . 27,  93 

Wyoming  Territory . 41,  42,  43,  220 

area  of . 220 

description  of . 220 

population  of . 220 

special  map  of . 214,2.15 


Xenia,  0 . 146,151 


Yadkin  River . 114,  115 

Yakima,  Wash.  Ter . 246,  251 

Yakima  River . 246,  249 

Yamhill  County,  Ore . 246,  248 

Yampa  River . 223,  225 

Yankton,  Dakota  Ter . 39,  40,  209,  210,  212 

Yantic  River . 69,  71,  72 

Yarmouth,  Mass . 63,  65 

Yavapai  County,  Arizona  Ter . 232,  236 

Yazoo  City,  Miss .  129,  130 

Yazoo  River . 128,  129 

Yellow  Creek,  Mo . 190,  194 

Yellow  Sea .  3 

Yellowstone,  Canon  of . 41 

Yellowstone  Lake . 213,  214,  220 

scene  on . 213 

Yellowstone  Park . 213,214,215,221 

Yellowstone  River  ....  201,  208,  210,  213,  214,  215 

scene  on  . 21? 

Yonkers,  N.Y.  (see  map) . 81,  86,  87 

York  County,  Me . 49,  52 

York  River,  Va .  110,111 

Yorktown,  Va . no,  112 

Yorkville,  S.C . 114,  119 

Yosemite  Falls . 240 

view  of . 44 

Yosemite  Valley,  the . 238,  240 

Youngstown,  0 .  146,151 

Ypsilanti,  Mich . 165,  168,  170 

scene  at . 166 

Yreka,  Cal . 238,  242 

Ysleta,  Tex .  136,  139 

Yuba  River,  Cal . 238,  240 

Yukon  River . 17,252,253 

Yuma,  Arizona  Ter.  .' . 232,  235,  236 


Zanesville,  0 . 146,  149,  151 

Zumbro  River . 176,  182 

Zuni  Mountains . 231,  232 


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